422:
31:
614:, p. 296) states the purpose of saprotrophs and their internal nutrition, as well as discussing the main two types of fungi that are most often referred to. It also describes, visually, the process of saprotrophic nutrition through a diagram of hyphae, referring to the
364:
In order for a saprotrophic organism to facilitate optimal growth and repair, favourable conditions and nutrients must be present. Optimal conditions refers to several conditions which optimise the growth of saprotrophic organisms, such as;
386:
Low-medium temperature: The majority of saprotrophic organisms require temperatures between 1 and 35 °C (34 and 95 °F), with optimum growth occurring at 25 °C (77 °F).
356:
and passed on throughout the mycelium complex. This facilitates the passage of such materials throughout the organism and allows for growth and, if necessary, repair.
369:
Presence of water: 80–90% of the mass of the fungi is water, and the fungi require excess water for absorption due to the evaporation of internally retained water.
1463:
716:
597:- "The word saprophyte and its derivatives, implying that a fungus is a plant, can be replaced by saprobe (σαπρός + βίος), which is without such implication."
1607:
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As matter decomposes within a medium in which a saprotroph is residing, the saprotroph breaks such matter down into its composites.
376:: Very few saprotrophic organisms can endure anaerobic conditions as evidenced by their growth above media such as water or soil.
394:. Due to the carbon composition of the majority of organisms, dead and organic matter provide rich sources of disaccharides and
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1425:
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The majority of nutrients taken in by such organisms must be able to provide carbon, proteins, vitamins and, in some cases,
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656:, p. 296), fig 14.17—A diagram explaining the optimal conditions needed for successful growth and repair.
2012:
1875:
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345:, a major portion of plant cells, and therefore a major constituent of decaying matter is broken down into
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179:'plant'), although it is now believed that all plants previously thought to be saprotrophic are in fact
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635:, p. 296), fig 14.16—Diagram detailing the re-absorption of substrates within the hypha.
592:
544:
260:, saprophage, and saprobe; their meanings overlap, although technical distinctions (based on
2092:
1955:
1947:
1865:
1747:
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1985:
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34:
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2203:
1860:
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1658:
1623:
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573:
427:
332:
525:
45:; an essential part in the process of saprotrophic nutrition, it is used for the
1510:
1239:
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984:
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445:
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383:: The condition of neutral or mildly acidic conditions under pH 7 are required.
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417:
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164:
131:
496:"Saprotroph – definition of saprotroph in English from the Oxford dictionary"
2128:
2082:
1810:
1254:
1224:
1024:
979:
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891:
881:
856:
848:
793:
615:
342:
273:
52:
187:. In fungi, the saprotrophic process is most often facilitated through the
2183:
2112:
1643:
1150:
1062:
1009:
964:
686:. In Misra, J. K.; Tewari, J. P.; Deshmukh, S. K.; Vágvölgyi, C. (eds.).
318:
304:
281:
196:
156:
58:
242:
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176:
2173:
1980:
1850:
1845:
1472:
1420:
1080:
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407:
399:
352:
These products are re-absorbed into the hypha through the cell wall by
346:
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296:
17:
223:
217:
403:
373:
328:
322:
146:
38:
310:
277:
269:
200:
151:
42:
30:
29:
559:"The Ecology of Story: Revealing Hidden Characters of the Forest"
272:
distinctions based on macroscopic swallowing of detritus (as in
1445:
698:
607:
605:
603:
27:
Type of heterotrophic nutrition based on decayed organic matter
391:
690:. N. Y.: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group. pp. 17–74.
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
628:
626:
624:
380:
118:
85:
97:
103:
76:
159:. Saprotrophic microscopic fungi are sometimes called
137:
involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste)
106:
100:
73:
618:
on damp, stale whole-meal bread or on rotting fruit.
303:
composites through the breaking of peptide bonds by
115:
112:
94:
91:
82:
79:
2121:
2021:
1946:
1819:
1756:
1616:
1484:
1386:
1265:
1192:
1149:
1071:
1038:
935:
847:
741:
679:Zmitrovich, I. V.; Wasser, S. P.; Ţura, D. (2014).
88:
572:
524:
206:Various word roots relating to decayed matter (
1457:
710:
672:Advanced Biology: Principles and Applications
8:
653:
632:
611:
1678:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
1464:
1450:
1442:
717:
703:
695:
456:Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage
1576:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
1215:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1608:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
487:
1416:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
670:Clegg, C. J.; Mackean, D. G. (2006).
331:is broken down into pieces of simple
61:) is fundamental to fungal nutrition.
7:
1431:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
593:participating institution membership
545:participating institution membership
145:, and is most often associated with
1881:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
268:. For example, biologists can make
1634:Ecological effects of biodiversity
674:(2nd ed.). Hodder Publishing.
25:
970:Generalist and specialist species
252:) produce various terms, such as
1693:Occupancy–abundance relationship
420:
240:), and to plants or life forms (
69:
1713:Relative abundance distribution
1426:Plant defense against herbivory
1293:Competitive exclusion principle
1005:Mesopredator release hypothesis
688:Fungi from Different Substrates
1298:Consumer–resource interactions
181:parasites of microscopic fungi
1:
2144:Biological data visualization
1971:Environmental niche modelling
1698:Population viability analysis
1629:Density-dependent inhibition
406:, and of the monosaccharide
256:, detritophage, saprotroph,
222:), to eating and nutrition (
2098:Liebig's law of the minimum
1933:Resource selection function
824:Metabolic theory of ecology
299:are broken down into their
57:The network of hyphae (the
41:made up of a collection of
2295:
1998:Niche apportionment models
1718:Relative species abundance
922:Primary nutritional groups
819:List of feeding behaviours
466:Photoautotrophic nutrition
436:Chemoautotrophic nutrition
191:of such materials through
2247:
2179:Ecosystem based fisheries
1791:Interspecific competition
1683:Minimum viable population
1541:Maximum sustainable yield
1526:Intraspecific competition
1521:Effective population size
1401:Anti-predator adaptations
912:Photosynthetic efficiency
654:Clegg & Mackean (2006
633:Clegg & Mackean (2006
612:Clegg & Mackean (2006
580:Oxford English Dictionary
532:Oxford English Dictionary
163:. Saprotrophic plants or
2169:Ecological stoichiometry
2134:Alternative stable state
2013:Ontogenetic niche shift
1876:Ideal free distribution
1786:Ecological facilitation
1536:Malthusian growth model
1506:Consumer-resource model
1363:Paradox of the plankton
1328:Energy systems language
1048:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
1015:Optimal foraging theory
990:Heterotrophic nutrition
681:"Wood-inhabiting fungi"
585:Oxford University Press
537:Oxford University Press
264:mechanisms) narrow the
135:extracellular digestion
2159:Ecological forecasting
2103:Marginal value theorem
1901:Landscape epidemiology
1836:Cross-boundary subsidy
1771:Biological interaction
1121:Microbial intelligence
809:Green world hypothesis
500:OxfordDictionaries.com
66:Saprotrophic nutrition
62:
2164:Ecological humanities
2063:Ecological energetics
2008:Niche differentiation
1871:Habitat fragmentation
1639:Ecological extinction
1586:Small population size
1338:Feed conversion ratio
1318:Ecological succession
1250:San Francisco Estuary
1164:Ecological efficiency
1106:Microbial cooperation
471:Saprotrophic bacteria
313:are broken down into
280:of detritus (as with
276:) versus microscopic
128:lysotrophic nutrition
33:
2189:Evolutionary ecology
2154:Ecological footprint
2149:Ecological economics
2073:Ecological threshold
2068:Ecological indicator
1938:Source–sink dynamics
1891:Land change modeling
1886:Insular biogeography
1738:Species distribution
1477:Modelling ecosystems
1136:Microbial metabolism
975:Intraguild predation
764:Biogeochemical cycle
730:Modelling ecosystems
199:and its constituent
195:within the internal
175:'rotten material' +
2239:Theoretical ecology
2214:Natural environment
2078:Ecosystem diversity
2048:Ecological collapse
2038:Bateman's principle
1993:Limiting similarity
1906:Landscape limnology
1728:Species homogeneity
1566:Population modeling
1561:Population dynamics
1378:Trophic state index
583:(Online ed.).
535:(Online ed.).
506:on November 8, 2012
461:Parasitic nutrition
2250:Outline of ecology
2199:Industrial ecology
2194:Functional ecology
2058:Ecological deficit
2003:Niche construction
1966:Ecosystem engineer
1743:Species–area curve
1664:Introduced species
1479:: Other components
1411:Deimatic behaviour
1313:Ecological network
1245:North Pacific Gyre
1230:hydrothermal vents
1169:Ecological pyramid
1116:Microbial food web
927:Primary production
872:Foundation species
451:Holozoic nutrition
132:chemoheterotrophic
63:
2269:Nutrition by type
2256:
2255:
2139:Balance of nature
1896:Landscape ecology
1781:Community ecology
1723:Species diversity
1659:Indicator species
1654:Gradient analysis
1531:Logistic function
1439:
1438:
1396:Animal coloration
1373:Trophic mutualism
1111:Microbial ecology
902:Photoheterotrophs
887:Myco-heterotrophy
799:Ecosystem ecology
784:Carrying capacity
749:Abiotic component
591:(Subscription or
561:. April 25, 2020.
543:(Subscription or
476:Wood-decay fungus
16:(Redirected from
2286:
1956:Ecological niche
1928:selection theory
1748:Umbrella species
1733:Species richness
1669:Invasive species
1649:Flagship species
1556:Population cycle
1551:Overexploitation
1516:Ecological yield
1466:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1348:Mesotrophic soil
1288:Climax community
1220:Marine food webs
1159:Biomagnification
960:Chemoorganotroph
814:Keystone species
774:Biotic component
719:
712:
705:
696:
691:
685:
675:
657:
651:
636:
630:
619:
609:
598:
596:
588:
576:
569:
563:
562:
555:
549:
548:
540:
528:
521:
515:
514:
512:
511:
502:. Archived from
492:
430:
425:
424:
423:
189:active transport
155:) and with soil
130:is a process of
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
21:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2243:
2229:Systems ecology
2117:
2088:Extinction debt
2053:Ecological debt
2043:Bioluminescence
2024:
2017:
1986:marine habitats
1961:Ecological trap
1942:
1822:
1815:
1758:
1752:
1708:Rapoport's rule
1703:Priority effect
1644:Endemic species
1612:
1571:Population size
1487:
1480:
1470:
1440:
1435:
1388:
1382:
1368:Trophic cascade
1278:Bioaccumulation
1261:
1188:
1145:
1067:
1034:
931:
843:
804:Ecosystem model
737:
723:
683:
678:
669:
666:
664:Further reading
661:
660:
652:
639:
631:
622:
610:
601:
590:
571:
570:
566:
557:
556:
552:
542:
523:
522:
518:
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494:
493:
489:
484:
426:
421:
419:
416:
396:polysaccharides
379:Neutral-acidic
362:
290:
165:bacterial flora
141:. It occurs in
111:
72:
68:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Microecosystem
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2108:Thorson's rule
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:Assembly rules
2029:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1918:
1916:Patch dynamics
1913:
1911:Metapopulation
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1806:Storage effect
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1688:Neutral theory
1685:
1680:
1675:
1673:Native species
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Overpopulation
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:Nutrient cycle
1350:
1345:
1343:Feeding frenzy
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:Energy quality
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1283:Cascade effect
1280:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:Microbial loop
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1091:Lithoautotroph
1088:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1073:Microorganisms
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1030:Prey switching
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
941:
939:
933:
932:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
907:Photosynthesis
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
862:Chemosynthesis
859:
853:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
754:Abiotic stress
751:
745:
743:
739:
738:
724:
722:
721:
714:
707:
699:
693:
692:
676:
665:
662:
659:
658:
637:
620:
599:
564:
550:
516:
486:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
432:
431:
415:
412:
388:
387:
384:
377:
370:
361:
358:
350:
349:
340:
326:
308:
289:
286:
139:organic matter
49:organic matter
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2291:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Urban ecology
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Kleiber's law
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Foster's rule
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
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1704:
1701:
1699:
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1679:
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1662:
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1657:
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1579:
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1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
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1539:
1537:
1534:
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1527:
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1499:
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1279:
1276:
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1223:
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1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1184:Trophic level
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1141:Phage ecology
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:Microbial mat
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:Bacteriophage
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:Decomposition
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Mesopredators
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
945:Apex predator
943:
942:
940:
938:
934:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
852:
850:
846:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
779:Biotic stress
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
744:
740:
735:
731:
727:
720:
715:
713:
708:
706:
701:
700:
697:
689:
682:
677:
673:
668:
667:
663:
655:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
604:
600:
594:
586:
582:
581:
575:
568:
565:
560:
554:
551:
546:
538:
534:
533:
527:
520:
517:
505:
501:
497:
491:
488:
481:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
429:
418:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
385:
382:
378:
375:
371:
368:
367:
366:
359:
357:
355:
348:
344:
341:
338:
334:
333:disaccharides
330:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
306:
302:
298:
295:
294:
293:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
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250:
245:
244:
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227:
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221:
220:
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209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:
149:(for example
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
123:
67:
60:
56:
54:
50:
44:
40:
36:
35:Mycelial cord
32:
19:
2219:Regime shift
2204:Macroecology
1925:
1921:
1861:Edge effects
1831:Biogeography
1776:Commensalism
1624:Biodiversity
1501:Allee effect
1240:kelp forests
1193:Example webs
1058:Detritivores
897:Organotrophs
877:Kinetotrophs
829:Productivity
687:
671:
578:
567:
553:
530:
519:
508:. Retrieved
504:the original
490:
428:Fungi portal
389:
372:Presence of
363:
351:
291:
248:
241:
236:
229:
224:
218:
211:
207:
205:
185:other plants
168:
160:
150:
142:
127:
65:
64:
51:through its
46:
1856:Disturbance
1759:interaction
1581:Recruitment
1511:Depensation
1303:Copiotrophs
1174:Energy flow
1096:Lithotrophy
1040:Decomposers
1020:Planktivore
995:Insectivore
985:Heterotroph
950:Bacterivore
917:Phototrophs
867:Chemotrophs
839:Restoration
789:Competition
446:Detritivore
441:Decomposers
354:endocytosis
315:fatty acids
262:physiologic
254:detritivore
193:endocytosis
169:saprophytes
167:are called
143:saprotrophs
2263:Categories
2224:Sexecology
1801:Parasitism
1766:Antibiosis
1601:Resistance
1596:Resilience
1486:Population
1406:Camouflage
1358:Oligotroph
1273:Ascendency
1235:intertidal
1225:cold seeps
1179:Food chain
980:Herbivores
955:Carnivores
882:Mixotrophs
857:Autotrophs
736:components
595:required.)
547:required.)
510:2016-01-20
482:References
360:Conditions
301:amino acid
274:earthworms
258:saprophyte
47:intake of
2279:Dead wood
2129:Allometry
2083:Emergence
1811:Symbiosis
1796:Mutualism
1591:Stability
1496:Abundance
1308:Dominance
1266:Processes
1255:tide pool
1151:Food webs
1025:Predation
1010:Omnivores
937:Consumers
892:Mycotroph
849:Producers
794:Ecosystem
759:Behaviour
616:Rhizobium
574:"saprobe"
398:such as
343:Cellulose
305:proteases
282:mushrooms
53:cell wall
2274:Mycology
2184:Endolith
2113:Xerosere
2025:networks
1841:Ecocline
1387:Defense,
1063:Detritus
965:Foraging
834:Resource
414:See also
337:amylases
319:glycerol
297:Proteins
208:detritus
197:mycelium
161:saprobes
157:bacteria
59:mycelium
2174:Ecopath
1981:Habitat
1851:Ecotype
1846:Ecotone
1823:ecology
1821:Spatial
1757:Species
1617:Species
1488:ecology
1473:Ecology
1421:Mimicry
1389:counter
1333:f-ratio
1081:Archaea
769:Biomass
742:General
734:Trophic
726:Ecology
526:"lyso-"
408:glucose
400:maltose
347:glucose
323:lipases
288:Process
18:Saprobe
1205:Rivers
1101:Marine
404:starch
374:oxygen
329:Starch
311:Lipids
266:senses
243:-phyte
237:-troph
231:-phage
213:sapro-
201:hyphae
183:or of
177:-phyte
173:sapro-
43:hyphae
2122:Other
2023:Other
1976:Guild
1948:Niche
1200:Lakes
684:(PDF)
589:
541:
278:lysis
270:usage
225:-vore
219:lyso-
152:Mucor
147:fungi
39:fungi
1210:Soil
402:and
392:ions
317:and
249:-obe
335:by
321:by
284:).
126:or
37:of
2265::
1671:/
1475::
732::
728::
640:^
623:^
602:^
577:.
529:.
498:.
410:.
381:pH
246:,
234:,
228:,
216:,
210:,
203:.
122:-/
119:oʊ
110:,-
1926:K
1924:/
1922:r
1465:e
1458:t
1451:v
718:e
711:t
704:v
587:.
539:.
513:.
339:.
325:.
307:.
171:(
116:r
113:p
107:k
104:ɪ
101:f
98:ɒ
95:r
92:t
89:ˈ
86:ə
83:r
80:p
77:æ
74:s
71:/
55:.
20:)
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