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2781:(liberation) by all, but particularly kings for powers of domination. The Saptamatrikas or Matrikas are worshipped for "personal and spiritual renewal" with Mukti as the ultimate goal as well as for powers to control and rule and earthly desires (Bhukti).Also important are the banners of the Saptamatrikas, which are carved outside the Udayagiri caves. These banners are called "Indra's sisters" in the Devi Purana. The Purana lists them as: swan, bull, peacock, conch, discus, elephant and skeleton – attributes of the Matrikas. A king installing these banners is believed to get mukti and bhukti. As per the
837:(lit "destroyers of children") worship related to conception, birth, diseases and protection of children. The Balagraha tradition included the worship of the infant Skanda with the Matrikas. The goddesses were considered as personifications of perils, related to children and thus, were pacified by worship. The Kushana images emphasize the maternal as well as destructive characteristics of the Matrikas through their emblems and weapons. They appear to be an undifferentiated sculptural group but develop in standard and complex iconographic representation during the following Gupta period.
740:. In most early references, the Matrikas are associated with the conception, birth, diseases and protection of children. They were seen as inauspicious and the "personification of perils", propitiated in order to avoid those ills, that carried off so many children before they reached adulthood. They come to play a protective role in later mythology, although some of their early inauspicious and wild characteristics continue in these legends. Thus, they represent the prodigiously fecund aspect of nature as well as its destructive force aspect.
2053:(Caves 21, 14, 16 and 22). In sixth century Rameshvara cave (Cave 21) at Ellora, "With the terrific aspect repressed entirely, the Matrikas are depicted as benign and are worshipped in adulation. Sensuous, elegant, tender, beautiful adolescents, they are yet haughty and grand, quintessentially the creatrix." Kaumari is depicted with a child on her lap and even Varahi is depicted with a human head, rather than the usual boar one. In the Ravanakakai cave (Cave 14), each of the Matrikas is with a child. In eighth century
1932:
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1971:, all the seven mothers are described as fatal or serve as threats to foetuses or infants. They are described as living in trees, crossroads, caves and funeral grounds and they are terrible as well as beautiful. But, in the sculptural portrayal, they are depicted quite differently as protectors and benevolent mothers. They are armed with the same weapons, wear the same ornaments, and ride the same vahanas and carry the same banners as their corresponding male deities.
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Jnanamrita, Apypayani, Vyapini, Vyomarupa, Ananta, Srishti, Riddhi, Smriti, Medha, Kanti, Lakshmi, Dyuti, Sthira, Sthiti, Siddhi, Jada, Palini, Shanti, Aishvarya, Rati, Kamika, Varada, Ahladini, Pritih, Dirgha, Tikshna, Raudri, Bhaya, Nidra, Tandra, Kshudha, Krodhini, Kriya, Utkari, Mrityurupa, Pita, Shveta, Asita, Ananta. Sometimes, the
Matrikas represent a diagram written in the letter, believed to possess magical powers.
1898:(7 great sages), who were accused of being Skanda's real mothers and thus abandoned by their husbands. They request Skanda to adopt them as his mothers. Skanda agrees and grants them two boons: to be worshipped as great goddesses and permission to torment children as long as they are younger than 16 years and then act as their protectors. These six goddesses as well as the Saptamatrikas are identified or associated with
2023:
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2190:. The rise of the Yogini cult is analogous to the rise of the Matrikas's cult. Bhattacharyya sums it this way: "The growing importance of Shaktism (of the matrikas and yoginis in the first millennium CE) brought them into greater prominence and distributed their cult far and wide. The primitive Yogini cult was also revived on account of the increasing influences of the cult of the Seven Mothers."
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1792:(mothers of the world), a term used in the Mahabharata, in the first chapter. Kind to all creatures, the Matrikas are said to reside in various places for the benefit of children. The text paradoxically describes the Matrikas as being created by various gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra as well as being their mothers. Devi Purana describe a pentad of Matrikas, who help
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all over the (Indian) subcontinent". Although circular
Mandalas and Chakras are mentioned in religious texts, most existing shrines are rectangular in nature. Pal speculates that earlier circular shrines, which open to the sky or under trees of less durable material were replaced by the Guptas in stone as rectangular shrines.
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2754:(13.66) recommends worship to Matrikas before setting up the stage and before dance performances. Indra declares in chapter 90 of Devi Purana that the Matrikas are the best among all deities and should be worshipped in cities, villages, towns and shields. Matrikas are generally to be worshipped on all occasions with
791:
Mahabharata as dark in colour, speaking foreign languages and living in "peripheral areas" and their association with god Skanda and his father and mother, Shiva and
Parvati, whose forms were the Matrikas and Bhairavas had Vedic attributes. Sara L. Schastok suggests that the Matrikas maybe inspired by the concept of
1913:
They are said to fight like Indra in battles, invoking terror in minds of enemies; speak different foreign tongues and lives in inaccessible places away from human settlements like crossroads, caves, mountains, springs, forests, riverbanks and cremation grounds. Notable among these lists of
Matrikas is
1709:(identified with Devi) with whatever form, ornaments and vehicle the god possessed. In that form, they slaughter the demon army. Thus, the Matrikas are goddesses of the battlefield. They are described as assistants of Durga having sinister as well as propitious characteristics. After the battle, the
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period (3rd to 6th century A.D.), folk images of
Matrikas became important in villages. The diverse folk goddesses of the soldiers like Matrikas were acknowledged by the Gupta rulers and their images were carved on royal monuments in order to strengthen the loyalty and adherence of the armed forces.
1912:
The Shalya Parva of the
Mahabharata mentions characteristics of a host of Matrikas, who serve Skanda. Ninety-two of them are named but the text says there exist more. The Shalya Parva describes them as young, cheerful, most of them fair but having dangerous features like long nails and large teeth.
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The Matsya Purana and Devi Purana prescribe that
Matrika shrines should be north-facing and be placed in northern part of a temple-complex. The temples of the Matrikas are found earliest dating to the fourth century and from textual evidence, it is predicated that "there must be impressive shrines
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The inconsistency in the number of
Matrikas found in the Indus valley today (seven, eight, or nine) possibly reflects the localization of goddesses. Although the Matrikas are mostly grouped as seven goddesses over the rest of the Indian Subcontinent, an eighth Matrikas has sometimes been added in
1742:
in the text. When demon
Shumbha challenges Durga to a single combat, she absorbs the Matrikas in herself and says that they are her different forms.In the Vamana Purana too, the Matrikas arise from different parts of Devi and not from male gods although they are described and named after the male
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is composed. It is believed that the power of mantra derives from the fact that the letters of the alphabet are in fact forms of the goddess. The 50 Matrika Kalas are given in the same account as follows: Nivritti, Pratishtha, Vidya, Shanti, Indhika, Dipika, Mochika, Para, Sukshma, Sukshmamrita,
1750:, who had the ability to duplicate from each drop of his blood that falls from him when he is wounded. The Matrikas drink up his blood and help Shiva defeat the demon. After the battle, the Matrikas begin a rampage of destruction by starting to devour other gods, demons and peoples of the world.
1754:, Vishnu's man-lion incarnation, creates a host of thirty-two benign goddesses who calm down the terrible, fire-breathing Matrikas. Narasimha commanded the Matrikas to protect the world, instead of destroying it and thus be worshipped by mankind. At the end of the episode, Shiva's terrible form
1879:
version, the
Saptamatrikas are mentioned. Later in the Mahabharata; when absorption of these indigenous goddesses in the Hindu pantheon was initiated, a standardized group of seven goddesses – the Saptamatrikas, Shaktis or powers of Hindu gods are mentioned as Brahmi, Maheshvari, Kaumari,
903:
from the fifth century A.D. praise the Matrikas in their preambles, as giver of powers to defeat enemies. In most of the relevant texts, their exact number has not been specified, but gradually their number and names became increasingly crystallized and seven goddesses were identified as the
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engaged in fighting with the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha, and the principal Yoginis are identified with the Matrikas. Other Yoginis are described as born from one or more Matrikas. The derivation of sixty-four Yoginis from eight Matrikas became a common tradition, by mid- 11th century. The
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By the fifth century, all these goddesses were incorporated in mainstream orthodox Hinduism as Tantric deities. David Kinsley proposes that the Matrikas may be local village goddesses, who were being assimilated in the mainstream. He cites two reasons for his assertion: their description in
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Though the first six are unanimously accepted by texts, the name and features of the seventh and eighth Matrikas are disputed. In the Devi Mahatmya, Chamunda is omitted after the Matrikas list, while in sculpture in shrines or caves and the Mahabharata, Narasimhi is omitted. The
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In India, shrines of the Saptamatrikas are located in "the wilderness", usually near lakes or rivers, and are made of seven vermilion smeared stones. It is believed that the Matrikas kill fetuses and newborns unless pacified with bridal finery and prayers by women. A prominent
2206:, matrikaksara), though there is considerable variation in the precise interpretation of the term from one author to another. Sometimes it denotes a single character, the entire collection of characters (an "alphabet"), the alphabetic "matrix" used as a
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is enshrined with the images of the Matrikas at the place where the battle took place. This story is retold in Vishnudharmottara Purana. Vishnudharmottara Purana further relates them with vices or inauspicious emotions like envy, pride, anger etc.
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as important deities, whereas another tradition, which views the Yoginis as cruel minor deities, considers them separate entities. In Sanskrit literature the Yoginis have been represented as the attendants or various manifestations of goddess
2648:, part of Devi Bhagavata Purana. It involves installation of powers of Matrikas – as letters of the alphabet – in one's body, by "feeling the deity worshipped in different parts of the body" like head, face, anus and legs and reciting
1315:, the god of thunderstorms. Seated on an elephant, Indrani, is depicted dark-skinned, with two or four or six arms. She is depicted as having two or three or four eyes like Indra, and a thousand eyes on her body. She is armed with the
1374:, the god of war. Kaumari rides a peacock and has four or twelve arms. She holds a spear, axe, a Shakti (power) or Tanka (silver coins) and bow. She is sometimes depicted six-headed like Kartikeya and wears a cylindrical crown called
853:(c. second half of the fifth century A.D.) made Skanda (Kumara) their model and elevated the position of Skanda's foster mothers, the Matrikas from a cluster of folk goddesses to court goddesses. Since the fourth century, Parhari,
1762:
In Varaha Purana, they are created from the distracted mind of goddess Vaishnavi, who loses her concentration while doing asceticism. They are described as lovely and act as the goddesses' attendants on the battlefield. In the
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of Yoginis were used alternatively. The eighty-one Yoginis evolve from a group of nine Matrikas, instead of seven or eight. The Saptamatrika (Brahmani, Maheshvari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda) joined by
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The Matrikas originated from the sweat of Shiva who chased the asuras away from the heavens and killed them when the asuras conquered the heavens after defeating the devas and after that the devas conquered the heavens.
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The Saptamatrikas are generally carved in relief on a rectangular stone slab in the sequential order of Brahmani, Maheshvari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda, being flanked by two male figures –
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form the nine Matrikas cluster. Each Matrika is considered to be a Yogini and is associated with eight other Yoginis resulting in the troupe of eighty-one (nine times nine); there is an 81-Yogini temple at
2272:, have been described as being the Matrikas themselves. It is believed that they are infused with the power of the Divine Mother herself. The Matrikas are considered to be the subtle form of the letters
2322:) of Shiva and Parvati. Their images moved from the sanctums to corners of temple complexes and now they are as guardian deities in small village shrines. The Saptamatrikas are worshipped as
2509:
In the Kathmandu valley of Nepal, the Ashta-matrikas with a central village goddess are worshipped as protectors of the city or town. They are identified with the guardians of directions (
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is important in worship of the Matrikas. Here once stood a temple dedicated to the Saptamatrikas, which was replaced by the present temple where that are still worshipped by everyone now.
1887:(thunderbolt). These are Kāki, Halimā, Mālinī, Bṛhalī, Āryā, Palālā and Vaimitrā, which Skanda accepted as his mothers, who stole other children – a characteristic of the Matrikas.
632:
says that "Mothers are to be made with cognizance of (different major Hindu) gods corresponding to their names." They are associated with these gods as their spouses or their energies (
1875:(king of gods) sends the goddesses called "mothers of the world" to kill him. However, upon seeing Skanda, instead they follow their maternal instincts and raise him. In the chapter
2007:). The earliest instance of their portrayal with Uma-Maheshvara is at Desha Bhattarika, Nepal although now the Matrika images have withered away. The 12th century Sanskrit author
2606:(ritual) to cure the ailing king. The text describes "young nobles (of the king) burning themselves with lamps to propitiate the Matrikas in a temple dedicated to the Matrikas (
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around the city and assisted to a certain compass point. In other temples like the ones dedicated to Pacali Bhairava, the Asthamatrikas are worshipped as a circle of stones. In
2318:
in the eighth century CE, had once temples dedicated exclusively to them, but since the ninth century CE onwards, they were demoted to status of "deities of the entourage" (
1535:. She is described as holding a Damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword and Panapatra (drinking-vessel). She rides on a lion. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
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claimed to have been nursed by the Sapta Matrikas. It was a popular practice to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom in ancient times. During the
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1110:(mount or vehicle). She is also shown seated on a lotus with the hamsa on her banner. She wears various ornaments and is distinguished by her basket-shaped crown called
2088:(the treasurer of the gods and a companion of Shiva and Parvati) while Shiva sits in the middle of the group. In Gupta and post-Gupta art, like in 6th Century caves of
48:
2502:(court) in 1667 AD and is believed to have seen the Matrikas dance in the durbar one night. The king ordered that the Ashta-matrika be worshipped during the Ashwin
2357:– new moon day, with the 64 yoginis represented by rice flour images or supari nuts. The goddesses are worshipped by ceremonial offerings of fruits and flowers and
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The stories are quoted in (Rao, T.A. Gopinatha, Elements of Hindu Iconography, Vol.I, Part-II, 2nd Edition, Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1971, pp.379–383).
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mudra (No fear hand gesture). Like Vishnu, she is heavily adorned with ornaments like necklaces, anklets, earrings, bangles, etc and a cylindrical crown called
2533:
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statue of Matrika Maheshvari, seen with a trident in a hand, adorned by serpent ornaments and her vahana (mount), the bull Nandi is seen on her seat —
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2521:), satiated by blood sacrifice. Newar Buddhists associate the Matrikas with 24 human qualities, which can mastered by visiting three sets of eight Matrika
1788:(6th – 10th century) mentions a group of sixteen matrikas and six other types of Matrikas mentioned, apart from the Saptamatrikas. It introduces the
807:
The cult of the Female Principle was a major aspect of Dravidian religion, The concept of Shakti was an integral part of their religion. The cult of the
3989:
Cox, Colette (1992). "The unbroken treatise: Scripture and argument in early Buddhist scholasticism". In Williams, M. A.; Cox, C.; Jaffee, M. (eds.).
2478:, the Ashtamatrikas are believed to the preserver goddesses of the city guarding the eight geometrical directions. Mary Sluser says "Not only do the
2561:
2634:. Other offerings include flowers and clothes and meat and wine for some Matrikas. Tantric works like Tantrarāja-Tantra (unknown date, author) and
1730:
According to latter episode of Devi Mahatmya, Durga created Matrikas from herself and with their help slaughtered the demon army. In this version,
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2179:
829:
The Sapta-Matrikas were earlier connected with Skanda (Kumara) and in later times, associated with the Shaiva sect of Shiva himself. During the
2214:), or the sound of the syllable represented by the character. Various traditions identify the script matrikas with the sacred divine Matrikas.
2488:(Eight aspects of Bhairava) and sculpted on temple roofs or terraces. Nepali Buddhists worship the Matrikas as described in Dharanisamgrahas.
1094:. She is depicted yellow in colour and with four heads. She may be depicted with four or six arms. Like Brahma, she holds a rosary, noose and
5364:
1493:. Riding a jackal, she is described as having three eyes, a terrifying face and a sunken belly. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
3126:
Jagdish Narain Tiwari, "Studies in Goddess Cults in Northern India, with Reference to the First Seven Centuries AD" p.215-244; as cited in
2697:– sixth century). The Gangadhar inscripture deals with a construction to a shrine to Chamunda and the other Matrikas, "who are attended by
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dated to 1st century CE. Madhu Wangu believes that Matrika description in Mahabharata is rooted in the group of seven females depicted on
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period (1st to 3rd century), the sculptural images of the matrikas first appear in stone. The Kushana images merged from the belief in
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In each of the four depictions at Ellora, the matrikas are accompanied by Shiva, Ganesha and also on their left (besides Ganesha) by
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2080:(the god of death). The presence of Yama in form of a skeleton, seems to indicate the darker aspect of the matrikas' nature. At
705:, they became quite popular by the seventh century and a standard feature of goddess temples from the ninth century onwards. In
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In other accounts of Skanda's birth in Mahabharata, eight ferocious goddesses emerge from Skanda, when struck by Indra's
1423:(rod), plough, goad, a Vajra or a sword, and a Panapatra and she rides a buffalo. Sometimes, she carries a bell, chakra,
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mentions three other goddesses, Shaktis of other gods' in addition to the Saptamatrika, making a group of 10 Matrikas.
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Cited in Laura Kristine Chamberlain. "Durga and the Dashain Harvest Festival: From the Indus to Kathmandu Valleys" in
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Anecdota Oxoniensia: Texts, Documents, and Extracts Chiefly from Manuscripts in the Bodleian and the Oxford Libraries
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803:– both are often portrayed with the Matrikas. In contrast to the Indus valley origins theory, Bhattacharyya notes:
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2409:(grandmother goddesses, who are feared as bringer of disease and misfortune as well act as protectresses) in the
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civilization. Seals with rows of seven feminine deities or priestesses are cited as evidence for the theory. The
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guard the compass points but they are also regarded as regents of the sky." Sometimes, they are paired with the
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period (10th to 12th century A.D.), all Matrikas continued to figure among the deity sculptures of this period.
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By James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn, pp.244–5, Published 2004, University Press of America, 338 pages,
2029:–Shiva (left) with Virabhadra and the first three Matrikas. Matrikas are depicted with children – Ellora
1991:. They are often depicted on the lintel slabs of the main door of a Shiva and Parvati temple – mainly in the
1923:(an incarnation of Vishnu) by suckling him with poisoned breast milk and was consequently killed by Krishna.
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1804:(the five mothers) named Kaumari, Maheshvari, Chamunda, Brahmi, Vaishnavi and who have been established by
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1856:. Surrounded by skeletons, the goddess has large nails and protruding teeth and wears a garland of skulls.
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is primarily dedicated to a Matrika, the other Matrikas are also worshipped as subordinate deities. The
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and other dangerous beings. In the same text, milkmaids offer a prayer for protection of the infant-god
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from the bodies of the gods – Brahma, Shiva, Skanda, Vishnu, Indra; having the form of each, approached
1623:
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265:
2470:, which are "theoretically located at the outer boundaries of the city" are said to form a protective
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region, with their respective mounts forming the pedestal. Sometimes, they are occupied by the couple
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3352:"Sapta Matrikas In Indian Art and their significance in Indian Sculpture and Ethos: A Critical Study"
2742:) of letters of Devanagari alphabet, while Brahmayāmala states they issue originate from the vowels.
1489:) and holding a Damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword and Panapatra (drinking-vessel) and wears a
2679:(by king Vishvavarman- 423 C.E., identified as the first epigraphic evidence of Tantra worship); in
2660:, combines the installation of "most powerful set of all letters (Matrikas)" with the seed syllable
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According to Jagdish Narain Tiwari and Dilip Chakravati, the Matrikas were existent as early as the
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in both sides (first – on their right and last – on their left). Thus, the Matrikas are considered
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Matrikas, albeit some references indicate eight or even sixteen Matrikas. Laura K. Amazzone cites:
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discuss the worship of Matrikas as Shaktis or letters of the alphabet. A process of this worship,
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2785:, Matrikas acted as the king's tangible Shaktis and conferred him the power to conquer and rule.
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1531:, the woman-lion goddess who throws the stars into disarray by shaking her lion mane and wears a
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The iconographical features of the Matrikas have been described in Hindu scriptures such as the
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2260:, the fifty or fifty-one letters including vowels as well as consonants from A to Ksha, of the
913:, a city in the Kathmandu Valley, a ninth Matrika is added to the set to represent the centre.
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2225:, then the (Ka), (Cha), (Ta), (ta), (Pa), (Ya) and (Ksha) groups. The seven mother goddesses (
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The Matrikas function both as city protectors and individual protectors in both Hinduism and
2245:) and over sounds of the language. The Mothers were identified with fourteen vowels plus the
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2442:(god-houses) in towns and villages, they are represented in brass images. The brass images (
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period, the Matrikas appear on the southern boundary of the temple. As the influence of the
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1251:(skull-bowl) or a serpent and is adorned with serpent bracelets, the crescent moon and the
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Van den Hoek, Bert (1993). "Kathmandu as a sacrificial arena". In Nas, Peter J. M. (ed.).
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rose, the fertility area and upper parts of body in the Matrika sculptures were stressed.
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280:
191:
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2131:, a group of sixty-four or eighty-one Tantric goddesses, in a tradition which treats the
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and the Suprabhedagama contain references to Matrikas, and this asserts their antiquity.
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Art of Osian Temples: Socio-Economic and Religious Life in India, 8th–12th Centuries A.D
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The Abode of Mahashiva: Cults and Symbology in Jaunsar-Bawar in the Mid – Himalayas
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and is similar in her appearance and habit. The similarity with Kali is explicit in the
1259:(A headdress formed of piled, matted hair). She is regarded as the consort of the deity
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drunk with their victim's blood. This description is repeated with little variation in
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Originally believed to be a personification of the seven stars of the star cluster the
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According to K.C. Aryan, the number of Matrikas is determined in the structure of the
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3487:. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from
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1482:
1012:
1001:
989:
970:
850:
830:
514:
413:
305:
285:
270:
236:
144:
3991:
Innovation in Religions Traditions: Essays in the Interpretation of Religions Change
2202:) is also a term used to denote features of Indic scripts (also in combination with
6322:
6312:
6161:
6057:
6009:
5949:
5941:
5900:
5184:
5106:
3746:
Mahabharata verses 215.16 – 215.18, two of the goddesses are described in 215.21–22
2410:
2066:
2050:
1967:
The textual description of Matrikas is generally frightening and ferocious. In the
1687:
1225:
derived from Shiva's names Rudra, Mahesha, Shiva. Maheshvari is depicted seated on
1103:
841:
776:
764:
456:
403:
2738:(1.33) explains that the primary function of Matrikas is to preside eight groups (
1485:. The black coloured Chamunda is described as wearing a garland of severed heads (
966:
4446:
The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary
3806:
2326:(the seven virgins) in most South Indian Shiva and Parvati temples especially in
53:
The Seven Mother Goddesses (Matrikas) flanked by Shiva (left) and Ganesha (right)
6442:
5959:
5916:
5812:
5787:
5728:
5524:
5502:
5384:
5244:
5144:
5126:
5116:
4851:
History of Nepal: With an Introductory Sketch of the Country and People of Nepal
4698:"Early Pāṇḍya Siṃhavāhinī and Sapta Mātṛkā Sculptures in the Far South of India"
4621:
Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions
3809:
3480:, pp. 156, IAST Names and Descriptions as per Devi Mahatmya, verses 8.11–20
3446:
2888:
2801:
Note that the Gupta rulers took the names of the deity Skanda as their own names
2506:
and cost is defrayed by the durbar. The custom has continued into modern times.
2315:
1968:
1956:
1785:
1501:
1420:
995:
979:
846:
780:
768:
706:
683:
418:
219:
2233:
groups; when the vocalic (A) group is added to it, the eight mother goddesses (
2167:. Thus, Yoginis are considered as manifestations or daughters of the Matrikas.
6307:
5964:
5908:
5794:
5723:
5437:
5164:
5038:
4989:
2717:
2675:
Stone inscriptions of Tantric worship of the Matrikas are found in Gangadhar,
2327:
2261:
2218:
1952:
1895:
1560:
939:
709:, Saptamatrika worship is prevalent whereas the Ashtamatrika are venerated in
489:
363:
310:
123:
59:
17:
4721:
2777:(powers of the gods) as group of seven or more, who should be worshipped for
1580:
is added omitting Narasimhi. In lists of nine Matrikas, Devi-Purana mentions
1247:(A garland of beads), Panapatra (drinking vessel) or axe or an antelope or a
775:(IX 102.4) speaks of a group of seven Mothers who control the preparation of
6327:
6317:
6276:
6266:
6210:
5994:
5782:
5713:
5603:
5546:
5462:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5159:
5136:
5111:
5073:
4977:
4947:
4713:
4596:
A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present
2755:
2676:
2565:
2503:
2475:
2454:), the Matrikas are considered as representing a vice and are worshipped by
2418:
2230:
2207:
2093:
1751:
1735:
1520:
1486:
1424:
1371:
1230:
1095:
927:
910:
900:
865:
796:
779:, but the earliest clear description appears in select chapters of the epic
737:
687:
663:
499:
484:
451:
341:
206:
181:
4611:
1769:, when beings created by Vishnu are enlisted; the Matrikas are listed with
922:
716:
The Matrikas assume paramount significance in the goddess-oriented sect of
5349:
2733:
2726:
2692:
2662:
2635:
2608:
2586:
2479:
1814:
1798:
1596:, characterized by her elephant head and ability to remove obstacles like
1514:
1456:
1429:
1399:
1350:
1325:
1323:, noose and lotus stalk. Adorned with variety of ornaments, she wears the
1298:
1280:
1253:
1200:
1175:
1137:
1112:
1081:
1063:
618:(Seven Mothers). However, they are also depicted as a group of eight, the
75:
6515:
6447:
6427:
6291:
6281:
6271:
6261:
6123:
5989:
5865:
5849:
5805:
5777:
5747:
5733:
5653:
5598:
5457:
5400:
5333:
5101:
5063:
5033:
4984:
4942:
4913:
2782:
2623:
2619:
2573:
2553:
2428:
are usually open-air shrines, but may be closed structures too. In these
2402:
2238:
2089:
2042:
2026:
1988:
1960:
1906:
1902:
1853:
1770:
1755:
1739:
1647:
1602:
1585:
1443:
1244:
1236:
955:
943:
733:
725:
717:
702:
691:
675:
611:
591:
368:
346:
152:
115:
95:
69:
6457:
3524:
Singh p.1840, Ambika is used as another name for Kaumari in Devi Purana.
2033:
Three panels of Saptamatrikas appear near the Shiva and Parvati cave at
1860:
The Mahabharata narrates in different chapters the birth of warrior-god
6437:
6286:
6156:
6037:
5931:
5799:
5772:
5633:
5608:
5588:
5556:
5551:
5541:
5467:
5447:
5442:
5432:
5427:
5121:
5043:
4957:
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2770:
2593:
2557:
2549:
2471:
2302:
2269:
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2155:
2142:
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2012:
2008:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1936:
1920:
1865:
1861:
1849:
1833:
1825:
1796:
to kill demons. Further, sage Mandavya is described as worshipping the
1793:
1778:
1747:
1746:
In Matsya Purana, Shiva had created seven Matrikas to combat the demon
1643:
1611:
1597:
1593:
1576:
1570:
1474:
1267:
1159:
1155:
935:
772:
695:
655:
378:
201:
171:
4484:
Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Sakta Tantrism
3488:
6432:
6422:
6408:
6220:
6151:
6146:
6103:
6067:
6047:
6004:
5979:
5974:
5921:
5743:
5738:
5703:
5691:
5681:
5648:
5638:
5573:
5492:
5472:
5410:
5405:
5338:
5053:
4967:
2778:
2698:
2649:
2598:
2545:
2391:
Vaishnavi or Bishnuvi (top) and Brahmi or Brahmayani (bottom) in the
2358:
2347:
2314:
According to Leslie C. Orr, the Saptamatrikas, who first appeared in
2285:
2257:
2187:
2171:
2151:
2146:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2085:
2070:
2038:
1944:
1915:
1829:
1821:
1805:
1774:
1706:
1702:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1615:
1607:
1589:
1524:
1470:
1416:
1412:
1386:
1248:
1240:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1107:
1091:
1087:
984:
951:
947:
812:
800:
792:
752:
721:
679:
671:
667:
647:
643:
634:
494:
466:
461:
166:
87:
4697:
4114:
By P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar. Published 1993, Asian Educational Services,
1844:
1812:
from calamities. The Matrikas direct the sage to perform worship of
1618:, the first and fish avatar of Vishnu is also included sometimes in
1674:
There are several Puranic texts related to the origin of Matrikas.
736:
goddesses. They are also connected with the worship of warrior god
6230:
6141:
6042:
6032:
6014:
5999:
5767:
5686:
5618:
5578:
5563:
5487:
5452:
5415:
4994:
4972:
4202:
4200:
2680:
2580:
mentions the propitiation of Matrikas by a Tantric ascetic in his
2537:
2532:
2406:
2301:
2222:
2137:
2108:
2058:
2021:
2004:
1976:
1930:
1899:
1884:
1872:
1843:
1663:
1657:
1565:
1435:
with other ornaments. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
1316:
1312:
1209:, also known as Maheshvara. Maheshvari is also known by the names
1206:
1166:
1162:(discus), mace and lotus and bow and sword or her two arms are in
963:
876:. The evidence of Matrika sculptures is further pronounced in the
748:
747:
710:
659:
651:
373:
226:
176:
857:
had a rock-cut shrine been solely devoted to the Sapta Matrikas.
732:(goddess) in her fight with demons." Some scholars consider them
5926:
5718:
5658:
5623:
5593:
5533:
5507:
5497:
5477:
5422:
5081:
4999:
4934:
4603:
2630:
mention the ritual offerings of food and shrines of Matrikas at
2434:
2077:
1731:
1555:
1478:
1320:
959:
729:
607:
509:
446:
441:
186:
161:
91:
6381:
5869:
5353:
4886:
3948:
3946:
1868:) and his association with the Matrikas – his adopted mothers.
6093:
1229:(the bull) and has four or six hands. The white complexioned,
4810:
Kiss of the Yogini: 'Tantric Sex' in its South Asian Contexts
3845:
3843:
3737:, p. 159, verses 2.10.37–39 and 10.63.6 ff., 10.6,27–29.
3007:
3005:
2450:
once every year. Like Vishnudharmottara Purana (discussed in
1734:
is described as a Matrika, who sucked all the blood of demon
4750:
The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India
4679:
The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine
3222:
3220:
3218:
3193:
3191:
3189:
811:, or Seven Divine Mothers, which is an integral part of the
4882:
4547:. In Claus, Peter; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret (eds.).
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
614:. The Matrikas are often depicted in a group of seven, the
6377:
2092:, the Matrikas are accompanied by Shiva and Parvati's son
4870:
The Art Of Indian Asia, Its Mythology and Transformations
3754:
3752:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3072:
3070:
2712:
The eight Matrikas are said to reside the second line of
2446:) are paraded around town and placed at their respective
872:
carvings and memorials, containing sculptural details of
2871:
2869:
1894:(the great mothers), a group of the wives of six of the
2701:(female demons)" and rituals of daily Tantric worship (
2438:) in form of stone statues or natural stones, while in
2011:
mentions worship of Matrikas with Shiva and Parvati in
1564:
as the eighth Matrika, created by flames emerging from
4006:"Palaeographical remarks on the Horiuzi palm leaf MSS"
3450:, Tr. by M.N. Dutta, Calcutta, 1903–1904, Ch.50.18.22.
2644:(lit. "installation of the Mothers"), is described in
1828:
or a circular shrine to the Matrikas), established by
926:
The eight Matrikas in battle (top row, from the left)
4110:, Annual Report 1909-10 p. 285 as quoted in pp.285–6
3605:, pp. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.38, 44, 49, 62
2417:
i.e. seats) of the ashta matrika built in and around
909:
Nepal to represent the eight cardinal directions. In
3350:
Goswami, Meghali; Gupta, Ila; Jha, P. (March 2005).
2432:, the Matrikas are worshipped with their followers (
2221:
alphabet. First is the (A) group which contains the
2210:
tool, vowels in particular (considered erroneous by
1044:
The Ashta-Matrikas as described in the Devi Mahatmya
728:, they are described as "assisting the great Shakta
6508:
6465:
6415:
6336:
6300:
6249:
6198:
6170:
6132:
6086:
6023:
5940:
5907:
5756:
5674:
5532:
5391:
5313:
5243:
5193:
5135:
5072:
5024:
4933:
2810:This very ability is possessed by Raktabija of the
2353:The Saptamatrika images are worshipped by women on
1427:(a yak's tail) and a bow. She wears a crown called
1154:(eagle-man) and having four or six arms. She holds
83:
68:
58:
34:
4084:Gods and Worshippers on South Indian sacred ground
2178:across India including the well-preserved ones at
962:before them, all fighting against and killing the
4521:Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002).
1568:'s mouth. In Nepal, the eighth Matrika is called
4640:The Mother Goddesses According to the Devipurana
3885:
3883:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3309:
3307:
4503:The Iconography and Ritual of Śiva at Elephanta
4179:
3816:(1883 -1896), Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 46.
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
2241:hold that the Mothers preside over impurities (
805:
2330:. But the Selliyamman temple at Alambakkam in
2170:The yoginis also occupy an important place in
1378:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
1331:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
1181:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
1118:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
6393:
5881:
5365:
4898:
4872:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas Publications.
4638:Pal, P. (1997). Singh, Nagendra Kumar (ed.).
3952:
3262:
3044:
1943:, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, – the 3 Matrikas,
568:
8:
4513:Yogini Cult and Temples: A Tantric Tradition
4218:
4206:
3593:, p. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.11–20.
3011:
41:Goddesses of War, Children and Emancipation.
4380:
4368:
4159:. Asian Educational Services. p. 110.
3849:
3770:
3665:, p. 158, Devi Mahatmya verses 10.2–5.
3408:
3396:
3226:
2421:are considered powerful places of worship.
2276:. These letters combined make up syllables
824:Bhattacharyya, Bhattacharyya, Bhattacharyya
6400:
6386:
6378:
5888:
5874:
5866:
5372:
5358:
5350:
4905:
4891:
4883:
575:
561:
102:
47:
4681:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company.
4142:
4130:
4058:
4034:
3794:
3617:, p. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.62.
2970:Leeming, David; Fee, Christopher (2016).
2957:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2462:) to free oneself from them. Though each
2084:, the Matrikas is flanked by Ganesha and
1919:, a goddess who tried to kill the infant
1836:mountains, by meat and ritual sacrifice.
4729:Reed, David; McConnachie, James (2002).
3250:
2683:(by Guptas – fifth century) and in
2495:king of Nepal Srinivasa Malla built the
2113:Kaumari, a folio from the Devi Mahatmya.
1415:, the third and the boar-headed form of
921:
4338:
4302:
4278:
4266:
4070:
3976:
3937:
3913:
3901:
3889:
3874:
3861:
3825:
3782:
3758:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3533:
3477:
3420:
3313:
3238:
3160:
3127:
3114:
3076:
2875:
2829:
2794:
2720:. They are frequently aligned with the
2405:. The Astha Matrikas are considered as
1102:stalk, a book, bell and is seated on a
884:period (8th to 12th century A.D.). The
114:
4665:
4655:
4516:. National Museum, Janpath, New Delhi.
4326:
4242:
4012:. Clarendon Press. p. 67, note 2.
3544:
3542:
3379:
3337:
3325:
3209:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
2973:The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother
2927:. Government of Orissa. Archived from
1880:Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda.
598:: mātṝkā, lit. "mothers") also called
31:
4549:South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia
4542:"Goddesses, place, Identity in Nepal"
4505:. State University of New York Press.
4314:
4290:
4254:
4230:
4191:
4046:
4022:
3964:
3925:
3569:
3548:
3510:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3093:
3061:
3032:
2996:
2918:"Sakti Cult in Upper Mahanadi Valley"
2836:
2280:which are combined to make sentences
1955:, dedicated in 43rd year of reign of
1606:omitting Narasimhi. The female power
7:
3689:, pp. 158–159, verses 179.8–90.
3143:By Timothy Insoll, 2001, Routledge,
3057:
3055:
3053:
2758:(the nine planets) and the Dikpala (
2127:The Matrikas are included among the
868:built many Hindu temples along with
610:who are always depicted together in
4834:. Chennai, India: Ganesh & Co.
3504:
3436:, Summer 2002, vol. 25, no. 1, p.26
3197:
2976:. Reaktion Books. p. part 33.
1773:(demons), bhutas (ghosts), pretas,
4556:Jain, Madhu; Handa, O. C. (1995).
4439:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
4108:The Madras Epigraphical Department
2544:, Vaishnavi, Maheshvari, Kaumari,
25:
4501:Collins, Charles Dillard (1988).
4444:Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998).
4155:Underhill, Muriel Marion (1991).
2762:) and at night with the Goddess.
2306:A shrine of the seven mothers in
2284:and it is of these elements that
1523:(the fourth and lion-man form of
6540:
6539:
6456:
6362:
6361:
5523:
5015:
4482:Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1992).
4112:South Indian shrines illustrated
2849:Monier-Williams, Monier (1872).
2384:
2373:
2041:. They are also depicted in the
1205:) is the power of destroyer god
1150:, is described as seated on the
544:
122:
4812:. University of Chicago Press.
4399:The Little Goddesses (Matrikas)
3713:, p. 159, verses 17.33–37.
2916:Panda, S. S. (September 2004).
2253:, making their number sixteen.
880:(8th to 10th century A.D.) and
27:Group of Hindu mother goddesses
4853:. Asian Educational Services.
4594:Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) .
4551:. Routledge. pp. 257–260.
4401:. New Delhi: Rekha Prakashan.
3725:, p. 159, Verses 44.1–96.
3629:, p. 156, verses 5.28–29.
3503:Other names from Devi Purana:
3141:Archaeology and World Religion
1935:Bronze group with (from left)
1:
4437:History of the Sakta Religion
4435:Bhattacharyya, N. N. (1974).
3677:, p. 158, verses 30.3–9.
2656:, a more specialized form of
2584:. The text mentions use of a
1890:Another account mentions the
1235:(three eyed) goddess holds a
4598:. Bangalore: Jupiter books.
4293:, p. 292 Verses 10.6–8.
3701:, p. 159, verses 1.225.
3485:"Sapta Matrikas (12th C AD)"
2889:"Mantras to the Aṣṭamātṛkās"
2746:Rituals and goals of worship
2451:
1738:. Kali is given the epithet
1169:(Blessing hand gesture) and
1090:(energy) of the creator god
5303:Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad
4786:Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003).
4677:Pattanaik, Devdutt (2000).
4180:Reed & McConnachie 2002
2891:. Cambridge Digital Library
2852:Sanskrit-English Dictionary
2760:Guardians of the directions
2734:
2727:
2693:
2663:
2636:
2609:
2587:
2480:
1815:
1799:
1515:
1457:
1430:
1400:
1351:
1326:
1299:
1281:
1254:
1201:
1176:
1138:
1113:
1082:
1064:
76:
6618:
5298:Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad
4868:Zimmer, Heinrich (2001) .
4788:Images of Indian Goddesses
4748:Schastok, Sara L. (1985).
4696:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2015).
4088:The World in the Year 1000
4008:. In Müller, F. M. (ed.).
3993:. de Gruyter. p. 152.
2229:) correspond to the seven
2116:
1626:mentions 2 other Matrikas
1519:) is the divine energy of
946:. (bottom row, from left)
795:, who are associated with
6534:
6454:
6357:
5845:
5521:
5329:
5013:
4920:
4465:Ellora, Concept and Style
3641:, p. 156, verses 30.
3212:, pp. B4C, 257, 135.
2773:mentions the Matrikas or
2458:(a pilgrimage around the
2057:(cave 16) – dedicated to
1662:9th–10th century granite
1527:). She is also called as
1510:
1452:
1395:
1346:
1294:
1276:
1196:
1133:
1077:
1059:
864:(350–1000 A.D.) kings of
409:Krishnananda Agamavagisha
46:
39:
5829:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
4790:. Abhinav Publications.
4731:The Rough Guide to Nepal
4619:Kinsley, David (1998) .
4579:. Abhinav Publications.
4467:. Abhinav Publications.
4463:Berkson, Carmel (1992).
4420:. Abhinav Publications.
4157:The Hindu Religious Year
3536:, p. 241 Footnotes.
2999:, p. 187, Glossary.
2562:Panchalingeshvara temple
1008:Vishnudharmottara Purana
606:, are a group of mother
374:Trika (Kashmir Shaivism)
6185:Nepal Bhasa renaissance
5278:Tripuratapini Upanishad
4849:Wright, Daniel (1996).
4714:10.1558/rosa.v9i2.31071
4702:Religions of South Asia
4623:. Motilal Banarsidass.
4510:Dehejia, Vidya (1986).
4416:Banerji, S. C. (2002).
4381:Harper & Brown 2002
4369:Harper & Brown 2002
3850:Harper & Brown 2002
3771:Harper & Brown 2002
3409:Harper & Brown 2002
3397:Harper & Brown 2002
3227:Harper & Brown 2002
2654:Hrillekha-matrika-nyasa
2332:Tiruchirapalli district
2308:Ramanathapuram District
1852:sculpture of Chamunda,
744:Origins and development
4832:The Garland of Letters
4642:. Anmol Publications.
2596:of the Matrikas) or a
2569:
2311:
2114:
2030:
1964:
1864:(the son of Shiva and
1857:
1671:
1554: – the shakti of
1409:Verai, Dandini, Dandai
1311:, is the power of the
974:
915:
827:
756:
713:, among other places.
682:. and additionals are
6597:Hindu tantric deities
5258:Devi-Bhagavata Purana
4540:Iltis, Linda (2002).
4397:Aryan, K. C. (1980).
4035:Jain & Handa 1995
3807:Vaishampayana said...
3200:, pp. 1835–1858.
2958:Jain & Handa 1995
2855:. Clarendon. p.
2709:(offering of grain).
2705:) like the ritual of
2602:along with a special
2536:
2305:
2264:alphabet itself, the
2117:Further information:
2112:
2025:
1934:
1847:
1724:Devi-Bhagavata Purana
1715:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1701:, Matrikas appear as
1661:
1624:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1558:, as the seventh and
1477:. She is almost like
1146:of the preserver god
925:
906:
862:Western Ganga Dynasty
755:, one of the Matrikas
751:
594:: मातृका (singular),
479:Festivals and temples
6190:Nepal Bhasa movement
6073:Jana Baha Dyah Jatra
4575:Kalia, Asha (1982).
4560:. Indus Publishing.
4281:, pp. 148, 205.
3814:Kisari Mohan Ganguli
3507:, pp. 1835–1858
3139:Dilip Chakravati in
2237:) are obtained. The
1905:, the constellation
1461:), is also known as
1404:), is also known as
815:religion, may be of
220:Scriptures and texts
6582:Childhood goddesses
5314:Regional variations
4828:Woodroffe, Sir John
4806:White, David Gordon
4523:The Roots of Tantra
4418:Companion to Tantra
4383:, pp. 125–127.
4317:, pp. 293–294.
4209:, pp. 367–368.
4194:, pp. 257–260.
4004:Bühler, G. (1881).
3904:, pp. 186–187.
3797:, pp. 132–133.
3359:Anistoriton Journal
2413:pantheon. Temples (
2340:Saptamatrika temple
1781:from the Matrikas.
551:Hinduism portal
527:Regional variations
6257:Newar caste system
5321:Caribbean Shaktism
4329:, p. 143-144.
3953:Bhattacharyya 1974
3877:, pp. 136–144
3513:, pp. 106–109
3263:Bhattacharyya 1974
3045:Bhattacharyya 1974
2570:
2312:
2198:Matrika (Sanskrit
2115:
2031:
1989:Shaivite goddesses
1965:
1951:; originally from
1858:
1820:(interpreted as a
1808:; for saving king
1672:
1469:, is the power of
1120:Asithanga Bhairava
1021:) and also in the
975:
757:
650:, Maheshvari from
533:Caribbean Shaktism
276:Lalita Sahasranama
6602:Liminal goddesses
6554:
6553:
6521:Women in Hinduism
6375:
6374:
5863:
5862:
5347:
5346:
5293:Bhavana Upanishad
5288:Tripura Upanishad
5268:Shakta Upanishads
4219:Van den Hoek 1993
4207:Van den Hoek 1993
4049:, pp. 24–28.
3253:, pp. 58–60.
3096:, pp. 58–59.
3012:Van den Hoek 1993
2735:Svacchaṇḍa Tantra
2728:Jňānārṇava Tantra
2194:Script characters
1979:and his son with
1963:I (about AD 1043)
1695:Shumbha-Nishumbha
1693:According to the
1495:Bhishana Bhairava
1355:), also known as
1285:), also known as
1018:Markandeya Purana
878:Gurjara–Patiharas
646:, Vaishnavi from
585:
584:
399:Bharatchandra Ray
244:Shakta Upanishads
101:
100:
16:(Redirected from
6609:
6572:Mother goddesses
6543:
6542:
6460:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6379:
6365:
6364:
6078:Bunga Dyah Jatra
5890:
5883:
5876:
5867:
5527:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5351:
5019:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4884:
4873:
4864:
4845:
4823:
4801:
4782:
4763:
4744:
4733:. Rough Guides.
4725:
4692:
4673:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4653:
4634:
4615:
4590:
4571:
4552:
4546:
4536:
4517:
4506:
4497:
4478:
4459:
4440:
4431:
4412:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4105:
4099:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3878:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3472:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3356:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3137:
3131:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3097:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3065:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3015:
3009:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2922:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2818:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2737:
2730:
2696:
2666:
2639:
2614:). Banabhatta's
2612:
2590:
2572:The 7th century
2483:
2388:
2377:
2342:is located near
1871:In one version,
1818:
1802:
1766:Bhagavata Purana
1537:Samhara Bhairava
1518:
1512:
1460:
1454:
1437:Unmatha Bhairava
1433:
1411:is the power of
1403:
1397:
1370:is the power of
1354:
1348:
1329:
1302:
1296:
1284:
1278:
1257:
1204:
1198:
1179:
1141:
1135:
1116:
1085:
1079:
1067:
1061:
1027:Amsumadbhedagama
890:Western Chalukya
845:The Gupta kings
825:
577:
570:
563:
549:
548:
547:
424:Abhirami Bhattar
301:Saundarya Lahari
126:
103:
79:
51:
32:
21:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6567:Hindu goddesses
6557:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6530:
6504:
6490:Ranipur Jharial
6461:
6452:
6411:
6406:
6376:
6371:
6353:
6332:
6296:
6245:
6194:
6166:
6128:
6082:
6019:
5936:
5903:
5894:
5864:
5859:
5855:Hindu mythology
5841:
5752:
5670:
5528:
5519:
5387:
5378:
5348:
5343:
5325:
5309:
5239:
5189:
5131:
5092:Tripura Sundari
5068:
5020:
5011:
4929:
4916:
4911:
4881:
4876:
4867:
4861:
4848:
4842:
4826:
4820:
4804:
4798:
4785:
4779:
4769:Urban Symbolism
4766:
4760:
4747:
4741:
4728:
4695:
4689:
4676:
4664:
4654:
4650:
4637:
4631:
4618:
4593:
4587:
4574:
4568:
4555:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4520:
4509:
4500:
4494:
4481:
4475:
4462:
4456:
4443:
4434:
4428:
4415:
4409:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4359:Singh p.1850-51
4358:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4186:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4106:
4102:
4082:Leslie C. Orr,
4081:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3951:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3881:
3873:For images see
3872:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3810:The Mahabharata
3805:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3473:
3454:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3100:
3092:
3083:
3075:
3068:
3060:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3018:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2934:on 4 March 2009
2931:
2920:
2915:
2914:, Ch.57, v.56.
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2867:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2748:
2722:Ashta Bhairavas
2531:
2529:Tantric worship
2486:Ashta Bhairavas
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2344:Baitarani River
2320:parivara devata
2300:
2295:
2196:
2180:Ranipur-Jharial
2125:
2107:
2102:
2055:Kailasha Temple
1929:
1842:
1656:
1380:Chanda Bhairava
1333:Kapala Bhairava
1319:(thunderbolt),
1183:Krodha Bhairava
1046:
1035:Purvakarnagama,
969:. A folio from
920:
826:
823:
746:
662:, Kaumari from
620:Ashtamatrika(s)
616:Saptamatrika(s)
581:
545:
543:
538:
537:
528:
520:
519:
480:
472:
471:
437:
429:
428:
394:
384:
383:
351:
331:
329:
321:
320:
290:
281:Tripura Rahasya
266:Devi Bhagavatam
222:
212:
211:
147:
72:transliteration
54:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6615:
6613:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6559:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6526:Yoga for women
6523:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6471:
6469:
6467:Yogini temples
6463:
6462:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6397:
6390:
6382:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6349:Newar Buddhism
6346:
6344:Newar Hinduism
6340:
6338:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6138:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6099:Bahra ceremony
6096:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6029:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5913:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5809:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5764:
5762:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5684:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5538:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5354:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5283:Devi Upanishad
5280:
5275:
5273:Sita Upanishad
5265:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5078:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4887:
4880:
4879:External links
4877:
4875:
4874:
4865:
4859:
4846:
4840:
4824:
4819:978-0226894843
4818:
4802:
4796:
4783:
4777:
4764:
4758:
4745:
4739:
4726:
4708:(2): 164–185.
4693:
4687:
4674:
4648:
4635:
4629:
4616:
4591:
4585:
4572:
4566:
4553:
4537:
4531:
4525:. SUNY Press.
4518:
4507:
4498:
4492:
4486:. SUNY Press.
4479:
4473:
4460:
4454:
4448:. SUNY Press.
4441:
4432:
4426:
4413:
4407:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4373:
4371:, p. 122.
4361:
4352:
4343:
4341:, p. 155.
4331:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4257:, p. 260.
4247:
4245:, p. 245.
4235:
4223:
4221:, p. 364.
4211:
4196:
4184:
4182:, p. 521.
4172:
4165:
4147:
4145:, p. 131.
4143:Pattanaik 2000
4135:
4131:Rajarajan 2015
4123:
4100:
4075:
4063:
4061:, p. 103.
4059:Woodroffe 2001
4051:
4039:
4037:, p. 163.
4027:
4015:
3996:
3981:
3979:, p. 296.
3969:
3967:, p. 114.
3957:
3955:, p. 128.
3942:
3930:
3928:, p. 109.
3918:
3916:, p. 135.
3906:
3894:
3879:
3866:
3854:
3852:, p. 117.
3839:
3830:
3828:, p. 154.
3818:
3812:translated by
3799:
3795:Pattanaik 2000
3787:
3785:, p. 153.
3775:
3773:, p. 116.
3763:
3761:, p. 152.
3748:
3739:
3727:
3715:
3703:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3653:, p. 242.
3643:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3583:
3574:
3562:
3553:
3538:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3501:
3491:on 1 July 2007
3481:
3452:
3438:
3425:
3423:, p. 156.
3413:
3411:, p. 121.
3401:
3384:
3372:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3214:
3202:
3165:
3153:
3132:
3119:
3117:, p. 151.
3098:
3081:
3079:, p. 143.
3066:
3049:
3047:, p. 126.
3037:
3016:
3014:, p. 362.
3001:
2989:
2982:
2962:
2945:
2911:Brihat Samhita
2902:
2880:
2878:, p. 134.
2865:
2841:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2747:
2744:
2622:'s Cārudatta,
2530:
2527:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2195:
2192:
2176:Yogini temples
2165:Madhya Pradesh
2123:Yogini temples
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
1997:Uma-Maheshvara
1949:British Museum
1928:
1925:
1841:
1838:
1711:Matrikas dance
1655:
1652:
1541:
1540:
1533:karaṇḍa mukuṭa
1498:
1491:karaṇḍa mukuṭa
1440:
1431:karaṇḍa mukuṭa
1419:. She holds a
1383:
1336:
1264:
1186:
1123:
1114:karaṇḍa mukuṭa
1106:(swan) as her
1045:
1042:
919:
916:
855:Madhya Pradesh
821:
809:Sapta Matrikas
745:
742:
625:Brihat Samhita
583:
582:
580:
579:
572:
565:
557:
554:
553:
540:
539:
536:
535:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
512:
507:
505:Saraswati Puja
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
360:
359:
350:
349:
344:
338:
337:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
316:Abirami Antati
313:
308:
303:
297:
296:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
271:Devi Mahatmyam
268:
263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
241:
240:
239:
229:
223:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
158:
157:
148:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
128:
127:
119:
118:
112:
111:
99:
98:
85:
81:
80:
73:
66:
65:
62:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Saptamartrikas
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6614:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6577:War goddesses
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6547:
6546:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6459:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6403:
6398:
6396:
6391:
6389:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6368:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6226:Majipa Lakhey
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6206:Swayambhunath
6204:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6063:Bhairab Naach
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5886:
5884:
5879:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5820:Bhagavad Gita
5817:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:Other deities
5673:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5381:Hindu deities
5375:
5370:
5368:
5363:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5263:Kalika Purana
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:Devi Mahatmya
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:Tulja Bhavani
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5195:Shakta pithas
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:Chandraghanta
5153:
5151:
5150:Brahmacharini
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:Bhuvaneshvari
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4896:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4860:81-206-0552-7
4856:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4841:81-85988-12-9
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4797:81-7017-416-3
4793:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4778:90-04-09855-0
4774:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4759:90-04-06941-0
4755:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4740:1-85828-899-1
4736:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4688:0-89281-807-7
4684:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4659:
4651:
4649:81-7488-168-9
4645:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4630:81-208-0394-9
4626:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4586:0-391-02558-9
4582:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4567:81-7387-030-6
4563:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4532:0-7914-5305-7
4528:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4493:0-7914-1145-1
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4474:81-7017-277-2
4470:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4455:0-7914-3939-9
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4427:81-7017-402-3
4423:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4408:81-900002-7-6
4404:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4308:
4305:, p. 27.
4304:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4269:, p. 34.
4268:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4233:, p. 61.
4232:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4166:81-206-0523-3
4162:
4158:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4120:81-206-0151-3
4117:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4096:0-7618-2561-4
4093:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4073:, p. 61.
4072:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3892:, p. 186
3891:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3864:, p. 87.
3863:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3572:, p. 108
3571:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3382:, p. 60.
3381:
3376:
3373:
3361:. Anistoriton
3360:
3353:
3346:
3343:
3340:, p. 52.
3339:
3334:
3331:
3328:, p. 51.
3327:
3322:
3319:
3316:, p. 212
3315:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3301:, p. 76.
3300:
3295:
3292:
3289:, p. 68.
3288:
3283:
3280:
3277:, p. 67.
3276:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3251:Schastok 1985
3247:
3244:
3241:, p. 155
3240:
3235:
3232:
3229:, p. 48.
3228:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3163:, p. 151
3162:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3149:0-415-22154-4
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3130:, p. 151
3129:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2983:9781780235387
2979:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2960:, p. 162
2959:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2930:
2926:
2925:Orissa Review
2919:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2842:
2839:, p. 99.
2838:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2817:
2816:Vamana Purana
2813:
2812:Devi-mahatmya
2807:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:Natya Shastra
2745:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:Uttar Pradesh
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2670:Bhuvaneshvari
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:Matrika-nyasa
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:Matrika-nyasa
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:Harshacharita
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2393:Bhairab Naach
2387:
2376:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:, Tamil Nadu.
2309:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:Ashtamatrikas
2232:
2228:
2227:Saptamatrikas
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2145:(circle) and
2144:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:Rajatarangini
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:Jaunsar-Bawar
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:Eastern India
1950:
1947:taken at the
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:Maha-matrikas
1888:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1810:Harishchandra
1807:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1719:Vamana Purana
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Devi Mahatmya
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:Varaha Purana
1681:
1680:Vamana Purana
1677:
1676:Matsya Purana
1669:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1646:, (shakti of
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:Central India
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1546:Varaha Purana
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:Devi Mahatmya
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:kiriṭa mukuṭa
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1327:kiriṭa mukuṭa
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:Ruru Bhairava
1258:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1177:kiriṭa mukuṭa
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:(water pot),
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:Surabhedagama
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1015:(part of the
1014:
1013:Devi Mahatmya
1010:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1002:Matsya Purana
998:
997:
992:
991:
990:Varaha Purana
986:
982:
981:
972:
971:Devi Mahatmya
968:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
917:
914:
912:
905:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:saptamatrikas
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
851:Kumaragupta I
848:
843:
838:
836:
832:
820:
818:
814:
810:
804:
802:
798:
794:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
754:
750:
743:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:emerged from
641:
637:
636:
631:
627:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
559:
558:
556:
555:
552:
542:
541:
534:
531:
530:
524:
523:
516:
515:Shakta pithas
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
476:
475:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
433:
432:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
414:Ramprasad Sen
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
393:
388:
387:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
353:
352:
348:
347:Dakshinachara
345:
343:
340:
339:
336:
333:
332:
325:
324:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
306:Annada Mangal
304:
302:
299:
298:
295:
292:
291:
287:
286:Kalika Purana
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
221:
216:
215:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
156:
154:
150:
149:
146:
141:
140:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
50:
45:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6538:
6313:Nepal Sambat
6235:
6162:Newar window
6134:Architecture
6058:Pahan Charhe
6010:Sanyaakhunya
5901:Newar people
5834:
5827:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5729:Gramadevatas
5663:
5613:
5512:
5232:
5185:Siddhidhatri
5107:Chhinnamasta
5025:
5004:
4869:
4850:
4831:
4809:
4787:
4768:
4749:
4730:
4705:
4701:
4678:
4639:
4620:
4595:
4576:
4557:
4548:
4522:
4512:
4502:
4483:
4464:
4445:
4436:
4417:
4398:
4376:
4364:
4355:
4350:Singh p.1850
4346:
4339:Kinsley 1998
4334:
4322:
4310:
4303:Banerji 2002
4298:
4286:
4279:Banerji 2002
4274:
4267:Banerji 2002
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4214:
4187:
4175:
4156:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4071:Banerji 2002
4066:
4054:
4042:
4030:
4025:, p. 9.
4018:
4009:
3999:
3990:
3984:
3977:Banerji 2002
3972:
3960:
3940:, p. 5.
3938:Dehejia 1986
3933:
3921:
3914:Berkson 1992
3909:
3902:Berkson 1992
3897:
3890:Berkson 1992
3875:Berkson 1992
3869:
3862:Berkson 1992
3857:
3837:Singh p.1855
3833:
3826:Kinsley 1998
3821:
3802:
3790:
3783:Kinsley 1998
3778:
3766:
3759:Kinsley 1998
3742:
3735:Kinsley 1998
3730:
3723:Kinsley 1998
3718:
3711:Kinsley 1998
3706:
3699:Kinsley 1998
3694:
3687:Kinsley 1998
3682:
3675:Kinsley 1998
3670:
3663:Kinsley 1998
3658:
3651:Kinsley 1998
3646:
3639:Kinsley 1998
3634:
3627:Kinsley 1998
3622:
3615:Kinsley 1998
3610:
3603:Kinsley 1998
3598:
3591:Kinsley 1998
3586:
3577:
3565:
3560:Singh p.1858
3556:
3551:, p. 72
3534:Kinsley 1998
3529:
3520:
3493:. Retrieved
3489:the original
3478:Kinsley 1998
3445:
3441:
3433:
3428:
3421:Kinsley 1998
3416:
3404:
3399:, p. 29
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3358:
3345:
3333:
3321:
3314:Berkson 1992
3294:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3239:Kinsley 1998
3234:
3205:
3161:Kinsley 1998
3156:
3140:
3135:
3128:Kinsley 1998
3122:
3115:Kinsley 1998
3077:Collins 1988
3064:, p. 75
3040:
3035:, p. 41
2992:
2972:
2965:
2936:. Retrieved
2929:the original
2924:
2909:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2883:
2876:Berkson 1992
2860:
2851:
2844:
2832:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2797:
2775:Deva Shaktis
2774:
2768:
2764:
2749:
2739:
2725:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2674:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2641:
2637:Kulacūḍāmaṇi
2628:Mrichakatika
2607:
2603:
2597:
2585:
2571:
2522:
2518:
2517:) or lands (
2514:
2510:
2508:
2490:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2444:utsav-murtis
2443:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2400:
2354:
2352:
2336:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2216:
2212:Georg Bühler
2199:
2197:
2169:
2126:
2100:Associations
2075:
2032:
1973:
1966:
1914:
1911:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1859:
1813:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1764:
1761:
1745:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1692:
1688:Kurma Purana
1673:
1668:Musée Guimet
1603:Mahabhairavi
1601:
1588: – the
1581:
1575:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1542:
1532:
1528:
1500:
1490:
1473:, a form of
1466:
1462:
1442:
1428:
1408:
1405:
1385:
1375:
1367:
1365:Kartikeyani,
1364:
1360:
1356:
1338:
1324:
1308:
1304:
1286:
1266:
1252:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1188:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1125:
1111:
1069:
1049:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:such as the
1016:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
987:such as the
978:
976:
907:
894:
873:
870:saptamatrika
869:
859:
839:
834:
828:
819:inspiration.
808:
806:
789:
785:Indus valley
769:Indus Valley
765:Vedic period
762:
758:
715:
700:
633:
630:Varahamihira
623:
619:
615:
603:
599:
587:
586:
495:Lakshmi Puja
457:Panchamakara
404:Bhaskararaya
354:
335:Vidya margam
334:
293:
196:
151:
29:
6443:Vajrayogini
5917:Gunla Bajan
5813:Mahabharata
5724:Kuladevatas
5503:Vishvakarma
5228:Mahalakshmi
5145:Shailaputri
5127:Kamalatmika
5117:Bagalamukhi
4666:|work=
4327:Brooks 1992
4243:Wright 1996
3447:Agni Purana
3380:Kamath 2001
3338:Kamath 2001
3326:Kamath 2001
3210:Zimmer 2001
2771:Devi Purana
2703:Tantrobhuta
2668:of Goddess
2588:māṭrmandala
2519:kshatrapala
2513:), places (
2324:Saptakanyas
2316:South India
2156:Mahalakshmi
2067:Rashtrakuta
2015:, his work
1969:Mahabharata
1896:Saptarishis
1840:Mahabharata
1800:Māṭrpaňcaka
1790:Loka-matara
1786:Devi Purana
1638:(shakti of
1630:(shakti of
1614:of the god
1571:Mahalakshmi
1529:Pratyangira
1255:jaṭā mukuṭa
1239:(trident),
1038:Rupamandana
996:Agni Purana
980:Mahabharata
918:Iconography
847:Skandagupta
781:Mahabharata
707:South India
419:Ramakrishna
379:Kubjikamata
356:Kula margam
294:other texts
84:Affiliation
6561:Categories
6308:Newa dance
6180:Literature
6109:Jaa Nakigu
5970:Chuchumari
5965:Chataamari
5795:Upanishads
5714:Gandharvas
5438:Dattatreya
5218:Taratarini
5165:Skandamata
5039:Maheshvari
4990:Bhadrakali
4315:Brown 1998
4291:Brown 1998
4255:Iltis 2002
4231:White 2006
4192:Iltis 2002
4047:Aryan 1980
4023:Aryan 1980
3965:Wangu 2003
3926:Kalia 1982
3570:Kalia 1982
3549:Wangu 2003
3511:Kalia 1982
3299:Wangu 2003
3287:Wangu 2003
3275:Wangu 2003
3151:, pp.42–44
3094:Wangu 2003
3062:Wangu 2003
3033:Wangu 2003
2997:Wangu 2003
2895:2 February
2837:Wangu 2003
2825:References
2718:Sri Chakra
2694:Svāmibhaṭa
2632:crossroads
2578:Banabhatta
2328:Tamil Nadu
2262:Devanagari
2219:Devanagari
2174:, with 64-
1927:Depictions
1877:Vana-parva
1816:Māṭrchakra
1610:called as
1582:Gananayika
1561:Yogeshvari
1189:Maheshvari
940:Maheshvari
899:and Early
490:Durga Puja
311:Ramprasadi
60:Devanagari
6495:Khajuraho
6480:Bhedaghat
6328:Bhaktapur
6318:Kathmandu
6277:Ranjitkar
6267:Chitrakar
6216:Lokeshwar
6211:Pashupati
5995:Lakhamari
5734:Rakshasas
5604:Mahavidya
5547:Saraswati
5534:Goddesses
5463:Kartikeya
5180:Mahagauri
5175:Kalaratri
5170:Katyayani
5160:Kushmanda
5137:Navadurga
5112:Dhumavati
5074:Mahavidya
5049:Vaishnavi
4978:Navadurga
4948:Saraswati
4771:. Brill.
4752:. Brill.
4722:1751-2689
4668:ignored (
4658:cite book
3495:8 January
3365:8 January
2938:8 January
2756:Navagraha
2677:Rajasthan
2646:Devi Gita
2616:Kadambari
2610:maṭṛ-gṛha
2604:anusthana
2566:Karnataka
2504:Navaratri
2476:Bhaktapur
2456:pithapuja
2419:Kathmandu
2266:Varnamala
2231:consonant
2208:collation
2161:Bhedaghat
2090:Shamalaji
2047:Elephanta
2045:caves of
2035:Udayagiri
1903:Krittikas
1771:rakshasas
1752:Narasimha
1743:deities.
1736:Raktabija
1697:story of
1521:Narasimha
1516:Nārasiṃhī
1502:Narasimhi
1487:Mundamala
1467:Charchika
1372:Kartikeya
1277:इन्द्राणी
1245:Akshamala
1202:Māheśvarī
1197:माहेश्वरी
1158:(conch),
1126:Vaishnavi
1096:kamandalu
1086:) is the
1060:ब्रह्माणी
967:Raktabīja
932:Vaishnavi
928:Narasimhi
911:Bhaktapur
901:Chalukyas
886:Chalukyas
882:Chandella
866:Karnataka
835:Balagraha
817:Dravidian
688:Narasimha
684:Narasimhi
664:Kartikeya
622:. In the
608:goddesses
500:Kali Puja
485:Navaratri
452:Kundalini
436:Practices
369:Kalikulam
342:Vamachara
207:Saraswati
182:Mahavidya
155:(Supreme)
6587:Shaktism
6545:Category
6516:Maithuna
6448:Yakshini
6428:Bhairavi
6416:Entities
6367:Category
6337:Religion
6292:Kansakar
6282:Tuladhar
6272:Maharjan
6262:Shrestha
6236:Matrikas
6172:Language
6124:Mha Puja
6025:Festival
5990:Kachilaa
5850:Hinduism
5806:Ramayana
5748:Yakshini
5654:Shashthi
5614:Matrikas
5599:Mahadevi
5401:Trimurti
5334:Hinduism
5213:Kamakhya
5208:Kalighat
5102:Bhairavi
5064:Chamunda
5034:Brahmani
5026:Matrikas
4985:Mahakali
4943:Mahadevi
4914:Shaktism
4830:(2001).
4808:(2006).
4604:80905179
3505:Pal 1997
3434:ReVision
3198:Pal 1997
2783:Nitisara
2724:, as in
2624:Shudraka
2574:Sanskrit
2554:Chamundi
2542:Brahmani
2515:lokapala
2440:dyochems
2403:Buddhism
2365:In Nepal
2298:In India
2247:anusarva
2027:Nataraja
1961:Mahipala
1941:Brahmani
1907:Pleiades
1854:Halebidu
1756:Bhairava
1740:Chamunda
1707:Chandika
1670:, Paris.
1648:Narayana
1644:Narayani
1586:Vinayaki
1511:नारसिंही
1507:Sanskrit
1463:Chamundi
1453:चामुण्डा
1449:Sanskrit
1444:Chamunda
1406:Vairali,
1392:Sanskrit
1343:Sanskrit
1305:Mahendri
1291:Sanskrit
1273:Sanskrit
1243:(drum),
1237:Trishula
1232:Trinetra
1193:Sanskrit
1139:Vaiṣṇavī
1130:Sanskrit
1078:ब्राह्मी
1074:Sanskrit
1065:Brahmâṇī
1056:Sanskrit
1051:Brahmani
956:Chamunda
944:Brahmani
897:Kadambas
822:—
767:and the
726:Shaktism
722:Tantrism
718:Hinduism
703:Pleiades
692:Vinayaki
676:Chamunda
640:Brahmani
612:Hinduism
592:Sanskrit
588:Matrikas
392:Scholars
364:Srikulam
197:Matrikas
153:Mahadevi
116:Shaktism
108:a series
106:Part of
96:Mahadevi
70:Sanskrit
6509:Related
6500:Mitaoli
6485:Hirapur
6438:Matrika
6409:Yoginis
6287:Sthapit
6199:Deities
6157:Chaitya
6114:Iihipaa
6087:Rituals
6038:Sa Paru
5942:Cuisine
5932:Bhusyah
5800:Puranas
5788:Atharva
5757:Texts (
5744:Yakshas
5739:Vahanas
5709:Dikpāla
5682:Apsaras
5634:Rukmini
5609:Matangi
5557:Parvati
5552:Lakshmi
5542:Tridevi
5468:Krishna
5448:Hanuman
5443:Ganesha
5433:Chandra
5428:Ashvins
5234:More...
5122:Matangi
5059:Indrani
5044:Kaumari
4958:Parvati
4953:Lakshmi
4925:History
4612:7796041
4390:Sources
2861:matrika
2714:bhupura
2699:Dakinis
2685:Deogarh
2650:mantras
2594:mandala
2576:author
2558:Ganesha
2550:Indrani
2511:digpala
2481:Mātṛkās
2472:mandala
2452:Legends
2359:mantras
2355:Pithori
2293:Worship
2282:(vakya)
2274:(varna)
2251:visarga
2239:Shaktas
2204:akshara
2184:Hirapur
2143:Mandala
2133:Yoginis
2129:Yoginis
2105:Yoginis
2071:Tantras
2063:Parvati
2013:Kashmir
2009:Kalhana
2001:Parvati
1985:Ganesha
1981:Parvati
1937:Ganesha
1921:Krishna
1866:Parvati
1850:Hoysala
1834:Vindhya
1832:on the
1826:Mandala
1794:Ganesha
1779:Krishna
1775:dakinis
1748:Andhaka
1703:Shaktis
1654:Legends
1636:Kauberi
1612:Kalyani
1598:Ganesha
1594:Ganesha
1577:Lakshmi
1475:Parvati
1458:Cāṃuṇḍā
1425:chamara
1361:Kartiki
1352:Kaumārī
1339:Kaumari
1295:ऐन्द्री
1282:Indrāṇī
1268:Indrani
1223:Shivani
1219:Maheshi
1215:Rudrani
1156:Shankha
1142:), the
1134:वैष्णवी
985:Puranas
952:Indrani
936:Kaumari
840:In the
831:Kushana
793:Yakshas
787:seals.
773:Rigveda
696:Ganesha
656:Indrani
635:Shaktis
328:Schools
259:Tripura
232:Tantras
202:Lakshmi
172:Parvati
145:Deities
134:History
35:Matrika
6433:Dakini
6423:Apsara
6250:Castes
6241:Kumari
6221:Lakhey
6152:Vihara
6147:Pagoda
6104:Jankwa
6068:Samyak
6053:Swanti
6048:Mohani
6005:Sanyaa
5980:Choila
5975:Yomari
5922:Dhimay
5897:Topics
5704:Devata
5697:Danava
5692:Daitya
5687:Asuras
5649:Shakti
5639:Sanjna
5629:Rohini
5589:Shachi
5574:Chhaya
5493:Varuna
5483:Shasta
5473:Kubera
5411:Vishnu
5406:Brahma
5339:Tantra
5203:Bimala
5054:Varahi
4968:Shakti
4857:
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4816:
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2740:vargas
2732:. The
2652:. The
2599:Yantra
2546:Varahi
2500:durbar
2468:pithas
2460:pithas
2448:pithas
2430:pithas
2426:pithas
2415:pithas
2407:Ajimas
2348:Jajpur
2286:mantra
2278:(pada)
2258:Tantra
2223:vowels
2200:mātṛkā
2188:Odisha
2172:Tantra
2152:Chandi
2147:chakra
2119:Yogini
2094:Skanda
2086:Kubera
2051:Ellora
2043:Shaiva
2039:Bhopal
1945:Kubera
1916:Putana
1862:Skanda
1830:Vishnu
1822:Yantra
1806:Brahma
1721:. The
1642:) and
1640:Kubera
1632:Varuna
1628:Varuni
1616:Matsya
1608:shakti
1590:shakti
1548:names
1525:Vishnu
1471:Chandi
1417:Vishnu
1413:Varaha
1401:Vārāhī
1396:वाराही
1387:Varahi
1368:Ambika
1357:Kumari
1347:कौमारी
1300:Aindrī
1287:Aindri
1249:kapala
1241:Damaru
1171:abhaya
1164:varada
1160:chakra
1152:Garuda
1148:Vishnu
1144:Shakti
1108:vahana
1092:Brahma
1088:Shakti
1083:Brāhmī
1070:Brahmi
1023:Agamas
948:Varahi
813:Shakta
801:Kubera
797:Skanda
753:Varahi
738:Skanda
734:Shaiva
680:Chandi
672:Varaha
668:Varahi
648:Vishnu
644:Brahma
467:Yantra
462:Tantra
237:Yogini
192:Lalita
167:Shakti
88:Shakti
77:mātṝkā
64:मातृका
6592:Newar
6475:Badoh
6323:Patan
6231:Ajima
6142:Stupa
6119:Sagan
6043:Yenya
6033:Gunla
6015:Thwon
6000:Takha
5950:Ailaa
5909:Music
5783:Yajur
5768:Vedas
5619:Radha
5584:Ganga
5579:Durga
5569:Bhumi
5564:Aditi
5488:Surya
5453:Indra
5416:Shiva
5385:texts
5245:Texts
4995:Radha
4973:Durga
4545:(PDF)
3474:See:
3355:(PDF)
2932:(PDF)
2921:(PDF)
2789:Notes
2779:Mukti
2681:Bihar
2620:Bhasa
2538:Shiva
2523:pitha
2497:Patan
2493:Malla
2464:pitha
2435:ganas
2411:Newar
2346:, in
2138:Durga
2082:Osian
2065:– of
2059:Shiva
2005:Shiva
1977:Shiva
1959:king
1900:Vedic
1885:Vajra
1873:Indra
1664:Chola
1566:Shiva
1421:Danda
1317:Vajra
1313:Indra
1309:Vajri
1227:Nandi
1211:Rudri
1207:Shiva
1167:mudra
1104:hamsa
1100:lotus
1068:) or
964:asura
958:with
842:Gupta
724:. In
711:Nepal
694:from
686:from
678:from
670:from
660:Indra
658:from
652:Shiva
604:Matri
600:Matar
227:Vedas
177:Durga
6301:Misc
5960:Baji
5955:Momo
5927:Dhaa
5836:more
5778:Sama
5759:list
5719:Gana
5665:more
5659:Sita
5644:Sati
5624:Rati
5594:Kali
5514:more
5508:Yama
5498:Vayu
5478:Rama
5458:Kama
5423:Agni
5393:Gods
5383:and
5087:Tara
5082:Kali
5006:More
5000:Sita
4963:Sati
4935:Devi
4855:ISBN
4836:ISBN
4814:ISBN
4792:ISBN
4773:ISBN
4754:ISBN
4735:ISBN
4718:ISSN
4683:ISBN
4670:help
4644:ISBN
4625:ISBN
4608:OCLC
4600:LCCN
4581:ISBN
4562:ISBN
4527:ISBN
4488:ISBN
4469:ISBN
4450:ISBN
4422:ISBN
4403:ISBN
4161:ISBN
4116:ISBN
4092:ISBN
3497:2008
3367:2008
3145:ISBN
2978:ISBN
2940:2008
2897:2015
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730:Devi
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442:Yoga
254:Sita
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6094:Ihi
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