249:
282:. The Sara society was transformed by this development, both in terms of culture such as French-based education and training, but also socio-economically because of forced labor and conscription to serve the French military during the World Wars. At the time of independence from France in 1960, the southerners of Chad were more assimilated into French institutions than the northerners. This led to their political dominance of the country after 1960. They were also a part of the civil war with populations in north and central Chad, each population aligning with a different ideology.
92:
74:
205:
195:
Sara oral histories add further details about the people. In summary, the Sara are mostly animists (veneration of nature), with a social order made up of several patrilineal clans formerly united into a single polity with a national language, national identity, and national religion. Many Sara people
1138:
1131:
278:
The French colonial empire entered the ongoing hostilities in the early twentieth century, and the Sara people became a part of the French
Equatorial Africa, more specifically as part of the
1284:
1124:
871:
338:. Both populations speak languages from the Nilo-Saharan family. They are also similar to West African populations, but biologically distinct from the surrounding
248:
1147:
430:
702:
625:
598:
571:
539:
330:
Analysis of classic genetic markers and DNA polymorphisms by
Excoffier et al. (1987) found that the Sara are most closely related to the
864:
672:
796:
1274:
1163:
30:
471:
1279:
857:
372:
132:
1289:
343:
263:, with the term "Kirdi" denoting a non-Muslim person. The Muslim raiders of what is now Chad were autonomously called
1047:
165:
291:
230:
173:
97:
60:
406:
377:
392:
307:
255:
have long been a part of Sara culture, affirming community solidarity; both men and women subscribe to it.
226:
880:
346:
189:
1269:
918:
425:
412:
381:
221:
The Sara (Kameeni) are the largest ethnic group in the
Republic of Chad, they're concentrated in the
759:
294:, making it the fourth largest ethnic group in the country. They live in the northwest part of CAR.
968:
386:
358:
339:
222:
1116:
787:
234:
698:
668:
621:
615:
594:
567:
561:
535:
401:
396:
368:
588:
529:
948:
731:
661:
719:
237:
regions. After their arrival, they continued to be the target of violent raids by northern
1103:
1012:
901:
641:
362:
185:
152:
116:
16:
Central
Sudanic ethnic group native to Chad, the Central African Republic, and North Sudan
515:
450:
196:
have retained their ethnic religion, but some have converted to
Christianity and Islam.
1213:
1098:
1027:
1017:
1007:
985:
963:
923:
908:
303:
181:
112:
1263:
1238:
1228:
1208:
1158:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1069:
1052:
1042:
1032:
995:
980:
958:
943:
913:
896:
891:
839:
814:
331:
252:
148:
1248:
1218:
1203:
1198:
1183:
1168:
953:
128:
692:
642:
Image and
Reality in African Interethnic Relations: The Fulbe and their Neighbors
1243:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1062:
1057:
1022:
1002:
990:
938:
928:
238:
503:
975:
933:
792:
The
Politics of Sara Ethnicity: A Note on the Origins of the Civil War in Chad
819:
The Human Price of
Development: The Brazzaville Railroad and the Sara of Chad
736:
209:
204:
849:
491:
1233:
335:
319:
1173:
1074:
259:
The local Muslim groups of what is now Chad, referred to the Sara as
29:
203:
177:
136:
64:
242:
169:
79:
56:
1120:
853:
663:
The
Encyclopedia of World Cultures - 10 Volume set, 1st Edition
290:
The Sara people make up ten percent of the population of the
409:, President of Central African Republic from 1993 to 2003
830:
Power and
Slavery in Central Africa: Chad (1890-1925)
805:
Chad: The Misadventures of the North-South Dialectic
644:, US Department of Education, pages 136-137, 162-167
563:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
212:, which is irrigated by the Chari and Logone rivers.
415:, Former Prime Minister of Central African Republic
142:
122:
106:
88:
70:
49:
39:
660:
389:, only woman in Chadian National Assembly in 1968
208:Many Sara people live in the region southeast of
654:
652:
650:
590:The Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad
555:
553:
551:
371:, Prime Minister of Chad in 1993, president of
686:
684:
267:, and this geo-political conflict between the
1285:Ethnic groups in the Central African Republic
1148:Ethnic groups in the Central African Republic
1132:
865:
697:. Oxford University Press. pp. 253–256.
8:
720:"Genetics and history of sub-Saharan Africa"
617:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
431:Demographics of the Central African Republic
22:
1139:
1125:
1117:
872:
858:
850:
691:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
275:continued through the nineteenth century.
28:
21:
735:
724:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
318:The Sara people are mainly Christian and
718:Excoffier, Laurent; et al. (1987).
247:
442:
380:, who overthrew Tombalbaye during the
306:. This dialect cluster belongs to the
7:
534:. Twenty-First Century. p. 47.
50:Regions with significant populations
760:EPR Atlas: Central African Republic
302:The Sara people natively speak the
176:, and the southern border of North
14:
528:Christine Zuchora-Walske (2009).
172:, the northwestern areas of the
168:ethnic group native to southern
90:
72:
836:, Vol. 67, No. 3 (Autumn, 1982)
659:David Levinson (1996). "Sara".
286:In the Central African Republic
186:Central Sudanic language family
811:, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Sept., 1986)
373:Action for Unity and Socialism
322:, with a minority of Muslims.
1:
825:, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Mar., 1981)
593:. Routledge. pp. 10–11.
518:, CIA Factbook, US Government
834:The Journal of Negro History
188:. They are also the largest
133:traditional African religion
846:, Paris, 10/18, 1971 (1967)
800:, Vol. 20, Cahier 80 (1980)
797:Cahiers d'Études africaines
640:Mario Zamora et al (1981),
560:James Stuart Olson (1996).
1306:
620:. Routledge. p. 228.
614:Kevin Shillington (2013).
566:. Greenwood. p. 510.
472:"Central African Republic"
1154:
887:
494:, Encyclopædia Britannica
147:
127:
111:
54:
44:
27:
516:Chad: Society and People
292:Central African Republic
184:which are a part of the
174:Central African Republic
98:Central African Republic
61:Central African Republic
1275:Central Sudanic peoples
737:10.1002/ajpa.1330300510
153:Central Sudanic peoples
823:African Studies Review
809:African Studies Review
694:Encyclopedia of Africa
587:M. J. Azevedo (2005).
361:, Chadian-born German
256:
213:
63:, and the Republic of
1280:Ethnic groups in Chad
881:Ethnic groups in Chad
765:(Report). p. 341
253:Body scarring rituals
251:
207:
143:Related ethnic groups
426:Demographics of Chad
378:Noël Milarew Odingar
190:ethnic group in Chad
758:ETH Zurich (2021).
393:François Tombalbaye
387:Kalthouma Nguembang
353:Notable Sara people
233:, and parts of the
24:
1290:French West Africa
407:Ange-Félix Patassé
359:Sosthene Moguenara
349:-speaking groups.
257:
214:
1257:
1256:
1114:
1113:
803:René Lemarchand,
704:978-0-19-533770-9
627:978-1-135-45670-2
600:978-1-135-30080-7
573:978-0-313-27918-8
541:978-1-57505-956-3
397:President of Chad
344:Ethiopian Semitic
231:Logone Occidental
180:. They speak the
158:
157:
84:5,311,303 (30.5%)
1297:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1118:
874:
867:
860:
851:
775:
774:
772:
770:
764:
755:
749:
748:
746:
744:
739:
715:
709:
708:
688:
679:
678:
666:
656:
645:
638:
632:
631:
611:
605:
604:
584:
578:
577:
557:
546:
545:
531:Chad in Pictures
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
482:
480:
478:
468:
462:
461:
459:
457:
447:
280:"le Tchad utile"
131:, Sara animism (
96:
94:
93:
78:
76:
75:
55:The Republic of
40:Total population
32:
25:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1150:
1145:
1115:
1110:
883:
878:
828:Mario Azevedo,
788:René Lemarchand
784:
779:
778:
768:
766:
762:
757:
756:
752:
742:
740:
717:
716:
712:
705:
690:
689:
682:
675:
658:
657:
648:
639:
635:
628:
613:
612:
608:
601:
586:
585:
581:
574:
559:
558:
549:
542:
527:
526:
522:
514:
510:
502:
498:
490:
486:
476:
474:
470:
469:
465:
455:
453:
449:
448:
444:
439:
422:
363:track and field
355:
328:
316:
300:
288:
227:Logone Oriental
219:
202:
166:Central Sudanic
91:
89:
73:
71:
35:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
988:
983:
978:
973:
972:
971:
966:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
905:
904:
894:
888:
885:
884:
879:
877:
876:
869:
862:
854:
848:
847:
837:
826:
812:
801:
783:
780:
777:
776:
750:
710:
703:
680:
674:978-0816118403
673:
646:
633:
626:
606:
599:
579:
572:
547:
540:
520:
508:
504:Sara languages
496:
484:
463:
441:
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
428:
421:
418:
417:
416:
413:Martin Ziguélé
410:
404:
402:Japhet N'Doram
399:
390:
384:
375:
369:Fidèle Moungar
366:
354:
351:
327:
324:
315:
312:
304:Sara languages
299:
296:
287:
284:
218:
215:
201:
198:
182:Sara languages
156:
155:
145:
144:
140:
139:
125:
124:
120:
119:
113:Sara languages
109:
108:
104:
103:
102:423,281 (7.9%)
100:
86:
85:
82:
68:
67:
52:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1302:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:Baggara Arabs
1157:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
919:Dar Daju Daju
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
903:
900:
899:
898:
897:Baggara Arabs
895:
893:
890:
889:
886:
882:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
855:
852:
845:
841:
840:Robert Jaulin
838:
835:
831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
815:Mario Azevedo
813:
810:
806:
802:
799:
798:
793:
789:
786:
785:
781:
761:
754:
751:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
711:
706:
700:
696:
695:
687:
685:
681:
676:
670:
665:
664:
655:
653:
651:
647:
643:
637:
634:
629:
623:
619:
618:
610:
607:
602:
596:
592:
591:
583:
580:
575:
569:
565:
564:
556:
554:
552:
548:
543:
537:
533:
532:
524:
521:
517:
512:
509:
505:
500:
497:
493:
488:
485:
473:
467:
464:
452:
446:
443:
436:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
419:
414:
411:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
394:
391:
388:
385:
383:
379:
376:
374:
370:
367:
364:
360:
357:
356:
352:
350:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:Kunama people
325:
323:
321:
313:
311:
309:
305:
297:
295:
293:
285:
283:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
254:
250:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
216:
211:
206:
199:
197:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
154:
150:
149:Bilala people
146:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
118:
114:
110:
105:
101:
99:
87:
83:
81:
69:
66:
62:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
31:
26:
1223:
1037:
969:Yerwa Kanuri
844:La Mort Sara
843:
833:
829:
822:
818:
808:
804:
795:
791:
782:Bibliography
767:. Retrieved
753:
741:. Retrieved
727:
723:
713:
693:
662:
636:
616:
609:
589:
582:
562:
530:
523:
511:
506:, Ethnologue
499:
487:
475:. Retrieved
466:
454:. Retrieved
445:
347:Afro-Asiatic
329:
317:
308:Nilo-Saharan
301:
289:
279:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
258:
220:
194:
161:
159:
129:Christianity
34:A Sara woman
19:Ethnic group
1270:Sara people
743:1 September
730:: 151–194.
492:Sara people
223:Moyen-Chari
162:Sara people
1264:Categories
437:References
151:and other
45:~6 million
902:Shuweihat
382:1975 coup
298:Languages
265:"Bagirmi"
210:Lake Chad
107:Languages
1048:Sudanese
1013:Mandinka
949:Hadjarai
667:. Gale.
420:See also
395:, first
340:Cushitic
326:Genetics
314:Religion
310:family.
271:and the
245:people.
235:Tandjile
200:Overview
123:Religion
1234:Wodaabe
1214:Ngbandi
1104:Bidayat
1099:Zaghawa
1080:Anakaza
1028:Masalit
1018:Mararit
1008:Mandara
986:Kujarke
964:Kanembu
924:Fongoro
909:Bagirmi
769:25 July
477:3 April
456:3 April
365:athlete
336:Eritrea
320:animist
273:Bagirmi
261:"Kirdi"
217:In Chad
1239:Yakoma
1229:Vidiri
1209:Mandja
1174:Bayaka
1094:Tupuri
1089:Tunjur
1075:Gouran
1070:Toubou
1053:Sungor
1043:Sinyar
1033:Musgum
996:Bilala
981:Kotoko
959:Kanuri
944:Haddad
914:Buduma
892:Amdang
832:, in:
821:, in:
807:, in:
794:, in:
701:
671:
624:
597:
570:
538:
451:"Chad"
239:Fulani
229:, the
225:, the
164:are a
117:French
95:
77:
59:, the
1249:Zande
1219:Runga
1204:Mbaka
1199:Kresh
1184:Gbaya
1169:Banda
954:Hausa
763:(PDF)
269:Kirdi
178:Sudan
137:Islam
65:Sudan
1244:Yulu
1224:Sara
1194:Kara
1189:Gula
1179:Fula
1164:Baka
1063:Kimr
1058:Tama
1038:Sara
1023:Masa
1003:Maba
991:Lisi
939:Gula
929:Fula
771:2023
745:2016
699:ISBN
669:ISBN
622:ISBN
595:ISBN
568:ISBN
536:ISBN
479:2019
458:2019
342:and
243:Arab
241:and
170:Chad
160:The
80:Chad
57:Chad
23:Sara
976:Kim
934:Fur
732:doi
334:of
135:),
1266::
842:,
817:,
790:,
728:30
726:.
722:.
683:^
649:^
550:^
192:.
115:,
1140:e
1133:t
1126:v
873:e
866:t
859:v
773:.
747:.
734::
707:.
677:.
630:.
603:.
576:.
544:.
481:.
460:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
