701:
724:
22:
1742:), thus they were able to explain how the present seems to function differently than the past or future. Among the different Sarvāstivāda thinkers, there were different ideas on how this theory was to be understood. These differences were accepted as long as they did not contradict the doctrine of "all exists" and can be seen in the MVŚ, which outlines the four different interpretations of this doctrine by the ‘four great Ābhidharmikas of the Sarvāstivāda’: Dharmatrāta, Buddhadeva, Vasumitra and Ghoṣaka.
890:
691:
1863:
816:
6253:
6264:
1642:
3662:
3649:
222:
3639:
1039:
1064:
2053:(T26, Chinese trans. Gotama Saṅghadeva) and Saṃyukta Āgama (T99, Chinese trans. Guṇabhadra) have long been available in Chinese translation. The Sarvāstivāda is therefore the only early school besides the Theravada for which we have a roughly complete sutra collection, although unlike the Theravada it has not all been preserved in the original language.
1653:
1952:
There is much uncertainty as to the relationship of the Mūlasarvāstivāda (meaning root or original Sarvāstivāda) school and the others. They were certainly influential in spreading their Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, as it remains the monastic rule used in Indo-Tibetan
Buddhism today. Also, they seem to
2178:
Various other
Abhidharma works were written by Sarvāstivāda masters, some are more concise manuals of abhidharma, others critiqued the orthodox Vaibhāṣika views or provided a defense of the orthodoxy. Dhammajoti provides the following list of such later abhidharma works that are extant in Chinese:
1700:(MVŚ) during the council of Kashmir. Since then, it comprised the orthodox or mainstream branch of the Sarvāstivāda school based in Kāśmīra (though not exclusive to this region). The Vaibhāśika-Sarvāstivāda, which had by far the most "comprehensive edifice of doctrinal systematics" of the
1834:; also called ‘the masters outside Kaśmīra’, and the ‘Gāndhārian masters’). They studied the same Abhidharma texts as the other Sarvāstivādins, but in a more critical way. According to K. L. Dhammajoti, they eventually came to repudiate the Sarvāstivāda doctrine that "all exists".
791:
sect, although the relationship between these two groups has not yet been fully determined. According to
Prebish, "this episode corresponds well with one Sarvāstivādin tradition stating that Madhyantika converted the city of Kasmir, which seems to have close ties with Gandhara."
760:, a small group of conservatives, who split from the reformist majority Mahāsāṃghikas at the Second Buddhist council. According to this account, they were expelled from Magadha, and moved to northwestern India where they developed into the Sarvāstivādin school.
1825:
Already by the time of the MVŚ, the early Dārṣṭāntika monks such as
Dharmatrāta and Buddhadeva, existed as a school of thought within the fold of the Sarvāstivāda who disagreed with the orthodox views. These groups were also called "the western masters"
1019:(the Dārṣṭāntika-Sautrāntika Masters) who were also referred to as Bahirdesaka, Aparāntaka and Pāścāttya, and the Mūlasarvāstivādins. As the various groups influenced one another, even these sub-schools do very often not form homogeneous groups.
2032:
area and further south. In the 7th century, the existence of multiple Vinaya lineages throughout China was criticized by prominent Vinaya masters such as Yijing and Dao'an (654–717). In the early 8th century, Daoan gained the support of
2964:"one does not find anywhere else a body of doctrine as organized or as complete as theirs" . . ."Indeed, no other competing schools have ever come close to building up such a comprehensive edifice of doctrinal systematics as the Vaibhāśika."
905:
This new Vaibhāṣika orthodoxy, however, was not readily accepted by all Sarvāstivādins. Some "Western masters" from
Gandhara and Bactria had divergent views which disagreed with the new Kashmiri orthodoxy. These disagreements can be seen in
1707:
As noted by KL Dhammajoti, "It is important to realize that not all of them necessarily subscribed to each and every view sanctioned by the MVŚ compilers. Moreover, the evolving nature of the Vaibhāṣika views must be recognized as well."
752:
lineage — in the time of
Emperor Aśoka is beyond doubt. Since Aśoka's reign is around 268–232 B.C.E., this means that at least by the middle of the 3rd century B.C.E., it had already developed into a distinct school."
1769:), and others. These doctrines are all inter-connected and it is the principle of 'all exists' that is the axial doctrine holding the larger movement together when the precise details of other doctrines are at stake.
682:. Hetuvada comes from hetu – 'cause', which indicates their emphasis on causation and conditionality. Yuktivada comes from yukti – 'reason' or even 'logic', which echoes their use of rational argument and syllogism.
1711:
The Vaibhāśika-Sarvāstivādins are sometimes referred to in the MVŚ as "the Ābhidharmikas", "the Sarvāstivāda theoreticians" and "the masters of Kāśmīra." In various texts, they also referred to their tradition as
975:
of the school of the Sarvāstivādas (Shwo-yih-tsai-yu-po). Their doctrine (teaching of Sūtras) and their rules of discipline (principles of the Vinaya) are like those of India, and those who read them use the same
747:
According to
Charles Prebish, "there is a great deal of mystery surrounding the rise and early development of the Sarvāstivādin school." According to Dhammajoti, "its presence, as well as that of its rival — the
2451:
has also pointed out that a Sarvāstivāda master is known to have stated that the Mahāyāna Prajñā sūtras were to be found amongst their
Vaipulya sūtras. According to Paul Williams, the similarly massive
1772:
In order to explain how it is possible for a dharma to remain the same and yet also undergo change as it moves through the three times, the Vaibhāṣika held that dharmas have a constant essence (
3603:
Asian
Educational Services, 2003, page 76. This is a reprint of a much earlier work and the analysis is now quite dated; the first appendix however contains translations of polemical materials.
843:, during which time they were greatly strengthened, and became one of the dominant sects of Buddhism in north India for centuries, flourishing throughout Northwest India, North India, and
2966:
The
Sautrantika theory of seeds (bija ) revisited: With special reference to the ideological continuity between Vasubandhu's theory of seeds and its Srilata/Darstantika precedents
1681:
4403:
2403:
is also said to illustrate the accommodations reached between the Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna traditions, as well as the means by which Mahāyāna doctrines would become accepted. The
2073:
authored/compiled by Katyayaniputra. Both texts were translated by Samghadeva in 391 AD and in 183 AD. respectively, but they were not completed until 390 in Southern China.
1841:("those who rely on the sūtras"). However, the Sautrāntikas did not reject the Abhidharma method; in fact, they were the authors of several Abhidharma manuals, such as the
3793:
2020:
Vinaya. In the 7th century, Yijing wrote that in eastern China, most people followed the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, while the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya was used in earlier times in
2502:
2045:
Scholars at present have "a nearly complete collection of sūtras from the Sarvāstivāda school" thanks to a recent discovery in Afghanistan of roughly two-thirds of the
2893:
2435:
According to a number of scholars, Mahāyāna Buddhism flourished during the time of the Kuṣāṇa Empire, and this is illustrated in the form of Mahāyāna influence on the
2484:), a group of early Buddhist meditation texts which were translated into Chinese and became influential in the development of Chinese Buddhist meditation methods.
5546:
1837:
It is this group, i.e. those who rejected the most important Sarvāstivāda doctrine (along with numerous other key Vaibhāṣika views), which came to be called the
1284:
138:
2276:, contains a very similar passage with nearly the same information. In the earlier source, the Sarvāstivāda are described as wearing dark red robes, while the
1983:
Willemen, Dessein, and Cox hold that this group is really the Sautrāntika school who renamed themselves in the later years of the Sarvāstivāda school history.
3763:
807:
is said to have been the fifth patriarch after Mahākaśyapa, Ānanda, Madhyāntika, and Śāṇakavāsin, and in the Ch'an tradition he is regarded as the fourth.
3871:
2930:
1723:
The Vaibhāṣika school saw itself as the orthodox Sarvāstivāda tradition, and they were united in their doctrinal defense of the theory of "all exists" (
1899:(4–5th century CE), a very influential Abhidharma work, with an auto-commentary that defends the Sautrāntika views. He famously later converted to the
3628:
602:
6138:
5590:
5322:
1918:, a commentary to Vasubandhu's verses to refute his views and those of other Sautrāntika monks, such as Sthavira Śrīlāta and his pupil Rāma. The
1914:
led to a vigorous reaction from his contemporary, the brilliant Vaibhāṣika master Saṃghabhadra, who is said to have spent 12 years composing the
5793:
3773:
2391:. This massive treatise of Abhidharma (200 fascicles in Chinese) contains a great deal of material with what appear to be strong affinities to
991:
Sarvāstivāda was a widespread group, and there were different sub-schools or sects throughout its history, the most influential ones being the
756:
In Central Asia, several Buddhist monastic groups were historically prevalent. According to some accounts, the Sarvāstivādins emerged from the
700:
3564:
3543:
3522:
3494:
3470:
3446:
3422:
2921:
2843:
2517:
3956:
3798:
1812:("those who uphold the sūtras"), also known as Dārṣṭāntika (who may or may not have been a separate but related group), did not uphold the
1667:
1968:, which was an independent group from the Sarvāstivādins of Kaśmir. According to Bhikkhu Sujato, this theory has "stood the test of time".
6133:
2431:
What is the Vaipulya? It is said to be all the sūtras corresponding to elaborations on the meanings of the exceedingly profound dharmas.
6030:
5580:
3675:
3606:
2574:
6123:
3876:
2778:
1434:
4019:
3161:
5808:
5553:
1504:
6299:
6200:
6190:
1732:
1674:
971:
There are about one hundred convents (saṅghārāmas) in this country, with five thousand and more disciples. These belong to the
6145:
5798:
5600:
5491:
5436:
4009:
639:
Although there is some dispute over how the word "Sarvāstivāda" is to be analyzed, the general consensus is that it is to be
1738:
While the Vaibhāṣikas held that dharmas of the three times all exist, they held that only present dharmas have "efficacy" (
6115:
5813:
5496:
3788:
3621:
3508:
723:
3412:
2284:, the Sarvāstivāda are described as wearing black robes and the Dharmaguptas as wearing dark red robes. In traditions of
1895:
922:
5698:
5570:
5541:
5243:
2216:(T no. 1558) by Vasubandhu, 1 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang; (there is also an earlier translation by Paramārtha: T no. 1559).
1847:
1587:
1171:
1128:
1047:
595:
4933:
5389:
5298:
5194:
5128:
4768:
4413:
3926:
3821:
1602:
6304:
2037:, and an imperial edict was issued that the saṃgha in China should use only the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya for ordination.
787:, which had an early presence of the Sarvāstivāda. The Sarvāstivādins in turn are believed to have given rise to the
632:
260:
6238:
5718:
4680:
3803:
2503:"Differences and similarities in Gandhāran art production: the case of the modelling school of Haḍḍa (Afghanistan)"
1617:
180:
state that the Mahīśāsaka emerged from the Sarvāstivāda. The Sarvāstivādins are believed to have given rise to the
4152:
2867:
2325:
1790:) as opposed to those things which are made up of aggregations of dharmas and thus only have a nominal existence (
962:
Buddhist king of Kucha. Xuanzang described in many details the characteristics of Kucha, and probably visited the
6128:
5941:
5931:
5803:
4786:
4366:
4127:
4102:
2034:
886:
and its Mahāvibhaṣa, were then declared to be the new orthodoxy by Kashmiris, who called themselves Vaibhāṣikas.
4426:
2289:
636:
states, "He who affirms the existence of the dharmas of the three time periods is held to be a Sarvāstivādin."
181:
6233:
5585:
5399:
5377:
5370:
5273:
4806:
4242:
4187:
3808:
3614:
2978:
A Study of the Abhidharmahṛdaya: The Historical Development of the Concept of Karma in the Sarvāstivāda Thought
1778:) which persists through the three times. The term was also identified as a unique mark or own characteristic (
1745:
The doctrines of Sarvāstivāda were not confined to 'all exists', but also include the theory of momentariness (
764:
763:
A number of scholars have identified three distinct major phases of missionary activity seen in the history of
6294:
1469:
2913:
Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World : Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A.D. 629)
1782:) that differentiated a dharma and remained unchangeable throughout its existence. According to Vaibhāṣikas,
6289:
6170:
6150:
5481:
5461:
5218:
4948:
4749:
4510:
4192:
4142:
1607:
1479:
1206:
1181:
1083:
588:
202:
2340:
1454:
1429:
426:
136:, until the 7th century CE. The orthodox Kashmiri branch of the school composed the large and encyclopedic
6180:
6020:
5688:
5658:
5431:
5382:
5223:
5171:
5166:
4928:
4646:
4398:
4393:
2155:
2009:
1965:
1701:
1474:
1186:
421:
412:
375:
110:
21:
6185:
6155:
5736:
5668:
5501:
5416:
5411:
5335:
5330:
5248:
3778:
2012:. In its early history, the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya was the most common vinaya tradition in China. However,
1359:
771:, Sarvāstivāda, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda, and the origins of the Sarvāstivāda have also been related to
4801:
5318:
4458:
3595:
For a Sautrantika refutation of the Sarvāstivādin use of the Samyuktagama, see Theodore Stcherbatsky,
6208:
6175:
6160:
6048:
5678:
5575:
5521:
5406:
5345:
5313:
5308:
5293:
5278:
5268:
5233:
5146:
4838:
4761:
4663:
4532:
4334:
4072:
4064:
4004:
3753:
3720:
3670:
1622:
1522:
431:
351:
326:
239:
124:
The Sarvāstivādins were one of the most influential Buddhist monastic groups, flourishing throughout
3989:
3916:
6015:
5894:
5728:
5703:
5693:
5653:
5630:
5513:
5486:
5446:
5365:
5355:
5283:
5210:
4641:
4498:
4279:
4257:
4209:
4029:
3829:
3685:
3665:
3582:
1935:
1226:
1055:
331:
255:
5877:
1103:
556:
506:
453:
169:
6078:
5983:
5825:
5788:
5783:
5713:
5663:
5610:
5605:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5456:
5441:
5426:
5421:
5360:
5340:
5303:
5228:
5033:
4734:
4658:
4536:
4478:
4319:
4219:
4147:
4122:
3768:
3698:
2699:
2655:
2535:
Westerhoff, The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy in the First Millennium CE, 2018, p. 60.
2336:
1279:
1261:
1256:
1196:
1012:
894:
780:
2727:
2448:
2321:
934:(ca fifth century CE) who formulated the most robust Vaibhāṣika response to the new criticisms.
757:
715:"for the welfare and happiness of all sentient beings for the acceptance of the Sarvastivadas".
549:
499:
470:
3994:
2352:
2280:
are described as wearing black robes. However, in the corresponding passage found in the later
1088:
1029:
992:
622:
term that can be glossed as: "the theory of all that exists". The Sarvāstivāda argued that all
531:
265:
152:
6256:
6218:
5914:
5899:
5862:
5847:
5620:
5536:
5451:
5288:
5253:
5238:
5200:
4965:
4955:
4636:
4483:
4468:
4339:
4262:
4182:
4117:
4049:
3936:
3894:
3693:
3560:
3539:
3518:
3490:
3466:
3442:
3418:
2917:
2887:
2839:
2774:
2691:
2647:
2570:
2513:
2264:
2050:
1657:
1577:
1424:
1216:
690:
448:
398:
393:
82:
40:
4983:
2911:
2348:
1960:
A number of theories have been posited by academics as to how the two are related including:
1314:
931:
483:
164:
5904:
5857:
5852:
5708:
5673:
5648:
5643:
5394:
5350:
5263:
4938:
4594:
4587:
4371:
4361:
4247:
3911:
3783:
3586:
3456:
3432:
2827:
2683:
2639:
2477:
2473:
2462:
2285:
2013:
1947:
1931:
1862:
1582:
1444:
1241:
1108:
858:
of Katyayaniputra was rewritten and revised in Sanskrit. This revised text was now known as
788:
716:
695:
660:
526:
436:
290:
64:
5003:
4167:
4157:
3921:
2344:
1974:
Warder suggests that the Mūlasarvāstivādins was a late group who compiled a Vinaya and the
1211:
889:
815:
188:
schools, although the relationship between these groups has not yet been fully determined.
6268:
6213:
6165:
6093:
5963:
5761:
5741:
5683:
5595:
5258:
5156:
4739:
4722:
4707:
4685:
4237:
4107:
3941:
3480:
2748:
2674:
Myer, Prudence R. (1986). "Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā".
2630:
Myer, Prudence R. (1986). "Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā".
2412:
2364:
2113:
1927:
1646:
1627:
1612:
1552:
1459:
1176:
146:(c. 127–150 CE). Because of this, orthodox Sarvāstivādins who upheld the doctrines in the
92:
5013:
4727:
3974:
3837:
1349:
1078:
749:
538:
667:), which is literally "the sect that speaks of the existence of everything," as used by
6223:
5926:
5776:
5558:
5138:
5118:
5038:
4717:
4651:
4626:
4488:
3157:
2721:
2444:
2392:
2129:
2081:
1856:
1838:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1572:
1547:
1532:
1399:
1093:
996:
859:
831:, where Sarvāstivāda groups are known to have lived by the end of the first century BCE
708:
521:
316:
231:
185:
5151:
4451:
4441:
2469:, ignoring other early Indian Buddhist schools, which were not known to the Tibetans.
2262:
came to China and translated a work which described the color of monastic robes (Skt.
245:
6283:
5993:
5842:
5053:
4911:
4712:
4690:
4297:
4092:
4087:
3979:
3813:
3648:
3219:
2388:
2105:
2089:
2017:
1998:
1954:
1728:
1597:
1557:
1499:
1484:
1464:
1449:
1334:
1251:
955:
840:
768:
563:
513:
361:
102:
48:
6038:
4943:
4821:
4177:
4172:
2832:
1971:
Lamotte thought that the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya was a late compilation from Kaśmīr.
6083:
6068:
5988:
5978:
5820:
5615:
5108:
4609:
4604:
4431:
4302:
3638:
2454:
2046:
2029:
1567:
1527:
1364:
1304:
911:
844:
824:
275:
221:
133:
4866:
4851:
4811:
3748:
3535:
The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikāya Theory
2564:
1867:
1354:
1003:
we have, basically, to differentiate the original Sarvāstivādins originating from
795:
A third tradition says that a community of Sarvāstivādin monks was established at
321:
285:
3554:
3533:
3512:
3484:
3460:
3436:
2061:
During the first century, the Sarvāstivāda abhidharma primarily consisted of the
926:
of Vasubandhu and its commentaries (who critiqued some orthodox views), and the *
6053:
6043:
5882:
5023:
5008:
4791:
4599:
4527:
4307:
4137:
4039:
3886:
3758:
2742:
2317:
2313:
2277:
2163:
2162:
refers to the Sarvāstivāda abhidharma, although at a minimum the Dharmaguptaka,
2142:
2097:
2066:
2025:
2002:
1814:
1696:
1344:
1329:
1324:
1098:
966:. Of the religion of the people of Kucha, he says that they were Sarvastivadins:
963:
951:
877:
851:
776:
712:
475:
336:
125:
26:
6263:
4197:
1641:
1246:
5998:
5956:
5832:
5638:
5563:
5177:
5161:
5123:
5103:
5018:
4998:
4973:
4881:
4816:
4796:
4542:
4473:
4344:
4227:
4132:
4082:
4014:
3740:
3730:
3703:
3504:
2154:
All of these works have been translated into Chinese, and are now part of the
2005:
rules on the grounds that the original teachings of the Buddha had been lost.
1882:
1871:
1852:
1592:
1489:
1369:
1339:
1309:
1231:
1221:
1191:
1118:
727:
Copper-plate inscription mentioning the Sarvastivadas, in the year 134 of the
627:
270:
118:
4312:
3407:. BRILL, Handbuch Der Orientalistik. Leiden, New York, Koln. ISBN 9004102310.
2968:
by Park, Changhwan, PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2007 pg 2
2695:
2651:
1731:, past present and future, all exist. This doctrine has been described as an
5973:
5946:
5113:
4988:
4700:
4616:
4493:
4383:
4356:
4349:
4269:
4232:
3999:
3964:
3931:
3906:
3861:
2375:
as authoritative, and thus were given the moniker of being Vaibhāṣikas. The
2329:
2300:
During the first century BCE, in the Gandharan cultural area (consisting of
2259:
2167:
2137:
Following these, are the texts that became the authority of the Vaibhāṣika:
2121:
2021:
1562:
1294:
1133:
1123:
954:
in 630 CE, he received the favours of Suvarṇadeva, the son and successor of
543:
356:
160:
5746:
4582:
4436:
4202:
3984:
3853:
3845:
2980:. PhD thesis by Wataru S. Ryose. University of Wisconsin-Madison: 1987 pg 3
2419:
doctrines, with "Vaipulya" being a commonly used synonym for Mahāyāna. The
1201:
341:
4508:
2421:
2405:
2397:
2377:
2369:
1063:
1038:
655:"speak", "say" or "theory". This equates perfectly with the Chinese term,
6103:
6058:
6003:
5968:
5872:
5531:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5078:
5063:
5043:
4978:
4896:
4886:
4861:
4856:
4756:
4517:
4388:
4376:
4287:
4024:
3946:
3643:
2466:
2384:
2343:
used Prākrit, the Sarvāstivādins used Sanskrit, the Sthavira nikāya used
2305:
2301:
1980:
Enomoto holds that the Sarvāstivādin and Mūlasarvāstivādin were the same.
1904:
1900:
1890:
1886:
1774:
1542:
1439:
1419:
1414:
1384:
1374:
1299:
1289:
1236:
1153:
1113:
972:
959:
943:
850:
When the Sarvāstivāda school held a synod in Kashmir during the reign of
836:
804:
800:
784:
728:
668:
619:
443:
346:
213:
143:
1907:, a tradition that itself developed out of the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma.
6008:
5951:
5936:
5083:
5073:
5048:
4923:
4918:
4876:
4846:
4778:
4744:
4695:
4631:
4572:
4567:
4463:
4421:
4324:
4162:
4112:
3899:
3725:
3223:
2703:
2659:
2309:
2255:
1494:
1138:
1016:
1008:
1004:
869:
796:
732:
640:
460:
383:
296:
280:
250:
129:
3601:
The Central Conception of Buddhism and the Meaning of the Word Dharma.
3597:
The Central Conception of Buddhism and the Meaning of the Word Dharma.
3581:
For a critical examination of the Sarvāstivādin interpretation of the
3374:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
626:(phenomena) exist in the past, present and future, the "three times".
6088:
6073:
5909:
5771:
5751:
5526:
5188:
5068:
5058:
4993:
4621:
4577:
4562:
4552:
4522:
4503:
4446:
4329:
4097:
3969:
3713:
3708:
2461:
The Vaibhāṣika and Sautrāntika subschools are both classified in the
2292:
Vinaya, red robes are regarded as characteristic of their tradition.
1404:
1394:
1379:
1319:
1143:
898:
828:
772:
736:
623:
388:
114:
74:
3224:"What the Buddha really taught: The Pali Nikāyas and Chinese Āgamas"
2687:
2643:
3281:
Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns.
3194:
Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns.
2383:
is thought to have been authored around 150 CE, around the time of
1953:
have been influential in Indonesia by the 7th century, as noted by
854:(c. 158–176), the most important Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma text, the
6228:
6063:
5921:
5887:
5867:
5837:
5766:
5183:
5028:
4906:
4901:
4871:
4826:
4673:
4668:
4547:
4252:
4077:
4044:
4034:
3387:
Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition.
3018:
A history of Buddhist philosophy, continuities and discontinuities
1875:
1861:
1537:
1409:
1389:
947:
888:
820:
814:
722:
689:
121:
tradition, with a unique set of seven canonical Abhidharma texts.
20:
3348:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
2458:
also has a clear association with the Vaibhāṣika Sarvāstivādins.
2415:
and the role in their Buddhist canon. Here they are described as
6098:
4891:
4557:
4054:
920:
a (T no. 1550) and its commentaries (T no. 1551, no. 1552), the
3610:
3112:, p. 109. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien.
2192:(T no. 1550) by Dharmaśrī, 4 fasc., tr. by Saṅghadeva et al. 3.
5756:
4292:
3342:
3340:
3262:
3260:
2605:
1148:
2443:
also records that Kaniṣka presided over the establishment of
2204:(? T no. 1552), by Dharmatrāta, 11 fasc., tr. by Sanghabhūti.
2001:
are known to have rejected the authority of the Sarvāstivāda
1964:
Frauwallner holds that Mūlasarvāstivāda was the community of
674:
The Sarvāstivāda was also known by other names, particularly
3417:. Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong.
2838:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 99.
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
3246:
3244:
2931:"Kingdom of K'iu-chi (Kucha or Kuche) [Chapter 2]"
2198:(? T no. 1551) by Upaśānta, 2 fasc., tr. by Narendrayaśas.
3163:
Sects & Sectarianism: The origins of Buddhist Schools
3050:
3048:
2234:(T no. 1563) by Saṃghabhadra, 40 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang.
2228:(T no. 1562) by Saṃghabhadra, 40 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang.
2210:(T no. 1560) by Vasubandhu, 1 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang. 6.
2186:(T no. 1553), by Ghoṣaka, 2 fasc., translator unknown. 2.
2028:), and that the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya was prominent in the
1938:, and remains the primary source for Abhidharma studies.
2272:(大比丘三千威儀). Another text translated at a later date, the
2222:(T no. 1561) by Sthiramati, 2 fasc., translator unknown.
3403:
Cox, Collett; Dessein, Bart; Willemen, Charles (1998).
3108:
Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett (1998).
2715:
2713:
2268:) utilized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called
1922:
was so influential that it became the Abhidharma text
2866:
Waugh, Daniel (Historian, University of Washington).
2472:
Sarvāstivādin meditation teachers also worked on the
2240:(T no. 1554) by Skandhila, 2 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang.
2076:
The Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma consists of seven texts:
117:(third century BCE). It was particularly known as an
3486:
Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes
2834:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
6199:
6114:
6029:
5727:
5629:
5512:
5209:
5137:
4964:
4837:
4777:
4412:
4278:
4218:
4063:
3955:
3885:
3739:
3684:
2831:
2008:The complete Sarvāstivāda Vinaya is extant in the
1859:, is also associated with the Sautrāntika school.
59:
25:Seated Buddha from the Sarvāstivādin monastery of
999:schools. According to Cox, Willemen and Dessein:
3359:Willemen, Charles. Dessein, Bart. Cox, Collett.
1765:), a unique presentation of the spiritual path (
882:compiled by the Kashmir Sarvāstivāda synod. The
2429:
969:
16:Early school of Buddhism, circa 3rd century BCE
3591:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism.
2773:. Charles S. Prebish. Penn State Press: 1975.
2133:("Discourses on Gathering Together") (T. 1536)
1704:, was widely influential in India and beyond.
1694:The Vaibhāṣika was formed by adherents of the
897:and monastery ruins, a major Buddhist site in
864:("Course of Knowledge"). Though the Gandharan
86:
3622:
3462:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism
3079:The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy,
2591:Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2013),
2569:(1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.
1866:Vasubandhu: wood, 186 cm height, about 1208,
1675:
767:, which are associated with respectively the
694:Fragment of a Buddha stele in the name of a "
596:
68:
8:
4404:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
2892:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
168:, the Sarvāstivādins emerged from the older
96:
2065:authored by Dharmashresthin, a native from
1893:. He is famous for being the author of the
1786:are those things that exist substantially (
3629:
3615:
3607:
2606:Vasubandhu & de La Vallée-Poussin 1990
2085:("Foundation of Knowledge") (T. 1543–1544)
1682:
1668:
1033:
901:, one of the capitals of the Kushan empire
868:had many vibhaṣas (commentaries), the new
835:The Sarvāstivāda enjoyed the patronage of
603:
589:
195:
3145:The Indianized States of South-East Asia.
2955:Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 19.
2808:Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 103
2799:Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 126
3205:Heirman, Ann. Bumbacher, Stephan Peter.
2625:
2623:
1727:). This is the doctrine which held that
5591:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
3134:, pp. 55 – 56. Oxford University Press.
2493:
1054:
211:
5794:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2885:
2117:("Treatise on Designations") (T. 1538)
3556:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition
3081:Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 73.
3064:
3062:
3060:
2905:
2903:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2512:. Archaeopress Archaeology: 143–163.
2447:doctrines in the northwest of India.
2220:*Abhidharmakośaśāstra-tattvārthā-ṭīkā
7:
3385:Williams, Paul, and Tribe, Anthony.
2593:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
2531:
2529:
2328:to write their literature using the
2109:("Aggregation of Dharmas") (T. 1537)
1716:(the doctrine of logic), as well as
1011:Vaibhāṣikas, the Western Masters of
3405:Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism
3361:Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism
3292:
3110:Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism
3040:Abhidharmakosabhasyam of Vasubandhu
2672:For a modern image see Figure 9 in
2158:. In the Chinese context, the word
2101:("Body of Consciousness") (T. 1539)
1881:The most important Sautrāntika was
981:Xuanzang, on the religion of Kucha.
5581:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1845:. The later Buddhist tradition of
14:
3268:Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.
3252:Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.
803:. In the Sarvāstivādin tradition
6262:
6252:
6251:
5809:Thai temple art and architecture
5554:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
3794:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
3660:
3647:
3637:
2916:. Psychology Press. p. 19.
1851:, founded by the Buddhist monks
1651:
1640:
1062:
1037:
711:. The stele is dedicated to the
699:
220:
142:around the time of the reign of
113:established around the reign of
3661:
3332:Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.
3319:Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.
3306:Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.
3181:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism
3007:Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 56, 164.
2566:Buddhist sects and sectarianism
839:(c. 127–150 CE) emperor of the
5799:Japanese Buddhist architecture
5601:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
4681:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
3872:Places where the Buddha stayed
3465:. University Press of Hawaii.
2771:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective
2125:("Body of Elements") (T. 1540)
1976:Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna Sūtra.
1:
5814:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
3279:Mohr, Thea. Tsedroen, Jampa.
3192:Mohr, Thea. Tsedroen, Jampa.
2510:The Geography of Gandhara Art
2184:*Abhidharmāmṛta(-rasa)-śāstra
2093:("Exposition") (T. 1541–1542)
1885:(ca. 350–430), a native from
139:Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
5571:Buddhism and the Roman world
5547:Decline of Buddhism in India
5542:History of Buddhism in India
3642: Topics in
2595:, Princeton University Press
2501:Vanleene, Alexandra (2019).
2254:Between 148 and 170 CE, the
1830:) or "the foreign masters" (
1172:Buddhist logico-epistemology
4769:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
4509:
3509:de La Vallée-Poussin, Louis
3438:Buddhist Thought and Ritual
3132:The Foundations of Buddhism
2422:
2406:
2398:
2378:
2370:
2232:*Abhidharma-samayapradīpikā
2146:("Great Commentary" on the
1798:Dārṣṭāntika and Sautrāntika
1753:) and causal simultaneity (
60:
6321:
5719:The unanswerable questions
3517:. Asian Humanities Press.
3121:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 110.
2741:Sastri, Hirananda (1931).
2208:Abhidharmakośa-mūla-kārikā
1945:
1818:but rather emphasized the
1801:
1720:(the doctrine of causes).
1207:Interdependent origination
1027:
6247:
5804:Buddhist temples in Korea
4367:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
4270:Three planes of existence
3877:Buddha in world religions
3656:
3599:. Theodore Stcherbatsky,
3411:Dhammajoti, K.L. (2009).
3169:. Santipada. p. 135.
3099:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 77.
3090:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 74.
3054:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 75.
2998:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 73.
2989:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 76.
2817:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 57.
2790:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 55.
2720:Lüders, Heinrich (1960).
2481:
2465:as the two tenets of the
2035:Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
1733:eternalist theory of time
942:When the Chinese pilgrim
664:
106:
97:
87:
69:
52:
44:
5586:Persecution of Buddhists
4807:Four stages of awakening
4188:Three marks of existence
3774:Physical characteristics
3068:Westerhoff, 2018, p. 70.
3029:Westerhoff, 2018, p. 63.
2744:Epigraphia Indica vol.21
2563:Baruah, Bibhuti (2000).
2553:Westerhoff, 2018, p. 61.
2202:*Abhidharmahṛdayavyākhyā
2174:Later Abhidharma manuals
1822:as being authoritative.
765:Buddhism in Central Asia
178:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
45:𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀸𑀤
4949:Ten principal disciples
3832:(aunt, adoptive mother)
3489:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3441:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3414:Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma
3130:Gethin, Rupert (1998).
2874:. Washington University
2245:Appearance and language
2226:*Abhidharma-nyāyānusāra
2196:*Abhidharmahṛdaya-sūtra
1608:Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo
1274:Pre-modern philosophers
1182:Buddhism and psychology
719:period, 1st century CE.
686:Origination and history
671:and other translators.
6300:Early Buddhist schools
5659:Buddhism and democracy
5172:Tibetan Buddhist canon
5167:Chinese Buddhist canon
4399:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4394:Early Buddhist schools
3207:The Spread of Buddhism
3042:, Vol 3, 1991, p. 808.
2433:
2363:The Sarvāstivādins of
2335:The Tibetan historian
2270:Da Biqiu Sanqian Weiyi
2170:also had abhidharmas.
2156:Chinese Buddhist canon
2010:Chinese Buddhist canon
1878:
1702:early Buddhist schools
1187:Buddhist vegetarianism
1021:
984:
902:
832:
739:
720:
422:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
413:Early Buddhist schools
376:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
111:early Buddhist schools
53:𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺𑀯𑀸𑀤
30:
5669:Eight Consciousnesses
3779:Life of Buddha in art
3514:Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam
2928:, also available in:
2910:Beal, Samuel (2000).
2463:Tibetan tenets system
2214:Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam
2016:later settled on the
1865:
1658:Philosophy portal
1360:Dharmapala of Nalanda
1001:
892:
818:
726:
693:
633:Abhidharmakośa-bhāsya
24:
6146:East Asian religions
5576:Buddhism in the West
5147:Early Buddhist texts
4762:Four Right Exertions
4228:Ten spiritual realms
3721:Noble Eightfold Path
3553:Yao, Zhihua (2012).
3538:. Psychology Press.
3532:Xing, Guang (2005).
2872:depts.washington.edu
2723:Mathura Inscriptions
1523:Anagarika Dharmapala
923:Abhidharmakośakārikā
910:works, such as the *
819:A Kushan era votive
295:Tibetan EBTs in the
240:Early Buddhist Texts
6269:Religion portal
6016:Temple of the Tooth
5895:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
4934:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
4427:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
4210:Two truths doctrine
4030:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3830:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3209:. 2007. pp. 194-195
3016:Kalupahana, David.
2288:, which follow the
2282:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
2274:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
2024:(the region around
1936:East Asian Buddhism
1757:), conditionality (
1647:Religion portal
1517:Modern philosophers
1227:Two truths doctrine
1056:Buddhist philosophy
913:Tattvasiddhi-Śāstra
698:lady" named Naṃda (
647:"all" or "every" +
332:Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī
174:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
6191:Western philosophy
5789:Dzong architecture
5611:Vipassana movement
5606:Buddhist modernism
5034:Emperor Wen of Sui
4802:Pratyekabuddhayāna
4735:Threefold Training
4537:Vipassana movement
4253:Hungry Ghost realm
4073:Avidyā (Ignorance)
4020:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
3769:Great Renunciation
3764:Eight Great Events
3646:
2437:Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra
2371:Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra
2337:Buton Rinchen Drub
1942:Mūlasarvāstivādins
1879:
1815:Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
1697:Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
1280:Moggaliputta-Tissa
1262:Buddhist modernism
903:
895:Dharmarajika Stupa
833:
783:) on a mission to
740:
721:
643:into three parts:
384:Kingdom of Magadha
31:
6277:
6276:
5915:Om mani padme hum
5621:Women in Buddhism
5537:Buddhist councils
5407:Western countries
5195:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
4956:Shaolin Monastery
4533:Samatha-vipassanā
4143:Pratītyasamutpāda
3947:Metteyya/Maitreya
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3694:Four Noble Truths
3566:978-1-134-28745-1
3545:978-0-415-33344-3
3524:978-0-89581-913-0
3496:978-81-208-0272-8
3472:978-0-8248-0298-1
3457:Kalupahana, David
3448:978-81-208-1773-9
3433:Kalupahana, David
3424:978-988-99296-5-7
3179:Baruah, Bibhuti.
3077:Westerhoff, Jan,
3038:Poussin; Pruden,
2935:www.wisdomlib.org
2923:978-0-415-24469-5
2845:978-0-8135-1304-1
2519:978-1-78969-186-3
2441:Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa
2411:also defines the
2387:(127–151) of the
2326:Gāndhārī language
2238:*Abhidharmāvatāra
2190:*Abhidharmahṛdaya
2049:in Sanskrit. The
1905:Mahāyāna Buddhism
1692:
1691:
1578:K. N. Jayatilleke
1475:Acariya Anuruddha
799:by the patriarch
705:Naṃdaye Kshatrapa
613:
612:
399:Buddhist councils
394:Moggaliputtatissa
159:According to the
109:) was one of the
58:
6312:
6267:
6266:
6255:
6254:
6094:Sacred languages
5942:Maya Devi Temple
5905:Mahabodhi Temple
5709:Secular Buddhism
5674:Engaged Buddhism
4514:
4362:Tibetan Buddhism
4313:Vietnamese Thiền
3912:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
3863:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3664:
3663:
3651:
3641:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3608:
3587:David Kalupahana
3570:
3549:
3528:
3500:
3481:Nakamura, Hajime
3476:
3452:
3428:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3357:
3351:
3346:Walser, Joseph.
3344:
3335:
3328:
3322:
3315:
3309:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3255:
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3210:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3154:
3148:
3143:Coedes, George.
3141:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3055:
3052:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2927:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2768:
2753:
2752:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2627:
2618:
2617:Taisho 27, n1545
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2536:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2507:
2498:
2483:
2425:
2409:
2401:
2381:
2373:
2290:Mūlasarvāstivāda
2286:Tibetan Buddhism
2063:Abhidharmahrdaya
2014:Chinese Buddhism
1948:Mulasarvastivada
1932:Tibetan Buddhism
1843:Abhidharmahṛdaya
1684:
1677:
1670:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1583:David Kalupahana
1242:Buddhist atomism
1066:
1041:
1034:
982:
789:Mūlasarvāstivāda
717:Northern Satraps
703:
666:
605:
598:
591:
527:Mulasarvastivada
291:Śālistamba Sūtra
224:
207:
201:
196:
182:Mūlasarvāstivāda
172:school, but the
108:
100:
99:
90:
89:
72:
71:
63:
57:romanized:
56:
54:
46:
29:, 2nd century CE
6320:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6261:
6243:
6195:
6110:
6025:
5762:Ordination hall
5723:
5625:
5596:Buddhist crisis
5508:
5205:
5157:Mahayana sutras
5133:
5129:Thích Nhất Hạnh
4960:
4833:
4773:
4723:Bodhisattva vow
4408:
4274:
4214:
4173:Taṇhā (Craving)
4108:Five hindrances
4059:
3951:
3881:
3735:
3680:
3652:
3635:
3578:
3576:Further reading
3573:
3567:
3552:
3546:
3531:
3525:
3511:(1 June 1990).
3503:
3497:
3479:
3473:
3455:
3449:
3431:
3425:
3410:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3384:
3380:
3372:Ray, Reginald.
3371:
3367:
3358:
3354:
3345:
3338:
3329:
3325:
3316:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3274:
3270:2004. pp. 55-56
3265:
3258:
3249:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3220:Sujato, Bhikkhu
3218:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3158:Sujato, Bhikkhu
3156:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2924:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2769:
2756:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2688:10.2307/3249969
2673:
2671:
2667:
2644:10.2307/3249969
2629:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2449:Étienne Lamotte
2413:Mahāyāna sūtras
2395:doctrines. The
2361:
2339:wrote that the
2298:
2252:
2247:
2176:
2114:Prajñaptiśāstra
2059:
2043:
1995:
1990:
1950:
1944:
1868:Kofukuji Temple
1820:Buddhist sūtras
1806:
1800:
1749:), conjoining (
1688:
1652:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1628:14th Dalai Lama
1613:Jamgon Kongtrul
1603:Thích Nhất Hạnh
1553:Keiji Nishitani
1518:
1510:
1509:
1460:Abhayakaragupta
1275:
1267:
1266:
1177:Buddhist ethics
1167:
1159:
1158:
1074:
1032:
1026:
989:
983:
980:
967:
940:
930:(Ny) of master
918:Abhidharmahṛday
875:had a Sanskrit
813:
758:Sthavira nikāya
745:
688:
657:Shuōyīqièyǒu bù
609:
580:
579:
578:
577:
415:
405:
404:
403:
378:
368:
367:
366:
311:
303:
302:
301:
234:
205:
199:
194:
79:Shuōyīqièyǒu Bù
17:
12:
11:
5:
6318:
6316:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6290:Nikaya schools
6282:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6259:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6205:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5826:Greco-Buddhist
5818:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5777:Burmese pagoda
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5559:Greco-Buddhism
5556:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5492:United Kingdom
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5437:Czech Republic
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5316:
5311:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5201:Abhidharmadīpa
5198:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5119:B. R. Ambedkar
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5039:Songtsen Gampo
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4718:Eight precepts
4715:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4506:
4496:
4491:
4489:Five Strengths
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4128:Mental factors
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3980:Mahamoggallāna
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3895:Avalokiteśvara
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3593:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3550:
3544:
3529:
3523:
3501:
3495:
3477:
3471:
3453:
3447:
3429:
3423:
3408:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3378:
3365:
3363:. 1997. p. 123
3352:
3336:
3330:Potter, Karl.
3323:
3317:Potter, Karl.
3310:
3304:Potter, Karl.
3297:
3285:
3272:
3256:
3240:
3211:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3149:
3136:
3123:
3114:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3070:
3056:
3044:
3031:
3022:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2970:
2957:
2948:
2937:. 27 June 2018
2922:
2899:
2858:
2844:
2828:Grousset, René
2819:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2754:
2733:
2709:
2682:(2): 121–123.
2665:
2638:(2): 111–113.
2619:
2610:
2608:, p. 807.
2598:
2583:
2576:978-8176251525
2575:
2555:
2537:
2525:
2518:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2445:Prajñāpāramitā
2360:
2357:
2297:
2294:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2175:
2172:
2152:
2151:
2148:Jñānaprasthāna
2135:
2134:
2130:Saṅgītiparyāya
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2082:Jñānaprasthāna
2058:
2055:
2051:Madhyama Āgama
2042:
2039:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1946:Main article:
1943:
1940:
1924:par excellence
1896:Abhidharmakośa
1802:Main article:
1799:
1796:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1623:Gendün Chöphel
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:Mahasi Sayadaw
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:Kitaro Nishida
1545:
1540:
1535:
1533:B. R. Ambedkar
1530:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:Ratnākaraśānti
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1400:Guifeng Zongmi
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:Katyāyāniputra
1282:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1028:Main article:
1025:
1022:
988:
985:
978:
973:Little Vehicle
939:
936:
884:Jñānaprasthāna
873:Jñānaprasthāna
861:Jñānaprasthāna
812:
809:
744:
741:
731:, i.e. 84 CE,
709:Art of Mathura
687:
684:
611:
610:
608:
607:
600:
593:
585:
582:
581:
576:
575:
574:
573:
572:
571:
570:
569:
568:
567:
553:
546:
536:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
518:
517:
503:
496:
488:
487:
486:
481:
468:
467:
466:
463:
458:
457:
456:
451:
441:
440:
439:
432:Ekavyāvahārika
418:
417:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
379:
374:
373:
370:
369:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
327:Mahāmoggallāna
324:
319:
317:Gautama Buddha
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
300:
299:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
261:Gandhāran EBTs
258:
253:
248:
243:
236:
235:
230:
229:
226:
225:
217:
216:
209:
208:
193:
190:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6317:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6258:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6031:Miscellaneous
6028:
6022:
6021:Vegetarianism
6019:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5843:Buddha in art
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:United States
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5054:Padmasambhava
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4966:Major figures
4963:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4912:Western tulku
4910:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Five precepts
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:Dhamma vicaya
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Buddhābhiṣeka
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Enlightenment
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:Dhamma theory
4091:
4089:
4088:Buddha-nature
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Samantabhadra
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3632:
3627:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3559:. Routledge.
3558:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:Hino, Shoun.
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3250:Hino, Shoun.
3247:
3245:
3241:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3183:. 2008. p. 52
3182:
3176:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2847:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:0-271-01195-5
2776:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:Artibus Asiae
2669:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:Artibus Asiae
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2474:dhyāna sutras
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2389:Kushan Empire
2386:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:Mahāsāṃghikas
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:, across the
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:Dharmaskandha
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:Prakaraṇapāda
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:Dharmaguptaka
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:Dharmaguptaka
1992:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:Vasubandhu's
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:P. A. Payutto
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:Hajime Tanabe
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Sakya Chokden
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Je Tsongkhapa
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:Sakya Pandita
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:Jñanasrimitra
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Buddha-nature
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Dharma theory
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:Lokottaravāda
1107:
1105:
1104:Prajñaptivāda
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
998:
994:
986:
977:
974:
968:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
937:
935:
933:
929:
925:
924:
919:
915:
914:
909:
900:
896:
891:
887:
885:
881:
879:
874:
871:
867:
863:
862:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
841:Kushan Empire
838:
830:
826:
822:
817:
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:Dharmaguptaka
766:
761:
759:
754:
751:
743:Early history
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
692:
685:
683:
681:
677:
672:
670:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
587:
586:
584:
583:
565:
564:Dharmaguptaka
561:
560:
558:
554:
551:
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
515:
514:Dharmaguptaka
511:
510:
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
493:
492:
489:
485:
482:
479:
478:
477:
474:
473:
472:
469:
464:
462:
459:
455:
454:Prajñaptivāda
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
438:
437:Lokottaravāda
435:
434:
433:
430:
429:
428:
425:
424:
423:
420:
419:
414:
409:
408:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
377:
372:
371:
363:
362:Anāthapiṇḍika
360:
358:
355:
353:
352:Mahākātyāyana
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
307:
306:
298:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
233:
228:
227:
223:
219:
218:
215:
210:
204:
198:
197:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:
162:
157:
156:
154:
149:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
128:, especially
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
104:
94:
84:
80:
76:
66:
62:
61:Sabbatthivāda
50:
42:
38:
37:
28:
23:
19:
6305:Sarvāstivāda
6295:Sthaviravāda
6209:Bodhisattvas
6129:Christianity
6124:Baháʼí Faith
5989:Dharmachakra
5979:Prayer wheel
5969:Prayer beads
5737:Architecture
5616:969 Movement
5400:Saudi Arabia
5378:Central Asia
5371:South Africa
5193:
5176:
5109:Panchen Lama
5014:Buddhapālita
4610:Satipatthana
4605:Mindful Yoga
4518:Recollection
4432:Brahmavihara
4303:Japanese Zen
4298:Chinese Chan
4258:Animal realm
4065:Key concepts
3887:Bodhisattvas
3699:Three Jewels
3600:
3596:
3590:
3583:Samyuktagama
3555:
3534:
3513:
3485:
3461:
3437:
3413:
3404:
3389:2000. p. 100
3386:
3381:
3376:1999. p. 410
3373:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3350:2005. p. 156
3347:
3334:1998. p. 111
3331:
3326:
3321:1998. p. 117
3318:
3313:
3308:1998. p. 112
3305:
3300:
3295:, p. 9.
3288:
3283:2010. p. 266
3280:
3275:
3267:
3251:
3231:. Retrieved
3228:BuddhaSasana
3227:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3196:2010. p. 187
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3162:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3039:
3034:
3025:
3017:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2960:
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2934:
2912:
2876:. Retrieved
2871:
2861:
2849:. Retrieved
2833:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2770:
2743:
2736:
2722:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2635:
2631:
2613:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2565:
2558:
2509:
2496:
2471:
2460:
2455:Da zhidu lun
2453:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2416:
2404:
2396:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2334:
2299:
2281:
2278:Dharmaguptas
2273:
2269:
2263:
2253:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2071:Ashtagrantha
2070:
2062:
2060:
2047:Dīrgha Āgama
2044:
2030:Yangzi River
2007:
1996:
1975:
1959:
1951:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1880:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1813:
1807:
1792:prajñaptisat
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1695:
1693:
1638:
1568:D. T. Suzuki
1528:Ledi Sayadaw
1430:Śāntarakṣita
1365:Chandrakirti
1350:Buddhapālita
1315:Saṃghabhadra
1079:Vibhajyavāda
1002:
990:
976:(originals).
970:
956:Suvarṇapuṣpa
941:
932:Saṃghabhadra
927:
921:
917:
916:(成實論), the *
912:
907:
904:
883:
876:
872:
865:
860:
855:
849:
845:Central Asia
834:
825:Mohra Muradu
794:
762:
755:
750:Vibhajyavāda
746:
707:), from the
704:
679:
675:
673:
656:
652:
648:
644:
638:
631:
616:Sarvāstivāda
615:
614:
539:Vibhajyavāda
491:Sarvāstivāda
490:
480:Vātsīputrīya
427:Mahāsāṃghika
310:Early sangha
177:
173:
163:
158:
151:
150:were called
147:
137:
134:Central Asia
123:
91:;
81:;
78:
73:;
36:Sarvāstivāda
35:
34:
32:
18:
6054:Dharma talk
5883:Asalha Puja
5679:Eschatology
5482:Switzerland
5462:New Zealand
5390:Middle East
5299:Philippines
5219:Afghanistan
5024:Bodhidharma
5009:Buddhaghosa
4929:Householder
4839:Monasticism
4792:Bodhisattva
4647:Prostration
4600:Mindfulness
4528:Anapanasati
4511:Kammaṭṭhāna
4308:Korean Seon
4248:Asura realm
4243:Human realm
4183:Ten Fetters
4138:Parinirvana
4040:Uppalavanna
4005:Mahākaccana
3990:Mahākassapa
3922:Kṣitigarbha
3917:Ākāśagarbha
3814:Suddhodāna
3759:Four sights
3686:Foundations
3254:2004. p. 55
3147:1968. p. 84
3020:, page 128.
2941:30 December
2878:30 December
2851:20 November
2726:. pp.
2423:Mahāvibhāṣā
2407:Mahāvibhāṣā
2399:Mahāvibhāṣā
2379:Mahāvibhāṣā
2322:Sthaviriyas
2318:Khyber Pass
2314:Tokharistan
2164:Pudgalavada
2150:) (T. 1545)
2143:Mahāvibhāṣā
2098:Vijñānakāya
2067:Tokharistan
1916:Nyāyānusāra
1857:Dharmakīrti
1839:Sautrāntika
1832:bahirdeśaka
1810:Sautrāntika
1804:Sautrāntika
1751:samprayukta
1725:sarvām asti
1505:Mikyö Dorje
1425:Jñānagarbha
1345:Dharmakirti
1330:Buddhadatta
1325:Buddhaghosa
1129:Pramāṇavāda
1099:Pudgalavada
1094:Sautrāntika
997:Sautrāntika
987:Sub-schools
964:Kizil Caves
952:Tarim Basin
938:Tarim Basin
928:Nyāyānusāra
908:Mahāvibhaṣa
878:Mahāvibhaṣa
866:Astagrantha
856:Astagrantha
852:Kanishka II
781:Madhyāntika
779:(Sanskrit:
777:Majjhantika
713:Bodhisattva
522:Sautrāntika
495:(Haimavata)
476:Pudgalavada
465:(Haimavata)
449:Bahuśrutīya
337:Mahakasyapa
186:Sautrāntika
153:Vaibhāṣikas
148:Mahāvibhāṣa
126:North India
27:Tapa Shotor
6284:Categories
6171:Psychology
6151:Gnosticism
6139:Comparison
6134:Influences
6116:Comparison
5999:Bhavacakra
5957:Kushinagar
5932:Pilgrimage
5878:Māgha Pūjā
5833:Bodhi Tree
5649:Buddhology
5639:Abhidharma
5631:Philosophy
5564:Menander I
5432:Costa Rica
5383:Uzbekistan
5224:Bangladesh
5178:Dhammapada
5162:Pali Canon
5124:Ajahn Chah
5104:Dalai Lama
5004:Kumārajīva
4999:Vasubandhu
4974:The Buddha
4882:Zen master
4817:Sakadagami
4797:Buddhahood
4728:Pratimokṣa
4543:Shikantaza
4499:Meditation
4474:Deity yoga
4345:Madhyamaka
4238:Deva realm
4133:Mindstream
4083:Bodhicitta
3995:Aṅgulimāla
3862:Devadatta
3838:Yaśodharā
3741:The Buddha
3731:Middle Way
3505:Vasubandhu
2747:. p.
2488:References
2353:Apabhraṃśa
2347:, and the
2250:Appearance
2160:abhidharma
2069:, and the
2057:Abhidharma
2003:pratimokṣa
1903:school of
1887:Purusapura
1883:Vasubandhu
1780:svalaksana
1593:Buddhadasa
1490:Longchenpa
1450:Ratnakīrti
1435:Haribhadra
1370:Shantideva
1335:Dhammapāla
1310:Vasubandhu
1305:Harivarman
1222:Middle Way
1192:Abhidharma
1119:Madhyamaka
1089:Vaibhāṣika
1073:Traditions
1030:Vaibhāṣika
1024:Vaibhāṣika
993:Vaibhāṣika
958:, the non-
811:Kushan era
651:"exist" +
628:Vasubandhu
557:Mahīśāsaka
532:Vaibhāṣika
507:Mahīśāsaka
271:Abhidharma
266:Prātimokṣa
232:Scriptures
170:Mahīśāsaka
161:Theravādin
119:Abhidharma
107:สรวาสติวาท
6239:Festivals
6219:Buddhists
6181:Theosophy
5984:Symbolism
5974:Hama yumi
5947:Bodh Gaya
5714:Socialism
5689:Evolution
5664:Economics
5502:Venezuela
5417:Australia
5412:Argentina
5336:Sri Lanka
5331:Singapore
5249:Indonesia
5211:Countries
5152:Tripiṭaka
5114:Ajahn Mun
4989:Nagarjuna
4984:Aśvaghoṣa
4867:Anagārika
4862:Śrāmaṇerī
4857:Śrāmaṇera
4852:Bhikkhunī
4812:Sotāpanna
4701:Passaddhi
4642:Offerings
4617:Nekkhamma
4494:Iddhipada
4414:Practices
4384:Theravada
4357:Vajrayana
4350:Yogachara
4320:Pure Land
4233:Six Paths
4220:Cosmology
4000:Anuruddha
3975:Sāriputta
3965:Kaundinya
3957:Disciples
3932:Vajrapāṇi
3784:Footprint
3749:Tathāgata
2696:0004-3648
2652:0004-3648
2367:held the
2359:Influence
2349:Saṃmitīya
2330:Kharosthi
2324:used the
2260:An Shigao
2168:Theravada
2122:Dhātukāya
2022:Guanzhong
1788:dravyasat
1784:svabhavas
1714:Yuktavāda
1618:Ju Mipham
1588:Ñāṇananda
1563:Masao Abe
1355:Bhāviveka
1295:Nagarjuna
1247:Suffering
1212:Emptiness
1134:Vajrayana
1124:Yogachara
1084:Theravāda
696:Kshatrapa
680:yuktivada
550:Kāśyapīya
544:Theravāda
500:Kāśyapīya
484:Saṃmitīya
471:Sthaviras
357:Devadatta
322:Sāriputta
286:Mahāvastu
246:Tripiṭaka
165:Dīpavaṃsa
6257:Category
6186:Violence
6156:Hinduism
6104:Sanskrit
6059:Hinayana
6044:Amitābha
6004:Swastika
5873:Uposatha
5863:Holidays
5848:Calendar
5694:Humanism
5532:Kanishka
5522:Timeline
5346:Thailand
5314:Kalmykia
5309:Buryatia
5294:Pakistan
5279:Mongolia
5274:Maldives
5269:Malaysia
5234:Cambodia
5099:Shamarpa
5094:Nichiren
5044:Xuanzang
4979:Nagasena
4897:Rinpoche
4627:Pāramitā
4469:Devotion
4389:Navayana
4377:Dzogchen
4340:Nichiren
4288:Mahayana
4280:Branches
4158:Saṅkhāra
3907:Mañjuśrī
3864:(cousin)
3856:(cousin)
3824:(mother)
3816:(father)
3804:Miracles
3754:Birthday
3671:Glossary
3644:Buddhism
3483:(1980).
3459:(1975).
3435:(2001).
3293:Yao 2012
3160:(2012).
2888:cite web
2830:(1970).
2781:pg 42-43
2467:Hinayana
2417:Vaipulya
2393:Mahāyāna
2306:Gandhara
2302:Oddiyana
2296:Language
2256:Parthian
2179:108 109
2026:Chang'an
1926:in both
1901:Yogācāra
1891:Gandhara
1828:pāścātya
1775:svabhāva
1763:pratyaya
1718:Hetuvāda
1543:Yin Shun
1385:Xuanzang
1375:Sengzhao
1300:Aryadeva
1290:Nagasena
1237:Svabhava
1202:Not-self
1154:Dzogchen
1149:Zen/Chán
1114:Mahayana
1048:a series
1046:Part of
1013:Gandhara
995:and the
979:—
960:Mahayana
946:visited
944:Xuanzang
870:Kashmiri
837:Kanishka
805:Upagupta
801:Upagupta
785:Gandhara
775:sending
729:Azes era
676:hetuvada
669:Xuanzang
620:Sanskrit
444:Gokulika
281:Avadanas
214:Buddhism
203:a series
176:and the
144:Kanishka
88:せついっさいうぶ
83:Japanese
41:Sanskrit
6234:Temples
6214:Buddhas
6176:Science
6166:Judaism
6161:Jainism
6079:Lineage
6039:Abhijñā
6009:Thangka
5952:Sarnath
5937:Lumbini
5858:Funeral
5853:Cuisine
5729:Culture
5704:Reality
5654:Creator
5644:Atomism
5514:History
5487:Ukraine
5447:Germany
5366:Senegal
5356:Vietnam
5284:Myanmar
5084:Shinran
5074:Karmapa
5049:Shandao
5019:Dignāga
4944:Śrāvaka
4924:Donchee
4919:Kappiya
4877:Sayadaw
4847:Bhikkhu
4822:Anāgāmi
4779:Nirvana
4745:Samadhi
4632:Paritta
4573:Tonglen
4568:Mandala
4523:Smarana
4504:Mantras
4452:Upekkha
4422:Bhavana
4372:Shingon
4325:Tiantai
4178:Tathātā
4168:Śūnyatā
4163:Skandha
4153:Saṃsāra
4148:Rebirth
4123:Kleshas
4113:Indriya
4015:Subhūti
3900:Guanyin
3854:Ānanda
3846:Rāhula
3726:Nirvana
3666:Outline
3397:Sources
2868:"Kizil"
2704:3249969
2660:3249969
2581:, p. 50
2478:Chinese
2427:reads:
2385:Kaniṣka
2365:Kāśmīra
2345:Paiśācī
2320:), the
2310:Bactria
1966:Mathura
1853:Dignāga
1848:pramāṇa
1755:sahabhu
1747:ksanika
1740:karitra
1729:dharmas
1495:Gorampa
1480:Dolpopa
1470:Rongzom
1340:Dignāga
1257:Nirvana
1139:Tiāntāi
1017:Bactria
1009:Kaśmīri
1005:Mathura
950:in the
797:Mathura
733:Kalawan
661:Chinese
624:dharmas
461:Caitika
297:Kangyur
276:Jatakas
251:Nikayas
200:Part of
130:Kashmir
65:Chinese
6229:Sutras
6224:Suttas
6089:Siddhi
6074:Koliya
6049:Brahmā
5964:Poetry
5910:Mantra
5900:Kasaya
5772:Pagoda
5752:Kyaung
5747:Vihāra
5742:Temple
5684:Ethics
5527:Ashoka
5477:Sweden
5472:Poland
5467:Norway
5457:Mexico
5442:France
5427:Canada
5422:Brazil
5361:Africa
5341:Taiwan
5304:Russia
5229:Bhutan
5189:Vinaya
5069:Naropa
5059:Saraha
4994:Asanga
4750:Prajñā
4659:Refuge
4622:Nianfo
4583:Tertön
4578:Tantra
4563:Ganana
4553:Tukdam
4479:Dhyāna
4447:Mudita
4442:Karuṇā
4335:Risshū
4330:Huayan
4263:Naraka
4203:Anattā
4198:Dukkha
4193:Anicca
4098:Dharma
4050:Channa
3985:Ānanda
3970:Assaji
3937:Skanda
3840:(wife)
3809:Family
3789:Relics
3714:Sangha
3709:Dharma
3704:Buddha
3585:, see
3563:
3542:
3521:
3493:
3469:
3445:
3421:
3233:5 July
2920:
2842:
2777:
2702:
2694:
2658:
2650:
2573:
2516:
2480::
2439:. The
2265:kāṣāya
2041:Āgamas
1993:Vinaya
1955:Yijing
1405:Wonhyo
1395:Fazang
1380:Jizang
1320:Asanga
1197:Ahimsa
1166:Themes
1144:Huayan
1007:, the
899:Taxila
829:Taxila
773:Ashoka
737:Taxila
663::
641:parsed
389:Ashoka
342:Ānanda
256:Āgamas
212:Early
115:Ashoka
93:Korean
75:pinyin
6201:Lists
6069:Kalpa
6064:Iddhi
5927:Music
5922:Mudra
5888:Vassa
5868:Vesak
5838:Budai
5784:Candi
5767:Stupa
5699:Logic
5452:Italy
5351:Tibet
5289:Nepal
5259:Korea
5254:Japan
5244:India
5239:China
5184:Sutra
5139:Texts
5089:Dōgen
5079:Hōnen
5064:Atiśa
5029:Zhiyi
4939:Achar
4907:Tulku
4902:Geshe
4887:Rōshi
4872:Ajahn
4827:Arhat
4787:Bodhi
4757:Vīrya
4674:Sacca
4669:Satya
4664:Sādhu
4652:Music
4595:Merit
4588:Terma
4548:Zazen
4484:Faith
4437:Mettā
4118:Karma
4078:Bardo
4045:Asita
4035:Khema
4025:Upāli
4010:Nanda
3848:(son)
3822:Māyā
3799:Films
3676:Index
3167:(PDF)
2700:JSTOR
2656:JSTOR
2506:(PDF)
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