712:
735:
33:
1753:), thus they were able to explain how the present seems to function differently than the past or future. Among the different Sarvāstivāda thinkers, there were different ideas on how this theory was to be understood. These differences were accepted as long as they did not contradict the doctrine of "all exists" and can be seen in the MVŚ, which outlines the four different interpretations of this doctrine by the ‘four great Ābhidharmikas of the Sarvāstivāda’: Dharmatrāta, Buddhadeva, Vasumitra and Ghoṣaka.
901:
702:
1874:
827:
6264:
6275:
1653:
3673:
3660:
233:
3650:
1050:
1075:
2064:(T26, Chinese trans. Gotama Saṅghadeva) and Saṃyukta Āgama (T99, Chinese trans. Guṇabhadra) have long been available in Chinese translation. The Sarvāstivāda is therefore the only early school besides the Theravada for which we have a roughly complete sutra collection, although unlike the Theravada it has not all been preserved in the original language.
1664:
1963:
There is much uncertainty as to the relationship of the Mūlasarvāstivāda (meaning root or original Sarvāstivāda) school and the others. They were certainly influential in spreading their Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, as it remains the monastic rule used in Indo-Tibetan
Buddhism today. Also, they seem to
2189:
Various other
Abhidharma works were written by Sarvāstivāda masters, some are more concise manuals of abhidharma, others critiqued the orthodox Vaibhāṣika views or provided a defense of the orthodoxy. Dhammajoti provides the following list of such later abhidharma works that are extant in Chinese:
1711:(MVŚ) during the council of Kashmir. Since then, it comprised the orthodox or mainstream branch of the Sarvāstivāda school based in Kāśmīra (though not exclusive to this region). The Vaibhāśika-Sarvāstivāda, which had by far the most "comprehensive edifice of doctrinal systematics" of the
1845:; also called ‘the masters outside Kaśmīra’, and the ‘Gāndhārian masters’). They studied the same Abhidharma texts as the other Sarvāstivādins, but in a more critical way. According to K. L. Dhammajoti, they eventually came to repudiate the Sarvāstivāda doctrine that "all exists".
802:
sect, although the relationship between these two groups has not yet been fully determined. According to
Prebish, "this episode corresponds well with one Sarvāstivādin tradition stating that Madhyantika converted the city of Kasmir, which seems to have close ties with Gandhara."
771:, a small group of conservatives, who split from the reformist majority Mahāsāṃghikas at the Second Buddhist council. According to this account, they were expelled from Magadha, and moved to northwestern India where they developed into the Sarvāstivādin school.
1836:
Already by the time of the MVŚ, the early Dārṣṭāntika monks such as
Dharmatrāta and Buddhadeva, existed as a school of thought within the fold of the Sarvāstivāda who disagreed with the orthodox views. These groups were also called "the western masters"
1030:(the Dārṣṭāntika-Sautrāntika Masters) who were also referred to as Bahirdesaka, Aparāntaka and Pāścāttya, and the Mūlasarvāstivādins. As the various groups influenced one another, even these sub-schools do very often not form homogeneous groups.
2043:
area and further south. In the 7th century, the existence of multiple Vinaya lineages throughout China was criticized by prominent Vinaya masters such as Yijing and Dao'an (654–717). In the early 8th century, Daoan gained the support of
2975:"one does not find anywhere else a body of doctrine as organized or as complete as theirs" . . ."Indeed, no other competing schools have ever come close to building up such a comprehensive edifice of doctrinal systematics as the Vaibhāśika."
916:
This new Vaibhāṣika orthodoxy, however, was not readily accepted by all Sarvāstivādins. Some "Western masters" from
Gandhara and Bactria had divergent views which disagreed with the new Kashmiri orthodoxy. These disagreements can be seen in
1718:
As noted by KL Dhammajoti, "It is important to realize that not all of them necessarily subscribed to each and every view sanctioned by the MVŚ compilers. Moreover, the evolving nature of the Vaibhāṣika views must be recognized as well."
763:
lineage — in the time of
Emperor Aśoka is beyond doubt. Since Aśoka's reign is around 268–232 B.C.E., this means that at least by the middle of the 3rd century B.C.E., it had already developed into a distinct school."
1780:), and others. These doctrines are all inter-connected and it is the principle of 'all exists' that is the axial doctrine holding the larger movement together when the precise details of other doctrines are at stake.
693:. Hetuvada comes from hetu – 'cause', which indicates their emphasis on causation and conditionality. Yuktivada comes from yukti – 'reason' or even 'logic', which echoes their use of rational argument and syllogism.
1722:
The Vaibhāśika-Sarvāstivādins are sometimes referred to in the MVŚ as "the Ābhidharmikas", "the Sarvāstivāda theoreticians" and "the masters of Kāśmīra." In various texts, they also referred to their tradition as
986:
of the school of the Sarvāstivādas (Shwo-yih-tsai-yu-po). Their doctrine (teaching of Sūtras) and their rules of discipline (principles of the Vinaya) are like those of India, and those who read them use the same
758:
According to
Charles Prebish, "there is a great deal of mystery surrounding the rise and early development of the Sarvāstivādin school." According to Dhammajoti, "its presence, as well as that of its rival — the
2462:
has also pointed out that a Sarvāstivāda master is known to have stated that the Mahāyāna Prajñā sūtras were to be found amongst their
Vaipulya sūtras. According to Paul Williams, the similarly massive
1783:
In order to explain how it is possible for a dharma to remain the same and yet also undergo change as it moves through the three times, the Vaibhāṣika held that dharmas have a constant essence (
3614:
Asian
Educational Services, 2003, page 76. This is a reprint of a much earlier work and the analysis is now quite dated; the first appendix however contains translations of polemical materials.
854:, during which time they were greatly strengthened, and became one of the dominant sects of Buddhism in north India for centuries, flourishing throughout Northwest India, North India, and
2977:
The
Sautrantika theory of seeds (bija ) revisited: With special reference to the ideological continuity between Vasubandhu's theory of seeds and its Srilata/Darstantika precedents
1692:
4414:
2414:
is also said to illustrate the accommodations reached between the Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna traditions, as well as the means by which Mahāyāna doctrines would become accepted. The
2084:
authored/compiled by Katyayaniputra. Both texts were translated by Samghadeva in 391 AD and in 183 AD. respectively, but they were not completed until 390 in Southern China.
1852:("those who rely on the sūtras"). However, the Sautrāntikas did not reject the Abhidharma method; in fact, they were the authors of several Abhidharma manuals, such as the
3804:
2031:
Vinaya. In the 7th century, Yijing wrote that in eastern China, most people followed the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, while the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya was used in earlier times in
2513:
2056:
Scholars at present have "a nearly complete collection of sūtras from the Sarvāstivāda school" thanks to a recent discovery in Afghanistan of roughly two-thirds of the
2904:
2446:
According to a number of scholars, Mahāyāna Buddhism flourished during the time of the Kuṣāṇa Empire, and this is illustrated in the form of Mahāyāna influence on the
2495:), a group of early Buddhist meditation texts which were translated into Chinese and became influential in the development of Chinese Buddhist meditation methods.
5557:
1848:
It is this group, i.e. those who rejected the most important Sarvāstivāda doctrine (along with numerous other key Vaibhāṣika views), which came to be called the
1295:
149:
2287:, contains a very similar passage with nearly the same information. In the earlier source, the Sarvāstivāda are described as wearing dark red robes, while the
1994:
Willemen, Dessein, and Cox hold that this group is really the Sautrāntika school who renamed themselves in the later years of the Sarvāstivāda school history.
3774:
818:
is said to have been the fifth patriarch after Mahākaśyapa, Ānanda, Madhyāntika, and Śāṇakavāsin, and in the Ch'an tradition he is regarded as the fourth.
3882:
2941:
1734:
The Vaibhāṣika school saw itself as the orthodox Sarvāstivāda tradition, and they were united in their doctrinal defense of the theory of "all exists" (
1910:(4–5th century CE), a very influential Abhidharma work, with an auto-commentary that defends the Sautrāntika views. He famously later converted to the
3639:
613:
6149:
5601:
5333:
1929:, a commentary to Vasubandhu's verses to refute his views and those of other Sautrāntika monks, such as Sthavira Śrīlāta and his pupil Rāma. The
1925:
led to a vigorous reaction from his contemporary, the brilliant Vaibhāṣika master Saṃghabhadra, who is said to have spent 12 years composing the
5804:
3784:
2402:. This massive treatise of Abhidharma (200 fascicles in Chinese) contains a great deal of material with what appear to be strong affinities to
1002:
Sarvāstivāda was a widespread group, and there were different sub-schools or sects throughout its history, the most influential ones being the
767:
In Central Asia, several Buddhist monastic groups were historically prevalent. According to some accounts, the Sarvāstivādins emerged from the
711:
3575:
3554:
3533:
3505:
3481:
3457:
3433:
2932:
2854:
2528:
3967:
3809:
1823:("those who uphold the sūtras"), also known as Dārṣṭāntika (who may or may not have been a separate but related group), did not uphold the
1678:
1979:, which was an independent group from the Sarvāstivādins of Kaśmir. According to Bhikkhu Sujato, this theory has "stood the test of time".
6144:
2442:
What is the Vaipulya? It is said to be all the sūtras corresponding to elaborations on the meanings of the exceedingly profound dharmas.
6041:
5591:
3686:
3617:
2585:
6134:
3887:
2789:
1445:
4030:
3172:
5819:
5564:
1515:
6310:
6211:
6201:
1743:
1685:
982:
There are about one hundred convents (saṅghārāmas) in this country, with five thousand and more disciples. These belong to the
6156:
5809:
5611:
5502:
5447:
4020:
650:
Although there is some dispute over how the word "Sarvāstivāda" is to be analyzed, the general consensus is that it is to be
1749:
While the Vaibhāṣikas held that dharmas of the three times all exist, they held that only present dharmas have "efficacy" (
6126:
5824:
5507:
3799:
3632:
3519:
734:
3423:
2295:, the Sarvāstivāda are described as wearing black robes and the Dharmaguptas as wearing dark red robes. In traditions of
1906:
933:
5709:
5581:
5552:
5254:
2227:(T no. 1558) by Vasubandhu, 1 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang; (there is also an earlier translation by Paramārtha: T no. 1559).
1858:
1598:
1182:
1139:
1058:
606:
4944:
5400:
5309:
5205:
5139:
4779:
4424:
3937:
3832:
1613:
6315:
2048:, and an imperial edict was issued that the saṃgha in China should use only the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya for ordination.
798:, which had an early presence of the Sarvāstivāda. The Sarvāstivādins in turn are believed to have given rise to the
643:
271:
6249:
5729:
4691:
3814:
2514:"Differences and similarities in Gandhāran art production: the case of the modelling school of Haḍḍa (Afghanistan)"
1628:
191:
state that the Mahīśāsaka emerged from the Sarvāstivāda. The Sarvāstivādins are believed to have given rise to the
4163:
2878:
2336:
1801:) as opposed to those things which are made up of aggregations of dharmas and thus only have a nominal existence (
973:
Buddhist king of Kucha. Xuanzang described in many details the characteristics of Kucha, and probably visited the
6139:
5952:
5942:
5814:
4797:
4377:
4138:
4113:
2045:
897:
and its Mahāvibhaṣa, were then declared to be the new orthodoxy by Kashmiris, who called themselves Vaibhāṣikas.
4437:
2300:
647:
states, "He who affirms the existence of the dharmas of the three time periods is held to be a Sarvāstivādin."
192:
6244:
5596:
5410:
5388:
5381:
5284:
4817:
4253:
4198:
3819:
3625:
2989:
A Study of the Abhidharmahṛdaya: The Historical Development of the Concept of Karma in the Sarvāstivāda Thought
1789:) which persists through the three times. The term was also identified as a unique mark or own characteristic (
1756:
The doctrines of Sarvāstivāda were not confined to 'all exists', but also include the theory of momentariness (
775:
774:
A number of scholars have identified three distinct major phases of missionary activity seen in the history of
6305:
1480:
2924:
Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World : Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A.D. 629)
1793:) that differentiated a dharma and remained unchangeable throughout its existence. According to Vaibhāṣikas,
6300:
6181:
6161:
5492:
5472:
5229:
4959:
4760:
4521:
4203:
4153:
1618:
1490:
1217:
1192:
1094:
599:
213:
2351:
1465:
1440:
437:
147:, until the 7th century CE. The orthodox Kashmiri branch of the school composed the large and encyclopedic
6191:
6031:
5699:
5669:
5442:
5393:
5234:
5182:
5177:
4939:
4657:
4409:
4404:
2166:
2020:
1976:
1712:
1485:
1197:
432:
423:
386:
121:
32:
6196:
6166:
5747:
5679:
5512:
5427:
5422:
5346:
5341:
5259:
3789:
2023:. In its early history, the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya was the most common vinaya tradition in China. However,
1370:
782:, Sarvāstivāda, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda, and the origins of the Sarvāstivāda have also been related to
4812:
5329:
4469:
3606:
For a Sautrantika refutation of the Sarvāstivādin use of the Samyuktagama, see Theodore Stcherbatsky,
6219:
6186:
6171:
6059:
5689:
5586:
5532:
5417:
5356:
5324:
5319:
5304:
5289:
5279:
5244:
5157:
4849:
4772:
4674:
4543:
4345:
4083:
4075:
4015:
3764:
3731:
3681:
1633:
1533:
442:
362:
337:
250:
135:
The Sarvāstivādins were one of the most influential Buddhist monastic groups, flourishing throughout
4000:
3927:
6026:
5905:
5739:
5714:
5704:
5664:
5641:
5524:
5497:
5457:
5376:
5366:
5294:
5221:
4652:
4509:
4290:
4268:
4220:
4040:
3840:
3696:
3676:
3593:
1946:
1237:
1066:
342:
266:
5888:
1114:
567:
517:
464:
180:
6089:
5994:
5836:
5799:
5794:
5724:
5674:
5621:
5616:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5467:
5452:
5437:
5432:
5371:
5351:
5314:
5239:
5044:
4745:
4669:
4547:
4489:
4330:
4230:
4158:
4133:
3779:
3709:
2710:
2666:
2546:
Westerhoff, The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy in the First Millennium CE, 2018, p. 60.
2347:
1290:
1272:
1267:
1207:
1023:
905:
791:
2738:
2459:
2332:
945:(ca fifth century CE) who formulated the most robust Vaibhāṣika response to the new criticisms.
768:
726:"for the welfare and happiness of all sentient beings for the acceptance of the Sarvastivadas".
560:
510:
481:
4005:
2363:
2291:
are described as wearing black robes. However, in the corresponding passage found in the later
1099:
1040:
1003:
633:
term that can be glossed as: "the theory of all that exists". The Sarvāstivāda argued that all
542:
276:
163:
6267:
6229:
5925:
5910:
5873:
5858:
5631:
5547:
5462:
5299:
5264:
5249:
5211:
4976:
4966:
4647:
4494:
4479:
4350:
4273:
4193:
4128:
4060:
3947:
3905:
3704:
3571:
3550:
3529:
3501:
3477:
3453:
3429:
2928:
2898:
2850:
2785:
2702:
2658:
2581:
2524:
2275:
2061:
1668:
1588:
1435:
1227:
701:
459:
409:
404:
93:
51:
4994:
2922:
2359:
1971:
A number of theories have been posited by academics as to how the two are related including:
1325:
942:
494:
175:
5915:
5868:
5863:
5719:
5684:
5659:
5654:
5405:
5361:
5274:
4949:
4605:
4598:
4382:
4372:
4258:
3922:
3794:
3597:
3467:
3443:
2838:
2694:
2650:
2488:
2484:
2473:
2296:
2024:
1958:
1942:
1873:
1593:
1455:
1252:
1119:
869:
of Katyayaniputra was rewritten and revised in Sanskrit. This revised text was now known as
799:
727:
706:
671:
537:
447:
301:
75:
5014:
4178:
4168:
3932:
2355:
1985:
Warder suggests that the Mūlasarvāstivādins was a late group who compiled a Vinaya and the
1222:
900:
826:
199:
schools, although the relationship between these groups has not yet been fully determined.
6279:
6224:
6176:
6104:
5974:
5772:
5752:
5694:
5606:
5269:
5167:
4750:
4733:
4718:
4696:
4248:
4118:
3952:
3491:
2759:
2685:
Myer, Prudence R. (1986). "Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā".
2641:
Myer, Prudence R. (1986). "Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā".
2423:
2375:
2124:
1938:
1657:
1638:
1623:
1563:
1470:
1187:
157:(c. 127–150 CE). Because of this, orthodox Sarvāstivādins who upheld the doctrines in the
103:
5024:
4738:
3985:
3848:
1360:
1089:
760:
549:
678:), which is literally "the sect that speaks of the existence of everything," as used by
6234:
5937:
5787:
5569:
5149:
5129:
5049:
4728:
4662:
4637:
4499:
3168:
2732:
2455:
2403:
2140:
2092:
1867:
1849:
1830:
1820:
1814:
1583:
1558:
1543:
1410:
1104:
1007:
870:
842:, where Sarvāstivāda groups are known to have lived by the end of the first century BCE
719:
532:
327:
242:
196:
5162:
4462:
4452:
2480:, ignoring other early Indian Buddhist schools, which were not known to the Tibetans.
2273:
came to China and translated a work which described the color of monastic robes (Skt.
256:
6294:
6004:
5853:
5064:
4922:
4723:
4701:
4308:
4103:
4098:
3990:
3824:
3659:
3230:
2399:
2116:
2100:
2028:
2009:
1965:
1739:
1608:
1568:
1510:
1495:
1475:
1460:
1345:
1262:
966:
851:
779:
574:
524:
372:
113:
59:
6049:
4954:
4832:
4188:
4183:
2843:
1982:
Lamotte thought that the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya was a late compilation from Kaśmīr.
6094:
6079:
5999:
5989:
5831:
5626:
5119:
4620:
4615:
4442:
4313:
3649:
2465:
2057:
2040:
1578:
1538:
1375:
1315:
922:
855:
835:
286:
232:
144:
4877:
4862:
4822:
3759:
3546:
The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikāya Theory
2575:
1878:
1365:
1014:
we have, basically, to differentiate the original Sarvāstivādins originating from
806:
A third tradition says that a community of Sarvāstivādin monks was established at
332:
296:
3565:
3544:
3523:
3495:
3471:
3447:
2072:
During the first century, the Sarvāstivāda abhidharma primarily consisted of the
937:
of Vasubandhu and its commentaries (who critiqued some orthodox views), and the *
6064:
6054:
5893:
5034:
5019:
4802:
4610:
4538:
4318:
4148:
4050:
3897:
3769:
2753:
2328:
2324:
2288:
2174:
2173:
refers to the Sarvāstivāda abhidharma, although at a minimum the Dharmaguptaka,
2153:
2108:
2077:
2036:
2013:
1825:
1707:
1355:
1340:
1335:
1109:
977:. Of the religion of the people of Kucha, he says that they were Sarvastivadins:
974:
962:
888:
862:
787:
723:
486:
347:
136:
37:
6274:
4208:
1652:
1257:
6009:
5967:
5843:
5649:
5574:
5188:
5172:
5134:
5114:
5029:
5009:
4984:
4892:
4827:
4807:
4553:
4484:
4355:
4238:
4143:
4093:
4025:
3751:
3741:
3714:
3515:
2165:
All of these works have been translated into Chinese, and are now part of the
2016:
rules on the grounds that the original teachings of the Buddha had been lost.
1893:
1882:
1863:
1603:
1500:
1380:
1350:
1320:
1242:
1232:
1202:
1129:
738:
Copper-plate inscription mentioning the Sarvastivadas, in the year 134 of the
638:
281:
129:
4323:
3418:. BRILL, Handbuch Der Orientalistik. Leiden, New York, Koln. ISBN 9004102310.
2979:
by Park, Changhwan, PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2007 pg 2
2706:
2662:
1742:, past present and future, all exist. This doctrine has been described as an
17:
5984:
5957:
5124:
4999:
4711:
4627:
4504:
4394:
4367:
4360:
4280:
4243:
4010:
3975:
3942:
3917:
3872:
2386:
as authoritative, and thus were given the moniker of being Vaibhāṣikas. The
2340:
2311:
During the first century BCE, in the Gandharan cultural area (consisting of
2270:
2178:
2148:
Following these, are the texts that became the authority of the Vaibhāṣika:
2132:
2032:
1573:
1305:
1144:
1134:
965:
in 630 CE, he received the favours of Suvarṇadeva, the son and successor of
554:
367:
171:
5757:
4593:
4447:
4213:
3995:
3864:
3856:
2991:. PhD thesis by Wataru S. Ryose. University of Wisconsin-Madison: 1987 pg 3
2430:
doctrines, with "Vaipulya" being a commonly used synonym for Mahāyāna. The
1212:
352:
4519:
2432:
2416:
2408:
2388:
2380:
1074:
1049:
666:"speak", "say" or "theory". This equates perfectly with the Chinese term,
6114:
6069:
6014:
5979:
5883:
5542:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5089:
5074:
5054:
4989:
4907:
4897:
4872:
4867:
4767:
4528:
4399:
4387:
4298:
4035:
3957:
3654:
2477:
2395:
2354:
used Prākrit, the Sarvāstivādins used Sanskrit, the Sthavira nikāya used
2316:
2312:
1991:
Enomoto holds that the Sarvāstivādin and Mūlasarvāstivādin were the same.
1915:
1911:
1901:
1897:
1785:
1553:
1450:
1430:
1425:
1395:
1385:
1310:
1300:
1247:
1164:
1124:
983:
970:
954:
861:
When the Sarvāstivāda school held a synod in Kashmir during the reign of
847:
815:
811:
795:
739:
679:
630:
454:
357:
224:
154:
1918:, a tradition that itself developed out of the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma.
6019:
5962:
5947:
5094:
5084:
5059:
4934:
4929:
4887:
4857:
4789:
4755:
4706:
4642:
4583:
4578:
4474:
4432:
4335:
4173:
4123:
3910:
3736:
3234:
2714:
2670:
2320:
2266:
1505:
1149:
1027:
1019:
1015:
880:
807:
743:
651:
471:
394:
307:
291:
261:
140:
3612:
The Central Conception of Buddhism and the Meaning of the Word Dharma.
3608:
The Central Conception of Buddhism and the Meaning of the Word Dharma.
3592:
For a critical examination of the Sarvāstivādin interpretation of the
3385:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
637:(phenomena) exist in the past, present and future, the "three times".
6099:
6084:
5920:
5782:
5762:
5537:
5199:
5079:
5069:
5004:
4632:
4588:
4573:
4563:
4533:
4514:
4457:
4340:
4108:
3980:
3724:
3719:
2472:
The Vaibhāṣika and Sautrāntika subschools are both classified in the
2303:
Vinaya, red robes are regarded as characteristic of their tradition.
1415:
1405:
1390:
1330:
1154:
909:
839:
783:
747:
634:
399:
125:
85:
3235:"What the Buddha really taught: The Pali Nikāyas and Chinese Āgamas"
2698:
2654:
3292:
Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns.
3205:
Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns.
2394:
is thought to have been authored around 150 CE, around the time of
1964:
have been influential in Indonesia by the 7th century, as noted by
865:(c. 158–176), the most important Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma text, the
6239:
6074:
5932:
5898:
5878:
5848:
5777:
5194:
5039:
4917:
4912:
4882:
4837:
4684:
4679:
4558:
4263:
4088:
4055:
4045:
3398:
Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition.
3029:
A history of Buddhist philosophy, continuities and discontinuities
1886:
1872:
1548:
1420:
1400:
958:
899:
831:
825:
733:
700:
132:
tradition, with a unique set of seven canonical Abhidharma texts.
31:
3359:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
2469:
also has a clear association with the Vaibhāṣika Sarvāstivādins.
2426:
and the role in their Buddhist canon. Here they are described as
6109:
4902:
4568:
4065:
931:
a (T no. 1550) and its commentaries (T no. 1551, no. 1552), the
3621:
3123:, p. 109. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien.
2203:(T no. 1550) by Dharmaśrī, 4 fasc., tr. by Saṅghadeva et al. 3.
5767:
4303:
3353:
3351:
3273:
3271:
2616:
1159:
2454:
also records that Kaniṣka presided over the establishment of
2215:(? T no. 1552), by Dharmatrāta, 11 fasc., tr. by Sanghabhūti.
2012:
are known to have rejected the authority of the Sarvāstivāda
1975:
Frauwallner holds that Mūlasarvāstivāda was the community of
685:
The Sarvāstivāda was also known by other names, particularly
3428:. Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong.
2849:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 99.
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
3257:
3255:
2942:"Kingdom of K'iu-chi (Kucha or Kuche) [Chapter 2]"
2209:(? T no. 1551) by Upaśānta, 2 fasc., tr. by Narendrayaśas.
3174:
Sects & Sectarianism: The origins of Buddhist Schools
3061:
3059:
2245:(T no. 1563) by Saṃghabhadra, 40 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang.
2239:(T no. 1562) by Saṃghabhadra, 40 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang.
2221:(T no. 1560) by Vasubandhu, 1 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang. 6.
2197:(T no. 1553), by Ghoṣaka, 2 fasc., translator unknown. 2.
2039:), and that the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya was prominent in the
1949:, and remains the primary source for Abhidharma studies.
2283:(大比丘三千威儀). Another text translated at a later date, the
2233:(T no. 1561) by Sthiramati, 2 fasc., translator unknown.
3414:
Cox, Collett; Dessein, Bart; Willemen, Charles (1998).
3119:
Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett (1998).
2726:
2724:
2279:) utilized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called
1933:
was so influential that it became the Abhidharma text
2877:
Waugh, Daniel (Historian, University of Washington).
2483:
Sarvāstivādin meditation teachers also worked on the
2251:(T no. 1554) by Skandhila, 2 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang.
2087:
The Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma consists of seven texts:
128:(third century BCE). It was particularly known as an
3497:
Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes
2845:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
6210:
6125:
6040:
5738:
5640:
5523:
5220:
5148:
4975:
4848:
4788:
4423:
4289:
4229:
4074:
3966:
3896:
3750:
3695:
2842:
2019:The complete Sarvāstivāda Vinaya is extant in the
1870:, is also associated with the Sautrāntika school.
70:
36:Seated Buddha from the Sarvāstivādin monastery of
1010:schools. According to Cox, Willemen and Dessein:
3370:Willemen, Charles. Dessein, Bart. Cox, Collett.
1776:), a unique presentation of the spiritual path (
893:compiled by the Kashmir Sarvāstivāda synod. The
2440:
980:
27:Early school of Buddhism, circa 3rd century BCE
3602:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism.
2784:. Charles S. Prebish. Penn State Press: 1975.
2144:("Discourses on Gathering Together") (T. 1536)
1715:, was widely influential in India and beyond.
1705:The Vaibhāṣika was formed by adherents of the
908:and monastery ruins, a major Buddhist site in
875:("Course of Knowledge"). Though the Gandharan
97:
3633:
3473:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism
3090:The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy,
2602:Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2013),
2580:(1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.
1877:Vasubandhu: wood, 186 cm height, about 1208,
1686:
778:, which are associated with respectively the
705:Fragment of a Buddha stele in the name of a "
607:
79:
8:
4415:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
2903:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
179:, the Sarvāstivādins emerged from the older
107:
2076:authored by Dharmashresthin, a native from
1904:. He is famous for being the author of the
1797:are those things that exist substantially (
3640:
3626:
3618:
2617:Vasubandhu & de La Vallée-Poussin 1990
2096:("Foundation of Knowledge") (T. 1543–1544)
1693:
1679:
1044:
912:, one of the capitals of the Kushan empire
879:had many vibhaṣas (commentaries), the new
846:The Sarvāstivāda enjoyed the patronage of
614:
600:
206:
3156:The Indianized States of South-East Asia.
2966:Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 19.
2819:Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 103
2810:Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 126
3216:Heirman, Ann. Bumbacher, Stephan Peter.
2636:
2634:
1738:). This is the doctrine which held that
5602:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
3145:, pp. 55 – 56. Oxford University Press.
2504:
1065:
222:
5805:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2896:
2128:("Treatise on Designations") (T. 1538)
3567:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition
3092:Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 73.
3075:
3073:
3071:
2916:
2914:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2523:. Archaeopress Archaeology: 143–163.
2458:doctrines in the northwest of India.
2231:*Abhidharmakośaśāstra-tattvārthā-ṭīkā
7:
3396:Williams, Paul, and Tribe, Anthony.
2604:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
2542:
2540:
2339:to write their literature using the
2120:("Aggregation of Dharmas") (T. 1537)
1727:(the doctrine of logic), as well as
1022:Vaibhāṣikas, the Western Masters of
3416:Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism
3372:Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism
3303:
3121:Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism
3051:Abhidharmakosabhasyam of Vasubandhu
2683:For a modern image see Figure 9 in
2169:. In the Chinese context, the word
2112:("Body of Consciousness") (T. 1539)
1892:The most important Sautrāntika was
992:Xuanzang, on the religion of Kucha.
5592:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1856:. The later Buddhist tradition of
25:
3279:Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.
3263:Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.
814:. In the Sarvāstivādin tradition
6273:
6263:
6262:
5820:Thai temple art and architecture
5565:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
3805:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
3671:
3658:
3648:
2927:. Psychology Press. p. 19.
1862:, founded by the Buddhist monks
1662:
1651:
1073:
1048:
722:. The stele is dedicated to the
710:
231:
153:around the time of the reign of
124:established around the reign of
3672:
3343:Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.
3330:Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.
3317:Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.
3192:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism
3018:Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 56, 164.
2577:Buddhist sects and sectarianism
850:(c. 127–150 CE) emperor of the
5810:Japanese Buddhist architecture
5612:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
4692:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
3883:Places where the Buddha stayed
3476:. University Press of Hawaii.
2782:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective
2136:("Body of Elements") (T. 1540)
1987:Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna Sūtra.
1:
5825:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
3290:Mohr, Thea. Tsedroen, Jampa.
3203:Mohr, Thea. Tsedroen, Jampa.
2521:The Geography of Gandhara Art
2195:*Abhidharmāmṛta(-rasa)-śāstra
2104:("Exposition") (T. 1541–1542)
1896:(ca. 350–430), a native from
150:Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
5582:Buddhism and the Roman world
5558:Decline of Buddhism in India
5553:History of Buddhism in India
3653: Topics in
2606:, Princeton University Press
2512:Vanleene, Alexandra (2019).
2265:Between 148 and 170 CE, the
1841:) or "the foreign masters" (
1183:Buddhist logico-epistemology
4780:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
4520:
3520:de La Vallée-Poussin, Louis
3449:Buddhist Thought and Ritual
3143:The Foundations of Buddhism
2433:
2417:
2409:
2389:
2381:
2243:*Abhidharma-samayapradīpikā
2157:("Great Commentary" on the
1809:Dārṣṭāntika and Sautrāntika
1764:) and causal simultaneity (
71:
6332:
5730:The unanswerable questions
3528:. Asian Humanities Press.
3132:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 110.
2752:Sastri, Hirananda (1931).
2219:Abhidharmakośa-mūla-kārikā
1956:
1829:but rather emphasized the
1812:
1731:(the doctrine of causes).
1218:Interdependent origination
1038:
6258:
5815:Buddhist temples in Korea
4378:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
4281:Three planes of existence
3888:Buddha in world religions
3667:
3610:. Theodore Stcherbatsky,
3422:Dhammajoti, K.L. (2009).
3180:. Santipada. p. 135.
3110:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 77.
3101:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 74.
3065:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 75.
3009:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 73.
3000:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 76.
2828:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 57.
2801:Dhammajoti (2009), p. 55.
2731:Lüders, Heinrich (1960).
2492:
2476:as the two tenets of the
2046:Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
1744:eternalist theory of time
953:When the Chinese pilgrim
675:
117:
108:
98:
80:
63:
55:
5597:Persecution of Buddhists
4818:Four stages of awakening
4199:Three marks of existence
3785:Physical characteristics
3079:Westerhoff, 2018, p. 70.
3040:Westerhoff, 2018, p. 63.
2755:Epigraphia Indica vol.21
2574:Baruah, Bibhuti (2000).
2564:Westerhoff, 2018, p. 61.
2213:*Abhidharmahṛdayavyākhyā
2185:Later Abhidharma manuals
1833:as being authoritative.
776:Buddhism in Central Asia
189:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
56:𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀸𑀤
4960:Ten principal disciples
3843:(aunt, adoptive mother)
3500:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3452:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3425:Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma
3141:Gethin, Rupert (1998).
2885:. Washington University
2256:Appearance and language
2237:*Abhidharma-nyāyānusāra
2207:*Abhidharmahṛdaya-sūtra
1619:Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo
1285:Pre-modern philosophers
1193:Buddhism and psychology
730:period, 1st century CE.
697:Origination and history
682:and other translators.
6311:Early Buddhist schools
5670:Buddhism and democracy
5183:Tibetan Buddhist canon
5178:Chinese Buddhist canon
4410:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4405:Early Buddhist schools
3218:The Spread of Buddhism
3053:, Vol 3, 1991, p. 808.
2444:
2374:The Sarvāstivādins of
2346:The Tibetan historian
2281:Da Biqiu Sanqian Weiyi
2181:also had abhidharmas.
2167:Chinese Buddhist canon
2021:Chinese Buddhist canon
1889:
1713:early Buddhist schools
1198:Buddhist vegetarianism
1032:
995:
913:
843:
750:
731:
433:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
424:Early Buddhist schools
387:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
122:early Buddhist schools
64:𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺𑀯𑀸𑀤
41:
5680:Eight Consciousnesses
3790:Life of Buddha in art
3525:Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam
2939:, also available in:
2921:Beal, Samuel (2000).
2474:Tibetan tenets system
2225:Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam
2027:later settled on the
1876:
1669:Philosophy portal
1371:Dharmapala of Nalanda
1012:
903:
829:
737:
704:
644:Abhidharmakośa-bhāsya
35:
6157:East Asian religions
5587:Buddhism in the West
5158:Early Buddhist texts
4773:Four Right Exertions
4239:Ten spiritual realms
3732:Noble Eightfold Path
3564:Yao, Zhihua (2012).
3549:. Psychology Press.
3543:Xing, Guang (2005).
2883:depts.washington.edu
2734:Mathura Inscriptions
1534:Anagarika Dharmapala
934:Abhidharmakośakārikā
921:works, such as the *
830:A Kushan era votive
306:Tibetan EBTs in the
251:Early Buddhist Texts
6280:Religion portal
6027:Temple of the Tooth
5906:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
4945:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
4438:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
4221:Two truths doctrine
4041:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3841:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3220:. 2007. pp. 194-195
3027:Kalupahana, David.
2299:, which follow the
2293:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
2285:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
2035:(the region around
1947:East Asian Buddhism
1768:), conditionality (
1658:Religion portal
1528:Modern philosophers
1238:Two truths doctrine
1067:Buddhist philosophy
924:Tattvasiddhi-Śāstra
709:lady" named Naṃda (
658:"all" or "every" +
343:Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī
185:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
6202:Western philosophy
5800:Dzong architecture
5622:Vipassana movement
5617:Buddhist modernism
5045:Emperor Wen of Sui
4813:Pratyekabuddhayāna
4746:Threefold Training
4548:Vipassana movement
4264:Hungry Ghost realm
4084:Avidyā (Ignorance)
4031:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
3780:Great Renunciation
3775:Eight Great Events
3657:
2448:Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra
2382:Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra
2348:Buton Rinchen Drub
1953:Mūlasarvāstivādins
1890:
1826:Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
1708:Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
1291:Moggaliputta-Tissa
1273:Buddhist modernism
914:
906:Dharmarajika Stupa
844:
794:) on a mission to
751:
732:
654:into three parts:
395:Kingdom of Magadha
42:
6288:
6287:
5926:Om mani padme hum
5632:Women in Buddhism
5548:Buddhist councils
5418:Western countries
5206:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
4967:Shaolin Monastery
4544:Samatha-vipassanā
4154:Pratītyasamutpāda
3958:Metteyya/Maitreya
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3705:Four Noble Truths
3577:978-1-134-28745-1
3556:978-0-415-33344-3
3535:978-0-89581-913-0
3507:978-81-208-0272-8
3483:978-0-8248-0298-1
3468:Kalupahana, David
3459:978-81-208-1773-9
3444:Kalupahana, David
3435:978-988-99296-5-7
3190:Baruah, Bibhuti.
3088:Westerhoff, Jan,
3049:Poussin; Pruden,
2946:www.wisdomlib.org
2934:978-0-415-24469-5
2856:978-0-8135-1304-1
2530:978-1-78969-186-3
2452:Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa
2422:also defines the
2398:(127–151) of the
2337:Gāndhārī language
2249:*Abhidharmāvatāra
2201:*Abhidharmahṛdaya
2060:in Sanskrit. The
1916:Mahāyāna Buddhism
1703:
1702:
1589:K. N. Jayatilleke
1486:Acariya Anuruddha
810:by the patriarch
716:Naṃdaye Kshatrapa
624:
623:
410:Buddhist councils
405:Moggaliputtatissa
170:According to the
120:) was one of the
69:
16:(Redirected from
6323:
6278:
6277:
6266:
6265:
6105:Sacred languages
5953:Maya Devi Temple
5916:Mahabodhi Temple
5720:Secular Buddhism
5685:Engaged Buddhism
4525:
4373:Tibetan Buddhism
4324:Vietnamese Thiền
3923:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3675:
3674:
3662:
3652:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3619:
3598:David Kalupahana
3581:
3560:
3539:
3511:
3492:Nakamura, Hajime
3487:
3463:
3439:
3401:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3357:Walser, Joseph.
3355:
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3295:
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3188:
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3165:
3159:
3154:Coedes, George.
3152:
3146:
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3124:
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3108:
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3099:
3093:
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3007:
3001:
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2973:
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2902:
2894:
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2829:
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2808:
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2799:
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2763:
2749:
2743:
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2728:
2719:
2718:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2638:
2629:
2628:Taisho 27, n1545
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2593:
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2535:
2534:
2518:
2509:
2494:
2436:
2420:
2412:
2392:
2384:
2301:Mūlasarvāstivāda
2297:Tibetan Buddhism
2074:Abhidharmahrdaya
2025:Chinese Buddhism
1959:Mulasarvastivada
1943:Tibetan Buddhism
1854:Abhidharmahṛdaya
1695:
1688:
1681:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1594:David Kalupahana
1253:Buddhist atomism
1077:
1052:
1045:
993:
800:Mūlasarvāstivāda
728:Northern Satraps
714:
677:
616:
609:
602:
538:Mulasarvastivada
302:Śālistamba Sūtra
235:
218:
212:
207:
193:Mūlasarvāstivāda
183:school, but the
119:
111:
110:
101:
100:
83:
82:
74:
68:romanized:
67:
65:
57:
40:, 2nd century CE
21:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6272:
6254:
6206:
6121:
6036:
5773:Ordination hall
5734:
5636:
5607:Buddhist crisis
5519:
5216:
5168:Mahayana sutras
5144:
5140:Thích Nhất Hạnh
4971:
4844:
4784:
4734:Bodhisattva vow
4419:
4285:
4225:
4184:Taṇhā (Craving)
4119:Five hindrances
4070:
3962:
3892:
3746:
3691:
3663:
3646:
3589:
3587:Further reading
3584:
3578:
3563:
3557:
3542:
3536:
3522:(1 June 1990).
3514:
3508:
3490:
3484:
3466:
3460:
3442:
3436:
3421:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3391:
3383:Ray, Reginald.
3382:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3349:
3340:
3336:
3327:
3323:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3289:
3285:
3281:2004. pp. 55-56
3276:
3269:
3260:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3231:Sujato, Bhikkhu
3229:
3228:
3224:
3215:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3169:Sujato, Bhikkhu
3167:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2935:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2780:
2767:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2699:10.2307/3249969
2684:
2682:
2678:
2655:10.2307/3249969
2640:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2460:Étienne Lamotte
2424:Mahāyāna sūtras
2406:doctrines. The
2372:
2350:wrote that the
2309:
2263:
2258:
2187:
2125:Prajñaptiśāstra
2070:
2054:
2006:
2001:
1961:
1955:
1879:Kofukuji Temple
1831:Buddhist sūtras
1817:
1811:
1760:), conjoining (
1699:
1663:
1661:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1639:14th Dalai Lama
1624:Jamgon Kongtrul
1614:Thích Nhất Hạnh
1564:Keiji Nishitani
1529:
1521:
1520:
1471:Abhayakaragupta
1286:
1278:
1277:
1188:Buddhist ethics
1178:
1170:
1169:
1085:
1043:
1037:
1000:
994:
991:
978:
951:
941:(Ny) of master
929:Abhidharmahṛday
886:had a Sanskrit
824:
769:Sthavira nikāya
756:
699:
668:Shuōyīqièyǒu bù
620:
591:
590:
589:
588:
426:
416:
415:
414:
389:
379:
378:
377:
322:
314:
313:
312:
245:
216:
210:
205:
90:Shuōyīqièyǒu Bù
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6329:
6327:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6301:Nikaya schools
6293:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6270:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6137:
6131:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6046:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5837:Greco-Buddhist
5829:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5788:Burmese pagoda
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5570:Greco-Buddhism
5567:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5503:United Kingdom
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5448:Czech Republic
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5322:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5212:Abhidharmadīpa
5209:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5154:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5130:B. R. Ambedkar
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5050:Songtsen Gampo
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4729:Eight precepts
4726:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4517:
4507:
4502:
4500:Five Strengths
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4139:Mental factors
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3991:Mahamoggallāna
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3906:Avalokiteśvara
3902:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3604:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3561:
3555:
3540:
3534:
3512:
3506:
3488:
3482:
3464:
3458:
3440:
3434:
3419:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3389:
3376:
3374:. 1997. p. 123
3363:
3347:
3341:Potter, Karl.
3334:
3328:Potter, Karl.
3321:
3315:Potter, Karl.
3308:
3296:
3283:
3267:
3251:
3222:
3209:
3196:
3183:
3160:
3147:
3134:
3125:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3081:
3067:
3055:
3042:
3033:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2981:
2968:
2959:
2948:. 27 June 2018
2933:
2910:
2869:
2855:
2839:Grousset, René
2830:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2765:
2744:
2720:
2693:(2): 121–123.
2676:
2649:(2): 111–113.
2630:
2621:
2619:, p. 807.
2609:
2594:
2587:978-8176251525
2586:
2566:
2548:
2536:
2529:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2456:Prajñāpāramitā
2371:
2368:
2308:
2305:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2186:
2183:
2163:
2162:
2159:Jñānaprasthāna
2146:
2145:
2141:Saṅgītiparyāya
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2093:Jñānaprasthāna
2069:
2066:
2062:Madhyama Āgama
2053:
2050:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1957:Main article:
1954:
1951:
1935:par excellence
1907:Abhidharmakośa
1813:Main article:
1810:
1807:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1634:Gendün Chöphel
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1584:Mahasi Sayadaw
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:Kitaro Nishida
1556:
1551:
1546:
1544:B. R. Ambedkar
1541:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:Ratnākaraśānti
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:Guifeng Zongmi
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1296:Katyāyāniputra
1293:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1039:Main article:
1036:
1033:
999:
996:
989:
984:Little Vehicle
950:
947:
895:Jñānaprasthāna
884:Jñānaprasthāna
872:Jñānaprasthāna
823:
820:
755:
752:
742:, i.e. 84 CE,
720:Art of Mathura
698:
695:
622:
621:
619:
618:
611:
604:
596:
593:
592:
587:
586:
585:
584:
583:
582:
581:
580:
579:
578:
564:
557:
547:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
529:
528:
514:
507:
499:
498:
497:
492:
479:
478:
477:
474:
469:
468:
467:
462:
452:
451:
450:
443:Ekavyāvahārika
429:
428:
427:
422:
421:
418:
417:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
391:
390:
385:
384:
381:
380:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
338:Mahāmoggallāna
335:
330:
328:Gautama Buddha
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
311:
310:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
272:Gandhāran EBTs
269:
264:
259:
254:
247:
246:
241:
240:
237:
236:
228:
227:
220:
219:
204:
201:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6328:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6269:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6042:Miscellaneous
6039:
6033:
6032:Vegetarianism
6030:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5854:Buddha in art
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5508:United States
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Padmasambhava
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4977:Major figures
4974:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4923:Western tulku
4921:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Five precepts
4722:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:Dhamma vicaya
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:Buddhābhiṣeka
4468:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Enlightenment
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Dhamma theory
4102:
4100:
4099:Buddha-nature
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Samantabhadra
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3573:
3570:. Routledge.
3569:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:Hino, Shoun.
3274:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3261:Hino, Shoun.
3258:
3256:
3252:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3194:. 2008. p. 52
3193:
3187:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2790:0-271-01195-5
2787:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:Artibus Asiae
2680:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:Artibus Asiae
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2485:dhyāna sutras
2481:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2400:Kushan Empire
2397:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:Mahāsāṃghikas
2349:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:, across the
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:Dharmaskandha
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:Prakaraṇapāda
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:Dharmaguptaka
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:Dharmaguptaka
2003:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:Vasubandhu's
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:P. A. Payutto
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:Hajime Tanabe
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Sakya Chokden
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:Je Tsongkhapa
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:Sakya Pandita
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:Jñanasrimitra
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:Buddha-nature
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Dharma theory
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:Lokottaravāda
1118:
1116:
1115:Prajñaptivāda
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
997:
988:
985:
979:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
948:
946:
944:
940:
936:
935:
930:
926:
925:
920:
911:
907:
902:
898:
896:
892:
890:
885:
882:
878:
874:
873:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
852:Kushan Empire
849:
841:
837:
833:
828:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:Dharmaguptaka
777:
772:
770:
765:
762:
754:Early history
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
703:
696:
694:
692:
688:
683:
681:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
617:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
597:
595:
594:
576:
575:Dharmaguptaka
572:
571:
569:
565:
562:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
548:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
526:
525:Dharmaguptaka
522:
521:
519:
515:
512:
508:
505:
504:
503:
500:
496:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
475:
473:
470:
466:
465:Prajñaptivāda
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
453:
449:
448:Lokottaravāda
446:
445:
444:
441:
440:
439:
436:
435:
434:
431:
430:
425:
420:
419:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
388:
383:
382:
374:
373:Anāthapiṇḍika
371:
369:
366:
364:
363:Mahākātyāyana
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
318:
317:
309:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
244:
239:
238:
234:
230:
229:
226:
221:
215:
209:
208:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
173:
168:
167:
165:
160:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
139:, especially
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
115:
105:
95:
91:
87:
77:
73:
72:Sabbatthivāda
61:
53:
49:
48:
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Sarvastivadin
6316:Sarvāstivāda
6306:Sthaviravāda
6220:Bodhisattvas
6140:Christianity
6135:Baháʼí Faith
6000:Dharmachakra
5990:Prayer wheel
5980:Prayer beads
5748:Architecture
5627:969 Movement
5411:Saudi Arabia
5389:Central Asia
5382:South Africa
5204:
5187:
5120:Panchen Lama
5025:Buddhapālita
4621:Satipatthana
4616:Mindful Yoga
4529:Recollection
4443:Brahmavihara
4314:Japanese Zen
4309:Chinese Chan
4269:Animal realm
4076:Key concepts
3898:Bodhisattvas
3710:Three Jewels
3611:
3607:
3601:
3594:Samyuktagama
3566:
3545:
3524:
3496:
3472:
3448:
3424:
3415:
3400:2000. p. 100
3397:
3392:
3387:1999. p. 410
3384:
3379:
3371:
3366:
3361:2005. p. 156
3358:
3345:1998. p. 111
3342:
3337:
3332:1998. p. 117
3329:
3324:
3319:1998. p. 112
3316:
3311:
3306:, p. 9.
3299:
3294:2010. p. 266
3291:
3286:
3278:
3262:
3242:. Retrieved
3239:BuddhaSasana
3238:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3207:2010. p. 187
3204:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3173:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3050:
3045:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2971:
2962:
2950:. Retrieved
2945:
2923:
2887:. Retrieved
2882:
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2844:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2781:
2754:
2747:
2733:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2646:
2642:
2624:
2612:
2603:
2597:
2576:
2569:
2520:
2507:
2482:
2471:
2466:Da zhidu lun
2464:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2427:
2415:
2407:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2345:
2310:
2292:
2289:Dharmaguptas
2284:
2280:
2274:
2264:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2086:
2082:Ashtagrantha
2081:
2073:
2071:
2058:Dīrgha Āgama
2055:
2041:Yangzi River
2018:
2007:
1986:
1970:
1962:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1905:
1891:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1824:
1818:
1803:prajñaptisat
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1706:
1704:
1649:
1579:D. T. Suzuki
1539:Ledi Sayadaw
1441:Śāntarakṣita
1376:Chandrakirti
1361:Buddhapālita
1326:Saṃghabhadra
1090:Vibhajyavāda
1013:
1001:
987:(originals).
981:
967:Suvarṇapuṣpa
952:
943:Saṃghabhadra
938:
932:
928:
927:(成實論), the *
923:
918:
915:
894:
887:
883:
876:
871:
866:
860:
856:Central Asia
845:
836:Mohra Muradu
805:
773:
766:
761:Vibhajyavāda
757:
718:), from the
715:
690:
686:
684:
667:
663:
659:
655:
649:
642:
627:Sarvāstivāda
626:
625:
550:Vibhajyavāda
502:Sarvāstivāda
501:
491:Vātsīputrīya
438:Mahāsāṃghika
321:Early sangha
188:
184:
174:
169:
162:
161:were called
158:
148:
145:Central Asia
134:
102:;
92:;
89:
84:;
47:Sarvāstivāda
46:
45:
43:
29:
6065:Dharma talk
5894:Asalha Puja
5690:Eschatology
5493:Switzerland
5473:New Zealand
5401:Middle East
5310:Philippines
5230:Afghanistan
5035:Bodhidharma
5020:Buddhaghosa
4940:Householder
4850:Monasticism
4803:Bodhisattva
4658:Prostration
4611:Mindfulness
4539:Anapanasati
4522:Kammaṭṭhāna
4319:Korean Seon
4259:Asura realm
4254:Human realm
4194:Ten Fetters
4149:Parinirvana
4051:Uppalavanna
4016:Mahākaccana
4001:Mahākassapa
3933:Kṣitigarbha
3928:Ākāśagarbha
3825:Suddhodāna
3770:Four sights
3697:Foundations
3265:2004. p. 55
3158:1968. p. 84
3031:, page 128.
2952:30 December
2889:30 December
2862:20 November
2737:. pp.
2434:Mahāvibhāṣā
2418:Mahāvibhāṣā
2410:Mahāvibhāṣā
2390:Mahāvibhāṣā
2333:Sthaviriyas
2329:Khyber Pass
2325:Tokharistan
2175:Pudgalavada
2161:) (T. 1545)
2154:Mahāvibhāṣā
2109:Vijñānakāya
2078:Tokharistan
1927:Nyāyānusāra
1868:Dharmakīrti
1850:Sautrāntika
1843:bahirdeśaka
1821:Sautrāntika
1815:Sautrāntika
1762:samprayukta
1736:sarvām asti
1516:Mikyö Dorje
1436:Jñānagarbha
1356:Dharmakirti
1341:Buddhadatta
1336:Buddhaghosa
1140:Pramāṇavāda
1110:Pudgalavada
1105:Sautrāntika
1008:Sautrāntika
998:Sub-schools
975:Kizil Caves
963:Tarim Basin
949:Tarim Basin
939:Nyāyānusāra
919:Mahāvibhaṣa
889:Mahāvibhaṣa
877:Astagrantha
867:Astagrantha
863:Kanishka II
792:Madhyāntika
790:(Sanskrit:
788:Majjhantika
724:Bodhisattva
533:Sautrāntika
506:(Haimavata)
487:Pudgalavada
476:(Haimavata)
460:Bahuśrutīya
348:Mahakasyapa
197:Sautrāntika
164:Vaibhāṣikas
159:Mahāvibhāṣa
137:North India
38:Tapa Shotor
6295:Categories
6182:Psychology
6162:Gnosticism
6150:Comparison
6145:Influences
6127:Comparison
6010:Bhavacakra
5968:Kushinagar
5943:Pilgrimage
5889:Māgha Pūjā
5844:Bodhi Tree
5660:Buddhology
5650:Abhidharma
5642:Philosophy
5575:Menander I
5443:Costa Rica
5394:Uzbekistan
5235:Bangladesh
5189:Dhammapada
5173:Pali Canon
5135:Ajahn Chah
5115:Dalai Lama
5015:Kumārajīva
5010:Vasubandhu
4985:The Buddha
4893:Zen master
4828:Sakadagami
4808:Buddhahood
4739:Pratimokṣa
4554:Shikantaza
4510:Meditation
4485:Deity yoga
4356:Madhyamaka
4249:Deva realm
4144:Mindstream
4094:Bodhicitta
4006:Aṅgulimāla
3873:Devadatta
3849:Yaśodharā
3752:The Buddha
3742:Middle Way
3516:Vasubandhu
2758:. p.
2499:References
2364:Apabhraṃśa
2358:, and the
2261:Appearance
2171:abhidharma
2080:, and the
2068:Abhidharma
2014:pratimokṣa
1914:school of
1898:Purusapura
1894:Vasubandhu
1791:svalaksana
1604:Buddhadasa
1501:Longchenpa
1461:Ratnakīrti
1446:Haribhadra
1381:Shantideva
1346:Dhammapāla
1321:Vasubandhu
1316:Harivarman
1233:Middle Way
1203:Abhidharma
1130:Madhyamaka
1100:Vaibhāṣika
1084:Traditions
1041:Vaibhāṣika
1035:Vaibhāṣika
1004:Vaibhāṣika
969:, the non-
822:Kushan era
662:"exist" +
639:Vasubandhu
568:Mahīśāsaka
543:Vaibhāṣika
518:Mahīśāsaka
282:Abhidharma
277:Prātimokṣa
243:Scriptures
181:Mahīśāsaka
172:Theravādin
130:Abhidharma
118:สรวาสติวาท
6250:Festivals
6230:Buddhists
6192:Theosophy
5995:Symbolism
5985:Hama yumi
5958:Bodh Gaya
5725:Socialism
5700:Evolution
5675:Economics
5513:Venezuela
5428:Australia
5423:Argentina
5347:Sri Lanka
5342:Singapore
5260:Indonesia
5222:Countries
5163:Tripiṭaka
5125:Ajahn Mun
5000:Nagarjuna
4995:Aśvaghoṣa
4878:Anagārika
4873:Śrāmaṇerī
4868:Śrāmaṇera
4863:Bhikkhunī
4823:Sotāpanna
4712:Passaddhi
4653:Offerings
4628:Nekkhamma
4505:Iddhipada
4425:Practices
4395:Theravada
4368:Vajrayana
4361:Yogachara
4331:Pure Land
4244:Six Paths
4231:Cosmology
4011:Anuruddha
3986:Sāriputta
3976:Kaundinya
3968:Disciples
3943:Vajrapāṇi
3795:Footprint
3760:Tathāgata
2707:0004-3648
2663:0004-3648
2378:held the
2370:Influence
2360:Saṃmitīya
2341:Kharosthi
2335:used the
2271:An Shigao
2179:Theravada
2133:Dhātukāya
2033:Guanzhong
1799:dravyasat
1795:svabhavas
1725:Yuktavāda
1629:Ju Mipham
1599:Ñāṇananda
1574:Masao Abe
1366:Bhāviveka
1306:Nagarjuna
1258:Suffering
1223:Emptiness
1145:Vajrayana
1135:Yogachara
1095:Theravāda
707:Kshatrapa
691:yuktivada
561:Kāśyapīya
555:Theravāda
511:Kāśyapīya
495:Saṃmitīya
482:Sthaviras
368:Devadatta
333:Sāriputta
297:Mahāvastu
257:Tripiṭaka
176:Dīpavaṃsa
6268:Category
6197:Violence
6167:Hinduism
6115:Sanskrit
6070:Hinayana
6055:Amitābha
6015:Swastika
5884:Uposatha
5874:Holidays
5859:Calendar
5705:Humanism
5543:Kanishka
5533:Timeline
5357:Thailand
5325:Kalmykia
5320:Buryatia
5305:Pakistan
5290:Mongolia
5285:Maldives
5280:Malaysia
5245:Cambodia
5110:Shamarpa
5105:Nichiren
5055:Xuanzang
4990:Nagasena
4908:Rinpoche
4638:Pāramitā
4480:Devotion
4400:Navayana
4388:Dzogchen
4351:Nichiren
4299:Mahayana
4291:Branches
4169:Saṅkhāra
3918:Mañjuśrī
3875:(cousin)
3867:(cousin)
3835:(mother)
3827:(father)
3815:Miracles
3765:Birthday
3682:Glossary
3655:Buddhism
3494:(1980).
3470:(1975).
3446:(2001).
3304:Yao 2012
3171:(2012).
2899:cite web
2841:(1970).
2792:pg 42-43
2478:Hinayana
2428:Vaipulya
2404:Mahāyāna
2317:Gandhara
2313:Oddiyana
2307:Language
2267:Parthian
2190:108 109
2037:Chang'an
1937:in both
1912:Yogācāra
1902:Gandhara
1839:pāścātya
1786:svabhāva
1774:pratyaya
1729:Hetuvāda
1554:Yin Shun
1396:Xuanzang
1386:Sengzhao
1311:Aryadeva
1301:Nagasena
1248:Svabhava
1213:Not-self
1165:Dzogchen
1160:Zen/Chán
1125:Mahayana
1059:a series
1057:Part of
1024:Gandhara
1006:and the
990:—
971:Mahayana
957:visited
955:Xuanzang
881:Kashmiri
848:Kanishka
816:Upagupta
812:Upagupta
796:Gandhara
786:sending
740:Azes era
687:hetuvada
680:Xuanzang
631:Sanskrit
455:Gokulika
292:Avadanas
225:Buddhism
214:a series
187:and the
155:Kanishka
99:せついっさいうぶ
94:Japanese
52:Sanskrit
6245:Temples
6225:Buddhas
6187:Science
6177:Judaism
6172:Jainism
6090:Lineage
6050:Abhijñā
6020:Thangka
5963:Sarnath
5948:Lumbini
5869:Funeral
5864:Cuisine
5740:Culture
5715:Reality
5665:Creator
5655:Atomism
5525:History
5498:Ukraine
5458:Germany
5377:Senegal
5367:Vietnam
5295:Myanmar
5095:Shinran
5085:Karmapa
5060:Shandao
5030:Dignāga
4955:Śrāvaka
4935:Donchee
4930:Kappiya
4888:Sayadaw
4858:Bhikkhu
4833:Anāgāmi
4790:Nirvana
4756:Samadhi
4643:Paritta
4584:Tonglen
4579:Mandala
4534:Smarana
4515:Mantras
4463:Upekkha
4433:Bhavana
4383:Shingon
4336:Tiantai
4189:Tathātā
4179:Śūnyatā
4174:Skandha
4164:Saṃsāra
4159:Rebirth
4134:Kleshas
4124:Indriya
4026:Subhūti
3911:Guanyin
3865:Ānanda
3857:Rāhula
3737:Nirvana
3677:Outline
3408:Sources
2879:"Kizil"
2715:3249969
2671:3249969
2592:, p. 50
2489:Chinese
2438:reads:
2396:Kaniṣka
2376:Kāśmīra
2356:Paiśācī
2331:), the
2321:Bactria
1977:Mathura
1864:Dignāga
1859:pramāṇa
1766:sahabhu
1758:ksanika
1751:karitra
1740:dharmas
1506:Gorampa
1491:Dolpopa
1481:Rongzom
1351:Dignāga
1268:Nirvana
1150:Tiāntāi
1028:Bactria
1020:Kaśmīri
1016:Mathura
961:in the
808:Mathura
744:Kalawan
672:Chinese
635:dharmas
472:Caitika
308:Kangyur
287:Jatakas
262:Nikayas
211:Part of
141:Kashmir
76:Chinese
6240:Sutras
6235:Suttas
6100:Siddhi
6085:Koliya
6060:Brahmā
5975:Poetry
5921:Mantra
5911:Kasaya
5783:Pagoda
5763:Kyaung
5758:Vihāra
5753:Temple
5695:Ethics
5538:Ashoka
5488:Sweden
5483:Poland
5478:Norway
5468:Mexico
5453:France
5438:Canada
5433:Brazil
5372:Africa
5352:Taiwan
5315:Russia
5240:Bhutan
5200:Vinaya
5080:Naropa
5070:Saraha
5005:Asanga
4761:Prajñā
4670:Refuge
4633:Nianfo
4594:Tertön
4589:Tantra
4574:Ganana
4564:Tukdam
4490:Dhyāna
4458:Mudita
4453:Karuṇā
4346:Risshū
4341:Huayan
4274:Naraka
4214:Anattā
4209:Dukkha
4204:Anicca
4109:Dharma
4061:Channa
3996:Ānanda
3981:Assaji
3948:Skanda
3851:(wife)
3820:Family
3800:Relics
3725:Sangha
3720:Dharma
3715:Buddha
3596:, see
3574:
3553:
3532:
3504:
3480:
3456:
3432:
3244:5 July
2931:
2853:
2788:
2713:
2705:
2669:
2661:
2584:
2527:
2491::
2450:. The
2276:kāṣāya
2052:Āgamas
2004:Vinaya
1966:Yijing
1416:Wonhyo
1406:Fazang
1391:Jizang
1331:Asanga
1208:Ahimsa
1177:Themes
1155:Huayan
1018:, the
910:Taxila
840:Taxila
784:Ashoka
748:Taxila
674::
652:parsed
400:Ashoka
353:Ānanda
267:Āgamas
223:Early
126:Ashoka
104:Korean
86:pinyin
6212:Lists
6080:Kalpa
6075:Iddhi
5938:Music
5933:Mudra
5899:Vassa
5879:Vesak
5849:Budai
5795:Candi
5778:Stupa
5710:Logic
5463:Italy
5362:Tibet
5300:Nepal
5270:Korea
5265:Japan
5255:India
5250:China
5195:Sutra
5150:Texts
5100:Dōgen
5090:Hōnen
5075:Atiśa
5040:Zhiyi
4950:Achar
4918:Tulku
4913:Geshe
4898:Rōshi
4883:Ajahn
4838:Arhat
4798:Bodhi
4768:Vīrya
4685:Sacca
4680:Satya
4675:Sādhu
4663:Music
4606:Merit
4599:Terma
4559:Zazen
4495:Faith
4448:Mettā
4129:Karma
4089:Bardo
4056:Asita
4046:Khema
4036:Upāli
4021:Nanda
3859:(son)
3833:Māyā
3810:Films
3687:Index
3178:(PDF)
2711:JSTOR
2667:JSTOR
2517:(PDF)
2362:used
2269:monk
1999:Texts
1887:Japan
1778:marga
1549:Taixu
1451:Atiśa
1431:Dōgen
1426:Kūkai
1421:Jinul
1401:Zhiyi
1228:Karma
959:Kucha
917:post-
834:from
832:stupa
676:說一切有部
656:sarva
629:is a
358:Upāli
253:(EBT)
109:설일체유부
81:說一切有部
6110:Pāḷi
6095:Māra
6005:Flag
5406:Iran
5330:Tuva
5275:Laos
4903:Lama
4751:Śīla
4719:Śīla
4707:Pīti
4697:Sati
4648:Puja
4569:Koan
4475:Dāna
4066:Yasa
3953:Tārā
3572:ISBN
3551:ISBN
3530:ISBN
3502:ISBN
3478:ISBN
3454:ISBN
3430:ISBN
3246:2024
2954:2020
2929:ISBN
2905:link
2891:2020
2864:2016
2851:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2741:–32.
2703:ISSN
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2582:ISBN
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2319:and
2177:and
2008:The
1945:and
1939:Indo
1931:Kośa
1923:Kośa
1883:Nara
1866:and
1819:The
1772:and
1770:hetu
1026:and
904:The
689:and
664:vada
660:asti
203:Name
195:and
143:and
114:Thai
60:Pali
44:The
5832:Art
5768:Wat
4304:Zen
2760:259
2695:doi
2651:doi
1900:in
1805:).
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