1257:. Other networks and individual churches affiliated with Calvary Chapel have also submitted multiple applications for translators. Not all translators can be fed by satellites; only those in the non-commercial portion of the FM band (88.1 to 91.9 MHz) can be "satellators". All other translators must be directly fed off the air, except for "fill-in" facilities in a primary station's service contour. Translators may feed other translators, so it is possible to create small chains of translators fed from one distant station; if one translator failed, the network beyond the failed translator would go dark. The number of 2003 applications overwhelmed the FCC, which issued an emergency hold order on new translator applications until those already received were processed. The rules change sparked a series of lawsuits known as
1061:, are normally assigned TV call signs like other full-power stations. These "satellite stations" do not have numbered call signs, and must operate in the same manner as other full-power broadcasters. This simulcasting is generally not regulated by the FCC, except when a station owner seeks an exemption from requirements such as restrictions on owning several full-service stations in the same market, limits on overlap in coverage area between commonly-owned stations, or requirements that each full-service station have a local studio and a skeleton staff capable of originating programming locally. These exemptions are normally justified on the basis of economic hardship, where a rural location unable to support a full-service originating station may be able to sustain a full-power re-broadcaster. Some stations (such as
44:
1118:
in June 2009. The FCC defines "TV satellite stations" as "full-power broadcast stations authorized under Part 73 of the
Commission's rules to re-transmit all or part of the programming of a parent station that is typically commonly owned". Since most satellite stations operate in small or sparsely-populated areas with an insufficient economic base to support full-service operations, many received FCC authorization on a case-by-case basis to
3290:
3300:
1308:) have relay transmitters which allow each service to be broadcast as widely as possible. The ABC and SBS allow community-based relay transmitters to rebroadcast radio or television in areas which would otherwise have no service. Commercial radio broadcasters normally have relay transmitters only if local geography (such as mountains) prevents them from broadcasting to their entire market.
3279:
3310:
1027:
K263AF). An X after the number in these call signs does not indicate an experimental broadcasting license (as it may in other services), since all 26 letters are used in the sequence. When the sequence is exhausted, another letter is added. This has already happened for translator on channels 7 and 13 in K territory; what is now
1363:. Terrestrially, the scenario is similar to Europe's; the systems are considered national networks, and are a collection of relay stations maintained by a government-funded authority. In Japan and the Philippines, television stations are owned and operated by networks or are affiliates owned by other media companies.
193:(DTS or DTx) uses several medium-power stations (usually digital) on the same frequency to cover a broadcast area, rather than one high-power station with repeaters on a different frequency. Although digital television stations are technically capable of sharing a channel, this is more difficult with the
1333:), the only difference between these sub-markets in practice is news service and local advertising. Except in major cities, all major television broadcasters use the same network of transmitters (which may have dozens of relay stations in each market). As a result, some areas have had trouble beginning
1270:
Since "satcasting" translators are only permitted on the non-commercial part of the spectrum (where LPFM stations do not exist), they do not threaten the ability of LPFM licensees to expand their facilities. Non-satcasting translators may be a problem for LPFM stations; if an LPFM station is "bumped"
1220:
LPFM licenses are normally issued to non-commercial educational entities (such as schools or municipalities), and are subject to requirements precluding several commonly-owned stations; this is not true of translators. A non-commercial translator with no local or educational content can occupy space
1117:
Low-power television stations are not required to simulcast a digital signal, nor were they required to cease analog operation in June 2009 like full-power stations. Full-power stations used for simulcasting another station were (like other full-service TV broadcasters) required to convert to digital
1198:
By law, full-service local broadcasters are the primary occupants of the FM broadcast band; LPFM and translators are secondary occupants, with theoretically-equal status. In practice, frequencies assigned to translators become unavailable to new LPFM stations or existing stations wishing to upgrade.
985:
FM translator stations may use sequential numbered call signs consisting of K or W followed by a three-digit number (201 through 300, corresponding to 88.1 to 107.9 MHz), followed by a pair of sequentially-assigned letters. The format is similar to that used by numbered television translators,
954:
if the translators are in the reserved band. Translators in the commercial band may only be fed by a direct on-air signal from another FM station (or translator). Non-fill-in commercial-band translators may not be fed by satellite, according to FCC rule 74.1231(b). All stations may use any means to
937:
blocks the signal. Boosters may only be owned by the primary station; translators outside a primary station's service contour cannot be owned by (or receive financial support from) the primary station. Most translators operate by receiving the main station's on-air signal with a directional antenna
1026:
for each channel; the first stations on a channel are AA, AB, AC and so on). Television channels have two digits, from 02 to 36 (formerly 02 to 83; 02 to 69 and 02 to 51); FM radio channels are numbered from 200 (87.9 MHz) to 300 (107.9 MHz), one every 0.2 MHz (for example, W42BD or
410:
Most broadcasters outside North
America, portions of South America, and Japan maintain a national network, and use relay transmitters to provide service to a region (or nation). Compared with other types of relays, the transmitter network is often created and maintained by an independent authority
220:
would have stringent synchronization requirements, requiring each transmitter to receive its signal from a central source for broadcast at a GPS-synchronized time. A DTS does not use broadcast repeaters in the conventional sense, since they cannot receive a signal from a main terrestrial broadcast
1274:
Proposed rules would revise the procedures by which nonprofit groups may apply for translators (prohibiting more than a certain number of translator applications to be owned by any one entity), and the FCC modified its channel requirements for LPFM broadcasters to free channel space. REC Networks
138:
In its simplest form, a broadcast translator is a facility created to receive a terrestrial broadcast over the air on one frequency and rebroadcast the same (or substantially identical) signal on another frequency. These stations are used in television and radio to cover areas (such as valleys or
1141:
By 2011, remaining LPTV broadcasters on UHF channels 52 through 69 were forced onto lower channels. Many transmitters on the original UHF 70–83 translator band had to move twice; channels 70–83 were lost to mobile phones in 1983, followed by channels 52–69 between 2009 and 2011. Many low-power
1189:
were expected to have problems deploying equipment for a digital uplink. Although many translators continued analog broadcasts and a minority transitioned to digital, some rural communities expected to find all local translator signals gone as a result of the originating stations' transition.
1129:
Although no digital television mandates were forced on existing low-power television stations, Congress passed legislation in 2008 funding low-power stations which went digital by the conversion date or shortly thereafter. Some low-power stations were forced to change frequency to accommodate
634:
Low-power radio re-broadcasters may have a call sign consisting of VF followed by four numbers; a call sign of this type may also denote a low-power station which originates its own programming. Some stations licensed under the CRTC's experimental-broadcasting guidelines, a special class of
1080:
stations are assigned calls with -CA and -CD suffixes. Digital stations which use numbers receive a -D suffix, such as W42BD-D. All are despite the fact that most of the full-power digital television stations had their -DT (originally -HD) suffixes dropped by the FCC before -D and -LD were
1349:
Because most radio and television systems in Europe are national networks, the radio or television system in some countries can be considered a collection of relay stations in which each broadcaster uses a transmitter network (developed by the public broadcaster or maintained through a
452:
A television re-broadcaster may sell local or regional advertising for broadcast only on the local transmitter. Rarely, they may air limited programming distinct from their parent station. Some "semi-satellites" broadcast local newscasts or separate news segments in part of a newscast.
291:
A television re-broadcaster often sells local (or regional) advertising for broadcast only on the local transmitter, and may air a limited amount of programming distinct from its parent station. Some "semi-satellites" broadcast local news or separate news segments during part of the
1142:
translators were also directly affected by a parent station's conversion to digital television. Translators which received an analog over-the-air signal from a full-service television station for rebroadcast needed to convert their receiving equipment, like individual viewers used
563:
Transmitters in small markets with one (or no) originating stations were, in most cases, not required to convert to digital even if operating at full power. Transmitters broadcasting on UHF channels 52–69 were required to vacate the channels by August 31, 2011; some (such as a
1221:
in the non-commercial segment (below 92 MHz) of the FM broadcast band. During the narrow FCC filing windows for new applicants, applications for broadcast translators from the same (or related) entities can request every locally-available frequency in several communities.
422:
networks. A state or province establishes an educational station and extends it with several full-power transmitters to cover the entire jurisdiction, with no capability for local-programming origination. In the U.S., such regional networks are member stations of the national
1237:
stations. Any non-commercial station, even one with no local or educational content, can apply for an unlimited number of translators to be fed by any means (including satellite). All take spectrum from local LPFM stations or rebroadcasters of local full-service stations.
1088:
Numbered broadcast translators which are moved to another frequency are normally issued new call signs to reflect the updated channel assignment. This is not true of displaced translators using another frequency temporarily under a special technical authority. Although
483:
The numbers are usually applied sequentially, beginning with "1", and denote the chronological order in which the station's rebroadcast transmitters began operation. Some broadcasters may use a system in which the number is the transmitter's broadcast channel, such as
2011:
1266:
LPFM advocates allege that the proliferation of translators poses difficulties for non-translator station operators (particularly LPFM license applicants), who say that they cannot get stations on the air because translators occupy available channels in an area.
1216:
An LPFM broadcaster is required to generate local content; if there are several applicants for a frequency, those who agree to originate eight (or more) hours a day of local programming are favored. Translators are not required to originate anything
1316:
Since the early-1990s market aggregation, each television broadcaster uses multiple relays to provide consistent service throughout
Australia's large markets. Although each market is subdivided due to the legacy of previous commercial broadcasters
1358:
In most parts of Asia, satellite is the preferred method of national signal coverage. Exceptions include
Singapore (which bans civilian ownership of satellite receivers) and Malaysia, which only allows civilian ownership of receivers provided by
124:
Relay stations are most commonly established and operated by the same organisations responsible for the originating stations they repeat. Depending on technical and regulatory restrictions, relays may also be set up by unrelated organisations.
970:. Licenses are automatically renewed with that of the parent station and do not require separate applications, although the renewal may be challenged with a petition to deny. FM booster stations are given the full call sign (including an -FM
712:
network includes 128 stations (the most in Mexico), and Azteca's networks have 88 and 91 stations. The stations may insert local advertising. Azteca's stations in larger cities may include local news and a limited amount of regional content;
147:
Relays which broadcast within (or near) the parent station's coverage area on the same channel (or frequency) are known in the U.S. as booster stations. Signals from the stations may interfere with each other without careful antenna design.
533:. Re-broadcasters of this type are numbered sequentially in the order they were licensed by the CRTC, and their call signs are unrelated to the parent station or other re-broadcasters. Although the next number in the sequence (CH2650 in
808:
Ten to 15 FM shadow channels exist, and they are required to be co-channel with the stations they re-transmit. Quintana Roo has the most FM shadow channels (seven), about half the national total. Three more FM shadows are authorized:
655:
or VEK565). Other stations in this license class have been assigned conventional Cxxx call signs. Former re-broadcasters have occasionally been converted to originating stations, retaining their former call sign; examples include
2015:
926:(104.1 FM) HD2 digital subchannel for analogue rebroadcast from the WNNK tower site on 95.3. It is legally an FM repeater of an FM station, although each signal would be heard with unique content by users with analogue
766:(SPR), has 26 stations (16 operational); most are digital. The SPR transmitters are almost exclusively in cities where the IPN never built stations, and carry Canal Once as one of the five educational networks in the
614:
A broadcaster is limited to two stations on one band in a market, but a possible means to obtain a third FM signal in-market is to use a re-broadcaster of the AM station to move the signal to low-power FM. In Sarnia,
228:
is another alternative, although this may cause the same channel to appear several times in a receiver – once for each relay station – and require the user to tune to the best one (which may change due to
1448:
507:) is an example; the station was converted in 2011 to vacate an out-of-core analogue channel (UHF 53), and retains CICO-TV-53's former analogue UHF television call-sign numbering as a surviving TVO repeater.
1246:
A 2003 FCC licensing window for new translator applications resulted in over 13,000 applications. Due to the number of license applications, LPFM advocates called it the Great
Translator Invasion.
1206:
The maximum power for an LPFM station (10 or 100 watts, depending on station class) is less than that of the largest FM broadcast translators (250 watts), limiting the reach of the LPFM signal.
492:. A broadcaster cannot mix the numbering systems under a single call sign; the transmitters are numbered sequentially or by their analogue channel. If sequential numbering reaches 99 (such as
441:
1150:
had to be changed. Twenty-three percent of the 4,000 licensed translators received a $ 1,000 federal-government subsidy for a portion of the additional equipment. Many other translators went
1034:
Numbered translator stations (a format such as W70ZZ) are typically low-power repeaters – often 100 watts (or less) on FM and 1,000 watts (or less) on television. The former translator band,
588:
Like a TV station, a radio re-broadcaster may have a distinct call sign or use the call sign of the originating station followed by a numeric suffix. The numeric suffix is always sequential.
910:
with different programming from the main analogue channel, and a translator may broadcast programming from the originating station's HD2 subchannel as the translator's main analogue signal.
763:
117:
of a television or radio station beyond the primary signal's original coverage or improves service in the original coverage area. The stations may be (but are not usually) used to create a
1109:
and the translator was moved to channel 65. On the rare occasion that a station moves back to its original channel, it receives its old call sign (which is not reused by another station).
552:
CBC and Radio-Canada owned-and-operated re-transmitters were shut down on August 1, 2012, along with most TVOntario transmitters (which often were located at Radio-Canada sites) and some
603:
station has a re-broadcaster on the FM band, the numeric suffix falls between the four-letter call sign and the FM suffix; CKSB-1-FM is an FM re-broadcaster of the AM station
480:, Ontario). The latter type officially includes the television station's -TV suffix between the call sign and the number, although it is often omitted from media directories.
1131:
950:
stations are allowed. Non-commercial stations may broadcast in the commercial portion of the band. Unlike commercial stations, they can relay programming to translators via
933:
Commercial stations may own their translators (or boosters) when the translator (or booster) is in the parent station's primary service contour; they can only fill in where
700:
Most television stations in Mexico are operated as repeaters of the networks they broadcast. Translator stations in Mexico are given call signs beginning with XE and XH.
759:
139:
rural villages) which are not adequately covered by a station's main signal. They can also be used to expand market coverage by duplicating programming on another band.
1784:
359:; its programming has long been identical or differed only in local news and advertising. A financially weak privately owned broadcaster in a small market can become a
1452:
1982:
1185:
signal became a 100 kW digital broadcast on channel 17, and there is no longer a channel 9 signal to feed the repeater. Translators in remote locations with no
1046:, was originally occupied primarily by low-powered translators. The combination of low power and high frequency limited broadcast range. The band was reallocated to
537:) is a re-broadcaster of CHAN, this is because CH2649 and CH2650 were licensed simultaneously; the following number, CH2651, is a re-broadcaster (also in Anzac) of
2113:
249:
another station. Relay stations in name only, they are generally licensed like any other station. Although this is unregulated in the U.S. and widely permitted in
221:
transmitter for rebroadcast; to do so would introduce a re-transmission delay destroying the required synchronization, causing interference between transmitters.
887:
Maximum power is 250 watts ERP for a translator, and 20 percent of the maximum allowable ERP for the primary station's class for a booster. There is no limit on
1529:
1209:
Minimum spacing (in distance and frequency) between stations is less strict for translators than for LPFM applicants. Although translator spacing is based on
3262:
3234:
3229:
2254:
1018:
television stations may operate as translators or originate their own programming. Translator stations are given call signs which begin with W (east of the
1334:
898:
A translator (or booster) must stop transmitting if the parent station's signal is lost; this helps prevent unauthorized re-transmission of other stations.
209:
773:
Twenty-six of Mexico's 32 states also own and operate television services, and 16 use more than one transmitter. The largest (by number of stations) is
631:(1070 kHz), uses an FM repeater for city coverage as Country 103.9 FM (although the AM signal remains the station's official primary transmitter).
1697:
58:
986:
where the number refers to the permanent channel assignment. The largest terrestrial radio-translator system in the U.S. in
October 2008 belonged to
725:
stations as outlets for local production. A number of translators also serve areas with little or no signal in their defined coverage area, known as
966:
from full-power (100 watts or more on FM) stations, while not causing any of their own. Boosters must not interfere with the parent station in the
496:'s former broadcast transmitters), the next transmitter is assigned a new call sign and numbered "1". Translators which share a frequency (such as
1253:-delivered programming hundreds (or thousands) of miles from the parent station's coverage area. The largest satellite-fed translator network was
1130:
full-power stations which moved to UHF or operated digital companion channels on UHF during the transition period. By 2008, low- and full-power
792:
and other communities along the
Pacific coast normally operate on a two-hour delay behind the originating station; there is a one-hour delay in
398:) have become full satellite stations and originate nothing. If programming from the parent station must be removed or substituted due to local
3256:
1069:) are chains of as many as four full-power transmitters, each with its own call sign and license, covering a large, sparsely-populated region.
503:
Digital re-broadcasters may be numbered by the TV channel number of the analogue signal they replaced. TVOntario's CICO-DT-53 (digital UHF 26,
1173:) was a simple piece of broadcast apparatus, shifting the main station's signal from channel nine to channel seven to cover a small valley in
850:
FM translators may be used for cross-band translation; this removed the restriction preventing FM translators from re-transmitting AM signals.
3251:
3241:
3221:
3023:
648:
553:
1536:
556:(APTN) transmitters in the far north. Private commercial broadcasters operate full-power re-broadcasters to obtain "must carry" status on
1856:
3246:
3092:
1081:
implemented. Digital LPTV stations have their digital RF channel numbers as part of their digital call sign, which may differ from the
3018:
1249:
Some broadcasters have taken advantage of FM translator regulations allowing non-commercial stations to feed distant translators with
731:('shadow channels'). Most shadow channels air the same programming as their parent station. The northern and central regional network
3112:
959:
785:(ERP). A few stations are owned by municipalities or translator associations. Like state networks, they transmit at very low power.
254:
250:
2199:
1517:
800:(one hour ahead of central Mexico in 2015) receives programs one hour later than they are broadcast to most of the rest of Mexico.
755:
1225:
Broadcast translators for commercial stations are normally required to receive a signal from their parent full-service FM station
1154:
after the digital-transition deadline, or did not apply for new channels after UHF channels 52–69 were removed from the bandplan.
363:
semi-satellite by gradually curtailing local production and relying on a commonly owned station in a larger city for programming;
2897:
2445:
2247:
1819:
705:
3354:
3339:
3008:
1945:
1896:
1863:
1259:
217:
190:
3349:
3334:
3003:
2554:
1796:
1671:
1161:
a parent station's signal to another frequency for rebroadcast, without any other local signal processing or demodulation.
3028:
1986:
1186:
1182:
1143:
1123:
3313:
2088:
233:
issues such as weather). Although boosters or DTS cause all relay stations to appear as one signal, they require careful
3303:
3064:
2961:
2504:
2271:
2123:
963:
774:
62:
3293:
2800:
2240:
1383:
1178:
636:
340:
2167:
3152:
3074:
3013:
2720:
1950:
1338:
1234:
1158:
1077:
947:
573:
368:
332:
319:
In some cases, a semi-satellite is a formerly autonomous full-service station which is programmed remotely through
1213:
levels (accounting for terrain and obstacles), LPFM stations have a more restrictive minimum-distance requirement.
418:
In North
America, a similar pattern of regional network broadcasting is sometimes used by state- or province-wide
2924:
2885:
2730:
2630:
2559:
2492:
2319:
732:
157:
35:
3283:
2525:
2460:
2413:
2299:
2145:
1941:
1474:
1388:
915:
782:
549:
had re-transmitters with their own call signs (some used CBLT followed by a number, and some used CH numbers).
164:
118:
1551:"FCC regulations CFR 47 Part 74 Subpart L: FM Broadcast Translator Stations and FM Broadcast Booster Stations"
1229:
and re-transmit in the region covered by the main station, eliminating the need for a translator except where
2066:
308:, aired daily late-afternoon and early-evening news and community programs separate from its parent station,
3122:
3107:
2951:
2902:
2825:
2725:
2403:
2289:
2284:
2118:
1701:
1418:
1147:
399:
149:
3044:
2830:
2645:
2590:
2585:
2398:
2363:
1428:
1413:
1378:
1015:
881:
865:
858:
767:
510:
419:
273:
54:
31:
513:
re-broadcasters may have a call sign consisting of the letters CH followed by four numbers; for example,
3344:
2946:
2750:
2715:
2635:
2615:
2537:
2425:
2346:
2037:
1398:
877:
376:
316:. The FCC prohibits this on U.S. FM translator stations, only permitting it on fully licensed stations.
313:
234:
183:
1093:
could retain its call sign while it was displaced temporarily to channel 57 to resolve interference to
1629:"FCC regulations – US CFR 47 Part 74 Subpart G – Low Power TV, TV Translator, and TV Booster Stations"
2860:
2820:
2790:
2547:
2482:
2373:
2094:. REC Networks. February 15, 2005. FAC: 124266 CALL: NEW CHAN: 285 CMTY: ANCHORAGE AK. Archived from
1747:
1737:
1650:
1594:
1373:
1326:
1035:
967:
460:
of a television re-broadcaster. Some transmitters have call signs different from the parent station (
440:
In Canada, "re-broadcaster" or "re-broadcasting transmitter" are the terms most commonly used by the
324:
175:
1913:
1271:
from its channel by a new full-power station, there may be no available frequency to which to move.
1076:) for analog or -LD for digital; this is generally done only if the station originates programming.
572:, and three TVOntario sites) went digital as part of a move to a lower frequency but do not provide
472:), and others use the call sign of the originating station followed by a number (such as the former
2870:
2810:
2569:
2531:
2388:
2329:
2314:
1742:
1423:
1322:
1151:
1066:
826:
751:
504:
500:'s former repeaters CBLET, CBLHT, CBLAT-2 and CH4113 on channel 12) are given distinct call signs.
1050:
services during the 1980s, with the handful of remaining transmitters moved to lower frequencies.
3097:
3054:
2985:
2855:
2785:
2760:
2695:
2542:
2263:
1829:
1792:
1550:
1360:
1170:
1047:
991:
907:
577:
412:
380:
110:) the signal of a radio or television station to an area not covered by the originating station.
50:
1628:
1513:
121:. They may also be used by an AM or FM radio station to establish a presence on the other band.
186:. In the U.S., no new on-channel UHF signal boosters have been authorized since July 11, 1975.
3137:
3059:
2973:
2956:
2919:
2805:
2765:
2595:
2564:
2430:
2324:
2227:
1867:
1393:
1318:
1254:
1230:
1122:
from analog to digital on the same channel instead of simulcasting in both formats during the
1019:
747:
in
Monterrey), with regional output for local newscasts and advertising on a master schedule.
722:
669:
569:
489:
391:
293:
265:
264:
U.S. satellite stations may request an FCC exemption from requirements for a properly staffed
230:
43:
1022:) or K (west of the Mississippi, like regular stations) followed by a channel number and two
3142:
3102:
3082:
3049:
2978:
2936:
2850:
2705:
2690:
2665:
2640:
2600:
2450:
2309:
2304:
2294:
1174:
718:
557:
522:
781:'s state network, with 59 transmitters. Many state-network transmitters broadcast at a low
2770:
2625:
2393:
2356:
1082:
962:
license, making them secondary to other stations (including the parent); they must accept
892:
830:
789:
644:
616:
465:
336:
269:
225:
179:
114:
2368:
750:
There are two main national networks of non-commercial TV stations in Mexico. One is the
2203:
1761:
902:
There is one way programming may differ between a main station and an FM translator: an
2968:
2840:
2815:
2775:
2745:
2620:
2455:
2341:
1824:
1492:
1408:
1301:
1289:
1210:
938:
and sensitive receiver and re-transmitting the signal. They may not transmit in the FM
647:
operations, may have a call sign consisting of three letters from anywhere in Canada's
534:
320:
205:
201:
1888:
1833:
1572:
1072:
LPTV stations may also choose a four-letter call sign with an -LP suffix (shared with
3328:
3117:
2890:
2880:
2795:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2655:
2477:
2336:
1293:
1023:
975:
939:
709:
677:
272:. The stations often cover large, sparsely populated regions or operate as statewide
171:
99:
1959:
2995:
2835:
2780:
2710:
2675:
2610:
2509:
2499:
2351:
1716:
1073:
797:
640:
258:
1675:
758:(IPN). Operating 13 transmitters, it airs its programs under a contract with the
692:, translator and booster stations are given the call sign of the parent station.
17:
3195:
2845:
2755:
2740:
2700:
2660:
2519:
1721:
1350:
government-funded authority) to provide broadcast service to the entire nation.
1146:. Although the signal transmitted by the repeater may have remained analog, the
153:
107:
3200:
2907:
2605:
2514:
2470:
2440:
2418:
2408:
2383:
2095:
1914:"In the Matter of: Creation of a Low Power Radio Service: MM Docket No. 99-25"
1102:
1043:
1039:
999:
673:
661:
197:
170:
Analog television stations cannot have same-channel boosters unless opposite (
595:
station, the numeric suffix is appended to the FM suffix; re-broadcasters of
3185:
2650:
2465:
1305:
1250:
1119:
951:
854:
740:
736:
657:
604:
545:. A station's re-broadcasters are not necessarily named in the same manner;
526:
518:
493:
457:
297:
246:
160:
1031:
was assigned callsign K13AAR-D in
September 2018 and K07AAH-D in May 2019.
3180:
3170:
3087:
2912:
2735:
2174:
1738:"Low-power rural stations will continue in analog for several more years"
1403:
1297:
1226:
1135:
1106:
1094:
927:
903:
810:
744:
714:
701:
665:
600:
592:
538:
473:
356:
328:
94:
1651:"FCC, DTV Transition – Approval of "Flash Cut" Requests, April 25, 2007"
3175:
3160:
1330:
1202:
Some distinctions place small, local LPFM operators at a disadvantage:
1166:
1058:
1054:
1028:
1003:
987:
934:
857:
of its licensed parent station, except for emergency warnings (such as
822:
814:
624:
620:
608:
596:
565:
546:
542:
530:
497:
485:
469:
461:
395:
387:
372:
344:
309:
305:
66:
846:
In July 2009, the basic FCC regulations concerning translators were:
3205:
3165:
2487:
2279:
2232:
971:
911:
818:
793:
778:
689:
652:
514:
477:
352:
301:
2153:
1478:
876:
p.m. each broadcast day, or each must be equipped with an automated
383:
content which the broadcaster was unable to obtain for both cities.
1857:"Nevada Translator Stations – Status Report for Digital Transition"
3190:
3127:
2435:
2074:
1162:
1090:
995:
958:
All U.S. translator and booster stations are low-power and have a
213:
42:
2041:
1785:"Plugged In: the DTV Switch – What's all this DTV stuff, anyway?"
1134:
licensees were encouraged to relocate early to free spectrum for
3132:
1098:
1062:
979:
923:
919:
888:
853:
No translator (or booster) may transmit anything other than the
628:
375:
in this manner. Broadcast automation allows the substitution of
364:
194:
2236:
1519:
where CBAF-FM-15 was considered by the CRTC as a rebroadcaster.
974:, even if there is none assigned) of the parent station plus a
918:) broadcasts the format formerly carried by WTCY (1400 AM, now
2378:
1820:"Further complications loom for digital television conversion"
943:
424:
280:
276:
47:
1514:
http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Decisions/1994/DB94-339.HTM
415:
fees); several major broadcasters use the same transmitters.
2168:"In the matter of: AM Radio use of FM Translators: RM-11338"
1449:"US CFR 47 Part 74G – 74.733 UHF translator signal boosters"
580:
or any functions beyond that of the original analogue site.
442:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
402:, the modified signal is that of a semi-satellite station.
2200:"Self-Help Guide to Rebroadcasting – ABC Reception Advice"
1618:
KUER-FM on-air broadcast statement, accessed Oct. 9, 2008
599:
in Toronto are numbered CJBC-FM-1, CJBC-FM-2, etc. If an
30:"Relay transmitter" redirects here. For other uses, see
106:(Mexico), is a broadcast transmitter which repeats (or
788:
Transmitters re-broadcasting Mexico City stations to
2114:"Corporate bigfoot CSN tunes out community stations"
1341:
service due to problems with regional transmitters.
764:
Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano
3214:
3151:
3073:
3037:
2994:
2935:
2869:
2578:
2270:
1530:"IFT Table of Distribution of Stations, March 2016"
1233:is a problem). This restriction does not apply to
708:maintain two national networks apiece. Televisa's
2038:"The Traffick Report – Great Translator Invasion"
2014:. REC Networks. February 23, 2011. Archived from
1275:petitioned the FCC to prioritize LPFM stations.
868:all its translators and boosters between 7 and 9
651:-prefix range followed by three digits (such as
1908:
1906:
1882:
1880:
739:uses the same system to a smaller extent (its
2248:
1762:"TV Query Results – Video Division (FCC) USA"
1672:"Qualcomm Gets FCC Nod For MediaFLO Spectrum"
726:
607:, and CKSB-FM-1 would be a re-broadcaster of
8:
386:Some defunct full-service stations (such as
3263:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2061:
2059:
2006:
2004:
994:, with 33 translator stations ranging from
872:a.m., 12:55 and 1:05 p.m., and 4 and 6
212:(OFDM) used in the European and Australian
3299:
2255:
2241:
2233:
1717:"Many rural TVs will go dark, not digital"
210:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
163:, to synchronize co-channel stations in a
2228:FCC "FM Translators and Boosters" webpage
1553:. Edocket.access.gpo.gov. October 1, 2007
990:, the non-commercial radio outlet of the
861:) and 30 seconds per hour of fundraising.
728:equipos complementarios de zona de sombra
1958:(6). Columbia University. Archived from
1097:users, W81AA received the new call sign
754:(or XEIPN-TDT) network, operated by the
1573:"NorthEast Radio Watch by Scott Fybush"
1493:"NorthEast Radio Watch by Scott Fybush"
1440:
1936:
1934:
1818:Faulkner, Jessie (December 12, 2008).
743:is the shadow channel of main station
1288:Australia's national radio networks (
762:. The other network, operated by the
554:Aboriginal Peoples Television Network
143:Boosters and distributed transmitters
7:
3309:
1537:Federal Telecommunications Institute
1475:"CHEX-TV-2 Durham: About Channel 12"
1451:. Ecfr.gpoaccess.gov. Archived from
327:to avoid the cost of a local staff.
261:to ensure diversity in programming.
1983:"Translator 'Flood' Causes Concern"
1899:from the original on June 30, 2019.
1715:Migoya, David (February 10, 2009).
1157:Some small translators operated by
891:for fill-in translators within the
627:(106.3); its third Sarnia station,
2089:"Low Power FM Encroachment Report"
1887:Fybush, Scott (October 24, 2005).
1736:Ecke, Richard (February 1, 2009).
25:
255:Federal Communications Commission
3308:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3277:
2898:Free-space optical communication
2202:. Australia: ABC. Archived from
1985:. RadioWorld.com. Archived from
1595:"47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–07 Edition)"
1325:) maintains two stations in the
717:prefers to use its non-national
456:There is no strict rule for the
2112:Miliard, Mike (March 3, 2005).
2067:"The Great Translator Invasion"
1864:Nevada Broadcasters Association
1795:: WSYR-TV ABC 9. Archived from
1783:Hartman, Jeff (April 4, 2008).
1260:Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC
1057:'s identical-twin transmitter,
922:), receiving the signal from a
635:short-term license (similar to
351:semi-satellite of its stronger
218:distributed transmission system
191:distributed transmission system
2173:. REC Networks. Archived from
2152:. REC Networks. Archived from
2073:. REC Networks. Archived from
756:Instituto Politécnico Nacional
1:
2040:. REC Network. Archived from
1674:. Phone Scoop. Archived from
1053:Full-power repeaters such as
639:) sometimes granted to newer
3284:Telecommunication portal
3065:Telecommunications equipment
884:) for hourly identification.
2801:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1384:Call signs in North America
637:special temporary authority
591:For a re-broadcaster of an
425:Public Broadcasting Service
3371:
2505:Telecommunications history
1981:Chernoff, Naina Narayana.
1951:Columbia Journalism Review
1235:non-commercial educational
1138:'s MediaFLO transmitters.
760:Quintana Roo state network
574:high-definition television
333:owned-and-operated station
274:non-commercial educational
29:
3272:
3113:Public Switched Telephone
2925:telecommunication circuit
2886:Fiber-optic communication
2631:Francis Blake (telephone)
2426:Optical telecommunication
1855:Abbott, Adrienne (2008).
1698:"Specialized TV Stations"
525:, is a re-broadcaster of
36:Repeater (disambiguation)
3024:Orbital angular-momentum
2461:Satellite communications
2300:Communications satellite
1631:. Edocket.access.gpo.gov
1389:Communications satellite
1165:(a 16-watt repeater for
916:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
864:The parent station must
783:effective radiated power
770:of the digital station.
165:single-frequency network
152:can be avoided by using
119:single-frequency network
2903:Molecular communication
2726:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2555:Undersea telegraph line
2290:Cable protection system
1889:"NorthEast Radio Watch"
1419:Shortwave relay station
1144:digital converter boxes
895:of the primary station.
468:is a re-broadcaster of
245:Some licensed stations
237:to avoid interference.
74:broadcast relay station
3355:Television terminology
3340:Broadcast transmitters
3045:Communication protocol
2831:Charles Sumner Tainter
2646:Walter Houser Brattain
2591:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2399:Information revolution
1429:Television transmitter
1414:Relay (disambiguation)
1379:Amateur radio repeater
733:Multimedios Televisión
727:
420:educational television
377:syndicated programming
178:is used, due to video
69:
32:Relay (disambiguation)
3350:Television technology
3335:Broadcast engineering
3019:Polarization-division
2751:Narinder Singh Kapany
2716:Erna Schneider Hoover
2636:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2616:Alexander Graham Bell
2347:online video platform
2101:on November 29, 2007.
2012:"REC Broadcast Query"
1873:on February 26, 2009.
1481:on February 23, 2008.
1399:Microwave radio relay
1105:was deleted from the
1085:(the analog number).
341:Ici Radio-Canada Télé
314:Peterborough, Ontario
104:complementary station
46:
2861:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2821:Almon Brown Strowger
2791:Charles Grafton Page
2446:Prepaid mobile phone
2374:Electrical telegraph
2156:on January 31, 2008.
2077:on January 30, 2008.
2044:on December 16, 2011
1836:on February 15, 2012
1748:Great Falls, Montana
1704:on October 28, 2008.
1374:Airborne radio relay
1242:2003 translator boom
1177:. Syracuse became a
1038:television channels
968:community of license
325:broadcast automation
86:broadcast translator
27:Repeater transmitter
2811:Johann Philipp Reis
2570:Wireless revolution
2532:The Telephone Cases
2389:Hydraulic telegraph
2206:on January 24, 2012
2180:on February 8, 2012
2018:on January 13, 2009
1962:on January 18, 2009
1789:Community.9wsyr.com
1743:Great Falls Tribune
1424:Transmitter station
1323:Southern Cross Nine
1159:directly converting
1067:Fargo, North Dakota
908:digital subchannels
906:signal may contain
578:digital subchannels
369:Watertown, New York
3009:Frequency-division
2986:Telephone exchange
2856:Charles Wheatstone
2786:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2761:Innocenzo Manzetti
2696:Reginald Fessenden
2431:Optical telegraphy
2264:Telecommunications
1989:on August 21, 2008
1830:Eureka, California
1793:Syracuse, New York
1678:on January 9, 2011
1171:Syracuse, New York
1124:digital transition
1113:Digital transition
1078:Class A television
1048:cellular telephone
992:University of Utah
982:1, WXYZ-FM2, etc.
914:(95.3 MHz in
568:re-transmitter in
413:television license
381:digital subchannel
241:Satellite stations
150:Radio interference
76:, also known as a
70:
51:digital television
3322:
3321:
3060:Store and forward
3055:Data transmission
2969:Network switching
2920:Transmission line
2766:Guglielmo Marconi
2731:Internet pioneers
2596:Mohamed M. Atalla
2565:Whistled language
2146:"MM Docket 99-25"
2126:on March 15, 2012
1946:"Out of Thin Air"
1944:(February 2006).
1539:. March 31, 2016.
1394:Cellular repeater
1319:Southern Cross 10
1255:CSN International
1231:terrain shielding
1181:, WSYR-TV's main
1020:Mississippi River
1014:Unlike FM radio,
723:Televisa Regional
570:Brighton, Ontario
490:Pembroke, Ontario
406:National networks
392:Cornwall, Ontario
113:These expand the
82:relay transmitter
78:satellite station
18:Satellite station
16:(Redirected from
3362:
3312:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3153:Notable networks
3143:Wireless network
3083:Cellular network
3075:Types of network
3050:Computer network
2937:Network topology
2851:Thomas A. Watson
2706:Oliver Heaviside
2691:Philo Farnsworth
2666:Daniel Davis Jr.
2641:Charles Bourseul
2601:John Logie Baird
2310:Data compression
2305:Computer network
2257:
2250:
2243:
2234:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2122:. Archived from
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1942:Schulman, Daniel
1938:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1919:. March 17, 2005
1918:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1866:. Archived from
1861:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1832:. Archived from
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1700:. Archived from
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1477:. Archived from
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1455:on March 5, 2012
1445:
1187:commercial power
955:feed a booster.
875:
871:
730:
558:cable television
523:British Columbia
400:sports blackouts
266:broadcast studio
257:(FCC) regulates
226:virtual channels
156:, obtained from
21:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3210:
3147:
3069:
3033:
2990:
2939:
2931:
2872:
2865:
2771:Robert Metcalfe
2626:Tim Berners-Lee
2574:
2394:Information Age
2266:
2261:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1799:on May 16, 2008
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1516:; compare with
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1369:
1356:
1347:
1314:
1286:
1281:
1244:
1196:
1115:
1083:virtual channel
1012:
893:service contour
873:
869:
844:
839:
806:
790:Baja California
698:
686:
645:community radio
617:Blackburn Radio
586:
450:
438:
433:
408:
337:French-language
289:
287:Semi-satellites
270:city of license
243:
200:and unvariable
182:issues such as
180:synchronization
145:
136:
131:
115:broadcast range
65:transmitter in
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3368:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3004:Space-division
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Camille Tissot
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Claude Shannon
2813:
2808:
2806:Tivadar Puskás
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2776:Antonio Meucci
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:Charles K. Kao
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Harold Hopkins
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Emile Berliner
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Videotelephony
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2456:Radiotelephone
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:Internet video
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2222:External links
2220:
2218:
2217:
2191:
2159:
2137:
2119:Boston Phoenix
2104:
2080:
2055:
2029:
2000:
1973:
1930:
1902:
1893:www.fybush.com
1876:
1847:
1825:Times-Standard
1810:
1775:
1753:
1728:
1707:
1689:
1663:
1642:
1620:
1611:
1586:
1564:
1542:
1521:
1506:
1484:
1466:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1409:Radio repeater
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1313:
1310:
1302:ABC Classic FM
1290:Radio National
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1243:
1240:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:signal contour
1207:
1195:
1192:
1114:
1111:
1024:serial letters
1011:
1008:
948:non-commercial
942:from 88 to 92
900:
899:
896:
885:
862:
851:
843:
840:
838:
835:
805:
802:
697:
694:
685:
682:
670:Trois-Rivières
585:
582:
535:Anzac, Alberta
449:
446:
437:
434:
432:
429:
407:
404:
321:centralcasting
288:
285:
242:
239:
208:than with the
206:ATSC standards
202:guard interval
144:
141:
135:
132:
130:
127:
90:re-broadcaster
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
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3:
2:
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3333:
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3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3029:Code-division
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Time-division
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2980:
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2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
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2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:and switching
2938:
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2926:
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2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2891:optical fiber
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Coaxial cable
2879:
2878:
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2799:
2797:
2796:Radia Perlman
2794:
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2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Lee de Forest
2684:
2682:
2681:Thomas Edison
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Donald Davies
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Claude Chappe
2654:
2652:
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2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Smoke signals
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:Semiconductor
2476:
2472:
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2337:Digital media
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2017:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1953:
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1947:
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1299:
1295:
1294:ABC NewsRadio
1291:
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1032:
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1021:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
983:
981:
977:
976:serial number
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
953:
949:
946:, where only
945:
941:
940:reserved band
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
897:
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886:
883:
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852:
849:
848:
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841:
837:United States
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
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812:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
786:
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776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
724:
720:
716:
711:
710:Las Estrellas
707:
703:
695:
693:
691:
683:
681:
679:
678:Charlottetown
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
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491:
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471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
447:
445:
443:
435:
430:
428:
426:
421:
416:
414:
411:(funded with
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
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378:
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366:
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354:
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315:
311:
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303:
299:
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286:
284:
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278:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
259:radio formats
256:
252:
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238:
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232:
227:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
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187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:perpendicular
168:
166:
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159:
155:
151:
142:
140:
133:
128:
126:
122:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
100:two-way radio
97:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3345:Broadcasting
2996:Multiplexing
2871:Transmission
2836:Nikola Tesla
2826:Henry Sutton
2781:Samuel Morse
2711:Robert Hooke
2676:Amos Dolbear
2611:John Bardeen
2530:
2510:Telautograph
2414:Mobile phone
2369:Edholm's law
2352:social media
2285:Broadcasting
2210:December 17,
2208:. Retrieved
2204:the original
2194:
2184:December 17,
2182:. Retrieved
2175:the original
2162:
2154:the original
2149:
2140:
2130:December 17,
2128:. Retrieved
2124:the original
2117:
2107:
2096:the original
2083:
2075:the original
2070:
2048:December 17,
2046:. Retrieved
2042:the original
2032:
2022:December 17,
2020:. Retrieved
2016:the original
1993:December 17,
1991:. Retrieved
1987:the original
1976:
1966:December 17,
1964:. Retrieved
1960:the original
1955:
1949:
1923:December 17,
1921:. Retrieved
1892:
1868:the original
1850:
1840:December 17,
1838:. Retrieved
1834:the original
1823:
1813:
1803:December 17,
1801:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1788:
1778:
1768:December 17,
1766:. Retrieved
1756:
1741:
1731:
1720:
1710:
1702:the original
1692:
1682:December 17,
1680:. Retrieved
1676:the original
1666:
1656:December 17,
1654:. Retrieved
1645:
1635:December 17,
1633:. Retrieved
1623:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1589:
1579:December 17,
1577:. Retrieved
1575:. Fybush.com
1567:
1557:December 17,
1555:. Retrieved
1545:
1524:
1509:
1499:December 17,
1497:. Retrieved
1495:. Fybush.com
1487:
1479:the original
1469:
1459:December 17,
1457:. Retrieved
1453:the original
1443:
1357:
1348:
1315:
1287:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1248:
1245:
1227:over the air
1224:
1201:
1197:
1156:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1087:
1074:low-power FM
1071:
1052:
1033:
1013:
984:
964:interference
957:
932:
901:
845:
807:
798:Quintana Roo
787:
772:
749:
721:network and
699:
687:
633:
613:
590:
587:
562:
551:
509:
502:
482:
455:
451:
439:
417:
409:
385:
371:, relies on
360:
348:
318:
290:
263:
244:
223:
216:standard. A
188:
176:polarization
169:
146:
137:
123:
112:
103:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
71:
40:
3196:NPL network
2908:Radio waves
2846:Alfred Vail
2756:Hedy Lamarr
2741:Dawon Kahng
2701:Elisha Gray
2661:Yogen Dalal
2586:Nasir Ahmed
2520:Teleprinter
2384:Heliographs
1722:Denver Post
1331:GLV and BCV
1194:Controversy
930:receivers.
829:(Tecolula,
623:(99.9) and
253:, the U.S.
235:engineering
231:propagation
224:The use of
154:atomic time
134:Translators
3329:Categories
3242:Antarctica
3201:Toasternet
3123:Television
2606:Paul Baran
2538:Television
2522:(teletype)
2515:Telegraphy
2493:transistor
2471:Phryctoria
2441:Photophone
2419:Smartphone
2409:Mass media
1436:References
1321:(formerly
1312:Television
1179:UHF island
1132:channel 55
1103:channel 81
1010:Television
1000:New Mexico
880:(audio or
752:Canal Once
696:Television
674:CBAF-FM-15
662:Sherbrooke
505:Belleville
486:CJOH-TV-47
448:Television
431:By country
281:television
198:modulation
161:satellites
108:transponds
92:(Canada),
3226:Americas
3215:Locations
3186:Internet2
2947:Bandwidth
2651:Vint Cerf
2548:streaming
2526:Telephone
2466:Semaphore
2357:streaming
1764:. Fcc.gov
1306:SBS Radio
1279:Australia
1251:satellite
1120:flash cut
1016:low-power
952:satellite
855:simulcast
768:multiplex
741:XHSAW-TDT
737:Monterrey
658:CITE-FM-1
560:systems.
527:Vancouver
519:Valemount
511:Low-power
494:TVOntario
458:call sign
396:CJOH-TV-8
298:CHEX-TV-2
283:systems.
247:simulcast
3294:Category
3181:Internet
3171:CYCLADES
3088:Ethernet
3038:Concepts
2962:terminal
2913:wireless
2736:Bob Kahn
2579:Pioneers
2404:Internet
2295:Cable TV
1897:Archived
1604:March 6,
1404:Repeater
1367:See also
1329:market:
1327:Victoria
1298:Triple J
1217:locally.
1136:Qualcomm
1107:bandplan
1095:MediaFLO
1042:through
978:such as
928:FM radio
904:HD Radio
866:identify
831:Veracruz
827:XHRRR-FM
811:XETIA-FM
745:XHAW-TDT
715:Televisa
702:Televisa
666:CBF-FM-8
539:Edmonton
474:CBLFT-17
444:(CRTC).
361:de facto
355:sibling
349:de facto
339:network
294:newscast
204:used in
184:ghosting
95:repeater
88:(U.S.),
3314:Commons
3304:Outline
3257:Oceania
3176:FidoNet
3161:ARPANET
2974:circuit
2543:digital
2272:History
2150:LPFM.WS
2071:LPFM.WS
1335:digital
1167:WSYR-TV
1059:WNPI-TV
1055:WPBS-TV
1029:KMNF-LD
1004:Arizona
988:KUER-FM
980:WXYZ-FM
960:class D
935:terrain
823:Jalisco
815:XEAD-FM
775:Telemax
719:Gala TV
625:CHKS-FM
621:CFGX-FM
609:CKSB-FM
597:CJBC-FM
566:CKWS-TV
466:Sudbury
388:CJSS-TV
373:WSYR-TV
347:, is a
345:Toronto
335:of the
310:CHEX-TV
306:Ontario
268:in the
67:Iwakuni
3252:Europe
3222:Africa
3206:Usenet
3166:BITNET
3103:Mobile
2979:packet
2488:MOSFET
2483:device
2280:Beacon
1345:Europe
1175:DeWitt
1148:uplink
972:suffix
912:W237DE
889:height
878:device
874:
870:
825:) and
819:Ajijic
796:, and
794:Sonora
779:Sonora
706:Azteca
690:Mexico
684:Mexico
653:CFU758
641:campus
515:CH2649
478:Sarnia
436:Canada
394:, now
353:Ottawa
302:Oshawa
251:Canada
3235:South
3230:North
3191:JANET
3128:Telex
3118:Radio
2957:Nodes
2952:Links
2873:media
2451:Radio
2436:Pager
2364:Drums
2330:video
2325:image
2315:audio
2178:(PDF)
2171:(PDF)
2099:(PDF)
2092:(PDF)
1917:(PDF)
1871:(PDF)
1860:(PDF)
1600:. FCC
1598:(PDF)
1533:(PDF)
1361:Astro
1284:Radio
1163:W07BA
1101:when
1099:W65AM
1091:K55KD
996:Idaho
842:Radio
804:Radio
619:owns
584:Radio
357:CBOFT
331:, an
329:CBLFT
277:radio
214:DVB-T
129:Types
102:) or
3247:Asia
3133:UUCP
3093:ISDN
2212:2011
2186:2011
2132:2011
2050:2011
2024:2011
1995:2011
1968:2011
1925:2011
1842:2011
1805:2011
1770:2011
1684:2011
1658:2011
1637:2011
1606:2019
1581:2011
1559:2011
1501:2011
1461:2011
1354:Asia
1304:and
1152:dark
1063:KVRR
1002:and
924:WNNK
920:WHGB
704:and
672:and
643:and
629:CHOK
605:CKSB
547:CBLT
543:CITV
531:CHAN
498:CBLT
470:CIII
462:CFGC
365:WWTI
279:and
195:8VSB
61:and
34:and
3138:WAN
3108:NGN
3098:LAN
2379:Fax
2320:DCT
1337:or
1183:ABC
1169:in
1065:in
1036:UHF
998:to
944:MHz
882:FSK
859:EAS
833:).
735:in
688:In
676:in
668:in
660:in
649:ITU
541:'s
529:'s
517:in
488:in
476:in
464:in
390:in
379:or
367:in
343:in
323:or
312:in
300:in
158:GPS
63:YAB
59:TYS
55:KRY
48:NHK
3331::
2148:.
2116:.
2069:.
2058:^
2003:^
1956:44
1954:.
1948:.
1933:^
1905:^
1895:.
1891:.
1879:^
1862:.
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