343:, at least, did so anyhow. The energy spent by pumping blood to the head is interpreted as too great for most sauropods, but when they travel often, which has been suggested for those two genera, it would have actually saved energy. The biomechanical evidence favours an upright neck when travelling to spread apart resources. The study finding this conclusion also tested how much energy would have been expended when walking 100 m (330 ft) and standing, both with an upright neck. The approximate conclusion was that an about equal amount of energy would have been used up. Elongated cervical ribs are skeletal evidence for a strong core to support the neck and limit its movement when walking. The study supports the idea that during times of drought and famine, an upright neck was crucial for these sauropods to survive.
369:
1889:
1900:
20:
1907:
3301:
158:
4033:
5268:
5262:
3306:
2763:
5257:
2755:
5251:
4025:
1895:
2775:
2769:
4041:
146:(28 inHg), interpreted as fatal to an endotherm, or highly dangerous to an ectotherm, even with adequate heart musculature. A later study by Seymour concluded that it would have required half the animal's energy intake to pump the blood to the head. This would disfavor sauropods being high browsers, and instead having lower necks while feeding than commonly portrayed.
355:
254:, finding these animals' habitual poses to be entirely different from the assumptions of Stevens and Parrish. The latters' errors come mainly from their preconceptions about animals' habitual pose in life, which they simply assumed would naturally match the Osteological Neutral Pose (or ONP). Taylor
67:
with sauropod genera to find out how flexible the necks really were. The study noted that previous biomechanics studies found the necks to have been positioned between the extremes of a vertical, and a downward slanted neck. In conclusion, the study found that sauropod neck flexibility should not be
42:
is a subject occasionally debated among scientists, with some favoring postures closer to horizontal whilst others a more upright posture. Research has looked at various avenues of evidence and analysis including: attempting to reconstruct the neutral posture of their necks and estimating range of
95:
found necks to be much less flexible than in reality when cartilage was added. It was found that the cartilage between the joints would have allowed for the neck to flex far past 90°. However, Taylor noted that while the neck could flex above the vertical, the osteological neutral pose would have
145:
The upright posture of sauropod necks is seen by some as requiring implausibly high blood pressure and heart strength. A 2000 study conducted by Roger
Seymour and Harvey Lillywhite found that the blood pressure needed to reach the head with an upright neck would be 700 millimetres of mercury
334:
have been found on anatomical evidence to have held their necks at a vertical angle, which has been treated as impossible for sauropods. Studies have concluded that the blood pressure and energy spent holding necks erect would have been too great to survive; yet
136:
plays a major part in how sauropods were muscled, as endotherms have particularly more intestines and stomach than ectotherms. The amount of gut needed could determine how much food was eaten by sauropods, and therefore at what elevation their heads were held.
201:. Those two poses would suggest that the sauropods were ground feeders, instead of browsing off taller flora. Later, in 2005, Stevens and Parrish studied the biomechanics of sauropod necks on a wider variety of sauropods, from the Jurassic:
258:
find the ONP to be, not the actual habitual pose of any examined animal, but an arbitrarily chosen midpoint between the two structural extremes of bone placement. ONP, then, is merely one place in the range of physically possible motion.
68:
based on osteology alone, and if it is, the results should be used with caution. Even though there is a lack of preserved muscle tissue that would determine flexibility, sauropod necks were probably less flexible than previously thought.
271:
in 2006 published a study of the scapula and coracoids, sometimes fused into scapulocoracoids, of sauropod genera. Previously, sauropod shoulder girdles were thought to have been positioned horizontally along the torso, but
Schwartz
43:
motion by studying the bones; attempting to reconstruct sauropod metabolism and the energy requirements of sustaining incredibly long necks in various postures; and comparing sauropod neck anatomy to those of living animals.
149:
The above work summarily dismisses the hypothesis of secondary hearts in the neck as evolutionarily implausible, assuming arterial valves could have no role without associated musculature.
193:, finding the habitual pose of the genera to be slightly declined. They claimed that both sauropods had necks much less flexible than previously thought, with the neck vertebrae of
276:
found that the girdles should not have been positioned horizontally, and instead, they would have been angled at an average of 55° to 65°. The study reconstructed the skeletons of
267:
Another, more widely supported hypothesis about sauropod neck posture is that the necks were held at an incline, but not as upright as commonly shown. Daniela
Schwartz
991:
298:
found by
Gilmore was originally described as having the scapulocoracoid in "just the right place", but with it oriented at an angle of 45°, Schwartz
294:, a 60° shoulder blade would have meant that the neck was more-or-less horizontal, not too much different from the horizontal pose. A juvenile
957:
853:
Schwarz, Daniela; Frey, Eberhard; Meyer, Christian A. (2007). "Novel reconstruction of the orientation of the pectoral girdle in sauropods".
937:
310:
was found to have had two possibly poses, both with the scapulocoracoid angled at about 60°. No previous reconstructions, unlike with
181:
Kent
Stevens and Michael Parrish have been the two main supporters of a horizontal neck posture. In 1999, they studied the genera
1899:
1888:
1906:
3300:
984:
306:
with the angle of the scapulocoracoid is similar to previous reconstruction of the genus by Osborn and Mook, and Jensen.
4032:
5267:
5261:
828:"A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n., sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia"
128:
would also need to be greater, to balance out the inclined neck. However, the question of whether sauropods were
5304:
3305:
1079:
977:
597:"Quantifying the effect of intervertebral cartilage on the neutral posture in the necks of sauropod dinosaurs"
2762:
368:
116:) was probably a high browser, so it would have been more muscled along the neck than other sauropods like
51:
The biomechanics of sauropod skeletons and necks can help determine at what angle the neck was positioned.
2774:
2754:
5339:
5256:
4985:
1267:
933:
546:"Inter-Vertebral Flexibility of the Ostrich Neck: Implications for Estimating Sauropod Neck Flexibility"
106:
5250:
4024:
2768:
488:
290:, all known from a complete shoulder girdle, with the correct orientation of the scapulocoracoids. For
4040:
1894:
941:
19:
1970:
91:
was incorrect in the fact that vertebrae imply the neck is less flexible than in actuality. Cobley
5334:
5025:
2097:
827:
808:
286:
173:
A few hypotheses have been generated to solve the dispute over how sauropods held their necks.
5161:
4702:
3449:
3090:
2819:
2007:
953:
945:
908:
870:
800:
759:
710:
628:
577:
526:
467:
96:
been around horizontal, with the habitual pose having the head held upwards in an alert pose.
891:
Stevens, K. A. (1999). "Neck
Posture and Feeding Habits of Two Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs".
681:"Allometry of visceral organs in living amniotes and its implications for sauropod dinosaurs"
5329:
5032:
4877:
4817:
4459:
4351:
4257:
4148:
3950:
3930:
3869:
2988:
2841:
2688:
2405:
2359:
2339:
2283:
1586:
1363:
1343:
900:
862:
790:
749:
741:
700:
692:
659:
618:
608:
567:
557:
516:
508:
457:
449:
413:
360:
157:
5299:
5169:
4902:
4795:
4491:
4471:
4452:
4410:
4337:
4323:
4206:
3957:
3877:
3524:
3060:
3051:
2912:
2904:
2831:
2591:
2469:
2290:
2146:
1977:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1678:
1595:
1141:
1128:
1091:
1064:
1039:
1000:
5176:
5091:
4973:
4918:
4868:
4680:
4673:
4619:
4591:
4546:
4519:
4394:
4359:
4301:
4228:
4141:
3905:
3784:
3756:
3735:
3720:
3642:
3615:
3433:
3417:
3383:
3226:
3025:
2897:
2723:
2462:
2441:
2390:
2382:
2234:
2227:
2134:
2033:
2021:
1829:
1801:
1638:
1609:
1602:
1548:
1462:
1448:
1432:
1407:
1237:
754:
729:
705:
680:
623:
596:
572:
545:
521:
492:
462:
437:
398:
374:
72:
28:
restored with an upright posture, based on comparison with living animals, from Taylor
5323:
5219:
5204:
5183:
5099:
5059:
5047:
5017:
4966:
4938:
4911:
4832:
4809:
4757:
4688:
4612:
4578:
4567:
4505:
4424:
4387:
4366:
4316:
4294:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4213:
4178:
4155:
4097:
3964:
3943:
3811:
3802:
3791:
3770:
3749:
3727:
3670:
3547:
3484:
3368:
3191:
3167:
3133:
3104:
3097:
3076:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2962:
2953:
2890:
2882:
2875:
2805:
2792:
2709:
2633:
2576:
2555:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2433:
2412:
2331:
2308:
2155:
2112:
2014:
1991:
1963:
1794:
1787:
1735:
1631:
1568:
1559:
1441:
1315:
1283:
1251:
1212:
1194:
1173:
795:
778:
223:
217:
5227:
5197:
5190:
5127:
5068:
4994:
4926:
4884:
4853:
4839:
4824:
4802:
4786:
4720:
4709:
4660:
4641:
4634:
4512:
4498:
4484:
4438:
4431:
4402:
4373:
4309:
4250:
4192:
4185:
4134:
4127:
4090:
4072:
4059:
3987:
3971:
3912:
3898:
3862:
3855:
3841:
3819:
3713:
3705:
3698:
3677:
3649:
3597:
3583:
3569:
3554:
3505:
3426:
3398:
3391:
3210:
3199:
3176:
3158:
3083:
3069:
2976:
2933:
2926:
2868:
2861:
2624:
2539:
2347:
2297:
2269:
2262:
2241:
2213:
2199:
2119:
2063:
2042:
1728:
1616:
1520:
1476:
1469:
1421:
1393:
1354:
1180:
929:
812:
211:
112:
904:
562:
242:
However, in 2009 multiple flaws were found with this argument. Michael P. Taylor
63:
focused on the flexibility of the necks of sauropods. They compared the necks of
5212:
5120:
5106:
5002:
4891:
4846:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4695:
4627:
4605:
4526:
4417:
4112:
3919:
3884:
3777:
3742:
3684:
3663:
3656:
3628:
3561:
3533:
3498:
3491:
3477:
3376:
3361:
3262:
3184:
3147:
3018:
2969:
2730:
2606:
2569:
2562:
2531:
2515:
2455:
2419:
2397:
2317:
2276:
2220:
2192:
2178:
2126:
2079:
1999:
1984:
1956:
1822:
1780:
1766:
1746:
1720:
1666:
1659:
1575:
1541:
1527:
1370:
1308:
1244:
1221:
1187:
1159:
938:"Neck Posture, Dentition, and Feeding Strategies in Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs"
229:
183:
133:
129:
77:
679:
Franz, R.; Hummel, J.; Keinzle, E.; Kölle, P.; Gunga, H-C.; Clauss, M. (2009).
5113:
5040:
5009:
4771:
4598:
4445:
4380:
4344:
4330:
4265:
4236:
4199:
4162:
4105:
3691:
3635:
3590:
3540:
3512:
3470:
3406:
3354:
3336:
3323:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3219:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3032:
2944:
2919:
2649:
2599:
2583:
2547:
2448:
2324:
2248:
2162:
2105:
2056:
1808:
1624:
1513:
1377:
1336:
1301:
1030:
350:
189:
83:
24:
664:
647:
5076:
4958:
4764:
4243:
4221:
4170:
3891:
3848:
3834:
3576:
3269:
3255:
3140:
2854:
2702:
2695:
2426:
2375:
1938:
1925:
1840:
1815:
1773:
1652:
1492:
1259:
1201:
251:
235:
37:
912:
874:
763:
745:
714:
696:
632:
581:
530:
512:
471:
453:
804:
418:
399:"Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals"
5084:
4750:
4560:
3763:
3604:
3463:
2716:
2206:
2049:
1759:
1534:
1506:
1414:
1329:
1322:
1229:
1166:
1048:
1024:
247:
104:
Sauropod necks were probably highly muscled to suit their feeding level.
60:
4120:
2524:
2368:
2255:
1713:
64:
613:
4649:
3827:
1645:
1018:
866:
438:"Hearts, neck posture and metabolic intensity of sauropod dinosaurs"
969:
156:
18:
493:"Some sauropods raised their necks–evidence for high browsing in
239:. All were stated to have a horizontal, or even declining neck.
4951:
1455:
5283:
4057:
3321:
2790:
1923:
1126:
1011:
973:
2613:
779:"The cardiovascular system of barosaurus: an educated guess"
952:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 212–232.
59:
In 2013, a study led by
Matthew J. Cobley and published in
246:
compared the neck posture of sauropods to that of extant
124:
interpreted as low browsers. The tail and limb length of
685:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
544:
Cobley, M. J.; Rayfield, E. J.; Barrett, P. M. (2013).
442:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
730:"Raising the sauropod neck: It costs more to get less"
302:
criticized the stance. The skeleton found by
Schwartz
5153:
5058:
4984:
4937:
4901:
4867:
4785:
4719:
4659:
4577:
4544:
4470:
4070:
3986:
3929:
3801:
3614:
3523:
3447:
3416:
3334:
3209:
3166:
3157:
3059:
3050:
2987:
2952:
2943:
2840:
2829:
2803:
2680:
2648:
2632:
2623:
2514:
2358:
2307:
2176:
2145:
2077:
2032:
1936:
1839:
1745:
1677:
1585:
1558:
1490:
1431:
1391:
1353:
1281:
1211:
1139:
1090:
1063:
648:"Neck posture and overall body design in sauropods"
165:from the original description (A), and by Schwartz
483:
481:
397:Taylor, M. P.; Wedel, M. J.; Naish, D. (2009).
924:
922:
886:
884:
985:
950:Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs
8:
848:
846:
844:
5280:
5150:
4943:
4898:
4665:
4583:
4552:
4476:
4082:
4078:
4067:
4054:
3935:
3620:
3455:
3346:
3342:
3331:
3318:
3163:
3056:
2949:
2846:
2837:
2811:
2800:
2787:
2677:
2629:
2184:
2089:
2085:
1948:
1944:
1933:
1920:
1751:
1683:
1498:
1428:
1399:
1293:
1289:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1123:
1069:
1060:
1008:
992:
978:
970:
436:Seymour, R. S.; Lillywhite, H. B. (2000).
392:
390:
388:
386:
794:
753:
704:
663:
622:
612:
571:
561:
520:
461:
431:
429:
417:
75:analysed the flexibility in the necks of
382:
7:
777:Choy, DS; Altman, P (1992-08-29).
14:
5285:Topics in sauropodomorph research
5266:
5260:
5255:
5249:
4039:
4031:
4023:
3304:
3299:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2753:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1887:
826:Borsuk-Białynicka, M.M. (1977).
367:
353:
16:Subject debated among scientists
322:Upright pose for some sauropods
1:
406:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
905:10.1126/science.284.5415.798
796:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91722-k
563:10.1371/journal.pone.0072187
646:Christian, Andreas (2008).
197:being more inflexible than
5356:
141:Heart and metabolic stress
5290:
5279:
5247:
5149:
4946:
4668:
4586:
4555:
4479:
4085:
4081:
4066:
4053:
4020:
3938:
3623:
3458:
3349:
3345:
3330:
3317:
3297:
2849:
2814:
2799:
2786:
2750:
2676:
2187:
2092:
2088:
1951:
1947:
1932:
1919:
1885:
1754:
1686:
1501:
1402:
1296:
1292:
1154:
1150:
1135:
1122:
1072:
1059:
1007:
5305:List of sauropod species
665:10.1002/mmng.20020050116
835:Palaeontologia Polonica
728:Seymour, R. S. (2009).
87:. He found that Cobley
746:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0096
697:10.1098/rspb.2008.1735
513:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0359
454:10.1098/rspb.2000.1225
170:
33:
5295:Sauropod neck posture
4986:Opisthocoelicaudiinae
855:The Anatomical Record
595:Taylor, M.P. (2014).
419:10.4202/app.2009.0007
284:, and the titanosaur
160:
107:Brachiosaurus brancai
22:
326:Despite skepticism,
161:Restored posture of
5154:Dubious titanosaurs
1971:Chinshakiangosaurus
691:(1662): 1731–1736.
5026:Opisthocoelicaudia
2098:Archaeodontosaurus
946:Carpenter, Kenneth
495:Euhelopus zdanskyi
316:Opisthocoelicaudia
308:Opisthocoelicaudia
287:Opisthocoelicaudia
171:
163:Opisthocoelicaudia
34:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5275:
5274:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5162:Bruhathkayosaurus
5145:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5136:
4863:
4862:
4781:
4780:
4703:Panamericansaurus
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4049:
4048:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
3982:
3981:
3450:Titanosauriformes
3443:
3442:
3313:
3312:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3091:Brachytrachelopan
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
2820:Haplocanthosaurus
2782:
2781:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2681:Dubious sauropods
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2172:
2171:
2073:
2072:
2008:Protognathosaurus
1915:
1914:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1486:
1485:
1387:
1386:
1277:
1276:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
959:978-0-253-34542-4
942:Tidwell, Virginia
899:(5415): 798–800.
614:10.7717/peerj.712
5347:
5281:
5270:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5151:
5033:Pellegrinisaurus
4944:
4899:
4878:Bustingorrytitan
4818:Futalognkosaurus
4666:
4584:
4553:
4477:
4460:Diamantinasauria
4352:Pellegrinisaurus
4258:Jiangshanosaurus
4149:Baotianmansaurus
4083:
4079:
4068:
4055:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4027:
3951:Diamantinasaurus
3936:
3931:Diamantinasauria
3870:Jiangshanosaurus
3621:
3456:
3347:
3343:
3332:
3319:
3308:
3303:
3164:
3057:
2989:Rebbachisaurinae
2950:
2847:
2842:Rebbachisauridae
2838:
2812:
2801:
2788:
2777:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2757:
2689:Bothriospondylus
2678:
2630:
2406:Eomamenchisaurus
2360:Mamenchisauridae
2340:Lapparentosaurus
2284:Spinophorosaurus
2185:
2090:
2086:
1949:
1945:
1934:
1921:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1752:
1684:
1587:Massospondylidae
1499:
1429:
1400:
1364:Jaklapallisaurus
1344:Thecodontosaurus
1294:
1290:
1152:
1148:
1137:
1124:
1070:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1009:
994:
987:
980:
971:
964:
963:
926:
917:
916:
888:
879:
878:
867:10.1002/ar.20405
850:
839:
838:
832:
823:
817:
816:
798:
774:
768:
767:
757:
725:
719:
718:
708:
676:
670:
669:
667:
643:
637:
636:
626:
616:
592:
586:
585:
575:
565:
541:
535:
534:
524:
485:
476:
475:
465:
448:(1455): 1883–7.
433:
424:
423:
421:
403:
394:
377:
372:
371:
363:
361:Dinosaurs portal
358:
357:
356:
314:, have restored
5355:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5309:
5300:Sauropod hiatus
5286:
5271:
5233:
5170:Campylodoniscus
5133:
5054:
4980:
4933:
4903:Nemegtosauridae
4897:
4859:
4796:Argentinosaurus
4777:
4715:
4655:
4573:
4549:
4532:
4492:Atsinganosaurus
4472:Lirainosaurinae
4466:
4453:Xianshanosaurus
4338:Normanniasaurus
4324:Narambuenatitan
4207:Dongyangosaurus
4075:
4062:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4002:
3978:
3958:Sarmientosaurus
3925:
3878:Phuwiangosaurus
3797:
3610:
3525:Brachiosauridae
3519:
3452:
3439:
3412:
3339:
3326:
3309:
3275:
3205:
3153:
3061:Dicraeosauridae
3052:Flagellicaudata
3038:
2983:
2939:
2913:Nopcsaspondylus
2905:Maraapunisaurus
2834:
2832:Diplodocimorpha
2825:
2808:
2795:
2778:
2760:
2752:
2736:
2660:
2644:
2619:
2592:Tehuelchesaurus
2510:
2470:Tienshanosaurus
2354:
2303:
2291:Tehuelchesaurus
2181:
2168:
2147:Vulcanodontidae
2141:
2082:
2069:
2028:
1978:Gongxianosaurus
1941:
1928:
1911:
1904:
1855:
1835:
1741:
1700:Jingshanosaurus
1692:Chuxiongosaurus
1679:Sauropodiformes
1673:
1596:Adeopapposaurus
1581:
1554:
1495:
1482:
1427:
1396:
1383:
1349:
1286:
1273:
1207:
1144:
1142:Sauropodomorpha
1131:
1129:Sauropodomorpha
1106:
1092:Sauropodomorpha
1086:
1080:Avemetatarsalia
1065:Avemetatarsalia
1055:
1040:Avemetatarsalia
1014:
1013:
1003:
1001:Sauropodomorpha
998:
968:
967:
960:
928:
927:
920:
890:
889:
882:
852:
851:
842:
830:
825:
824:
820:
789:(8818): 534–6.
776:
775:
771:
734:Biology Letters
727:
726:
722:
678:
677:
673:
645:
644:
640:
594:
593:
589:
543:
542:
538:
501:Biology Letters
487:
486:
479:
435:
434:
427:
401:
396:
395:
384:
373:
366:
359:
354:
352:
349:
324:
265:
179:
177:Horizontal pose
155:
143:
102:
57:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5353:
5351:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5322:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5224:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5177:Clasmodosaurus
5173:
5166:
5157:
5155:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5092:Maxakalisaurus
5088:
5081:
5073:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5044:
5037:
5029:
5022:
5014:
5006:
4999:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:Quaesitosaurus
4970:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4919:Quaesitosaurus
4915:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4871:
4869:Saltasauroidea
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4821:
4814:
4806:
4799:
4791:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4681:Maxakalisaurus
4677:
4674:Adamantisaurus
4669:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4620:Epachthosaurus
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4592:Antarctosaurus
4587:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4550:
4547:Eutitanosauria
4545:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4520:Mansourasaurus
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4395:Tastavinsaurus
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4360:Petrobrasaurus
4356:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4302:Malarguesaurus
4298:
4291:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4229:Epachthosaurus
4225:
4218:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4142:Austroposeidon
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4076:
4071:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3906:Tangvayosaurus
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3785:Tastavinsaurus
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3757:Pukyongosaurus
3753:
3746:
3739:
3736:Liubangosaurus
3732:
3724:
3721:Liaoningotitan
3717:
3710:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3643:Astrophocaudia
3639:
3632:
3624:
3618:
3616:Somphospondyli
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3434:Lourinhasaurus
3430:
3422:
3420:
3418:Camarasauridae
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3388:
3384:Dashanpusaurus
3380:
3373:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3227:Dinheirosaurus
3223:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3026:Rebbachisaurus
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2898:Lavocatisaurus
2894:
2887:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2724:Qinlingosaurus
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:(see below ↓ )
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2641:(see below ↓ )
2638:
2636:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2463:Rhomaleopakhus
2459:
2452:
2445:
2442:Mamenchisaurus
2438:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2391:Chuanjiesaurus
2387:
2383:Cetiosauriscus
2379:
2372:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2235:Dashanpusaurus
2231:
2228:Cetiosauriscus
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:Zizhongosaurus
2131:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2093:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2036:
2034:Lessemsauridae
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:Tuebingosaurus
2018:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1830:Sefapanosaurus
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1802:Melanorosaurus
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1639:Massospondylus
1635:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1610:Glacialisaurus
1606:
1603:Coloradisaurus
1599:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1549:Tuebingosaurus
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1463:Pachysauriscus
1459:
1452:
1449:Gresslyosaurus
1445:
1437:
1435:
1433:Plateosauridae
1426:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1408:Plateosauravus
1403:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1241:
1238:Chromogisaurus
1234:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1005:
1004:
999:
997:
996:
989:
982:
974:
966:
965:
958:
918:
880:
840:
818:
769:
720:
671:
658:(1): 271–281.
638:
587:
536:
507:(6): 823–825.
477:
425:
412:(2): 213–220.
381:
380:
379:
378:
375:Anatomy portal
364:
348:
345:
323:
320:
264:
261:
178:
175:
154:
151:
142:
139:
101:
98:
73:Mike P. Taylor
56:
53:
48:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5352:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5282:
5278:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:Mongolosaurus
5217:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5205:Macrurosaurus
5202:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5184:Hypselosaurus
5181:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5100:Neuquensaurus
5097:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5060:Saltasaurinae
5057:
5050:
5049:
5048:Zhuchengtitan
5045:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:Dreadnoughtus
5015:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4967:Qingxiusaurus
4964:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4939:Saltasauridae
4936:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4912:Nemegtosaurus
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4833:Mendozasaurus
4830:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4810:Dzharatitanis
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4758:Gondwanatitan
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4689:Muyelensaurus
4686:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4613:Chucarosaurus
4610:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Colossosauria
4576:
4570:
4569:
4568:Menucocelsior
4565:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4543:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4506:Lirainosaurus
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4425:Trigonosaurus
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:Ruyangosaurus
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4367:Pitekunsaurus
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:Mnyamawamtuka
4314:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4295:Magyarosaurus
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:Ligabuesaurus
4284:
4282:
4281:
4280:Laplatasaurus
4277:
4275:
4274:
4273:Karongasaurus
4270:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:Dreadnoughtus
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:Borealosaurus
4176:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4156:Barrosasaurus
4153:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:Aegyptosaurus
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4026:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3965:Savannasaurus
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3944:Australotitan
3941:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:Australodocus
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3803:Euhelopodidae
3800:
3794:
3793:
3792:Triunfosaurus
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3771:Sauroposeidon
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:Padillasaurus
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:Ligabuesaurus
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3671:Chubutisaurus
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:Brachiosaurus
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3485:Fushanosaurus
3482:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:Bashunosaurus
3366:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3307:
3302:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:Atlantosaurus
3189:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3168:Apatosaurinae
3165:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:Smitanosaurus
3131:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:Dyslocosaurus
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:Dicraeosaurus
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3077:Amargatitanis
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3012:Katepensaurus
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:Itapeuasaurus
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:Demandasaurus
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:Cathartesaura
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2954:Limaysaurinae
2951:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:Histriasaurus
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:Dzharatitanis
2880:
2878:
2877:
2876:Comahuesaurus
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:Diplodocoidea
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:Diplodocoidea
2789:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2710:Gigantosaurus
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2634:Diplodocoidea
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2577:Narindasaurus
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:Losillasaurus
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2505:Zigongosaurus
2502:
2500:
2499:
2498:Yuanmousaurus
2495:
2493:
2492:
2491:Xinjiangtitan
2488:
2486:
2485:
2484:Wamweracaudia
2481:
2479:
2478:
2477:Tonganosaurus
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:Klamelisaurus
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2413:Huangshanlong
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:Ferganasaurus
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2309:Cetiosauridae
2306:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2156:Tazoudasaurus
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2113:Ohmdenosaurus
2110:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:Schleitheimia
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:Leonerasaurus
1989:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:Blikanasaurus
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1795:Leonerasaurus
1792:
1790:
1789:
1788:Lamplughsaura
1785:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1736:Yunnanosaurus
1733:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1632:Lufengosaurus
1629:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1569:Eucnemesaurus
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1560:Riojasauridae
1557:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1442:Euskelosaurus
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1316:Bagualosaurus
1313:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:Bagualosauria
1280:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:Pampadromaeus
1249:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1213:Saturnaliidae
1210:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1195:Pampadromaeus
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1174:Gigantoscelus
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
990:
988:
983:
981:
976:
975:
972:
961:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:Parrish, J.M.
931:
930:Stevens, K.A.
925:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
887:
885:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
847:
845:
841:
836:
829:
822:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
770:
765:
761:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
724:
721:
716:
712:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
672:
666:
661:
657:
653:
652:Fossil Record
649:
642:
639:
634:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
591:
588:
583:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
556:(8): e72187.
555:
551:
547:
540:
537:
532:
528:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
496:
490:
489:Christian, A.
484:
482:
478:
473:
469:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
432:
430:
426:
420:
415:
411:
407:
400:
393:
391:
389:
387:
383:
376:
370:
365:
362:
351:
346:
344:
342:
341:Brachiosaurus
338:
333:
332:Brachiosaurus
329:
321:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
279:
275:
270:
262:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
237:
232:
231:
226:
225:
224:Dicraeosaurus
220:
219:
218:Brachiosaurus
214:
213:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
185:
176:
174:
168:
164:
159:
152:
150:
147:
140:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:Dicraeosaurus
119:
115:
114:
109:
108:
99:
97:
94:
90:
86:
85:
80:
79:
74:
69:
66:
62:
54:
52:
46:
44:
41:
39:
31:
27:
26:
21:
5340:Biomechanics
5294:
5254:
5228:Titanosaurus
5226:
5218:
5211:
5203:
5198:Loricosaurus
5196:
5191:Iuticosaurus
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5128:Yamanasaurus
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5069:Abditosaurus
5067:
5046:
5039:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5008:
5001:
4995:Abditosaurus
4993:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4950:
4927:Tapuiasaurus
4925:
4917:
4910:
4890:
4885:Titanomachya
4883:
4876:
4854:Puertasaurus
4852:
4845:
4840:Notocolossus
4838:
4831:
4825:Jiangxititan
4823:
4816:
4808:
4803:Drusilasaura
4801:
4794:
4787:Lognkosauria
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:Aeolosaurini
4710:Rinconsaurus
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4679:
4672:
4661:Rinconsauria
4648:
4642:Tengrisaurus
4640:
4635:Quetecsaurus
4633:
4626:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4566:
4559:
4525:
4518:
4513:Lohuecotitan
4511:
4504:
4499:Garrigatitan
4497:
4490:
4485:Ampelosaurus
4483:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4439:Uberabatitan
4437:
4432:Sonidosaurus
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4403:Tengrisaurus
4401:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4374:Rapetosaurus
4372:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4310:Malawisaurus
4308:
4300:
4293:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4251:Huabeisaurus
4249:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4193:Choconsaurus
4191:
4186:Brasilotitan
4184:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4135:Atacamatitan
4133:
4128:Argyrosaurus
4126:
4119:
4111:
4104:
4096:
4091:Abdarainurus
4089:
4073:Titanosauria
4060:Titanosauria
4029:
3988:Titanosauria
3972:Wintonotitan
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3918:
3913:Yongjinglong
3911:
3904:
3899:Tambatitanis
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3868:
3863:Huanghetitan
3861:
3856:Huabeisaurus
3854:
3847:
3842:Gannansaurus
3840:
3833:
3826:
3820:Chiayusaurus
3818:
3810:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3719:
3714:Jiutaisaurus
3712:
3706:Jiangxititan
3704:
3699:Garumbatitan
3697:
3690:
3683:
3678:Dongbeititan
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3650:Austrosaurus
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3603:
3598:Venenosaurus
3596:
3589:
3584:Sonorasaurus
3582:
3575:
3570:Giraffatitan
3568:
3560:
3555:Cedarosaurus
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3511:
3506:Pelorosaurus
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3432:
3427:Camarasaurus
3425:
3405:
3399:Haestasaurus
3397:
3392:Europasaurus
3390:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:Diplodocinae
3200:Brontosaurus
3198:
3190:
3183:
3177:Amphicoelias
3175:
3159:Diplodocidae
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3084:Bajadasaurus
3082:
3075:
3070:Amargasaurus
3068:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2977:Rayososaurus
2975:
2968:
2961:
2934:Zapalasaurus
2932:
2927:Xenoposeidon
2925:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2874:
2869:Campananeyen
2867:
2862:Amazonsaurus
2860:
2853:
2818:
2759:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2625:Neosauropoda
2612:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2540:Haestasaurus
2538:
2530:
2523:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2348:Patagosaurus
2346:
2338:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2298:Volkheimeria
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2270:Perijasaurus
2268:
2263:Nebulasaurus
2261:
2254:
2247:
2242:Dystrophaeus
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2214:Barapasaurus
2212:
2205:
2200:Asiatosaurus
2198:
2191:
2161:
2154:
2133:
2125:
2120:Rhoetosaurus
2118:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2064:Lessemsaurus
2062:
2055:
2048:
2043:Antetonitrus
2041:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1892:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1734:
1729:Yizhousaurus
1727:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1617:Ignavusaurus
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1574:
1567:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1521:Ignavusaurus
1519:
1512:
1505:
1477:Yimenosaurus
1475:
1470:Plateosaurus
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1422:Xixiposaurus
1420:
1413:
1406:
1394:Plateosauria
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:Unaysauridae
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1181:Guaibasaurus
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1044:
1035:
949:
896:
892:
861:(1): 32–47.
858:
854:
834:
821:
786:
782:
772:
740:(3): 317–9.
737:
733:
723:
688:
684:
674:
655:
651:
641:
604:
600:
590:
553:
549:
539:
504:
500:
494:
445:
441:
409:
405:
340:
336:
331:
327:
325:
315:
312:Camarasaurus
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:Camarasaurus
295:
291:
285:
282:Camarasaurus
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
263:Incline pose
255:
243:
241:
234:
228:
222:
216:
212:Camarasaurus
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
188:
182:
180:
172:
166:
162:
148:
144:
125:
121:
117:
113:Giraffititan
111:
105:
103:
92:
88:
82:
76:
70:
58:
50:
47:Biomechanics
40:neck posture
36:
35:
29:
23:
5213:Microcoelus
5121:Saltasaurus
5107:Paralititan
5003:Alamosaurus
4892:Udelartitan
4847:Patagotitan
4744:Bravasaurus
4737:Arrudatitan
4730:Aeolosaurus
4696:Overosaurus
4628:Jainosaurus
4606:Bonitasaura
4527:Paludititan
4418:Traukutitan
4113:Angolatitan
3920:Yunmenglong
3885:Qiaowanlong
3778:Sibirotitan
3743:Oceanotitan
3685:Europatitan
3664:Brontomerus
3657:Brohisaurus
3629:Angolatitan
3562:Galvesaurus
3534:Abydosaurus
3499:Ornithopsis
3492:Fusuisaurus
3478:Eucamerotus
3377:Daanosaurus
3362:Aragosaurus
3263:Supersaurus
3185:Apatosaurus
3148:Tharosaurus
3019:Nigersaurus
2970:Limaysaurus
2731:Ultrasaurus
2607:Turiasaurus
2570:Moabosaurus
2563:Mierasaurus
2532:Bellusaurus
2516:Turiasauria
2456:Qijianglong
2420:Hudiesaurus
2398:Datousaurus
2318:Cetiosaurus
2277:Shunosaurus
2221:Bellusaurus
2193:Algoasaurus
2179:Eusauropoda
2127:Sanpasaurus
2080:Gravisauria
2000:Pulanesaura
1985:Isanosaurus
1957:Amygdalodon
1823:Pulanesaura
1781:Irisosaurus
1767:Anchisaurus
1747:Anchisauria
1721:Xingxiulong
1667:Xingxiulong
1660:Sarahsaurus
1576:Riojasaurus
1542:Sarahsaurus
1528:Kholumolumo
1371:Macrocollum
1309:Asylosaurus
1245:Nhandumirim
1222:Buriolestes
1188:Mbiresaurus
1160:Buriolestes
837:. 37: 5–64.
318:similarly.
230:Cetiosaurus
203:Apatosaurus
199:Apatosaurus
184:Apatosaurus
134:ectothermic
130:endothermic
78:Apatosaurus
55:Flexibility
5324:Categories
5114:Rocasaurus
5041:Qunkasaura
5010:Baurutitan
4772:Shingopana
4599:Baalsaurus
4446:Volgatitan
4381:Rukwatitan
4345:Nullotitan
4331:Ninjatitan
4266:Kaijutitan
4237:Gandititan
4200:Daxiatitan
4163:Baurutitan
4106:Andesaurus
3997:see below↓
3692:Fukuititan
3636:Arkharavia
3591:Soriatitan
3541:Atlasaurus
3513:Rugocaudia
3471:Duriatitan
3407:Yuzhoulong
3355:Abrosaurus
3337:Macronaria
3324:Macronaria
3248:Kaatedocus
3241:Galeamopus
3234:Diplodocus
3220:Barosaurus
3127:Pilmatueia
3120:Lingwulong
3113:Kaatedocus
3033:Tataouinea
2945:Khebbashia
2920:Sidersaura
2650:Macronaria
2600:Tendaguria
2584:Oplosaurus
2548:Janenschia
2449:Omeisaurus
2325:Chebsaurus
2249:Janenschia
2163:Vulcanodon
2106:Kotasaurus
2057:Ledumahadi
1850:see below↓
1809:Meroktenos
1625:Leyesaurus
1514:Gyposaurus
1378:Unaysaurus
1337:Pantydraco
1302:Arcusaurus
1268:Saturnalia
1101:see below↓
1049:Dinosauria
1031:Sauropsida
347:References
292:Diplodocus
278:Diplodocus
250:and other
207:Diplodocus
195:Diplodocus
190:Diplodocus
153:Hypotheses
126:B. brancai
118:Diplodocus
84:Diplodocus
25:Diplodocus
5335:Sauropods
5077:Bonatitan
4959:Isisaurus
4765:Punatitan
4244:Hamititan
4222:Elaltitan
4171:Bonatitan
3892:Silutitan
3849:Gobititan
3835:Euhelopus
3577:Lusotitan
3270:Tornieria
3256:Leinkupal
3141:Suuwassea
2855:Agustinia
2703:Dinodocus
2696:Cardiodon
2427:Jingiella
2376:Anhuilong
1939:Sauropoda
1926:Sauropoda
1841:Sauropoda
1816:Mussaurus
1774:Camelotia
1653:Pradhania
1493:Massopoda
1260:Panphagia
1202:Panphagia
1017:Kingdom:
337:Euhelopus
328:Euhelopus
252:tetrapods
236:Euhelopus
71:In 2014,
65:ostriches
5085:Ibirania
4751:Caieiria
4561:Inawentu
3764:Ruixinia
3605:Vouivria
3464:Astrodon
2717:Neosodon
2207:Bagualia
2050:Ingentia
1760:Aardonyx
1707:Qianlong
1535:Musankwa
1507:Gryponyx
1415:Ruehleia
1330:Nambalia
1323:Efraasia
1230:Eoraptor
1167:Eoraptor
1025:Chordata
1023:Phylum:
1019:Animalia
948:(eds.).
936:(2005).
913:10221910
875:17441196
764:19364714
715:19324837
633:25551027
607:: e712.
582:23967284
550:PLOS ONE
531:20519198
491:(2010).
472:11052540
248:reptiles
100:Muscling
61:PLOS ONE
38:Sauropod
5330:Anatomy
4121:Arackar
2525:Amanzia
2369:Analong
2256:Jobaria
1714:Seitaad
1029:Class:
893:Science
813:7378155
805:1354287
755:2679936
706:2660986
624:4277489
573:3743800
522:3001369
463:1690760
4650:Vahiny
4411:Tiamat
3828:Erketu
1646:Ngwevu
956:
911:
873:
811:
803:
783:Lancet
762:
752:
713:
703:
631:
621:
580:
570:
529:
519:
470:
460:
304:et al.
300:et al.
274:et al.
269:et al.
256:et al.
244:et al.
233:, and
167:et al.
93:et al.
89:et al.
32:, 2009
30:et al.
1045:Clade
1036:Clade
940:. In
831:(PDF)
809:S2CID
601:PeerJ
402:(PDF)
110:(now
4952:Igai
1456:Issi
1078:see
954:ISBN
909:PMID
871:PMID
801:PMID
760:PMID
711:PMID
629:PMID
578:PMID
527:PMID
468:PMID
339:and
330:and
187:and
120:and
81:and
2614:Zby
901:doi
897:284
863:doi
859:290
791:doi
787:340
750:PMC
742:doi
701:PMC
693:doi
689:276
660:doi
619:PMC
609:doi
568:PMC
558:doi
517:PMC
509:doi
458:PMC
450:doi
446:267
414:doi
169:(B)
132:or
5326::
1047::
1038::
944:;
932:;
921:^
907:.
895:.
883:^
869:.
857:.
843:^
833:.
807:.
799:.
785:.
781:.
758:.
748:.
736:.
732:.
709:.
699:.
687:.
683:.
654:.
650:.
627:.
617:.
603:.
599:.
576:.
566:.
552:.
548:.
525:.
515:.
503:.
499:.
480:^
466:.
456:.
444:.
440:.
428:^
410:54
408:.
404:.
385:^
280:,
227:,
221:,
215:,
209:,
205:,
5223:?
5208:?
5165:?
5095:?
5080:?
5072:?
5051:?
5036:?
5021:?
5013:?
4998:?
4977:?
4962:?
4930:?
4922:?
4828:?
4813:?
4684:?
4645:?
4623:?
4463:?
4406:?
4398:?
4355:?
4305:?
4290:?
4261:?
4232:?
4217:?
4174:?
4166:?
4116:?
4101:?
3975:?
3873:?
3823:?
3815:?
3731:?
3709:?
3565:?
3516:?
3402:?
3387:?
3372:?
3251:?
3195:?
3180:?
3108:?
2980:?
2908:?
2886:?
2595:?
2587:?
2551:?
2543:?
2535:?
2437:?
2401:?
2386:?
2351:?
2343:?
2335:?
2138:?
2130:?
2101:?
2025:?
2003:?
1995:?
1724:?
1695:?
1670:?
1620:?
1263:?
1255:?
1233:?
1225:?
993:e
986:t
979:v
962:.
915:.
903::
877:.
865::
815:.
793::
766:.
744::
738:5
717:.
695::
668:.
662::
656:5
635:.
611::
605:2
584:.
560::
554:8
533:.
511::
505:6
497:"
474:.
452::
422:.
416::
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