647:
517:. On 22 May, Victor Amadeus marched his forces from the Bricherasio plain towards the valleys, while the French troops flanked the Waldensians from the French fortress at Pinerolo up the Val Chisone. All organised resistance was crushed within three days. About 2,000 Waldensians were killed in the fighting or massacred afterwards, almost all others were taken prisoner and abducted to Turin. Some 3,000 survivors, mostly children, were forcibly converted to Catholicism through baptism and placed in Catholic homes. The remainder of about 8,500 prisoners were incarcerated in several fortresses. Only 3,841 them had survived by the time they were released in March 1687. About one third of the Waldensian population of the Val Pragela fled to
452:
320:
209:
145:
678:, the Spanish governor of Milan. On 4 June, he formed an alliance with the Emperor through his Imperial envoys. The same day, he formally declared war on France to French ambassador Rébenac in Turin, which was received with enthusiastic support from his notables at the ducal palace. Savoy formally joined the League of Augsburg against France. Also on 4 June, Victor Amadeus II recalled the Waldensians from abroad back home to Piedmont; the vast majority did indeed return to their valleys in northwestern Italy.
1146:
339:. The Waldensians petitioned him, saying they had always stayed loyal to him and that their religion was the same as Jesus Christ originally taught it, and swore to become Catholics if their theology could be disproven in a debate. For months the duke did not respond to the petition, while tensions between his Catholic noblemen and Waldensian peasants rose and eventually escalated to violence on 4 April 1560, and would only cease on 5 July 1561 when the
671:
passage through
Savoyard territory, but was also withdrawing his soldiers from the Waldensian valleys and secretly preparing his capital for a French siege. Catinat realised the duke was trying to betray him, advanced his army further, and on 20 May, acting on fresh orders of the French king, demanded that Victor Amadeus hand over the citadel of Turin and the fort of Verrua. The duke responded that he would, but again tried to buy more time.
695:, under the conditions that the Val Perouse would become Savoyard territory only if no Protestants were allowed to live in it, and all Reformed Christians born in France would be expelled from the Duchy of Savoy-Piedmont. Two years later, on 1 July 1698, Victor Amadeus issued an edict expelling all French-born Protestants from Savoy-Piedmont, which forced about 3,000 of them to leave the Waldensian valleys over the next two months.
50:
410:, should, within three days after the publication thereof, withdraw and depart, and be withdrawn out of the said places, and translated into the places and limits tolerated by his highness during his pleasure; particularly Bobbio, Angrogne, Vilario, Rorata, and the county of Bonetti. And all this to be done on pain of death, and confiscation of house and goods, unless within the limited time they turned Roman Catholics.
197:
185:
132:
252:
244:
236:
226:
163:
443:, Jean Léger and Bartolomeo Jahier, whilst several states including England, France, Germany and the Protestant cantons of Switzerland attempted to intervene diplomatically. On 18 August, the Pirenolo Declaration of Mercy was issued, which constituted a peace treaty between Charles Emmanuel II and the Waldensians.
370:
by new decrees passed by Andrea
Gastaldo, member of the Council. Two decrees in particular threatened the continued existence of Waldensian communities in Piedmont: the Edict of 15 May 1650, abrogating the old Waldensian privileges, and the Edict of 25 January 1655, which was in fact a religious expulsion order:
666:
near
Balsiglia. The three hundred managed to escape when thick mist appeared at night. On the same day, Louis found out Victor Amadeus' secret plans for an alliance with the Emperor and Spain, and instructed Catinat to present the duke with an ultimatum to allow French troops passage through Piedmont
609:
refugees that were with them suffered many losses. A battle with French troops blocking their way took place at
Salbertrand; the Protestants defeated them and reached their valleys on 6 September. Farms of the new Catholic settlers in the area were plundered, ducal patrols were ambushed. The Glorious
521:
in
Switzerland or to Germany between 1685 and 1687. A small number of rebels continued fighting until June, and raids continued until November. The valleys, which were only inhabited by about 2,500 of pre-1686 converts to Catholicism, were resettled by Catholic Savoyard subjects from elsewhere in the
625:
Victor
Amadeus requested several times that the Waldensians would pack up and leave his domain again without being attacked, but this offer was refused. He also entered into negotiations with the Swiss cantons for military aid in exchange for leniency towards the Waldensians, and considering allying
369:
Although the
Waldensian population (numbering around 15,000 in 1685) in certain areas of Piedmont had held privileges of tolerance and freedom of belief and conscience for centuries that were written down in several documents, these long-established rights for Protestant Italians were being violated
463:
In 1661, the
Savoyard government proclaimed that Jean Léger should be put to death, thereby violating the Pinerolo peace agreement. Ducal troops once again occupied the valleys in 1663 and persecuted the Waldensians. The rebels under Janavel waged a guerrilla war against the Savoyard soldiers known
670:
Victor
Amadeus was trying to buy time to switch alliances and to get Spain, the Emperor, William III, the Protestant Swiss cantons and the Waldensian troops on his side in exchange for freedom of worship in their valleys according to their old privileges. On 9 May, he granted Catinat's demand for
525:
The few
Waldensians that were not defeated yet, were granted a free pass to Switzerland on 17 October 1686. The duke also promised to release the prisoners, and to return the forcefully Catholicised children back to their Waldensian families. On 3 January 1687, the released prisoners were granted
617:
to incite revolts, but they did not succeed. Louis XIV determined it was time to crush the Waldensians once and for all, demanding Victor Amadeus' cooperation whose loyalty he felt was starting to fail him. At first, the duke and the king did work together in clearing the Val Pellice and Val di
681:
Duke Victor Amadeus's June 1690 defection to the League of Augsburg effectively put an end to the Savoyard–Waldensian wars, as the duchy once again tolerated the presence of Protestant subjects on its territory, and protected them against the persecuting French troops invading Piedmont.
512:
The Waldensians had about 3,000 rebel soldiers at their disposal, which sought to protect around 12,000 non-combatants (mainly women and children). The ducal troops numbered around 4,500, aided by thousands of local militiamen and 4,000 French regulars under marshal
690:
It was not until 23 May 1694 that the duke officially annulled the 1686 edicts of persecution with the Edict of Reintegration, allowing the Waldensians to live undisturbed in their old places of residence. This was not to last long, however. On 29 June 1696,
357:
of Savoy nor the Waldensians themselves had sought to wage war, and both parties were content with maintaining the peace. It was due to the constant pressure exerted by New Council of Propagation of the Faith and the Extermination of Heresy
504:
of Waldensians, forcefully converting the inhabitants to Catholicism. Pressured by Louis XIV, the new duke Victor Amadeus II decreed an Edict on 31 January 1686 prohibiting the Reformed religion in all of Savoy. Waldensians under
578:
464:
as the "War of the Banished", and managed to emerge victorious. On 14 February 1664, the Peace Treaty of Turin was signed, but Léger, Janavel and 26 other Waldensians were not granted amnesty for their part in the uprising.
430:
The Waldensian refusal to obey the Edict of 25 January 1655 led the government to send troops to plunder and burn Waldensian houses, and to station over 15,000 soldiers in their valleys. On 24 April 1655, the
334:
and his Waldensian subjects raged from 1560 to 1561, beginning when the duke ordered all Protestants in his domain to revert to Catholicism. The duke had been forced to implement this policy by signing the
667:
to attack Spanish forces in Lombardy (Milan). Catinat received this order on 6 May, left most of his troops to besiege Balsiglia and visited the duke in the capital city of Turin to demand a free pass.
613:
Louis XIV was alarmed by the surprise attack, fearing this would encourage new Huguenot rebellions at the borders and inside France. Indeed, in autumn 1689, several bands of Protestants invaded the
654:
To teach the duke a lesson, Louis moved to finish the Waldensians himself, thereby violating Savoy's territory. He planned to occupy Piedmont, and used the Waldensian insurrection and the hostile
646:
374:
That every head of a family, with the individuals of that family, of the reformed religion, of what rank, degree, or condition soever, none excepted inhabiting and possessing estates in
675:
945:
674:
On 28 May he signed a truce with the Waldensian rebels, and made plans for a joint attack on the French invaders. On 3 June, he concluded an alliance with Spain through
1058:
622:(Balziglia). However, when winter set on in late November and heavy snow started to fall, the campaign season was over and the Franco–Savoyard advance stalled.
435:
commenced: a massacre of 4,000 to 6,000 Waldensian civilians was committed by ducal troops. This caused a mass exodus of Waldensian refugees to the Valley of
1145:
1577:
1478:
1495:
1587:
605:), a name inspired by the recent Glorious Revolution on the British Isles. Due to hardships during the journey, the Waldensians and a number of
557:, although he would not formally accede to the coalition until June 1690. Due to his intentions to ally himself with the Protestant-dominated
451:
1017:
909:
The Israel of the Alps: A Complete History of the Waldenses of Piedmont and Their Colonies: Prepared in Great Part from Unpublished Documents
1572:
1582:
554:
363:
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658:(a Spanish possession east of Savoy) as an excuse. On 2 May 1690, a group of 300 Waldensian soldiers were surrounded by 4,000 French
601:, and then on a 200 kilometre march over hills and mountains towards Piedmont. This event is known as the "Glorious Return" (French:
1051:
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754:
472:
From 1664 to 1684, there was a period of peace and tranquility for the Savoyard Waldensians. Nevertheless, Léger went into exile to
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1417:
307:
in 1655 sparked the conflict. It was largely a period of persecution of the Waldensian Church, rather than a military conflict.
1592:
635:
594:
362:), an institution of the Roman Catholic Church established in Turin in 1650, that regularly convened in the palace of the
201:
1295:
336:
1044:
593:
in the summer of 1689, with the objective of returning home and retaking possession of their valleys. On 16 August
531:
522:
summer of 1686 as part of a government colonisation programme to confiscate and resell the Waldensian properties.
1532:
41:
319:
1552:
1547:
1542:
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610:
Return, which had been planned for years, was a great success, despite the small numbers and heavy casualties.
535:
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493:
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55:
569:), he was put under pressure to cease his persecutions of the Protestant Waldensians from 1688.
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484:("General History of the Evangelical Churches of the Piedmontese or Waldensian Valleys", 1669).
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Luserne of Protestant rebels, and surrounded them at their stronghold at the border village of
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383:
208:
150:
907:
744:
1402:
1373:
1315:
913:
663:
634:. The eventual break between France and Savoy was caused by the latter's cooperation with
553:
broke out in September 1688, Victor Amadeus II gradually took the side of the anti-French
514:
497:
436:
311:(1617–1690) was one of the Waldensian military leaders against the Savoyard ducal troops.
213:
1289:
49:
17:
1452:
1337:
1249:
1173:
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631:
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The Genevan Waldensian exiles formed a rebel army of about 900 men under leadership of
558:
477:
456:
440:
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300:
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83:
1526:
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614:
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407:
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251:
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Histoire générale des Églises évangéliques des vallées du Piémont ou vaudoises
395:
166:
1368:
1363:
1105:
619:
439:(Pérouse), and led to the formation of rebel groups under the leadership of
630:, now Protestant king of England and stadtholder in most provinces of the
577:
1381:
1358:
1237:
1167:
1089:
606:
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or 26 August N.S. they departed from Switzerland first with boats across
79:
746:
Italienische Waldenser und das protestantische Deutschland 1655 bis 1989
349:, a 19th-century French Protestant pastor based in Bordeaux, claimed in
1283:
1126:
659:
501:
1036:
650:
Victor Amadeus declares war on France; his subjects cheer. 1929 image.
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749:(in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 30–31.
645:
576:
318:
1040:
1012:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 102–103.
1009:
Victor Amadeus II: absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675-1730
842:"De geschiedenis der Waldenzen. Uit de diepte naar de hoogte"
360:
Concilium Novum de Propaganda Fide et Extirpandis Haereticis
1512:
indicate their inclusion to be controversial or disputed.
104:
Savoyard–Waldensian alliance against France, Savoy joins
912:. Vol. 1. Translated by John Montgomery. Glasgow:
526:
permission to leave the country, but only 2565 reached
509:
resisted the ban, and on 22 April a new war broke out.
299:(also known as Vaudois) and the Savoyard troops in the
972:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
295:
were a series of conflicts between the community of
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1445:
1395:
1346:
1276:
1269:
1220:
1160:
1153:
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54:Savoyard troops impale a Waldensian woman during
970:War, diplomacy and the rise of Savoy, 1690-1720
565:(which was undergoing the Dutch Protestant-led
372:
34:
1052:
796:Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490-1700
8:
693:Savoy concluded a separate peace with France
1479:Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)
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1157:
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1059:
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1037:
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48:
31:
1496:Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism
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530:. Many Waldensian refugees resided in
7:
555:Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)
1473:Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards
101:Waldensians resettle their valleys
25:
1578:Persecution of Christian heretics
873:. Xulon Press. pp. 299–325.
840:H. H. Bolhuis (1 November 1986).
332:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
58:in 1655. Image published in 1658.
1144:
799:. Penguin UK. pp. 733–735.
337:Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)
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242:
234:
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207:
195:
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161:
143:
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353:(Paris 1852) that neither Duke
1588:Persecution of the Waldensians
480:, where he published his book
1:
793:MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2004).
636:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
968:Storrs, Christopher (1999).
500:and started purging the Val
343:was concluded between them.
1573:Forced religious conversion
581:Waldensian rebel commander
488:Renewed persecution and war
110:Edict of Reintegration 1694
70:24 April 1655 – 4 June 1690
1609:
1583:Religious expulsion orders
642:Renversement des alliances
423:
326:(1700) including Piedmont.
1568:European wars of religion
1504:
1321:Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples
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1006:Symcox, Geoffrey (1983).
870:The Waldensian Way to God
867:Visconti, Joseph (2003).
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264:
173:
120:
62:
47:
42:European wars of religion
39:
1430:Savoyard–Waldensian wars
1311:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel
585:led the Glorious Return.
494:King Louis XIV of France
293:Savoyard–Waldensian wars
35:Savoyard–Waldensian wars
18:Savoyard-Waldensian Wars
906:Muston, Alexis (1866).
743:Lovisa, Barbro (1994).
330:A previous war between
303:from 1655 to 1690. The
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586:
460:
412:
327:
279:4,000 French regulars
273:4,500 Savoyard troops
174:Commanders and leaders
1593:Wars involving France
846:Protestants Nederland
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628:William III of Orange
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454:
322:
1463:Jistebnice hymn book
1354:Bohemian Reformation
1296:Mikuláš of Pelhřimov
1101:Gottschalk of Orbais
455:An 1895 portrait of
1418:Peace of Kutná Hora
1332:Girolamo Savonarola
1068:Proto-Protestantism
947:The Book of Martyrs
567:Glorious Revolution
546:from 1687 to 1689.
507:pastor Henri Arnaud
447:War of the Banished
364:Archbishop of Turin
355:Charles Emmanuel II
190:Charles Emmanuel II
27:Series of conflicts
1435:Piedmontese Easter
1212:Marsilius of Padua
916:. pp. 337–340
652:
638:in February 1690.
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433:Piedmontese Easter
426:Piedmontese Easter
420:Piedmontese Easter
351:L'Israel des Alpes
328:
305:Piedmontese Easter
56:Piedmontese Easter
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1468:Ecclesiae Regimen
1425:Mérindol massacre
1413:Compacts of Basel
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1390:
1306:Johannes von Goch
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1207:Matthias of Janov
1197:Milíč of Kroměříž
1187:Arnold of Brescia
1181:Henry of Lausanne
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1111:Berengar of Tours
1096:Claudius of Turin
1019:978-0-520-04974-1
603:Glorieuse Rentrée
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247:Bartolomeo Jahier
202:Victor Amadeus II
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151:Kingdom of France
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16:(Redirected from
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1533:History of Savoy
1403:Oldcastle Revolt
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573:Glorious Return
551:Nine Years' War
515:Nicolas Catinat
498:Edict of Nantes
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341:Peace of Cavour
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214:Nicolas Catinat
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106:Augsburg League
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934:Symcox, p. 95.
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559:Dutch Republic
496:rescinded the
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457:Joshua Janavel
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441:Joshua Janavel
424:Main article:
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324:Duchy of Savoy
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309:Joshua Janavel
301:Duchy of Savoy
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1563:1690 in Italy
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121:Belligerents
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40:Part of the
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1233:Waldensians
1192:Peter Waldo
1075:400–1100 AD
599:Lake Geneva
536:Württemberg
532:Brandenburg
392:St. Secondo
388:Campiglione
297:Waldensians
154:(1686–1690)
1527:Categories
1446:Literature
1228:Arnoldists
852:8 February
848:(in Dutch)
812:8 February
699:References
676:Fuensalida
544:Palatinate
519:Graubünden
396:Lucernetta
315:Background
239:Jean Léger
167:Waldensian
96:Status quo
1369:Utraquism
1364:Taborites
1290:Jan Žižka
1106:Ratramnus
686:Aftermath
620:Balsiglia
549:When the
492:In 1685,
1382:Piagnoni
1359:Hussites
1238:Lollardy
1168:Tanchelm
1090:Jovinian
660:dragoons
615:Dauphiné
607:Huguenot
542:and the
400:La Torre
265:Strength
80:Piedmont
75:Location
1510:Italics
1284:Jan Hus
1127:Pataria
1025:10 June
886:29 July
662:led by
563:England
502:Chisone
476:in the
384:Bibiana
376:Lucerne
1396:Events
1277:People
1161:People
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920:9 June
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528:Geneva
474:Leiden
437:Perosa
415:Events
404:Fenile
281:(1686)
275:(1686)
169:rebels
148:
135:
91:Result
1489:Other
540:Hesse
1027:2018
1014:ISBN
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922:2018
888:2019
875:ISBN
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814:2018
801:ISBN
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561:and
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67:Date
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