296:
155:
92:
1008:
40:
2135:
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in
Britain"), and gives the names of the sites under his command and their respective complements of military personnel. However, due to the absence of further evidence, theories have varied among scholars as to the exact meaning of the name, and also the nature and purpose of the chain of forts it
241:
Other scholars like John
Cotterill however consider the threat posed by Germanic raiders, at least in the 3rd and early 4th centuries, to be exaggerated. They interpret the construction of the forts at Brancaster, Caister-on-Sea and Reculver in the early 3rd century and their location at the
242:
estuaries of navigable rivers as pointing to a different role: fortified points for transport and supply between
Britain and Gaul, without any relation (at least at that time) to countering seaborne piracy. This view is supported by contemporary references to the supplying of the army of
129:
However, as the frontiers came under increasing external pressure, fortifications were built throughout the Empire in order to protect cities and guard strategically important locations. It is in this context that the forts of the Saxon Shore were constructed. Already in the 230s, under
270:) in 289–296, and with an entirely different enemy in mind: they were to guard against an attempt at reconquest by the Empire. This view, although widely disputed, has found recent support from archaeological evidence at Pevensey, which dates the fort's construction to the early 290s.
229:
The other interpretation holds that the forts fulfilled a coastal defence role against seaborne invaders, mostly Saxons and Franks, and acted as bases for the naval units operating against them. This view is reinforced by the parallel chain of fortifications across the
212:
was first put in charge of the fleet there. It also receives support from archaeological finds, as artefacts of a
Germanic style have been found in burials, while there is evidence of the presence of Saxons in southern England and the northern coasts of Gaul around
225:
in 358 AD under
Emperor Julian) to strengthen Roman defences. Nevertheless, the evidence for extensive Saxon settlement in Britain typically dates to the 5th century, later than the channel defences of the late 3rd and 4th century associated with the Saxon Shore.
238:, which complemented the British forts, suggesting a unified defensive system, although this could also be accounted for the Saxons having been settled on both sides of the coast as the archeological evidence presented earlier suggests.
257:
Another theory, proposed by D.A. White, was that the extended system of large stone forts was disproportionate to any threat by seaborne
Germanic raiders, and that it was actually conceived and constructed during the secession of
995:, the fort known as "The Nunnery" is known to date to Roman times, and the settlement at Longy Common has been cited as evidence of a Roman military establishment, though the archaeological evidence there is, at best, scant.
273:
Whatever their original purpose, it is virtually certain that in the late 4th century the forts and their garrisons were employed in operations against
Frankish and Saxon pirates. Britain was abandoned by Rome in 410, with
2151:
632:
with roads radiating to coastal signal stations. When an alert was relayed to the base, troops could be dispatched along the road. Further up the coast in North
Yorkshire, a series of coastal watchtowers (at
669:, built sometime in the mid-late 3rd century replacing an earlier fort and extramural community, which may reflect the extent of coastal protection on the north-west coast from invading tribes from Ireland.
110:: Weakened by civil wars, the rapid succession of short-lived emperors, and secession in the provinces, the Romans now faced new waves of attacks by barbarian tribes. Most of Britain had been
1476:
278:
following soon after. The forts on both sides continued to be inhabited in the following centuries, and in
Britain in particular several continued in use well into the
2325:
681:
also includes two separate commands for the northern coast of Gaul, both of which belonged to the Saxon Shore system. However, when the list was compiled, in
1469:
1254:
1150:
221:
from the middle of the 5th century onwards. This, in turn, could mirror a well documented practice of deliberately settling
Germanic tribes (Franks became
146:
in Kent. Dover was already fortified in the early 2nd century, and the other forts in this group were constructed in the period between the 270s and 290s.
1066:
601:) are also regarded as westward extensions of the fortification chain. Other sites probably connected to the Saxon Shore system are the sunken fort at
2085:
2315:
1042:
2320:
1208:
79:, while the fortifications in Gaul were established as separate commands. Several well-preserved Saxon Shore forts survive in east and south-east
208:, who states that during the 280s the sea along the coasts of Belgica and Armorica was "infested with Franks and Saxons", and that this was why
1462:
1128:
2187:
2078:
2060:
2027:
1954:
1935:
653:) was constructed, linking the southern defences to the northern military zone of the Wall. Similar coastal fortifications are also found in
1612:
295:
2305:
366:
95:
2295:
2045:
2004:
1865:
1354:
1016:
134:, several units had been withdrawn from the northern frontier and garrisoned at locations in the south, and had built new forts at
154:
1032:
1110:
1224:
1185:
1136:
2104:
1340:
1273:
1061:
410:
1503:
554:
There are a few other sites that clearly belonged to the system of the British branch of the Saxon Shore (the so-called "
2300:
650:
31:
107:
2290:
1159:
642:
2180:
646:
246:
by Caesar with grain from Britain during his campaign in Gaul in 359, and their use as secure landing places by
1369:
1024:
306:
185:
72:
174:
The only contemporary reference we possess that mentions the name "Saxon Shore" comes in the late 4th-century
2217:
716:
629:
2139:
2310:
2229:
1236:
1085:
572:
1965:
2160:
1604:
1335:
1071:
666:
205:
158:
Roman masonry, with its distinctive bands of Roman tiles, in the outer walls of the Saxon Shore fort of
688:, Britain had been abandoned by Roman forces. The first command controlled the shores of the province
2285:
2173:
1996:
1706:
1675:
1325:
1267:
720:
563:
2126:
1687:
1452:
1176:
634:
383:
991:
In addition, there are several other sites where a Roman military presence has been suggested. At
2244:
2222:
2100:
1900:
1892:
1875:
Cotterill, John (1993). "Saxon Raiding and the Role of the Late Roman Coastal Forts of Britain".
1529:
1510:
1491:
1421:
580:
576:
539:
447:
389:
315:
301:
176:
139:
123:
64:
43:
The fortifications and military commands of the Saxon Shore system extended on both sides of the
2016:
Roman Frontier Studies: Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies
192:
Two interpretations were put forward as to the meaning of the adjective "Saxon": either a shore
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606:
131:
115:
1988:
1911:
1884:
1828:
1495:
1405:
1394:
1309:
1028:
787:
662:
625:
461:
348:
267:
251:
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243:
214:
91:
1635:
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1399:
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163:
68:
44:
2146:
1695:
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1762:
1414:
1384:
1345:
840:
689:
492:
56:
431:). Together with Brancaster one of the earliest forts, built in the 210s to guard the
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1904:
1389:
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1289:
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534:
119:
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735:, it is the only site on the Gallic shore to be explicitly referred to as lying
598:
521:
452:
361:
167:
17:
1924:
Rome's Saxon Shore - Coastal Defences of Roman Britain AD 250-500 (Fortress 56)
620:
Further north on the coast, the precautions took the form of central depots at
388:. Although there is some discussion as to whether this is actually the fort at
2207:
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1524:
1330:
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since the mid-1st century. It was protected from raids in the north by the
2134:
30:
This article is about the Roman fortification system. For other uses, see
992:
821:
817:
813:
602:
594:
555:
424:
353:, although evidence exists suggesting that its original garrison was the
337:
275:
263:
319:
for Britain are listed here, from north to south, with their garrisons.
1080:
693:
658:
483:
370:
342:
336:). One of the earliest forts, dated to the 230s. It was built to guard
333:
80:
1896:
2254:
2234:
2019:
1170:
981:
968:
766:
712:
559:
526:
497:
469:
432:
396:
392:, and being on the opposite bank of the same estuary as Burgh Castle.
218:
197:
2097:
Litus Saxonicum: the British Saxon Shore in Scholarship and History
1888:
866:
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638:
405:
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by Saxons. Some argue that the latter hypothesis is supported by
71:. It was established in the late 3rd century and was led by the "
1541:
501:
478:
456:
428:
67:, consisting of a series of fortifications on both sides of the
2169:
907:(uncertain whether this is a different location than the first
665:. The only fort in this style in the northern military zone is
2165:
575:, which has by now sunk into the sea due to erosion, and at
2053:
The Roman Shore Forts: Coastal Defences of Southern Britain
75:". In the late 4th century, his functions were limited to
373:). Established between 260 and the mid-270s to guard the
2014:
Maxfield, Valerie A.; Dobson, Michael J., eds. (1991).
1593:
Worlds of Arthur: Facts and Fictions of the Dark Ages
605:, and the remains of possible signal stations at
1578:
1576:
835:(disputed location, either at the mouths of the
102:During the latter half of the 3rd century, the
2181:
1470:
801:To this group also belongs the Roman fort at
27:Military command during the Late Roman Empire
8:
1761:Attested by the only inscription found (see
790:), which until 296 was the main base of the
1558:as the Romans are withdrawing from Britain.
340:approaches and is of a typical rectangular
2188:
2174:
2166:
1477:
1463:
1259:
1229:
1155:
1047:
1002:
567:"), although they are not included in the
299:The nine British Saxon Shore forts in the
2147:The Saxon Shore forts on "Roman Britain"
2326:Military history of the English Channel
2087:Romano-British Buildings and Earthworks
1572:
1158:
1094:
1050:
1023:
704:with headquarters at Portus Aepatiaci:
1725:
1663:
1651:
855:, it is explicitly mentioned as lying
692:(roughly between the estuaries of the
1798:Notitia Dignitatum, Pars Occ. XXXVIII
182:Comes Litoris Saxonici per Britanniam
7:
1964:Johnston, David E.; et als. (1977).
1829:Alderney ruin found to be Roman fort
1807:Notitia Dignitatum, Pars Occ. XXXVII
1582:Notitia Dignitatum, Pars Occ. XXVIII
810:dux tractus Armoricani et Nervicani
2069:Strugnell, Kenneth Wenham (1973).
1947:The Roman Forts of the Saxon Shore
1916:The Roman Forts of the Saxon Shore
1544:which passes by many of the forts.
162:, which was later re-fortified as
25:
794:, would also have come under the
346:layout. It was garrisoned by the
180:, which lists its commander, the
126:of some size was also available.
2133:
2119:
1540:" exists, a coastal footpath in
1446:
1006:
313:The nine forts mentioned in the
63:) was a military command of the
2316:Roman fortifications in England
1515:takes its name from the region.
743:Locus Quartensis sive Hornensis
2321:Roman fortifications in France
1841:CBA Report 18: The Saxon Shore
1817:CBA Report 18: The Saxon Shore
1750:CBA Report 18: The Saxon Shore
1738:CBA Report 18: The Saxon Shore
1624:CBA Report 18: The Saxon Shore
774:Although not mentioned in the
745:(probably at the mouth of the
459:), garrisoned by parts of the
250:during the suppression of the
98:in Norfolk, seen from the air.
1:
2105:University of Wisconsin Press
1341:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
887:I Flavia Gallicana Constantia
682:
1831:, BBC News, 25 November 2011
1500:The Count of the Saxon Shore
1255:Frontiers and fortifications
849:cohors prima nova Armoricana
812:, were mainly the coasts of
711:(unidentified location near
381:), it was garrisoned by the
150:Meaning of the term and role
32:Saxon Shore (disambiguation)
2071:Seagates to the Saxon Shore
2040:, Oxford University Press
2022:: Exeter University Press.
1993:The Saxon Shore, a Handbook
1067:Decorations and punishments
828:lists the following sites:
439:. It was garrisoned by the
2342:
2161:History of Pevensey Castle
435:estuary, it is likewise a
234:on the northern coasts of
29:
2306:4th century in Roman Gaul
2203:
2095:White, Donald A. (1961).
1945:Johnson, Stephen (1979).
1856:Breeze, David J. (1994).
2296:Fortifications in France
2051:Pearson, Andrew (2002).
2036:Myers John N.L. (1986)
1370:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
1355:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
1025:Military of ancient Rome
808:Further west, under the
307:Bodleian Library, Oxford
186:Count of the Saxon Shore
73:Count of the Saxon Shore
2038:The English Settlements
1453:Ancient Rome portal
947:milites Mauri Osismiaci
571:, such as the forts at
2073:, Terence Dalton Ltd.
1860:. Shire Publications.
1858:Roman Forts in Britain
1787:Roman Frontier Studies
1523:is the fourth book in
753:("Fleet of the Somme")
573:Walton Castle, Suffolk
443:since the 3rd century.
310:
171:
99:
60:
48:
2142:at Wikimedia Commons
2055:. Tempus Publishing.
1336:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
1151:Technological history
986:milites superventores
984:), garrisoned by the
971:), garrisoned by the
958:), garrisoned by the
945:), garrisoned by the
932:), garrisoned by the
915:), garrisoned by the
898:), garrisoned by the
882:), garrisoned by the
869:), garrisoned by the
796:dux Belgicae Secundae
763:), garrisoned by the
723:), garrisoned by the
702:dux Belgicae Secundae
667:Lancaster, Lancashire
524:), garrisoned by the
504:), garrisoned by the
481:), garrisoned by the
408:). Garrisoned by the
298:
157:
94:
42:
2156:forts on Google Maps
1997:University of Exeter
1989:Maxfield, Valerie A.
1922:Fields, Nic (2006).
1707:Ammianus Marcellinus
1676:Ammianus Marcellinus
1326:Lower Germanic Limes
1225:Strategy and tactics
1160:Military engineering
1062:Unit types and ranks
973:milites Mauri Beneti
917:milites Grannonensii
847:, garrisoned by the
548:Numerus Exploratorum
506:Numerus Turnacensium
441:cohors I Baetasiorum
355:cohors I Aquitanorum
2301:Fortification lines
2127:Ancient Rome portal
2084:Ward, John (1911).
1973:CBA Research Report
1766:at RomanBritain.org
1321:Lauter Valley Limes
960:milites Carronensii
871:milites Ursariensii
843:), the seat of the
749:), the port of the
546:), garrisoned by a
384:Equites Stablesiani
254:a few years later.
244:Julian the Apostate
1530:Camulod Chronicles
1509:The American band
1502:. It is available
1422:Limes Tripolitanus
1043:Structural history
999:In popular culture
857:in litore Saxonico
792:Classis Britannica
737:in litore Saxonico
581:Carisbrooke Castle
540:Portchester Castle
316:Notitia Dignitatum
311:
302:Notitia Dignitatum
177:Notitia Dignitatum
172:
112:part of the empire
100:
49:
2291:Saxon Shore forts
2273:
2272:
2138:Media related to
2079:978-0-90096-320-9
2062:978-0-7524-1949-7
2029:978-0-85989-710-5
1966:"The Saxon Shore"
1956:978-0-236-40165-9
1937:978-1-84603-094-9
1928:Osprey Publishing
1912:Cottrell, Leonard
1883:(XXIV): 227–239.
1554:takes place near
1536:Since 1980, the "
1487:
1486:
1438:
1437:
1429:Limes Mauretaniae
1284:Limes Britannicus
1245:
1244:
1209:Political history
1199:
1198:
1119:
1118:
934:milites Martensii
527:Numerus Abulcorum
379:Gariannus Fluvius
132:Severus Alexander
65:Late Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
2333:
2190:
2183:
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2129:
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2123:
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1949:. London: Elek.
1941:
1908:
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1237:Infantry tactics
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1186:Triumphal arches
1156:
1137:Wars and battles
1129:Campaign history
1048:
1010:
1009:
1003:
788:Boulogne-sur-Mer
757:Portus Aepatiaci
751:classis Sambrica
731:, together with
725:Equites Dalmatae
687:
684:
579:. In the south,
462:Legio II Augusta
349:Equites Dalmatae
268:Carausian Revolt
252:Great Conspiracy
248:Count Theodosius
215:Boulogne-sur-Mer
21:
18:Saxon Shore Fort
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1538:Saxon Shore Way
1520:The Saxon Shore
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1406:Limes Sarmatiae
1400:Anastasian Wall
1378:Pannonian Limes
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900:milites Dalmati
690:Belgica Secunda
685:
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613:in Suffolk and
518:Pevensey Castle
402:Bradwell-on-Sea
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164:Pevensey Castle
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142:in Norfolk and
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61:litus Saxonicum
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1012:
1011:
1000:
997:
989:
988:
975:
962:
949:
936:
919:
902:
889:
873:
860:
841:Port-en-Bessin
778:, the port of
772:
771:
754:
740:
674:
671:
577:Caister-on-Sea
552:
551:
531:
509:
493:Portus Lemanis
489:
466:
444:
416:
393:
390:Caister-on-Sea
358:
351:Brandodunenses
292:
289:
287:
284:
151:
148:
140:Caister-on-Sea
120:Antonine Walls
88:
85:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:Roman Britain
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2265:Portus Adurni
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Portus Dubris
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Walton Castle
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2152:Sites of the
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2046:0-19-821719-6
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2006:0-85989-330-8
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1867:0-85263-654-7
1863:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1789:, pp. 124-147
1788:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:Historia Nova
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1640:De Caesaribus
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:Guy Halsall,
1588:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:Alfred Church
1489:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:Trajan's Wall
1393:
1391:
1390:Limes Moesiae
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:Norican Limes
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Antonine Wall
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
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1256:
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1250:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1177:Siege engines
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1004:
998:
996:
994:
987:
983:
979:
976:
974:
970:
966:
963:
961:
957:
953:
950:
948:
944:
940:
937:
935:
931:
928:(Aleth, near
927:
923:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:
901:
897:
893:
890:
888:
886:
881:
877:
874:
872:
868:
864:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
769:
768:
762:
758:
755:
752:
748:
744:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
707:
706:
705:
703:
700:), under the
699:
695:
691:
686: 420 AD
680:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
586:
585:Isle of Wight
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
561:
557:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
535:Portus Adurni
532:
529:
528:
523:
519:
515:
514:
510:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
490:
487:
485:
480:
476:
472:
471:
467:
464:
463:
458:
454:
450:
449:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:
417:
414:
412:
407:
403:
399:
398:
394:
391:
387:
386:Gariannoneses
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:
359:
356:
352:
350:
345:
344:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:
322:
321:
320:
318:
317:
308:
304:
303:
297:
290:
285:
283:
281:
277:
271:
269:
265:
261:
255:
253:
249:
245:
239:
237:
233:
227:
224:
220:
216:
211:
207:
203:
200:, or a shore
199:
195:
190:
187:
183:
179:
178:
169:
165:
161:
156:
149:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
97:
93:
86:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2218:Burgh Castle
2196:
2153:
2132:
2096:
2086:
2070:
2052:
2037:
2015:
1992:
1977:. Retrieved
1972:
1946:
1923:
1915:
1880:
1876:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1721:
1710:
1702:
1691:
1679:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1567:
1566:
1551:
1548:David Rudkin
1528:
1518:
1511:
1499:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1368:
1308:
1299:
1282:
1266:
1169:
990:
985:
977:
972:
964:
959:
951:
946:
938:
933:
925:
921:
916:
908:
904:
899:
891:
883:
875:
870:
862:
856:
852:
848:
844:
832:
825:
809:
807:
805:in Belgium.
800:
795:
791:
783:
779:
775:
773:
764:
756:
750:
742:
736:
732:
728:
724:
708:
701:
678:
676:
647:Goldsborough
621:
619:
609:in Norfolk,
597:, in modern
588:
568:
562:
553:
547:
533:
525:
511:
505:
491:
482:
475:Dover Castle
468:
460:
446:
440:
436:
418:
409:
395:
382:
378:
367:Burgh Castle
360:
354:
347:
341:
323:
314:
312:
300:
272:
256:
240:
228:
201:
193:
191:
181:
175:
173:
128:
108:grave crisis
104:Roman Empire
101:
96:Burgh Castle
52:
50:
36:
2286:Saxon Shore
2213:Gariannonum
2197:Saxon Shore
2140:Saxon Shore
1843:, pp. 31-34
1726:Fields 2006
1715:XXVII.8.6-7
1664:Fields 2006
1652:Fields 2006
1642:XXXIX.20-21
1626:, pp. 63-67
1512:Saxon Shore
1300:Saxon Shore
816:, nowadays
715:, possibly
651:Scarborough
599:Southampton
522:East Sussex
453:Richborough
362:Gariannonum
280:Anglo-Saxon
189:refers to.
168:East Sussex
53:Saxon Shore
2280:Categories
2208:Branodunum
2101:Madison, W
1609:Breviarium
1563:References
1525:Jack Whyte
1331:Main Limes
967:(possibly
930:Saint-Malo
911:, perhaps
892:Abricantis
876:Constantia
780:Gesoriacum
759:(possibly
617:in Essex.
590:Clausentum
486:Tungrecani
413:Fortensium
375:River Yare
330:Brancaster
325:Branodunum
291:In Britain
136:Brancaster
122:, while a
87:Background
2260:Anderitum
2240:Regulbium
1979:20 August
1905:161578402
1877:Britannia
1764:Regulbium
1684:XVIII.2.3
1605:Eutropius
1498:entitled
1490:In 1888,
1316:Alb Limes
956:Hennebont
954:(perhaps
913:Granville
896:Avranches
880:Coutances
863:Rotomagus
851:. In the
803:Oudenburg
727:. In the
663:Caer Gybi
643:Ravenscar
635:Huntcliff
544:Hampshire
513:Anderitum
420:Regulbium
286:The forts
260:Carausius
223:foederati
210:Carausius
206:Eutropius
160:Anderitum
116:Hadrianic
2245:Rutupiae
1991:(1989).
1914:(1964).
1740:, pp.3-5
1550:'s play
1494:wrote a
1111:Admirals
1086:Generals
1017:a series
1015:Part of
993:Alderney
978:Manatias
909:Grannona
905:Grannona
833:Grannona
822:Brittany
818:Normandy
814:Armorica
765:milites
733:Grannona
717:Marquise
696:and the
615:Hadleigh
607:Thornham
603:Skegness
595:Bitterne
448:Rutupiae
425:Reculver
338:the Wash
282:period.
276:Armorica
264:Allectus
194:attacked
144:Reculver
106:faced a
2223:Caister
1999:Press.
1850:Sources
1819:, p. 67
1696:III.5.2
1688:Zosimus
1081:Auxilia
1072:Legions
965:Benetis
939:Osismis
853:Notitia
826:Notitia
784:Bononia
776:Notitia
761:Étaples
729:Notitia
694:Scheldt
679:Notitia
673:In Gaul
659:Cardiff
626:Lincoln
583:on the
569:Notitia
484:Milites
437:castrum
411:Numerus
371:Norfolk
343:castrum
334:Norfolk
232:Channel
202:settled
81:England
77:Britain
69:Channel
45:Channel
2235:Othona
2077:
2059:
2044:
2026:
2020:Exeter
2003:
1953:
1934:
1903:
1897:526729
1895:
1864:
1752:, p. 8
1504:online
1214:
1171:Castra
1106:Fleets
1033:AD 476
1029:753 BC
1019:on the
982:Nantes
969:Vannes
952:Blabia
926:Aletum
839:or at
824:. The
767:Nervii
713:Calais
709:Marcae
649:, and
630:Malton
628:) and
622:Lindum
611:Corton
560:Solent
498:Lympne
470:Dubris
433:Thames
397:Othona
219:Bayeux
198:Saxons
1969:(PDF)
1901:S2CID
1893:JSTOR
1613:IX.21
1568:Notes
1274:Walls
1268:Limes
1191:Roads
943:Brest
922:Aleto
885:legio
867:Rouen
837:Seine
747:Somme
721:Marck
698:Somme
657:, at
655:Wales
639:Filey
564:limes
406:Essex
266:(the
124:fleet
57:Latin
2075:ISBN
2057:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2024:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1981:2007
1975:(18)
1951:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1542:Kent
1096:Navy
1052:Army
820:and
677:The
661:and
587:and
556:Wash
502:Kent
479:Kent
457:Kent
429:Kent
262:and
236:Gaul
217:and
138:and
118:and
51:The
1885:doi
1527:'s
924:or
845:dux
782:or
719:or
196:by
166:in
2282::
2103::
2099:.
2018:.
1995:.
1971:.
1930:.
1926:.
1899:.
1891:.
1881:24
1879:.
1713:,
1709:,
1694:,
1690:,
1686:;
1682:,
1678:,
1638:,
1611:,
1607:,
1575:^
1031:–
798:.
683:c.
645:,
641:,
637:,
542:,
520:,
500:,
477:,
455:,
427:,
404:,
369:,
332:,
305:.
184:("
83:.
59::
2189:e
2182:t
2175:v
2107:.
2090:.
2065:.
2032:.
2009:.
1983:.
1959:.
1940:.
1907:.
1887::
1870:.
1768:)
1533:.
1506:.
1478:e
1471:t
1464:v
980:(
941:(
894:(
878:(
865:(
859:.
786:(
770:.
739:.
624:(
593:(
558:-
550:.
538:(
530:.
516:(
508:.
496:(
488:.
473:(
465:.
451:(
423:(
415:.
400:(
377:(
365:(
357:.
328:(
309:.
170:.
55:(
47:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
