1902:
601:
1997:
1347:
1961:
975:
526:
771:
1272:
1290:
1206:
1223:
2017:
561:
1240:
545:
1312:
786:
2129:
756:
637:
732:
744:
1255:
3379:
2069:
2053:
1387:
2631:
3184:
1329:
28:
2518:
2103:
2676:
2037:
3516:
203:
589:
1369:
2398:
1977:
2462:
261:
3600:
2091:
573:
359:. In medieval coinage, this was checking the total weight of a certain number of coins instead of checking the weight of an individual piece. Given the uneven weight of individual pfennigs, it was obvious to bring the overweight ones down to the average weight simply with scissors by cutting off the edge. The clipping of pfennigs by money changers or private individuals for the purpose of illegally procuring precious metals was a
136:
1686:
234:) of 367 grammes was converted into a monetary pound of 240 pfennigs, the weight of which decreased continuously. The lighter pfennigs became larger in diameter. The sheet metal used for minting eventually became so thin that it could no longer be struck with lower and upper punches simultaneously in one operation. When embossing the so-called 'thin pfennigs' (
1996:
2997:
3074:
1603: (1465-1482) It was the first groschen for 123 years that the Wettins had minted with a year date. The weakened Saxon currency was to be replaced by a completely new and stable currency after the efforts to achieve that with the coin reforms of 1444 and 1456/57 by creating a two-tier groschen currency in the form of an external (
1346:
1222:
3502:
thaler. The Saxon and
Prussian nominal systems differed in the division of the groschen into pfennigs. While Prussia retained the old duodecimal system with the subdivision into 12 pfennigs, Saxony took a conscious step towards the decimal system with the subdivision of the groschen into 10 pfennigs.
600:
1416:
of
Thuringia (1349/79–1406) had struck from 1393 in his newly established mint at Sangerhausen and at the Freiberg State Mint. A special feature of these groschen is that, from 1396, the mint can be identified by the abbreviation of its name. On the reverse the character "b" is embossed in front of
1618:("point groschen") was minted sold under Elector Ernest (1464/85–1486), his brother Duke Albert the Bold (1464/85–1500) and their uncle Duke William III the Brave (1445-1482) from 1475 to 1482 iaw the coinage decree of 28 December 1474, in order to dispel public mistrust of the equivalent
1239:
1960:
238:), the blank had to be turned in order to emboss the opposite side. The stamp pressure on one side damaged the coin image on the other side. In order to achieve a good coin image, it made sense to dispense with the second punch and also to save the second work step.
1541:
on the back. The helmet groschen were the first
Meissen groschen to deviate from the typical coin design on both sides. With these groschen with their eye-catching design, the Wettins wanted to support the currency, which had been weakened by the ongoing coin
1254:
1311:
1205:
1289:
898:
For the export trade, the regional pfennig with its limited scope and obligation to exchange it every year was a major obstacle. A unified currency across larger areas was required. Higher denominations were needed, not just pfennigs.
770:
525:
1901:
560:
3615:, he left behind a will drawn up on 20 July 1652. An important provision therein was the partition of the state among his four sons. According to this, the eldest son succeeded him as Elector John George II; his second son, Duke
2016:
1271:
2489:
minted in Saxony and
Thuringia between 1498 and 1571 probably made them coins popular in Electoral Saxony. The coins could not be objected to, because they were not thalers or their subdivisions, but groschen pieces, i.e.
755:
717:
1913:
lands are also part of Saxon coin history, but can be treated separately in their diversity. The coinage history of the Duchy of Saxony or the Saxon-Ernestine family covers the period from 1547 to 1572 in the remaining
1568:("sword groschen") is a Saxon groschen minted in accordance with the coinage act of 1456/57, which corresponds to the Meissen groschen type and was minted from 1457 to 1464 in Freiberg, Colditz and Leipzig. Above the
3581:, had its value modified only very slightly by the Vienna Mint Treaty to a 30 thaler standard aligned to the customs pound as the coin base weight, corresponded to three marks in the new common currency. The Saxon
3366:
From 1804 to 1825 all the copper minting for Saxony took place in GrĂĽnthal Mint, which was located in the "Althammer" ("old hammer mill") of the GrĂĽnthal
Sawmill and was built as a subsidiary of the Dresden Mint.
544:
785:
2428:
Between 1571 and 1667, the Upper Saxon Circle tried to comply with the imperial monetary standard. The decline in silver mining and high cost of minting small change and the consequent shortages led to the
2068:
841:
The coin weight hardly decreased. The bracteates had become thicker and therefore more break- and pressure-resistant. A wide and high beaded ring enclosing the coin design increased its flexural strength.
572:
3831:
1368:
861:
saved the need for die cutting. The casting technique required greater profiling and larger diameters. As before, the bracteates have a stiffening ring, an "enthroned prince" became a typical coin image.
3661:
Coins were minted by the
Albertine duchies of Saxe-Weissenfels and Saxe-Zeitz. The best known is the thaler minted on the construction of Moritzburg Castle in Zeitz, which Wilhelm Ernst Tentzel calls a
3568:
without
Austria and Liechtenstein made a single currency possible. The German Reich exercised the right to mint coins on behalf of its federal states. Saxon coin history ended with the issue of the new
796:
The chronology of the
Meissen bracteates is difficult. Except in the early days, the names of the mint lords are only exceptionally found on the pfennigs. A rough classification was made by Haupt:
731:
3591:
thaler of 100 pfennigs lived on in the newly introduced mark. Saxon pfennigs could thus remain in circulation for many years without any problems at the value of the new pfennigs under the mark.
1386:
743:
1328:
381:
The cost of minting coins had to be covered by an annual fee-based exchange of the pfennigs: twelve old ones for nine or ten new ones. In
Freiberg's city law it was determined that only the
2036:
1976:
1867:
appears for the first time in 1507, inscribed in the form "Imperique locumtenens generalis" (Latin = Imperial
Governor General). These are the first vicariate coins in Saxony. The other
2405:
The electors of Saxony, who were rich in silver, could afford to produce extensive commemorative coins in addition to circulation coins. The Saxon vicariate coins minted from 1612 are
1655:("bearded groschen") is the name of the coin minted from 1492 to 1493 with a circulation of 205,000 pieces. They were issued by the Zwickau and Schneeberg mints and bore a portrait of
693:
and usually an inscription of the name as an unmistakable mark. Because of their consistent and high quality silver, they were popular and even re-stamped. Restrikes are known for the
588:
2159:, into which the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was divided, was responsible for monitoring compliance with the imperial coinage system. All coins come from the Dresden Mint.
1644:(1428–1464) of Saxony. Coins from 1456 are technically illegal, because she put her name before that of the Elector and also had her own coins made, although she only received
974:
2498:), which did not have to conform to the imperial coinage regulations. The smallest coins, which were one-sided copper pfennigs, were produced by the GrĂĽnthal Hammer Mill.
1629:("Margaret groschen") are Saxon groschen minted from 1456 to 1477 by the Colditz Mint with an additional "M" at the beginning or within the inscription. The "M" refers to
352:
bracteate finds from the early mintings around 1140 is only 0.811 grammes. At the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century, the average weight was 0.573 grammes.
1561:(1445–1482) also participated in this project. The name of the coin is derived from the reverse side with the Meissen crest with a man's head, the so-called "Jew's head".
2052:
716:
1622:
made of alloyed silver. In the Electorate of Saxony under Elector Maurice (1541-1547-1553) and Elector Augustus (1553-1586) there were restrikes from 1547 to 1553.
3840:
1233:
of Frederick IV the Quarrelsome, Gotha Mint, minted based on the first issue of 1405/1412. However, this identical shield penny was not minted until 1425/1428.
1898:(1541–1547–1553) only minted coins in his own name. A new period began, a separate coinage history under the Albertine electoral line of the House of Saxony.
2386:, which were minted after Electoral Saxony joined the imperial coinage system, are not part of the Saxon denominations of the imperial coinage system. The
636:
873:
Bracteates became mass-produced due to the high silver yield from the mines. The slightly rough surface of the cast bronze stamp was no longer smoothed.
3340:) were minted as gold coins, primarily for long-distance and wholesale trade. They also remained unchanged in weight and fineness. Other coins were the
4426:
Die Münzprägungen der deutschen Staaten vom Ausgang des alten Reiches bis zur Einführung der Reichswährung (Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts bis 1871/73).
4533:
662:
were also the lords of miners and mints and had bracteates issued. At the end of the 12th century, mines were driven into the Scharfenberg on the
2687:
valued at 32 groschen from 1708, still minted to the imperial standard; with royal title but no reference to Poland. Frederick Augustus had this
1673:
are the names of Saxon groschen coins minted from 1496, with which certain taxes (interest) were paid. This new type of groschen was minted for 3
3658:
line. Maurice died on 4 December 1681 in Zeitz. His domain was then ceded to Electoral Saxony in 1717. The last son died in the clergy in 1759.
3561:
were minted from the 500g customs pound. This mint standard was used in Saxony in the Dresden Mint until the introduction of imperial currency.
4336:
2128:
979:
4538:
1814:
At the end of the 15th century, new technical and economic methods in Saxon mining led to an unusually high silver yield. This led Elector
1630:
1047:
3628:
3177:
1518:
1413:
1043:, some of which were only temporarily in operation. The Freiberg Mint remained the primary state mint until it was eventually closed.
1054:(1428–1464). An extraordinary event in the history of coins in Saxony is that the Elector paid his wife as compensation for the high
4405:
Erörterungen auf dem Gebiete der sächsischen Münz- und Medaillen-Geschichte bei Verzeichnung der Hofrath Engelhardt'schen Sammlung.
2599:
worth 24 groschen. That is why the denomination 24/EINEN/TALER is stamped on pfennig pieces. The thaler referred to the non-minted
1894:
to the Albertines in 1547, the coinage that had been previously minted in brotherly cooperation was finally ended. The new Elector
1460:
the previous design, that had been standard since the Meissen groschen were first issued, the image on the coin was changed. The
1248:
of Frederick II the Gentle with Landgrave Frederick the Peaceful of Thuringia and his brother Sigismund, 1428/1431, Freiberg Mint
622:
The increasing power of the Meissen margraves in the 14th century led, with a few exceptions, to the end of minting by imperial
3383:
3378:
1641:
1554:
1051:
366:
The pfennigs were only valid in their area of origin. The bracteate period is therefore also referred to as the period of the
348:
of 253 grammes. That corresponds to an average weight of a pfennig of a good 1 gramme. However, the highest average weight of
162:
of the Saxon imperial period with the inscription OTTO or ODDO in the portal of a church were presumably minted under Emperor
38:
1265:
Frederick II the Meek with Landgrave Frederick the Peaceful of Thuringia and his brother Sigismund, Freiberg Mint, 1431–1436
3188:
2903:
2605:
990:
as the basis for Meissen's groschen coinage took place in stages from 1368 to 1369. In addition to groschen, pfennigs and
4458:
2002:
Elector John Frederick the Magnanimous (portrait with electoral sword over his shoulder) and Duke Maurice (portrait with
3616:
2630:
27:
3647:
2422:
2102:
640:
3183:
2996:
674:
became potential places for minting. The last episcopal bracteates were minted towards the end of the 13th century.
344:. The master minter at Freiberg was instructed not to strike more than 244 or 246 pfennigs from the (Prague) silver
4543:
1983:
1946:
1120:
led to another mining period in Saxony in the second half of the 15th century. The newly established mine mints at
1113:
2675:
2517:
2170:
1530:
1522:
1190:
up to the 19th century, goes back to the Saxon coinage regulations of 9 August 1490, according to which the gold
3073:
2555:
in 1667 that reflected the increased price of silver. That same year, the short-term minting of state coins for
3573:
in gold and silver, although in the Saxon kingdom until 1886 in the Dresden mint and then in MuldenhĂĽtten near
3026:
2430:
2397:
1452:
Meissen groschen coins, which were first minted after the coin reform of 1405. The preferred name of the coin,
260:
202:
108:
coinage is based. The different names of these pfennig types indicate a still unclear position within medieval
3515:
3169:
2929:
in the same denominations as before, was issued between 1693 and 1733 with a different weight and fineness.
2898:
In 1690, the continued rise in the price of silver required another currency adjustment. The result was the
1815:
1656:
1557:
of Saxony (1428–1464) in accordance with the coinage regulations from 1444 to about 1451. His brother, Duke
903:
761:
702:
698:
3643:
3577:
a mint was still in operation until 1953. The old thaler to a 14-thaler standard with the Cologne mark as
3136:
2461:
1526:
1472:
964:
219:
105:
3143:
was therefore an insult to the king. The count, who was also responsible for the minting of the inferior
385:
or judge himself was allowed to devalue expired pfennigs. The fragile pfennigs were carried in tin cans.
3727:
Upper Lusatia, Margraviate under Meissen. Conrad I the Great 1127–1156. bracteate, Bautzen. Berger 2922.
3639:
3125:
2680:
2635:
2548:
1600:
1558:
1511:
1083:
776:
153:
1919:
1830:(1464/85–1500) to promulgate the so-called Leipzig Coinage Act of 1500. According to this, a groschen (
1456:, is based on the fact that the older groschen were not stamped with a sign. With the minting of these
1905:
Duchy of Saxony, thaler of John Frederick the Magnanimous after his imprisonment, 1552, Saalfeld Mint.
1659:(1486–1525). The groschen were the first coins in Saxon coinage history with a portrait of the regent.
1322:
of Frederick the Gentle, 1457 to 1464, mint master's mark lily, Leipzig Mint, with double ringlet mark
1147:
from May 1500, in which the planned transition to the large silver currency on 4 July with new silver
272:
The name 'bracteate' first appeared at the end of the 17th century and is derived from the Latin word
3520:
3401:
3173:
2540:
2414:
2410:
2151:
2133:
1927:
1923:
1887:
1072:
694:
492:
174:
2527:
4462:
3400:
After the introduction of the German Trade and Customs Union, the participating states founded the
3172:(1740–1786) as a means of financing the war led to the complete collapse of the monetary system in
3168:(1756–1763) urgently required a coin reform. Prussian contributions and the counterfeit coining by
3165:
3086:
1941:(1553–1586) centralized coinage by combining all state coin production into a single mint. The new
1261:
1098:
1064:
915:
722:
246:
188:
184:
101:
3599:
3358:
pieces grouped as country or divisional coins. Both the gold coins and the pfennig coins were not
2090:
1942:
307:
The largest quantity of Meissen bracteates were minted between 1170 and 1300 by the first Meissen
3603:
Duke Maurice of Saxe-Zeitz, thaler minted on the construction of Moritzburg Castle in Zeitz, 1667
2406:
2146:
2142:
1938:
1823:
1794:
1121:
968:
648:
374:
they had brought with them for local coinage. The bill of exchange was part of the income of the
4376:
4357:
3654:
from 1653 to 1663, then in Zeitz at the Moritzburg that he had built. He was the founder of the
1212:
230:, (1056–1106) resulted in the obsolescence of pfennigs minted on both sides. The pound weight (
4372:
4353:
3437:
3192:
2023:
1895:
1891:
1819:
1774:
1764:
1297:
1173:
1144:
1133:
1129:
1117:
956:
659:
341:
2609:, but on the agreement between the states of Electoral Brandenburg and Electoral Saxony. The
1136:
had to cover the state's increasing financial obligations by minting a huge number of coins.
83:
after the middle of the 12th century, helped Saxony to a leading position in German coinage.
4454:
3651:
3624:
3578:
3057:. The first coins from 1670 therefore bear the inscription WECSELTHALER on the reverse. The
2967:
2910:
were still minted to imperial coin regulations, but with an increased value of 32 groschen.
2899:
2502:
1909:
The coinage of the Ernestine line and later and subsidiary lines in the remaining extensive
1890:
in 1485 was temporarily lifted from 1530 to the end of 1533. When the Ernestines lost their
1883:
1757:
1592:
1538:
1449:
1409:
1140:
610:
367:
65:
57:
54:
3212:
standard. From this fine silver mark of approx. 234 g, the following was minted in Saxony:
2421:
coined during the time of the imperial throne. They shared the Imperial Vicariate with the
1689:
Elector Frederick III the Wise with Dukes John the Steadfast and Albert the Bold, Annaberg
2665:
2624:
2596:
2156:
1827:
1691:
1596:
1426:
1318:
1187:
1162:
1008:
1000:. Alongside the Prague groschen, the Meissen groschen became the leading monetary unit of
531:
512:
360:
312:
308:
288:("to pay") goes back to the days of tin money. Old documents, on the other hand, speak of
265:
1537:
possessions. The name of the groschen is derived from the helmet with a large Thuringian
1878:
During the time of the Saxon currency separation, the common coinage agreed between the
4502:
von Schrötter, Friedrich, N. Bauer, K. Regling, A. Suhle, R. Vasmer, J. Wilcke (1970).
4484:
Die Münzen des Königreichs Sachsen 1806–1871 und des Großherzogtums Warschau 1807–1815.
4470:
Talerteilstücke des Kurfürstentums Sachsen. Typenkatalog albertinische Linie 1546–1763.
3632:
3608:
3023:
2418:
1864:
1832:
1645:
1229:
1180:
1153:
1094:
1001:
987:
824:
453:
227:
148:
130:
88:
4527:
3565:
3553:
3544:
3532:
3453:
3145:
3011:
2991:
2838:
2619:
valued at 28 groschen for the payment obligation of the Saxon mining administration.
2556:
2321:
1872:
1704:
1354:
1109:
991:
940:
624:
535:
345:
337:
179:
33:
17:
41:
from the Dresden Mint. The inscription reads THE BLESSING OF MINING / X A FINE MARCK
4342:
4189:
3196:
3001:
2614:
1569:
1430:
1394:
1376:
1352:
Elector Ernest, Duke Albert, Duke William III with Electress Margaret (1475–1482),
1336:
1279:
1168:
1012:
889:
827:
690:
163:
4363:
Arnold, Paul (1996). "Die Genealogie der meißnisch-sächsischen Landesfürsten." In
3805:
3726:
2595:, was not minted with a few exceptions. In payment transactions, the thaler was a
1945:
became the central mint for the entire Electorate. On Augustus's accession to the
1082:
of Meissen groschen that were still in good condition. It was not until 1412 that
152:) with a raised edge is the most common pfennig type of this time, along with the
3204:
On 14 May 1763, Electoral Saxony and the Ernestine principalities introduced the
3135:
It was assumed that Beichlingen had this cross designed to be that of the Danish
3097:
minted to the Burgundian standard and were therefore somewhat less valuable than
3570:
3459:
3054:
2179:
1931:
1707:
were minted in accordance with coinage act of 18 August 1498. These new, larger
1216:
Landgrave Balthasar of Thuringia, Freiberg Mint (abbreviation BALTH), 1405–1406.
1079:
1055:
1040:
858:
682:
382:
109:
76:
2477:
The monopoly of the Dresden Mint was broken with the establishment of numerous
135:
3655:
3620:
2491:
2003:
1879:
1573:
1036:
982:(1406–1440), Meissen groschen with letter "f" and reference "Ringel", Freiberg
430:
375:
311:, the Freiberg Mint. From the 13th century it was the main state mint for the
3523:, double thaler, 1861, with inscription 2 VEREINSTHALER XV EIN PUND FEIN
1086:(1381–1428) succeeded in stabilizing the pfennig currency on the basis of 20
566:
Lords of Lobdeburg (1230–1270), unconfirmed, diameter 32 mm, 0.58 g
199:
with the inscriptions EKKINHARD and MISSNI is the oldest known Meissen coin.
3832:"Friedrich II. (1323–1349), Markgraf von Meißen, Breiter Groschen, Freiberg"
2932:
Small change was minted to the Torgau mint standard. New denominations were
2711:
2184:
1915:
1910:
1685:
1534:
1515:
551:
445:
349:
242:
167:
61:
2551:
and Electoral Saxony ended, however, by agreeing on a currency standard in
3015:
and its sub-denominations were minted based on the Wechseltaler standard.
2971:("dish pfennigs") also circulated as "invaders". They were referred to as
370:. Anyone who came from another currency area to trade had to exchange the
4334:
Arnold, Paul (1980). "Die sächsische Talerwährung von 1500 bis 1763." In
3574:
3038:
3034:
2205:
2120:
1784:
1739:
1712:
1508:
923:
885:
854:
820:
617:, Vogtei of Henry VIII or IV, 1281–1320, diameter 43 mm, 0.69 g
410:
371:
196:
80:
1101:. From 1456 it was at last minted in the large commercial metropolis of
1011:
established, in addition to their main mint in Freiberg, other mints in
4348:
Arnold, Paul (1986). "Walter Haupt und seine Sächsische Münzkunde". In
3612:
3528:
3050:
3046:
2656:), 1696, Dresden. A clear distinction must be made between this minted
2074:
Elector Augustus, thaler issued on the capture of Gotha (1567), Dresden
1799:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1125:
1102:
1059:
1032:
1024:
1016:
960:
671:
652:
420:
405:
400:
192:
158:
68:
2481:
mints. The great resemblance of the interim coins to the high-quality
3540:
3409:
1744:
1028:
996:
were minted. The groschen was worth 9 or 12 pfennigs, the pfennig, 2
667:
449:
425:
317:
93:
72:
3808:
Slg. Löbb. 376. Slg. Hohenst. 814. Slg. Bonh. 961. Berger 2070. In:
3503:
This was particularly evident in the 1/3 thaler, which was worth 10
922:) introduced by Margrave Frederick II in 1338/39, the late medieval
3543:. Decimal currency was introduced with the Vienna Mint Treaty. The
3478:
The thaler corresponded in value to the Prussian thaler, the Saxon
1549:("Jew's head groschen") was designed as external trading currency (
1075:(1382–1407), the country and its population were heavily burdened.
206:
The so-called "thin pfennig", 11th century, Magdeburg Imperial Mint
146:
The 10th and 11th century pfennig type known as the Saxon pfennig (
3663:
3598:
3514:
3377:
3182:
3072:
2995:
2674:
2629:
2552:
2516:
2460:
2396:
2127:
2101:
2089:
1900:
1736:
1684:
1068:
with an additional "M" in the inscription testify to these coins.
1020:
973:
686:
678:
579:
415:
330:
201:
134:
26:
3853:
keine einschl. Memento; Zugung nur ĂĽber Pro-Version der Webseite.
3093:
minted at the Leipzig Mint. They corresponded in value to Polish
3041:). The thaler and its sub-denominations were intended as change (
2587:
valued at 16 groschen became the new main denomination. The
1863:
minted by Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, his status as an
142:(wooden church, beam cross, cloverleaf cross and crosier pfennig)
2979:") in Saxony. The name of the coin comes from 1668 Saxon files.
1580:
its name. From 1461 to 1464 it was minted as internal currency (
1078:
Foreign towns countered the increasing debasement of coins with
663:
614:
606:
3386:, double thaler 1847, with inscription 2 THALER VII A F. MARK 3
3149:
of 1701 and 1702, fell out of favour. The minting of all three
819:
The oldest bracteates were stamped with forged steel dies. The
4430:
Königreich Sachsen 1806–1873 und Herzogtum Warschau 1810–1815.
3595:
Coins of the Albertine duchies created by division of the land
3412:
and Dresden in 1837/38, which adopted the Prussian (Graumann)
3101:
minted to the imperial standard. There were lower-value Saxon
3061:
standard was only valid in Electoral Saxony in 1670 and 1671.
2603:. This currency was no longer based on the resolutions of the
955:
The new groschen was issued by the Freiberg mint based on the
938:, which roughly means "fat". For larger amounts of money, the
170:
and belong to the oldest group of Saxon high-rimmed pfennigs.
3081:
of 1702, Leipzig Mint, so-called 'Beichlingscher Ordenstaler'
2440:
of 1619 to 1623, combined with the establishment of numerous
1503:("helmet groschen") or Thuringian groschen was a true-value (
1392:
Elector Frederick III with John and Duke Albert, Schneeberg,
1176:, the Meissen-Saxon groschen was superseded after 262 years.
709:
Chronology of the Meissen bracteates (Margraviate of Meissen)
594:
Burggrafschaft Dohna, Henry III (1239–1256), Donian bracteate
340:
mints were struck according to a uniform embossing style and
79:
in 1871/72. Rich silver deposits, which were discovered near
3325:
remained stable during the entire period of validity of the
1576:
is the shield with crossed electoral swords, which give the
156:. Saxon pfennigs are the oldest coins minted in Saxony. The
1062:
and allowed her to mint her own coins there. The so-called
3627:, a line that became extinct in 1746. His third son, Duke
1918:
possessions of the Ernestines. This is the time after the
4497:
Die Münze. Von den Anfängen bis zur europäischen Neuzeit.
3607:
When Elector John George I died on 8 October 1656 at his
1966:
Elector Frederick III and Dukes John and George, Gulden (
1591:("horn groschen") were minted from 1465 to 1469 by Dukes
655:
on the Elbe in conjunction with the Margrave of Meissen.
4382:
Arnold, Paul, Harald KĂĽthmann, Dirk Steinhilber (1997).
3120:) Wolf Dietrich, Count of Beichlingen. On the so-called
3005:, 1671 (without inscription WECHSELTHALER), Dresden Mint
2163:
Thalers after accession to the ReichsmĂĽnzordnung of 1571
1949:
of 1571, the second phase of the thaler currency began.
1421:. On the death of Balthasar in 1406, the minting of the
1108:
The discovery of new, rich silver deposits in the upper
396:
The following mints in Saxony produced bracteate coins:
100:("Saxon Coinage"). They were minted on the basis of the
3806:
Pegau, Abbey. Siegfried of Rekkin, 1185-1224. bracteate
3200:
1763, with inscription X EINE FEINE MARCK, Dresden Mint
2501:
The complete disruption of the financial system forced
534:, Ulrich, 1187–1206, diameter 35 mm, 0.73 g (
329:) were also issued. Large payments were made in silver
191:(985–1002) had pfennigs minted in the imperial mint at
4453:
2 Teile. Johann Christoph Stößel, Chemnitz 1779/1780,
3492:
thaler to the Prussian silver groschen also valued at
2046:, 1552, Freiberg. Definitive coin separation from 1547
363:
for which the penalty was cutting off the right hand.
2505:
to return to the imperial coin standard in 1623. The
1756:
With the beginning of the thaler period in 1500, all
791:
Henry the Illustrious (1221–1288), minted around 1250
4410:
Fengler, Heinz, Gerd Gierow and Willy Unger (1976).
4398:
Die MĂĽnzen des KurfĂĽrstentums Sachsen 1763 bis 1806.
3440:
the following was minted from the fine silver mark:
2925:
Coinage minted to the Leipzig standard, that is the
1683:
decades and was the model for 16th century groschen.
1448:("arrow shield groschen) or Landsberg groschen, are
1417:
the Meissen lion rampant, which is a feature of the
1071:
As a result of the high spending policy of Margrave
737:
Conrad the Great (1123–1156), diameter 36 mm, 1.00 g
554:, Otto (1191–1234), diameter 37 mm; 1.12 g
4489:Nicol, N. D., Marian S. More and Fred J. Borgmann:
3124:only the cross of the order was shown, but not the
2559:at the Bautzen Mint was halted due to failure. The
963:since 1300. When changing over the currency in the
749:
Conrad the Great (1123–1156), diameter 30 mm; 0.85g
96:are also included, as described in Walther Haupt's
4090:Arnold, KĂĽthmann & Steinhilber (1997), p. 288.
3839:
2906:declared in 1735 to be the new coin standard. The
2691:minted after he had to renounce the Polish throne.
1953:thaler coins based on the Saxon monetary standard:
1735:currency introduced from 1500 on the lines of the
4506:Berlin (reprint of the original edition of 1930).
4491:Standard Catalog of German Coins 1601 to present.
2141:In 1571, Elector Augustus and the estates of the
902:The regional pfennig period ended under Margrave
582:, probably Henry II (1180–1225), Donian bracteate
75:period, which ended with the introduction of the
4384:GroĂźer deutscher MĂĽnzkatalog von 1800 bis heute.
4190:Wechseltaler 1670 with inscription WECSELTHALER.
3729:(Margraviate of Meissen). Fd. Puschwitz 11. In:
2022:Elector John Frederick the Magnanimous and Duke
1490:and which are very similar to the Meissen-Saxon
3551:) of 500 g and the thaler was issued as a
3314:) was a unit of account worth 24 groschen. The
1871:of Frederick the Wise (1522) was attributed to
1852:, and was the silver equivalent of the Rhenish
1836:) was to be struck and equated for a (Rhenish)
1711:had a value of 3 groschen and were issued to a
1334:Elector Ernest, Duke Albert, Duke William III,
1128:(where minting had been shut down since 1449),
1007:At the end of the 14th and 15th centuries, the
241:This phenomenon probably led to the minting of
4518:Die sächsisch-albertinischen Münzen 1611–1694.
4451:Versuch einer Chur-Sächsischen Münzgeschichte.
2413:, whom they portray as representatives of the
1875:'s honorary memory and could also be a medal.
1440:("shield groschen), often subdivided into the
4511:Die sächsische Münzprägung von 1500 bis 1571.
4477:Die meißnisch-sächsischen Groschen 1338–1500.
4403:Erbstein, Julius and Albert Erbstein (1888).
3153:was discontinued in the year of their issue.
2401:Elector John George I, vicariate thaler, 1619
1826:(1500–1539), as representative of his father
1374:Elector Frederick III, John and Duke George,
1277:Margrave Frederick the Quarrelsome, Freiberg
1194:in Saxony was set at a value of 21 groschen.
971:, Italian financial advisors were consulted.
888:laid on top of each other were formed in one
764:(1197–1221), diameter 33 mm, 0.86 g
448:in the Wettin region were given the imperial
276:("tin"). At first it only occurs in the term
8:
4421:Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften.
2473:for 40 groschen) 1621, Kipper mints, Dresden
1970:), undated, Mmz. Cross (1512–1523), Annaberg
1160:With the announcement that there were now 7
1046:The Colditz Mint was owned by the Electress
986:The currency changeover to the new, lighter
914:After the replacement of the pfennig by the
280:, "tin coin". Perhaps the German expression
226:) during the reign of the Frankish Emperor,
3996:
3994:
2915:Coinage to the Leipzig standard (1690-1763)
2513:Zinna and Leipzig standard (1667–1690–1763)
1533:from 1405 to 1411, mainly intended for the
948:or 20 new groschen, and the mark, worth 48
838:Gradual reduction in diameter down to 20 mm
689:also minted bracteates. These have a large
3934:Fengler, Gierow & Unger (1976), p. 340
1139:The almost identical coin mandates of the
2591:valued at 24 groschen, previously called
4516:Wieland, ClauĂź and Helmut Kahnt (2006).
3631:, became the progenitor of the dukes of
2716:
2189:
1494:; they are mentioned here for reference.
798:
635:
259:
39:Elector Frederick Augustus III of Saxony
4449:Klotzsch, Johann Friedrich (1779/1780)
3674:
3139:of which he was a knight, and that the
2965:In the Electorate of Saxony, low-value
2718:
2191:
1956:
1380:from 1492, Zwickau and Schneeberg Mints
1201:
892:. The coin image merges into the edge.
800:
712:
651:exercised their right to mint coins in
521:
4337:Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau
4322:Erbstein & Erbstein (1888), p. 118
4313:Erbstein & Erbstein (1888), p. 117
3416:standard. After that, standard double
2535:were only minted in exceptional cases.
1727:minted from Schneeberg silver and the
850:Diameter up to 42 mm, larger profiling
830:. The coin image extends to the edge.
355:The testing of the weight was checked
3511:30 Thaler standard (1857–1871) (1872)
3164:The disruption of coinage during the
3128:, as was the case with the other two
3116:was carried out by Great Chancellor (
697:, the Vogts of Pegau Abbey, Margrave
245:beginning around 1140 under Margrave
7:
2394:(1584) is a minted coin of account.
1822:(1486/1525–1532), in agreement with
1731:prepared the way for the new silver
881:Bulging almost to the shape of a hat
666:. Later, the two episcopal castles,
336:The bracteates from all Meissen and
4391:Geschichte Sachsens im Mittelalter.
3547:was replaced by the customs pound (
1648:from the Emperor in September 1463.
816:Diameter up to 37 mm, flat stamping
53:comprises three major periods: the
4437:Das groĂźe MĂĽnzlexikon von A bis Z.
2623:The coinage according to the 1667
2509:had not officially been repealed.
1486:, was a coin based on the Meissen
506:Lords of Waldenburg at Wolkenstein
25:
4459:urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:1-646198:{{{2}}}
4444:Die sächsischen Münzen 1500–1547.
3470:= 10 pfennigs (1 fine mark = 420
2696:Zinna mint standard 1667-1690: 10
1760:are known. These mints were at:
1305:), Freiberg Mint, 1444 to c. 1451
870:"Gritty" surface, large diameters
779:(1221–1288), diameter 42mm; 1.08g
264:Margraviate of Meissen, Margrave
4369:Numismatischer Verein zu Dresden
3557:alongside the double thaler. 30
3089:(1694–1733) had three different
2067:
2051:
2035:
2015:
1995:
1975:
1959:
1385:
1367:
1345:
1327:
1310:
1288:
1270:
1253:
1238:
1221:
1204:
934:is a popular term for the Latin
784:
769:
754:
742:
730:
725:(1123–1156), oldest Meissen type
715:
599:
587:
571:
559:
543:
524:
166:(936–973) or soon afterwards in
4341:Vol. 59, 1980, pp. 50–94,
4286:Arnold et al. (2019/2020), p. 9
3336:) and 10 thaler pieces (double
3318:coins from the groschen to the
2660:and the fictitious accounting "
2543:, there was a second or lesser
1742:and which were the first Saxon
4534:Coins of the Holy Roman Empire
4412:transpress Lexikon Numismatik.
3535:joined the German Coin Union (
3463:("new groschen") = 300 pfennig
2417:in imperial territories under
1984:John Frederick the Magnanimous
1478:, also known as the Kronichte
1198:Special Meissen-Saxon groschen
835:Post 1150 to late 12th century
296:("pound pfennigs"), in Latin,
1:
4365:Dresdner numismatische Hefte,
4268:Arnold et al. (1997), p. 256.
4241:Arnold et al. (1997), p. 256.
3889:Krug (1974), pp. 126,129-133.
3069:to Burgundian standard (1702)
2942:thaler (double groschen) and
1703:from the silver mines of the
1634:
4389:Blaschke, Karlheinz (1990).
3943:Von Schrötter (1970), p. 597
3208:standard, also known as the
1926:of the Ernestine duchy into
1818:(1486–1525) and his brother
1093:Saxony had to recognize the
4539:Mining in the Ore Mountains
4468:Kohl, Christian A. (1994).
3009:In the years 1670/1671 the
1934:(Saxe-Old-Weimar) in 1572.
1599:together with their uncle,
1408:("prince's groschen") is a
681:authorized to issue coins,
315:. In addition to pfennigs,
102:Carolingian monetary reform
4560:
4214:Haupt (1974). pp. 169/170.
3733:retrieved 25 August 2019.
3635:, which died out in 1738.
3306:Calculations were made in
2989:
2465:Elector John George I, 40
1947:Imperial Minting Ordinance
1844:), was initially called a
1444:("shielded groschen") and
701:, the Count of Brehna and
489:
214:Decline of pfennig coinage
128:
4504:Wörterbuch der Münzkunde.
4196:retrieved 25 August 2019.
4081:Haupt (1974), p. 167,205.
3952:Krug (1974), pp. 134,138.
3289:thalers (groschen) = 960
3105:, but also normal Polish
2171:Imperial Minting Standard
1640:– 1486), wife of Elector
1531:Landgraviate of Thuringia
1512:Frederick the Quarrelsome
1468:, was minted until 1456.
1464:type, in the form of the
1425:was discontinued and his
1358:from 1475, Colditz Mint (
1084:Frederick the Quarrelsome
1058:in 1456 set up a mint in
959:which had been minted in
926:period began. In Haupt's
847:Around 1200 to about 1250
4343:doi:10.5169/seals-174534
3907:Schmieder (1811), p. 399
3821:Haupt (1974), p. 34, 38.
3812:accessed 25 August 2019.
3279:(double groschen) = 320
3037:standard (861/1000
2521:Elector John George II,
1840:. The thaler (so-called
1507:) groschen minted under
703:Archbishops of Magdeburg
643:, Berthold II of Meissen
4509:Weber, Tristan (2010).
4482:Lorenz, Rudolf (1968).
4442:Keilitz, Claus (2010).
4417:Haupt, Walther (1974).
4396:Buck, Lienhard (1981).
4232:Klotzsch (1770), p. 750
3507:or 100 Saxon pfennigs.
2638:(Augustus the Strong),
1715:861/1000. There were 7
1665:("interest groschen"),
1657:Frederick III of Saxony
1553:) minted under Elector
1340:from 1466, Leipzig Mint
762:Theodoric the Oppressed
222:into a monetary pound (
4495:Suhle, Arthur (1969).
4475:Krug, Gerhard (1974).
4223:Haupt (1974), p. 170.
3650:from 1653, resided in
3604:
3524:
3444:7 double thalers = 14
3397:
3201:
3137:Order of the Dannebrog
3082:
3006:
2692:
2672:
2536:
2474:
2402:
2138:
2125:
2099:
1937:The Albertine Elector
1906:
1816:Frederick III the Wise
1696:
1695:, undated, (1498/1499)
1527:Margraviate of Meissen
1073:William I the One-Eyed
983:
980:Frederick the Peaceful
965:Margraviate of Meissen
644:
497:Burgraves of Neuenburg
269:
268:(1156–1190), bracteate
207:
143:
104:, on which the oldest
42:
4513:H. Gietl, Regenstauf.
4446:H. Gietl, Regenstauf.
4435:Kahnt, Helmut (2005)
4424:Jaeger, Kurt (1969).
4419:Sächsische Münzkunde.
4304:Arnold (1996), p. 11.
4295:Arnold (1996), p. 11.
4277:Haupt (1974), p. 257.
4205:Arnold (1986), p. 55.
4180:Haupt (1974), p. 154.
4171:Kahnt (2005), p. 309.
4153:Arnold (1986), p. 63.
4144:Arnold (1980), p. 86.
4135:Arnold (1980), p. 80.
4126:Arnold (1996), p. 11.
4117:Haupt (1974), p. 136.
4108:Arnold (1980), p. 71.
3961:Kahnt (2005), p. 189.
3898:Kahnt (2005), p. 147.
3862:Arnold (1996), p. 10.
3751:Arnold (1996), p. 10.
3681:Arnold (1996), p. 10.
3638:The fourth son, Duke
3602:
3518:
3396:GULDEN / VEREINSMĂśNZE
3384:Frederick Augustus II
3381:
3186:
3126:Order of the Elephant
3122:Beichling Ordenstaler
3076:
2999:
2678:
2633:
2613:was only minted as a
2549:Electoral Brandenburg
2539:After the end of the
2520:
2464:
2400:
2131:
2105:
2093:
1904:
1688:
1559:William III the Brave
1555:Frederick II the Meek
1295:Elector Frederick II
1090:to a Rhenish gulden.
977:
928:Sächsischer Münzkunde
777:Henry the Illustrious
641:Bishopric of Naumburg
639:
444:Numerous independent
263:
205:
177:continued to mint as
154:Otto Adelheid pfennig
138:
98:Sächsischer Münzkunde
51:Meissen-Saxon coinage
30:
18:Saxon coinage history
4461:(digitalised by the
4393:Berlin: Unionverlag.
4350:Numismatische Hefte.
4162:Arnold (1980), p. 8.
4072:Krug (1974), p. 102.
4063:Haupt (1974), p. 90.
4054:Krug (1974), p. 119.
4045:Haupt (1974), p. 89.
4036:Krug (1974), p. 159.
4027:Haupt (1974), p. 75.
4018:Kahnt (2005), p. 455
4009:Haupt (1974), p. 84.
4000:Kahnt (2005) p. 189.
3979:Krug (1974), p. 149.
3970:Krug (1974), p. 144.
3871:Krug (1974), p. 83.
3787:Haupt (1974), p. 56.
3778:Haupt (1974), p. 58.
3769:Haupt (1974), p. 24.
3760:Haupt (1974), p. 31.
3742:Haupt (1974), p. 20.
3717:Haupt (1974), p. 19.
3708:Suhle (1969), p. 93.
3699:Haupt (1974), p. 13.
3690:Haupt (1974), p. 12.
3666:(see illustration).
3648:Naumburg-Zeitz Abbey
3564:The founding of the
3433:pieces were minted.
3406:Deutscher Zollverein
3402:German Customs Union
3374:standard (1839–1856)
3310:currency. 1 thaler (
3160:standard (1763–1838)
2904:Regensburg Reichstag
2636:Frederick Augustus I
2149:joined the Augsburg
2006:over his shoulder),
1928:Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
1888:partition of Leipzig
1719:to a Rhenish gulden.
1607:) and internal one (
1097:in order to support
695:Burgraves of Meissen
632:Episcopal bracteates
493:Burgraves of Meissen
482:Burgraves of Leisnig
467:Lords of Bieberstein
175:Margraves of Meissen
92:) minted in eastern
86:The Saxon pfennigs (
4463:University of Halle
4367:No. 1/1996, by the
4259:Buck (1981), p. 38.
4250:Buck (1981), p. 61.
3925:Krug (1974), p. 86.
3916:Krug (1974), p. 64.
3880:Krug (1974), p. 104
3796:Haupt (1974), p. 57
3189:Frederick Christian
3112:The minting of the
3087:Augustus the Strong
3029:(1656–1680) to the
2616:Speciesreichsthaler
2407:commemorative coins
2010:from 1543, Buchholz
1627:Margarethengroschen
1466:Pfahlschildgroschen
1446:Pfahlschildgroschen
1442:schildiger Groschen
1360:Margarethengroschen
1262:Pfahlschildgroschen
1174:Rhenish gold gulden
1099:long-distance trade
1095:Rhenish gold gulden
1065:Margarethengroschen
823:are testimonies to
649:Bishops of Naumburg
509:Vogts of Weida-Gera
302:talentum denariorum
220:Charlemagne's pound
189:Eckard I of Meissen
185:Roman-German Empire
3609:residential palace
3605:
3525:
3398:
3332:Ducats, 5 thaler (
3202:
3083:
3007:
2908:Speciesreichstaler
2693:
2685:Speciesreichstaler
2673:
2537:
2531:), 1678, 23.32 g.
2475:
2457:period (1620–1623)
2411:Electors of Saxony
2403:
2204:Reichstaler at 24
2147:Lower Saxon Circle
2143:Upper Saxon Circle
2139:
2126:
2100:
2094:Elector Augustus,
2058:Elector Augustus,
1920:Battle of MĂĽhlberg
1907:
1824:George the Bearded
1697:
1484:Zweischildgroschen
1412:, which Landgrave
1050:, wife of Elector
984:
969:Kingdom of Bohemia
867:About 1250 to 1300
660:Bishops of Meissen
645:
485:Lords of Lobdeburg
479:Lords of Eilenburg
476:Burgraves of Dohna
456:. These included:
270:
218:The conversion of
208:
144:
43:
4544:History of Saxony
4352:No. 20, Dresden,
3988:Krug (1974) p. 6.
3448:("union thalers")
3438:Kingdom of Saxony
3225:Conventionsthaler
3022:was issued under
2968:Schuesselpfennigs
2896:
2895:
2541:Thirty Years' War
2507:ReichsmĂĽnzordnung
2376:
2375:
2152:ReichsmĂĽnzordnung
2042:Elector Maurice,
1986:und Duke George,
1892:electoral dignity
1820:John the Constant
1547:Judenkopfgroschen
1298:Judenkopfgroschen
944:, worth 60 small
896:
895:
805:Dimension/feature
520:
519:
342:monetary standard
278:nummus bracteatus
183:on behalf of the
16:(Redirected from
4551:
4323:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3838:. Archived from
3828:
3822:
3819:
3813:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3734:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3625:Saxe-Weissenfels
3623:of the Dukes of
3590:
3589:
3585:
3579:coin base weight
3501:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3302:(half groschen).
3298:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3166:Seven Years' War
2986:standard 1670/71
2961:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2921:to the fine mark
2900:Leipzig standard
2882:
2881:
2877:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2726:Fineness (0/00)
2717:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2503:Electoral Saxony
2362:
2361:
2357:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2199:Fineness (0/00)
2190:
2157:Imperial Circles
2155:of 1559. The 10
2114:
2113:
2109:
2071:
2055:
2039:
2030:, 1542, Annaberg
2019:
1999:
1990:, 1536, Buchholz
1979:
1968:KlappmĂĽtzentaler
1963:
1861:Locumtenenstaler
1842:KlappmĂĽtzentaler
1758:mintmaster marks
1717:Schreckenbergers
1701:Schreckenbergers
1682:
1681:
1677:
1639:
1636:
1410:Meissen groschen
1389:
1371:
1349:
1331:
1314:
1292:
1274:
1257:
1242:
1225:
1208:
1163:Schreckenbergers
813:Around 1140/1150
799:
788:
773:
758:
746:
734:
723:Conrad the Great
719:
603:
591:
575:
563:
547:
532:Counts of Wettin
528:
513:Counts of Wettin
473:Lords of Colditz
470:Counts of Brehna
459:
458:
368:regional pfennig
325:) and quarters (
247:Conrad the Great
58:regional pfennig
21:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4524:
4523:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3597:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3513:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3376:
3329:coin standard.
3295:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3162:
3071:
3045:) to encourage
2994:
2988:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2625:Treaty of Zinna
2601:Rechnungsthaler
2597:coin of account
2575:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2515:
2483:Schreckenberger
2459:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2305:Reichstaler (1
2301:
2297:
2296:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2134:DreibrĂĽdertaler
2111:
2107:
2106:
2088:
2075:
2072:
2063:
2062:, 1559, Dresden
2056:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2020:
2011:
2000:
1991:
1980:
1971:
1964:
1828:Albert the Bold
1812:
1754:
1729:Schreckenberger
1692:Schreckenberger
1679:
1675:
1674:
1637:
1578:Schwertgroschen
1566:Schwertgroschen
1514:of Meissen and
1423:FĂĽrstengroschen
1419:FĂĽrstengroschen
1406:FĂĽrstengroschen
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1319:Schwertgroschen
1315:
1306:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1226:
1217:
1213:FĂĽrstengroschen
1209:
1200:
1188:coin of account
1009:House of Wettin
957:Prague groschen
912:
910:Groschen period
890:minting process
792:
789:
780:
774:
765:
759:
750:
747:
738:
735:
726:
720:
711:
634:
618:
604:
595:
592:
583:
578:Burgraviate of
576:
567:
564:
555:
548:
539:
529:
503:Vogts of Plauen
464:Lords of Apolda
442:
394:
392:mints in Saxony
361:capital offence
313:House of Wettin
258:
216:
140:Sachsenpfennige
133:
127:
119:Hochrandpfennig
89:Sachsenpfennige
71:period and the
45:The history of
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4557:
4555:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4361:
4346:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4315:
4306:
4297:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4194:acsearch.info,
4182:
4173:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4101:
4099:Arnold (1986).
4092:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3990:
3981:
3972:
3963:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3918:
3909:
3900:
3891:
3882:
3873:
3864:
3855:
3823:
3814:
3810:acsearch.info,
3798:
3789:
3780:
3771:
3762:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3731:acsearch.info,
3719:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3633:Saxe-Merseburg
3596:
3593:
3559:Vereinsthalers
3512:
3509:
3476:
3475:
3464:
3449:
3446:Vereinsthalers
3375:
3369:
3304:
3303:
3161:
3155:
3146:Roter Seufzers
3070:
3063:
3027:John George II
2990:Main article:
2987:
2981:
2973:Näpfchenheller
2923:
2922:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2569: thaler (
2547:period, which
2528:Hosenbandtaler
2514:
2511:
2487:Engelsgroschen
2467:Kippergroschen
2458:
2448:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2060:Guldengroschen
2057:
2050:
2048:
2044:Guldengroschen
2041:
2034:
2032:
2028:Guldengroschen
2021:
2014:
2012:
2008:Guldengroschen
2001:
1994:
1992:
1988:Guldengroschen
1981:
1974:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1865:Imperial Vicar
1850:guldengroschen
1833:Guldengroschen
1811:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1753:
1750:
1721:
1720:
1698:
1660:
1649:
1646:minting rights
1625:The so-called
1623:
1612:
1585:
1562:
1543:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:Schildgroschen
1488:Schildgroschen
1475:Schildgroschen
1462:Schildgroschen
1454:Schildgroschen
1450:late mediaeval
1438:Schildgroschen
1434:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1246:Schildgroschen
1244:
1237:
1235:
1230:Schildgroschen
1227:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1154:Guldengroschen
1088:Schildgroschen
1002:Central Europe
988:Rhenish Gulden
950:Schockgroschen
946:Schockgroschen
916:broad groschen
911:
908:
894:
893:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
868:
864:
863:
851:
848:
844:
843:
839:
836:
832:
831:
817:
814:
810:
809:
806:
803:
794:
793:
790:
783:
781:
775:
768:
766:
760:
753:
751:
748:
741:
739:
736:
729:
727:
721:
714:
710:
707:
633:
630:
620:
619:
605:
598:
596:
593:
586:
584:
577:
570:
568:
565:
558:
556:
549:
542:
540:
530:
523:
518:
517:
516:
515:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
488:
487:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
454:minting rights
441:
435:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
393:
387:
338:Upper Lusatian
294:Pfund Pfennige
257:
251:
215:
212:
149:Sachsenpfennig
131:Sachsenpfennig
129:Main article:
126:
123:Sachsenpfennig
116:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4556:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4319:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3844:on 2015-09-23
3842:
3837:
3836:Coin Archives
3833:
3827:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3644:Administrator
3641:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3619:, became the
3618:
3614:
3610:
3601:
3594:
3592:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:Vereinsthaler
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3533:Liechtenstein
3530:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:Vereinsthaler
3450:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3239:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3077:Saxon-Polish
3075:
3068:
3065:Saxon-Polish
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:Wechselthaler
3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:Wechselthaler
3016:
3014:
3013:
3012:Wechselthaler
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2992:Wechselthaler
2985:
2984:Wechselthaler
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2558:
2557:Upper Lusatia
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:valued at 12
2229:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:ReichsmĂĽnzfuĂź
2172:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1873:Martin Luther
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1752:thaler period
1751:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:Schreckenberg
1702:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:Spitzgroschen
1613:
1611:) had failed.
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1355:Spitzgroschen
1348:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:Ore Mountains
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
989:
981:
976:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
952:were minted.
951:
947:
943:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
909:
907:
906:(1323–1349).
905:
900:
891:
887:
883:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
866:
865:
860:
856:
852:
849:
846:
845:
840:
837:
834:
833:
829:
826:
822:
818:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
797:
787:
782:
778:
772:
767:
763:
757:
752:
745:
740:
733:
728:
724:
718:
713:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
642:
638:
631:
629:
627:
626:
625:ministeriales
616:
612:
608:
602:
597:
590:
585:
581:
574:
569:
562:
557:
553:
546:
541:
537:
533:
527:
522:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
500:Lords of Pack
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
462:
461:
460:
457:
455:
451:
447:
440:
436:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
391:
388:
386:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
266:Otto the Rich
262:
255:
252:
250:
249:(1123–1156).
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
232:Gewichtspfund
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
204:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:
180:ministeriales
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
141:
137:
132:
124:
120:
117:
115:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
66:late medieval
64:period), the
63:
59:
56:
55:high medieval
52:
48:
47:Saxon coinage
40:
36:
35:
34:Ausbeutetaler
29:
19:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4368:
4364:
4349:
4335:
4318:
4309:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4210:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4113:
4104:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4005:
3984:
3975:
3966:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3841:the original
3835:
3826:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3765:
3756:
3747:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3660:
3637:
3606:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3536:
3526:
3504:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3458:
3452:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3399:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3326:
3323:Speciestaler
3322:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3276:
3263:
3250:
3237:
3224:
3221:Speciestaler
3220:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3197:Speciestaler
3195:
3170:Frederick II
3163:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3066:
3059:Wechseltaler
3058:
3042:
3030:
3019:
3017:
3010:
3008:
3002:Wechseltaler
3000:
2983:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2902:, which the
2897:
2883:
2870:
2856:
2843:
2837:
2824:
2811:
2807:
2785:
2781:
2759:
2755:
2735:
2731:
2710:against the
2707:
2688:
2684:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2611:Reichsthaler
2610:
2604:
2600:
2593:Reichsthaler
2592:
2589:Kurantthaler
2588:
2584:
2580:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2506:
2500:
2496:LandesmĂĽnzen
2495:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2404:
2391:
2388:Reichsgulden
2387:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2363:
2339:
2326:
2320:
2306:
2283:
2282:valued at 3
2279:
2257:
2256:valued at 6
2253:
2231:
2228:Reichsthaler
2227:
2178:
2174:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2140:
2132:
2119:
2115:
2095:
2083:
2078:
2059:
2043:
2027:
2007:
1987:
1967:
1943:Dresden Mint
1936:
1908:
1877:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1813:
1807:
1755:
1743:
1732:
1728:
1725:Zinsgroschen
1724:
1722:
1716:
1709:GroĂźgroschen
1708:
1700:
1690:
1671:Schneeberger
1670:
1666:
1663:Zinsgroschen
1662:
1653:Bartgroschen
1652:
1642:Frederick II
1626:
1620:Horngroschen
1619:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1589:Horngroschen
1588:
1581:
1577:
1570:cross fleury
1565:
1550:
1546:
1542:devaluation.
1504:
1501:Helmgroschen
1500:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:Sangerhausen
1422:
1418:
1405:
1395:Zinsgroschen
1393:
1377:Bartgroschen
1375:
1359:
1353:
1337:Horngroschen
1335:
1317:
1302:
1296:
1280:Helmgroschen
1278:
1260:
1245:
1228:
1211:
1191:
1186:, used as a
1182:
1178:
1169:Zinsgroschen
1167:
1161:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1107:
1092:
1087:
1080:countermarks
1077:
1070:
1063:
1052:Friedrich II
1045:
1013:Sangerhausen
1006:
997:
992:
985:
967:, as in the
954:
949:
945:
939:
935:
931:
927:
919:
913:
904:Frederick II
901:
897:
828:portable art
795:
691:crutch cross
676:
657:
646:
623:
621:
550:Lordship of
443:
438:
395:
389:
380:
365:
356:
354:
335:
326:
322:
316:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
271:
253:
240:
236:DĂĽnnpfennige
235:
231:
223:
217:
209:
178:
172:
157:
147:
145:
139:
122:
118:
114:
97:
87:
85:
50:
46:
44:
32:
4520:Regenstauf.
4439:Regenstauf.
3505:Neugroschen
3480:Neugroschen
3472:Neugroschen
3468:Neugroschen
3460:Neugroschen
3346:Pfennig, 3
3338:August d'or
3334:August d'or
3312:Reichstaler
3151:Bankotalers
3118:GroĂźkanzler
3114:Bankotalers
3091:Bankotalers
3067:Bankotalers
3055:Netherlands
3049:trade with
3043:Wechselgeld
2962:groschen).
2927:Kuranttaler
2919:Kuranttaler
2808:Kuranttaler
2782:Kuranttaler
2756:Kuranttaler
2732:Kuranttaler
2708:Kuranttaler
2681:Augustus II
2650:Kuranttaler
2581:Kuranttaler
2533:Kuranttaler
2523:Kuranttaler
2492:state coins
2471:Kippertaler
2382:and double
2378:The golden
2280:Reichstaler
2254:Reichstaler
2180:Reichstaler
2137:, from 1610
2116:Reichstaler
2096:Reichstaler
2086:(post-1571)
1932:Saxe-Weimar
1810:(1500–1571)
1667:Mutgroschen
1638: 1416
1433:was closed.
1283:, 1405–1411
1056:life estate
1041:Langensalza
930:, the word
920:grossi lati
878:around 1300
859:cast bronze
683:Pegau Abbey
383:mint master
376:mintmasters
327:Viertelchen
284:instead of
187:. Margrave
110:numismatics
4528:Categories
4329:Literature
3848:2019-08-25
3670:References
3656:Saxe-Zeitz
3621:progenitor
3571:Mark coins
3537:MĂĽnzverein
3360:Convention
3327:Convention
3320:Convention
3316:Convention
3308:Convention
3218:Convention
3206:Convention
3193:Convention
3158:Convention
3079:Bankotaler
2723:Weight (g)
2196:Weight (g)
2169:1571–1667
2004:battle axe
1922:up to the
1916:Thuringian
1911:Thuringian
1886:under the
1884:Albertines
1880:Ernestines
1869:Schautaler
1795:Schneeberg
1574:quatrefoil
1535:Thuringian
1172:to a full
1145:Albertines
1122:Schneeberg
1114:Schneeberg
1037:Wittenberg
978:Landgrave
825:Romanesque
439:bracteates
431:Wittenberg
243:bracteates
4428:Vol. 10:
4386:Augsburg.
4377:1613-3447
4371:(publ.).
4358:0323-6919
3629:Christian
3527:In 1857,
3414:14 Thaler
3372:14 Thaler
3210:20-gulden
3085:In 1702,
3035:Burgundia
2975:("saucer
2712:fine mark
2606:Reichstag
2438:inflation
2423:Rhineland
2419:Saxon law
2353:Pfennig (
2185:Fine Mark
2082:Imperial
1982:KurfĂĽrst
1924:partition
1523:Thuringia
1519:Balthasar
1516:Landgrave
1505:guthaltig
1458:groschens
1414:Balthasar
1398:from 1498
1141:Ernestine
886:planchets
699:Theodoric
552:Eilenburg
446:dynasties
437:Dynastic
390:Bracteate
350:Puschwitz
323:Hälblinge
318:halflings
254:Bracteate
224:Zählpfund
168:Magdeburg
62:bracteate
4499:Leipzig.
4472:Leipzig.
4407:Dresden.
3652:Naumburg
3617:Augustus
3575:Freiberg
3549:Zollmund
3187:Elector
3053:and the
2952:thaler (
2884:Groschen
2857:Groschen
2825:Groschen
2812:Groschen
2786:Groschen
2760:Groschen
2736:Groschen
2666:Meissen
2634:Elector
2392:Groschen
2364:Groschen
2340:Groschen
2307:Groschen
2284:Groschen
2258:Groschen
2232:Groschen
2206:groschen
2121:Groschen
1939:Augustus
1785:Freiberg
1775:Buchholz
1765:Annaberg
1737:Tyrolean
1713:fineness
1631:Margaret
1605:Oberwähr
1551:Oberwähr
1529:and the
1509:Margrave
1480:Groschen
1473:Hessian
1303:Oberwähr
1181:Meissen
1134:Buchholz
1130:Annaberg
1118:Annaberg
1048:Margaret
932:Groschen
924:groschen
884:Several
857:made of
855:coin die
821:die cuts
411:Freiberg
372:currency
357:al marco
298:denarius
290:Pfennige
286:bezahlen
228:Henry IV
197:denarius
159:pfennigs
81:Freiberg
60:period (
4486:Berlin.
4479:Berlin.
4414:Berlin.
4400:Berlin.
3646:of the
3640:Maurice
3613:Dresden
3586:⁄
3529:Austria
3497:⁄
3487:⁄
3436:In the
3425:⁄
3418:thalers
3391:⁄
3356:Pfennig
3352:Pfennig
3348:Pfennig
3300:thalers
3294:⁄
3284:⁄
3277:thalers
3271:⁄
3264:thalers
3258:⁄
3251:thalers
3245:⁄
3238:thalers
3232:⁄
3227:) = 20
3051:Hamburg
3047:Leipzig
3024:Elector
2977:hellers
2957:⁄
2947:⁄
2937:⁄
2892:204.86
2878:⁄
2871:Pfennig
2851:⁄
2832:465.28
2819:760.42
2802:⁄
2793:760.42
2776:⁄
2767:888.89
2750:⁄
2720:Nominal
2701:⁄
2643:⁄
2574:⁄
2564:⁄
2444:mints.
2415:Emperor
2409:of the
2384:guldens
2380:guldens
2358:⁄
2334:⁄
2300:⁄
2291:888.89
2274:⁄
2265:888.89
2248:⁄
2239:888.89
2222:⁄
2213:888.89
2193:Nominal
2183:to the
2124:), 1571
2110:⁄
2084:thalers
2024:Maurice
1896:Maurice
1859:On the
1808:thalers
1800:Zwickau
1790:Leipzig
1780:Dresden
1770:Bautzen
1748:coins.
1678:⁄
1633: (
1601:William
1582:Beiwähr
1572:in the
1525:in the
1126:Zwickau
1103:Leipzig
1060:Colditz
1033:Colditz
1025:Leipzig
1017:Zwickau
998:hellers
993:hellers
961:Bohemia
936:grossus
808:remark
672:Stolpen
653:Strehla
536:clipped
421:Leipzig
406:Colditz
401:Bautzen
282:blechen
274:bractea
193:Meissen
106:Meissen
69:pfennig
31:A 1768
4432:Basle.
4375:
4356:
3566:Empire
3541:Vienna
3431:gulden
3410:Munich
3362:money.
3354:and 8
3342:Heller
3266:= 160
3178:Poland
3174:Saxony
3130:talers
3107:talers
3103:talers
3099:talers
3095:talers
2844:Dreyer
2839:Dreier
2758:at 16
2734:at 24
2706:
2668:gulden
2662:gulden
2658:gulden
2654:gulden
2648:
2585:gulden
2579:
2545:Kipper
2479:Kipper
2455:Wipper
2451:Kipper
2442:Kipper
2436:Wipper
2432:Kipper
2390:at 21
2348:312.5
2327:Dreyer
2322:Dreier
2098:, 1575
1854:gulden
1846:gulden
1838:gulden
1806:State
1745:thaler
1733:gulden
1609:Bewähr
1597:Albert
1593:Ernest
1192:gulden
1183:gulden
1166:or 21
1149:gulden
1029:Weimar
941:Schock
802:Period
677:As an
668:Wurzen
450:regale
426:Weimar
331:ingots
256:period
195:. The
164:Otto I
94:Saxony
73:thaler
3664:medal
3539:) in
3519:King
3457:= 30
3408:) in
3382:King
3253:= 80
3240:= 40
3141:taler
2917:: 12
2784:at 8
2689:taler
2679:King
2583:) or
2553:Zinna
2236:14.62
2210:29.23
2177:): 9
1848:or a
1740:model
1539:crest
1021:Gotha
687:Pegau
679:abbey
611:Weida
607:Vogts
580:Dohna
416:Gotha
4373:ISSN
4354:ISSN
4192:In:
3545:Mark
3531:and
3521:John
3420:or 3
3350:, 4
3176:and
3039:fine
3018:The
2889:0.35
2865:250
2862:0.90
2829:1.99
2816:4.87
2790:9.74
2764:16.7
2453:and
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