Scandinavian York - Knowledge (XXG)

1229: 521: 591:, for historians, as Cnut is not recorded on any written contemporary sources. Historians have posited several hypotheses. These include, "no coins have been found from Gunfriths reign so perhaps they could be his? ". As some of the coins had both Siefredus and Cnuts name on them "perhaps these are the same person?". Another possibility is that he was "a Danish noble, mentioned in Norse sources, who was assassinated in 902 after a very brief reign. So brief that there was not enough time to produce coins in quantity." 791: 339: 68: 5617: 449:

the aid of the nobles. King Osbryht and Alla, having united their forces and formed an army, came to the city of York; on their approach the multitude of the shipmen immediately took flight. The Christians, perceiving their flight and terror, found that they themselves were the stronger party. They fought upon each side with much ferocity, and both kings fell. The rest who escaped made peace with the Danes.

724:, and although the annals indicated that Sihtric was reluctant to submit to Edward, he submitted to Æthelstan at Tamworth in January 926. Part of the agreement was that Sihtric should marry Æthelstan's sister Eadgyth also he should be baptised. According to Roger of Wendover, Sihtric was baptised but he "repudiated" the faith and rejected his bride shortly after, without the marriage being consummated. 5605: 951:. Edward became king but was killed under suspicious circumstances in 978. Æthelred replaced him as ruler and in 1002 he was told that the Danish men in his territory "would faithlessly take his life, and then all his councillors, and possess his kingdom afterwards". In response, he ordered the deaths of all Danes living in England. The orders were carried out on 13 November 1002 (now known as the 5353: 699:, Lady of the Mercians in early 918, but the negotiations were ended prematurely by her death in June of that year. Later in his reign, Ragnall submitted to Edward as overlord, but was allowed to keep his kingdom. Ragnall had three separate issues of coins produced while he ruled York the coins bearing the name RAIENALT, RACNOLDT or similar. He died late in 920 or early 921. 5593: 1339:"The whole speech of the Northumbrians, especially that of the men of York, grates so harshly upon the ear that it is completely unintelligible to us southerners. The reason for this is their proximity to barbaric tribes and their distance from the kings of the land who, whether English as once or Norman as now, are known to stay more often in the south than the north." 1118:, for Yorkshire, indicates the extent of the Norman takeover, most of the former landowners who survived the conquest, retained only a fraction of their estates, and then as tenants of a Norman lord. With 25 of William the Conquerors magnates holding 90% of the county's manors, the days when English kings appointed Scandinavian Earls of Northumbria were at an end. 717:, in violation of the terms of submission agreed between Ragnall and Edward. Edward the Elder died in 924. It seems that Sihtric took advantage of the situation to expand his kingdom. There is some numismatic evidence to support this as there are coins, from this time, minted at Lincoln, in the Kingdom of Mercia, as well those from York. 1072:. Although William had won the battle it took several years for the Normans to consolidate their rule over England. It is likely that the Conqueror exercised little authority north of the Humber during 1067 as he simply did not have the troops there to enforce his will although the northern earls did submit to him. 513:

since the arrival of the Vikings, however although it had become impoverished the amount of ecclesiastical artefacts that have been excavated in York, from various periods between the 7th and 11th centuries, indicate that the cathedral remained a religious centre throughout. Guthred died in 895 and was buried at

706:, who was a kinsman of Ragnall, and another Viking leader that had been expelled from the Kingdom of Dublin, in 902. Sihtric, however had returned to Ireland to retake Dublin and become their king. Then in 920 he travelled to York and joined Ragnall where in 921 Ragnall died and Sihtric replaced him as king. 913:

capitalizing on the deteriorating political situation in York, established himself as king. Eadred's response was to raid Northumbria and drive Eric out. Olaf Cuaran was reestablished as king from 950 to 952. Olaf's rule was short-lived as in 952 Eric removed him and then reigned in Northumbria till

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makes no mention of Gofraid, simply stating that Æthelstan succeeded Sihtric as King in Northumbria, and thereafter held a meeting with the other kings in Britain, establishing peace. A later account by William of Malmesbury tells a different story. In his version, Gofraid goes to Scotland following

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In this article "Viking" is used in the modern sense, so the term is defined as "The inhabitants of Scandinavia, between the 7th and 11th centuries, before and after they achieved separate or more distinct identities... who left their homelands for a more exciting or better life." Discussions about

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The English language contains many hundreds of words that have a Scandinavian origin. However, in Yorkshire and northern England there are thousands of words with Scandinavian roots. A contemporary local literary tradition plus the large amount of non-Norman population, indicated by the charters of

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an administrative sub division of the Ridings in Yorkshire. The term is of Scandinavian origin and meant the taking of weapons; it later signified the clash of arms by which the people assembled in a local court expressed assent. In Scandinavian York it is likely that initially the Wapentakes were

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Although Æthelstan had integrated the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms into one unified England and suppressed opposition from the Vikings and their allies, when he died in 939, the Viking leader Olaf Guthfrithson (who had been defeated at Brunanburh) arrived from Dublin and took over Northumbria with minimal

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In those days, the nation of the Northumbrians had violently expelled from the kingdom the rightful king of their nation, Osbryht by name, and had placed at the head of the kingdom a certain tyrant, named Alla. When the pagans came upon the kingdom, the dissension was allayed by divine counsel and

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in England by the early 8th century, and from the late 8th century, locally produced coins of this nature have been excavated in York. The bankrupt nature of the Northumbrian economy is illustrated by the continued production of small silver coins and eventually replacing them with copper pennies

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In 875/ 876 part of the Great Army returned, headed by Halfdan Ragnarsson. York was retaken and although Halfdan was proclaimed King of Northumbria, in reality he was only the ruler of southern Northumbria (Deira). Deira became known as the Kingdom of York (Jórvík) with Halfdan as its first king.

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on them. The arrival of the pagan Vikings seems to have had little effect on the Christian religion, with the incoming Scandinavians converting to Christianity within a few decades of their arrival and largely adopting local burial customs, however there are stone crosses and grave markers, that

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in the various boroughs around the country. The most important mints were in London, Winchester, Lincoln, Chester and York. They produced a standard design so that each coin could be used anywhere in England. The design was changed about every six years. This model for the production of currency

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became king in 883. Guthred was the first Christian Viking king of York. It is traditionally thought that Guthred's election was sponsored by Archbishop Wulfhere's religious community from Lindisfarne. Churches and religious centres in Northumbria had been systematically stripped of their wealth

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After Ivar the Boneless had annexed York, the two Anglo-Saxon leaders settled their differences, they joined forces and attempted to retake the city. When the Northumbrians attacked, the Vikings withdrew behind the crumbling Roman city walls, but the Anglo-Saxon leaders were both killed and the

1991:

The honorific title "Earl" was Anglo-Scandinavian in origin. At the time of the Norman Conquest Northumbria was one of only seven Earldoms for all of England. The earl was appointed by the king to rule a territory in his stead. The title of Earl was the highest rank below the king. In English

1164:. The minting of coinage in York was controlled by the Northumbrian monarch and the archbishop.The coins produced under command of the king seems to have stopped around 850 and Archbishop Wulfhere around 855. The Vikings reintroduced the minting of coins, in York, 1220:. Also, there was amber from the Baltic for the production of jewellery, and soapstone probably from Norway or Shetland, used to make large cooking pots. Wine was imported from the Rhineland and silk, used to make into caps for sale, came from Byzantium. 1558:'Is there nobody inside to open the door?' I hallooed, responsively. 'There's nobody but the mistress, and she'll not open it for you if you make your frightening din till night.' 'Why? Cannot you tell her whom I am, eh, Joseph?' 694:

in 918. It is not clear from the annals, who actually won the battle, but the outcome did allow Ragnall to establish himself as king at York. It seems that the people of York were unhappy with Ragnall as they promised obedience to

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Asser actually uses the term "make peace". historians have suggested that this means paying the Vikings money or goods in return for peace. See Asser ch. 10 where he explicitly says that the men from Kent paid money in return for

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After the Norman conquest there were several unsuccessful attempts by Scandinavian kings to regain control of England, the last of which took place in 1086. However raiding did continue and the last recorded one was in 1152, when

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The chronology of events for both Olaf Guthfrithson, Olaf Cuaranths and Ragnalls' reigns have been subject to debate however the annals for 944 all seem to agree that Edmund was able to expel the Viking leaders from Northumbria.

1689:. New streets, lined by regular building fronts for timber houses were added to an enlarging city between 900 and 935, dates arrived at by tree-ring chronology carried out on remaining posts preserved in anaerobic clay subsoil. 471:

as puppet ruler of Northumbria. Five years later, in 872, when the Great Army was elsewhere, the local Northumbrians capitalized on their absence by driving Wulfhere and Ecgberht out. The two exiles found refuge at the court of

749:. Gofraid and a Viking ally called Thurfrith led a force to York and besieged the city. Æthelstan counterattacked and Gofraid was captured. The city was then looted by the Anglo-Saxons and Gofraid allowed to return to Ireland. 1531:'Is there nobody inside to open the door?' I hallooed, responsively. 'There's nobbut t' missis; and shoo'll not oppen 't an ye mak' yer flaysome dins till neeght.' 'Why? Cannot you tell her whom I am, eh, Joseph?' 753:... at last came a suppliant to court. Being amicably received by the king, and sumptuously entertained for four days, he resought his ships; an incorrigible pirate, and accustomed to live in the water like a fish. 966:, to invade England in 1003. The onslaught continued until 1014 when Æthelred and his family were driven into exile and Sweyn installed as king of England. However he only reigned for five weeks before dying. 1211:

York was a major manufacturing centre particularly in metalwork, with Jórvík craftspeople sourcing their raw materials both near and far. There was gold and silver coming from Europe, copper and lead from the

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During his reign, Æthelstan integrated Northumbria into England and the design of the coinage was changed to conform with the standard English system. On some coins, produced at York, the mint-signature was

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but confusingly later on the Wapentake itself was regarded as the direct equivalent to the Anglo-Saxon Hundred. Wapentakes lasted until 1974, when they were phased out by the Local Government Act 1972.

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coins. Some of the coins discovered have Siefredus's name on providing an indication to when he reigned. The coin evidence suggests that Siefredus succeeded Guthred and ruled from about 895 until 900.

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Scandinavian Yorkshire was divided into three parts, for administration purposes, these were known as the North Riding, the West Riding and the East Riding. The name Riding derives from the Old Norse

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895/896. These coins had a similar design to continental coins, some with short religious texts on them and others with the name of the mint where they were produced, for example EBRAICE for

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became the leader of the Danish army and Æthelred returned to England. Æthelred drove Cnut out of England and back to Denmark. Then in 1015, Cnut relaunched the campaign against England.

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After the Norman Conquest, the frequency of Anglo-Scandinavian place-names and the absence of Norman-French place-names indicate that the Norman settlers were purely of the top rank.

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during the period of Scandinavian domination from late 9th century until it was annexed and integrated into England after the Norman Conquest; in particular, it is used to refer to

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became the last Scandinavian Earl of Northumbria when he succeeded Erik in about 1033. He governed for 22 years without difficulty. On Siward's death in 1055, the king of England,

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This year king Edmund ravaged all Cumberland, and granted it all to Malcolm king of the Scots, on the condition, that he should be his fellow-worker as well by sea as by land.

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When these events so happened, Sigferth the pirate arrived from the land of the Northumbrians with a large fleet, ravaged twice and afterwards sailed back to his own homeland.

394:

The Vikings had been raiding the coasts of England from the late 8th century, but in 865 a Viking army landed with the intention of conquering rather than just raiding. The

1052:. The people of York submitted to Tostig and Hardrada who did not occupy the city. Five days later Tostig and Hadrada were defeated and killed, by Harold Godwinson, at the 1982:

The annals suggest that Edmund was killed by an outlaw, but some modern historians, for example Kevin Halloran have suggested it might have been a political assassination.

531:

replaced Guthred as ruler of Jórvík and although not a great deal is known about him there has been some information provided by coin evidence. A substantial find in the

1087:'s army with Tostig, against Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. He had managed to escape after Harald's defeat. When Copsi offered homage to William at 215: 4508: 999:, had been murdered, probably on Cnut's orders. Although a Scandinavian king ruled all of England. Northumbria was not well integrated into the rest of the country. 4905: 6572: 5648: 770:), Constantine II, King of Scotland, and Owain, King of Strathclyde invaded England. The invaders were stopped and defeated by Æthelstan, and his allies, at the 4737: 3907:

Fafinski, Mateusz (2014). "The moving centre: trade and travel in York from Roman to Anglo-Saxon Times". In Gale R. Owen-Crocker; Brian W. Schneider (eds.).

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Archaeological evidence indicates that Jórvík had a busy international trade with thriving workshops, and well-established mints. York was part of the wider

1083:, a supporter of Tostig, was a native of Northumbria and his family had a history of being rulers of Bernicia, and at times Northumbria. Copsi had fought in 4661: 1763:

After the excavation, the York Archaeological Trust took the decision to recreate the excavated part of Jórvík on the Coppergate site, and this is now the

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area. Edward and his allies responded by attacking East Anglia. Edward's Kentish allies engaged Æthelwold's army, and in this battle Æthelwold was killed.

4272: 3668: 1172:(York). Although where the mint was located, in York has not been found, a workshop that produced and tested the dies has been identified at Coppergate. 664:

Edward followed up his attack on East Anglia with raids into the Viking kingdom. The following year the Vikings retaliated, led by their new joint kings

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left Dublin and headed to Northumbria to replace Sihtric as king but his attempt to rule was unsuccessful, and he was driven out by King Æthelstan. The

623:. Edward's forces besieged Æthelwold's position, forcing him to flee. He went to York, where the locals accepted him as king, in 901. According to the 6506: 5641: 5397: 1205: 991:

using a system of governance based on the Scandinavian system of the time. He appointed his most trusted followers as earls, with the Norwegian

366:. The Romans withdrew around 407 and the Anglo-Saxons occupied the settlement from the early 7th century. Post-Roman York was in the kingdom of 4856: 4767: 4547: 4479: 4439: 4420: 4382: 4363: 4238: 4156: 4137: 3897: 3785: 3757: 3726: 3591: 3572: 3553: 3513: 774:. After this, although Æthelstan's relationship with Northumbria was not an easy one, his hold on it remained secure until his death in 939. 6587: 5664: 4805: 4615: 4261: 4118: 3916: 3707: 3688: 587:

on them, the coin evidence suggests that he reigned between 900 and 905. He is listed as ruler of York but has proved to be something of a

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J.A. Cannon suggests that Ivar and his half-brother Halfdan, that seized York in 867, were raiders from the Viking kingdom of Dublin.

987:

Ironside died just a few weeks after the treaty. Cnut then became king of all England. He divided England into four semi-independent

476:. The revolt was short lived with the Vikings regaining control of York in 873. Wulfhere was recalled to the See but the Anglo-Saxon 4835: 4786: 4681: 4589: 4566: 4401: 4307: 4219: 4198: 4179: 4099: 4012: 3991: 3954: 3935: 3872: 3851: 3646: 3627: 3532: 3451: 1810:

the Anglo-Scandinavian archaeology in York has called them both "Danes" and "Norwegian" so "Viking" is a useful inclusive shorthand.

829:

also with Edmund as sponsor. Both Olaf and Ragnall are called king, but it is uncertain whether they were co-rulers or rival kings.

5761: 1681:), recorded in the late fourteenth century was possibly the royal residence. It is in the area immediately outside the site of the 984:. After the battle, Cnut made a treaty with Edmund whereby Edmund would be king of Wessex and Cnut would rule the rest of England. 668:

their intention was to raid Mercia and Wessex but were intercepted and killed when they met a joint army from Wessex and Mercia at

631:... he stole away by night, and sought the army in North-humbria; and they received him for their king, and became obedient to him. 1964:

Smyth has suggested that this was an act of defiance by Sihtric, indicating to Edward that he would not submit to him like Ragnall

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were familiar enough and respected enough for a counterfeit to have passed in trade. Both these items, as well as a large human

1264:. In England, the incidence of them is most dense in northern Yorkshire, suggesting that the form was initiated in this region. 810:

joined him in York. In 941 Olaf Guthfrithson invaded Mercia and East Anglia The Archbishops of York and Canterbury mediated and

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in Yorkshire has been found although there is coin evidence minted during Ragnall I's reign, from the 10th century, that had

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Hall, Richard (2001). "A kingdom too far: York in the early tenth century". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).

1555:'What do you want?' he shouted. 'The master's down in the fold . Go round the end of the barn if you want to speak to him.' 1528:

What are ye for?' he shouted. 'T' maister's down i' t' fowld. Go round by th' end o' t' laith, if ye went to spake to him.'

794:

A penny from York minted in Olaf Sihtricsson's time, the moneyer was Æthelfrith. The obverse shows a bird, presumed to be a

520: 423:, made its way north to Northumbria where the Anglo-Saxons were embroiled in a civil war. In 862 the ruler of Northumbria, 6582: 6306: 5558: 5181: 1010: 821:

says that Olaf Cuaran was baptised, with Edmund as sponsor, and that same year, another king of Northumbria, was named as

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in 954. The whole area was then governed by earls, from the local nobility, who were appointed by the kings of England.

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is often expected at a Viking site and at Jórvík an impractical and presumably symbolic axehead of amber was found. A

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in 1067, William rewarded him by making him earl of Northumbria. After just five weeks as earl, Copsi was murdered by

1018: 1002: 5151: 648:

describes how he raised a fleet and landed first in Essex, then went on to East Anglia where he persuaded their king

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meaning street. One of the best known of these is Coppergate, which translates as the "street of the woodworkers".

1524:, where the servant Josephs dialogue is written in dialect. An example, quoting Joseph from Chapter 2 of the book: 952: 321:, the city controlled by these kings and earls. The Kingdom of Jórvík was closely associated with the longer-lived 4816: 505:

Halfdan's reign did not last long, as he was killed, trying to assert his claim to the Kingdom of Dublin, in 877.

6345: 5906: 5553: 5430: 5410: 5219: 5186: 4528: 4317:

McFadden, Brian (2001). "The Social Context of Narrative Disruption in 'The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle.'".

1705: 1320: 1297: 1179:, reformed the monetary system to give Anglo-Saxon England a uniform currency. This involved approximately sixty 1100: 1053: 576:, is that Siefriedus is the same as the jarl Sichfrith who lay claim to the Kingdom of Dublin in that same year. 548: 468: 4646: 2012:

and historian, analysed Joseph's dialect and confirmed that it is authentic for that specific area of Yorkshire.

1296:. They were created during the Scandinavian period but continued until 1974, when they were abolished under the 1040:

returned to Westminster at Easter 1066. In September 1066 Tostig was back on the scene this time with his ally,

683: 6577: 6219: 6189: 5780: 5712: 5415: 5405: 5372: 5294: 5239: 5101: 4279: 3657: 1891:

The term Kufic coins, in a Viking hoard, refer to a collection of Oriental coins that are both Muslim (such as

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Place-names can give an indication to what an area was used for. For example, in York, the Old Norse placename

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Hogbacks were introduced in 10th century, they are a house-shaped stone with a bowed roof ridge and often with

790: 528: 5249: 600: 6108: 6024: 5703: 5335: 5166: 5156: 5126: 5121: 5096: 5091: 4950: 4607: 1678: 1240:

Christianity had been established in Northumbria by the end of the 7th century. Very little evidence of the

1092: 992: 948: 588: 3683:. The Vikings in Cleveland. Vol. 4. Centre for the Study of the Viking Age, University of Nottingham. 1851:, Lonsdale and Cravenshire (modern Lancashire north of the Ribble and parts of Cumberland and Westmorland). 492:

Halfdene apportioned the lands of North-humbria: and they thenceforth continued ploughing and tilling them.

6428: 5691: 5224: 5196: 5191: 5111: 5106: 5074: 4960: 3889: 1716:

in central York. This demonstrated that, in the 10th century, Jórvík's trading connections reached to the

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ascended the throne of Wessex. However, Æthelwold made a bid for power, seizing his fathers old estate in

428: 424: 79: 6279: 6076: 5924: 5918: 5176: 5161: 5141: 5131: 5038: 4985: 3846:. Borthwick Papers. Vol. 33. York: University of York. Borthwick Institute of Historical Research. 1729: 1111: 854: 746: 649: 396: 5814: 5053: 604: 431:. Ivar the Boneless was able to capitalize on the Anglo-Saxons disarray and captured York in 866/ 867. 152: 31: 1685:, the east gatehouse of the Roman encampment, perpetuated today as King's Square, which nucleates the 6231: 6201: 6183: 6120: 6084: 6070: 5578: 5548: 5538: 5472: 5446: 5304: 5116: 5028: 5018: 4980: 4975: 4955: 1764: 1123: 1006: 822: 771: 669: 441: 375: 20: 6237: 6225: 6207: 6195: 5880: 5868: 5482: 5284: 5274: 5244: 5063: 1909: 1848: 1250: 1185: 1057: 933: 923: 817:

It is probable that Olaf Guthfrithson died in 942 and was replaced by Olaf Cuaran. Then in 943 the

733: 691: 675: 644:Æthelwold did not stay in York long; in 903 he began a campaign to regain the crown of Wessex. The 580: 5862: 5604: 5299: 1160:) while the other English kingdoms were producing the larger standard silver penny established by 889:, he "subdued all Northumberland under his power" and obtained oaths of obedience from the Scots. 6536: 6496: 6320: 6291: 6164: 6140: 6060: 5947: 5621: 5568: 5328: 5264: 5259: 5229: 4940: 4709: 4342: 4334: 4045: 1756:, during this time, it is known that there was an accommodation with the church as Christian and 1241: 1176: 1065: 996: 981: 665: 420: 405: 306: 1292:

meaning "third part". Under Scandinavian rule each Riding was a unitary authority with its own

6456: 6339: 6096: 6090: 5977: 5941: 5912: 5874: 5697: 5543: 5517: 5289: 4965: 4852: 4846: 4831: 4801: 4782: 4763: 4757: 4677: 4611: 4585: 4562: 4543: 4475: 4454: 4435: 4416: 4397: 4378: 4359: 4303: 4257: 4253: 4234: 4215: 4194: 4175: 4152: 4133: 4114: 4095: 4008: 3987: 3950: 3931: 3912: 3893: 3868: 3847: 3781: 3753: 3722: 3703: 3684: 3642: 3623: 3606: 3587: 3568: 3549: 3528: 3509: 3447: 3430: 1776: 1521: 1333: 1283: 1249:

introduced Scandinavian motifs to the designs and instituted new forms, notably the so-called

1104: 1049: 944: 767: 473: 416: 409: 322: 1114:, he laid waste Yorkshire and eventually replaced its nobility with his own trusted men. The 6531: 6385: 6273: 6267: 6126: 6102: 5730: 5724: 5609: 5013: 4945: 4326: 4070: 4037: 3815: 3745: 3545:

Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation

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Many of the city of York's street names end in "~gate". The name derives from the Old Norse

1548: 1293: 1245: 1048:. On the 20 September 1066 the allies defeated, the northern earls, Morcar and Edwin at the 1033: 1014: 842: 703: 687: 616: 612: 464: 6511: 4576:

Stack, Gilbert (2005). Stephen Morillo; Diane Korngiebel (eds.). "A Lost Law of Henry II".

3749: 6410: 6330: 6213: 6042: 6018: 5898: 5831: 5497: 5382: 5377: 5048: 4935: 4647:"The anonymous Anglo-Viking issue with Sword and Hammer types and the coinage of Sitric I" 4028:

Halloran, Keith (2015). "A Murder at Pucklechurch: The Death of King Edmund, 26 May 946".

1820: 1786: 1088: 1084: 1041: 1026: 977: 963: 959: 573: 379: 191: 5774: 5279: 1517: 696: 4559:

Scandinavian York and Dublin: the history and archaeology of two related Viking kingdoms

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Scandinavian domination came to an end when Eadred's forces killed Eric Bloodaxe at the

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dates this to 905, while Cannon and Hargreaves tentatively identify this battle as the

1791: 1161: 1150: 814:, Æthelstan's successor, surrendered much of the south-east Midlands and Lincolnshire. 742: 552: 536: 338: 290: 265: 110: 67: 6551: 6501: 6396: 5856: 5573: 5487: 5309: 5023: 4970: 4599: 4346: 4049: 2009: 1828: 1737: 1638: 1623: 1580: 1233: 1115: 910: 532: 355: 4041: 1300:, although the East Riding of Yorkshire was revived as a unitary authority in 1996. 1236:, North Riding of Yorkshire. Elongated rounded stones with beasts clasping each end. 1110:

William's response was brutal. During the winter of 1069, in an action known as the

539:, contained approximately 8,000 Anglo-Scandinavian coins as well as continental and 5633: 4878: 1832: 1749: 875: 826: 682:

and was probably one of the Vikings expelled from Dublin in 902. He fought against

514: 126: 121: 24: 5736: 4082: 3966: 3834: 3493: 2025:. Various goods from China including silk and coins, would pass through Samarkand. 721: 362:. The Roman settlement was regularly planned, well defended and contained a stone 4692: 4625: 4209: 3883: 3862: 3543: 467:, "made peace" with the Vikings. The Vikings appointed a compliant native prince 6416: 6012: 5845: 5507: 5320: 2005: 1993: 1127: 1036:

became King of England. He visited York early in his reign and according to the

807: 252: 97: 35: 4074: 3819: 3478: 6036: 5819: 5254: 4330: 4059: 3974: 3804: 3506:

Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources

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The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and its Transformation 1000–1135

3610: 1561:'Not me. I'll not have anything to do with it,' muttered the head, vanishing. 1103:, bought the earldom from William. He was not long in power before he joined 551:

has led some historians to suggest that Siefriedus maybe the same person, as

6516: 5477: 5356: 2022: 1725: 1721: 885:

who immediately turned his attention to Northumbria, where according to the

653: 620: 314: 93: 5269: 3681:

What do we think of the Vikings and what did the Vikings think of Cleveland

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Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (2001). Lapidge, Michael (ed.).

1922: 1257: 4883: 4533:. Vol. I. Translated by J. A. Giles. London: Henry G. Bohn. 3504:(1983). "Life of King Alfred". In Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (eds.). 995:

appointed to the Earldom of Northumbria. The previous Earl of Northumbria

803:

opposition. Coins minted at York during his reign show the Raven motif.

382:

consecrated in 780. The settlement became the Anglo-Saxon trading port of

5959: 5058: 4923: 1757: 1608: 1213: 1201: 1145: 1069: 1061: 811: 714: 371: 140: 115: 4716:. Victoria County History. London: British History Online. pp. 2–24 4338: 6373: 6259: 6175: 6158: 6114: 5971: 5965: 5850: 5234: 1840: 1836: 1745: 1180: 988: 679: 509: 477: 347: 144: 83: 3885:

Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014

2109: 2107: 652:

to help him in his campaign. The combined armies raided Wessex in the

6422: 6404: 6152: 6146: 5742: 5420: 4111:

Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles; Their Nature and Legacy

3949:(Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3945:

Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1986).

3679:

Butler, Jo Shortt (2014). O'Donoghue, Heather; Vohra, Pragya (eds.).

1921:Æthelweard Chronicle says that there was a third joint king known as 1892: 1844: 1781: 1686: 1156: 1045: 1022: 882: 608: 363: 3780:. The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford University Press. 1992:

counties where there was no earl in charge the king would appoint a

1516:

An example, in literature, of the Yorkshire dialect can be found in

1064:

on 28 September and on 13 October Harold of England fought his last

1009:, chose a West Saxon to govern Yorkshire, in place of Siward's son, 19:"Jorvik" redirects here. For the museum and visitor attraction, see 3444:

Alfred the Great: War, Kingship, and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England

342:

A map of the routes taken by the Great Heathen Army from 865 to 878

5502: 5492: 5086: 5043: 5001: 4990: 3501: 1741: 1733: 1357:

the time, was the basis of the distinct modern Yorkshire dialect.

1227: 1080: 898: 795: 789: 540: 519: 367: 337: 209: 4474:. The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford United Press. 4004:

British Isles: Viking Raids and Settlement in Britain and Ireland

2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 1534:'Nor-ne me! I'll hae no hend wi't,' muttered the head, vanishing. 1130:

looted places on the east coast of Britain, including Yorkshire.

1099:. When, in turn, the usurping Osulf was also killed, his cousin, 943:

died suddenly. The succession was contested between his two sons

611:

from 865 to 871. Following his father's death, in 871, his uncle

5953: 5825: 1973:

The Mercians were integrated into the English army at this time.

970: 927: 463:

The remaining Northumbrian leaders, probably led by archbishop,

318: 213: 156: 5637: 5324: 4887: 4798:

The Deeds of the Bishops of England (Gesta Pontificum Anglorum)

976:

Meanwhile, in 1016 Æthelred died and was succeeded by his son,

378:

was baptized there in 627 and the first Anglo-Saxon archbishop

4874:

Brenda Ralph Lewis & David Nash Ford, "York: Viking Times"

3965: 1029:). The northerners choice of new earl was accepted by Edward. 980:. Edmund and his forces were decisively beaten by Cnut at the 3152: 3150: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2629: 2627: 2515: 2513: 2021:

Samarkand was part of a major trading route now known as the

4007:, Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.), Oxford University, 2150: 2148: 2146: 2488: 2486: 2396: 2394: 2336: 2334: 579:

The Cuerdale Hoard also contained some coins with the name

2921: 2919: 2774: 2772: 4211:

Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture: Northern Yorkshire

2656: 2654: 2285: 2283: 374:

to form the kingdom of Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon king

4800:. Translated by David G. Preest. London: Boydell Press. 3272: 3270: 2425: 2423: 2421: 1752:. Although little is known about the internal events of 1720:

and beyond: a cap made of silk survives, and coins from

4815:

William of Malmesbury (1847). Giles, J. A. (ed.).

4693:"The Readers Guide to Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights" 4298:

McCrum, Robert; Cran, William; MacNeil, Robert (1986).

3167: 3165: 841:

In 945, Edmund invaded Cumbria and blinded two sons of

555:, who had previously been raiding the coast of Wessex. 6527:

Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom

3182: 3180: 2590: 2588: 2274: 1732:, were famously recovered in York a millennium later. 408:). They landed in East Anglia where the locals, under 3565:

England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075 -1225

2579: 1348: 892:

In 947 Eadred went to the Anglo-Scandinavian town of

758: 370:; it was taken over in 655 by its northern neighbour 4736:. Viking Age York: Trade. The Jorvik Viking Centre. 3864:

Conquest, Anarchy and Lordship: Yorkshire, 1066–1154

3245: 3243: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 766:

In 937 a coalition of Vikings (led by Gofraid's son

6479: 6449: 6394: 6366: 6359: 6329: 6305: 6258: 6251: 6174: 6059: 6052: 6005: 5998: 5934: 5807: 5800: 5754: 5678: 5671: 5531: 5465: 5439: 5396: 5363: 5205: 5072: 4999: 4921: 4527:Roger of Wendover (1854). Giles, J. A. (ed.). 4001:Hall, Richard (2012), Silberman, Neil Asher (ed.), 615:became king. When Alfred died in 899. Alfred's son 286: 205: 188: 178: 166: 151: 136: 103: 89: 74: 44: 4373:Metcalf, D. M. (1982). James Campbell (ed.). 4058: 3867:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 3803: 3639:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 3462: 3300: 1934:Ímar is probably synonymous with Ivar the Boneless 508:There was an interregnum after Halfdan died until 358:it became the provincial capital and bishopric of 78:The kingdom of York, forming the southern part of 6558:States and territories disestablished in the 950s 4714:A History of the County of York: the City of York 4630:Church Historians of England, volume III, part II 3620:The Struggle for Mastery : Britain 1066-1284 3288: 2531: 2202: 2113: 2043: 1566: 2802: 2708: 2645: 2373: 1949:suggests the Vikings won the battle whereas the 1882:Some sources suggest that he died in 894 or 896. 1126:taking advantage of the confusion caused by the 1017:, was unpopular with locals. In 1065 Tostig was 745:with Æthelstan, Constantine II of Scotland, and 572:A further hypothesis, proposed by the historian 455: 3717:Campbell, James (1991). Campbell, James (ed.). 1553: 1526: 1337: 896:, where Archbishop Wulfan and the Northumbrian 859: 751: 629: 557: 490: 446: 412:, "made peace" with them in return for horses. 313:) is a term used by historians for what is now 6593:States and territories established in the 870s 4624:Symeon of Durham (1855). Stevenson, J. (ed.). 4278:. The British Numistic Society. Archived from 3909:The Anglo-Saxons: The World through their Eyes 3464:"Uhtred, earl of Bamburgh (d. 1016), magnate." 1925:, this is not supported by the other sources. 678:was York's next ruler, he was the grandson of 16:Historical Norse colony in present-day England 5649: 5336: 4899: 4540:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings 4208:Lang, James T. (1984). Rosemary Cramp (ed.). 3658:"The Coinage of Athelstan, 924-939: A survey" 958:It is thought that the massacre provoked the 8: 4468:Pierce, Marc (2010). Robert E. Bjork (ed.). 4069:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3973:. London: G. Bell and Sons Ltd. – via 3814:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3563:Bartlett, Robert (2000). J.M.Roberts (ed.). 3473:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1509:John Waddington-Feather. Yorkshire Dialect. 1032:After Edward the Confessor's death in 1066, 535:, during the 19th century, now known as the 4561:. Vol. 2. Dublin: Templekieran Press. 2098: 1665:A.D Mills Dictionary of English Place-Names 1200:with one route leading to Norway by way of 6363: 6255: 6171: 6056: 6002: 5804: 5675: 5656: 5642: 5634: 5343: 5329: 5321: 4906: 4892: 4884: 4676:. Machester: Manchester University Press. 4626:"The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham" 4147:John, Eric (1991). Campbell, James (ed.). 3548:. Princeton University Press. p. 39. 2250: 1868: 1866: 454:The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham, 440:Northumbrians defeated during the ensuing 66: 41: 6507:List of English words of Old Norse origin 2826: 1823:of what is now Yorkshire (referred to as 444:on 21 March 867. Symeon of Durham wrote: 82:, and to the south of it the rest of the 3156: 2937: 2925: 2886: 2850: 2744: 2055: 1359: 786:Restoration of Scandinavian rule 939–944 741:Sihtric's death, to attend a meeting at 4066:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3811:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3698:Cannon, John; Hargreaves, Anne (2009). 3470:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3425:Æthelweard (1962). Campbell, A. (ed.). 3210: 3171: 3117: 3045: 3033: 2949: 2910: 2898: 2763: 2684: 2633: 2618: 2543: 2519: 2492: 2465: 2453: 2429: 2400: 2352: 2340: 2036: 1912:in 903 (s.v. "AEthelwald" and "Oeric"). 1802: 1232:Hogbacks in All Saints Church, Brompton 906:Scandinavian rule reestablished 947–954 480:became ruler, as Ecgberht died in 873. 4830:. Berkeley: University of California. 4632:. Translated by J. Stevenson. Seeley's 3198: 3081: 3069: 2997: 2874: 2838: 2325: 2238: 2178: 2154: 2086: 2067: 1594: 1591: 1586: 1184:remained unchanged until the reign of 1107:in rebellion against William in 1068. 6573:Former countries in the British Isles 4743:from the original on 27 February 2023 4514:from the original on 27 February 2023 4415:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4377:. The Anglo Saxons. London: Penguin. 4151:. The Anglo Saxons. London: Penguin. 3928:The Sutton Companion to Local History 3396: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3261: 3234: 3129: 3105: 3093: 3021: 2961: 2862: 2814: 2790: 2778: 2732: 2720: 2696: 2660: 2606: 2567: 2555: 2504: 2412: 2385: 2301: 2289: 2262: 2226: 2214: 2190: 2166: 2137: 2125: 1363:in Yorkshire with Scandinavian roots 1342:(William of Malmesbury 12th century.) 1260:long sides, many were accompanied by 1206:Dnieper and Volga rivers to Byzantium 866: 636: 497: 187: 177: 173: 150: 7: 4451:Emily Bronte and the Haworth Dialect 3750:10.1093/acref/9780199550371.001.0001 3527:. London: Wiedenfield and Nicolson. 3408: 3384: 3222: 3186: 3141: 2973: 2672: 2594: 2477: 2313: 1760:objects have survived side-by-side. 853:he "granted" all of Strathclyde, to 5592: 4759:1016 The Danish Conquest of England 3674:from the original on 14 March 2023. 3429:. London: Thomas Nelson & Son. 3276: 3249: 3057: 3009: 2985: 782:, the Old English name for York. 4667:from the original on 6 March 2023. 4172:University of North Carolina Press 3861:Dalton, Paul; et al. (2002). 1188:, around two hundred years later. 874:In 946 Edmund was assassinated at 660:Scandinavian rule restored 903–926 14: 4848:From Pictland to Alba: 789 – 1070 4818:William of Malmesbury's Chronicle 4708:Tillott, P. M., ed. (1961). 4394:Dictionary of English Place-Names 4356:Yorkshire a Very Peculiar History 4250:Aethelred II: King of the English 3584:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society 3523:Ayto, John; Crofton, Ian (2005). 1744:shell indicates contact with the 732:In 927 Sihtric died. His brother 5787:Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire 5777:, Lady of the Mercians (911–918) 5665:Viking activity in Great Britain 5616: 5615: 5603: 5591: 5452:Topographical areas of Yorkshire 5351: 4113:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 3911:. Archaeopress. pp. 71–77. 3605:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 1019:deposed by the northern nobility 270: 245: 4879:Timeline of Anglo-Saxon England 4273:"The Kufic coins from Cuerdale" 4042:10.1179/0047729X15Z.00000000051 3742:A Dictionary of British History 3700:The Kings and Queens of Britain 3289:McCrum, Cran & MacNeil 1986 2114:Blair, Keynes & Scragg 2001 2044:Blair, Keynes & Scragg 2001 1310:List of wapentakes in Yorkshire 720:Edward was replaced by his son 5762:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians 4851:. Edinburgh University Press. 4796:William of Malmesbury (2002). 3947:Handbook of British Chronology 3442:Abels, Richard Philip (1998). 1952:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba 1204:and another to Sweden via the 595:A West Saxon rules Northumbria 1: 6487:"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem) 6466: 6432: 5981: 5884: 5765: 4781:. Shrewsbury: Feather Books. 4542:(3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP. 4453:. Yorkshire Dialect Society. 4430:Palliser, D. M. (2014). 4132:. Stroud: The History Press. 1831:) before 1086 also contained 1165: 1143:Small silver coins, known as 969:After Sweyn's death, his son 6598:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) 6463:Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum 4710:"Before the Norman Conquest" 4674:The Medieval English Borough 4507:. The Jorvik Viking Centre. 4166:Kapelle, William E. (1979). 4083:UK public library membership 3835:UK public library membership 3494:UK public library membership 2803:Cannon & Hargreaves 2009 2709:Cannon & Hargreaves 2009 2646:Cannon & Hargreaves 2009 2374:Cannon & Hargreaves 2009 1946:Historia de Sancto Cuthberto 1712:in and around the street of 1361:Examples of words still used 1319:formed by groups of smaller 918:The Earldom of York 954–1066 6588:Viking Age populated places 4777:Waddington-Feather (2003). 4302:. London: Faber and Faber. 4214:. Oxford University Press. 3744:. Oxford University Press. 3525:Brewers England and Ireland 3427:The Chronicle of Æthelweard 1539: 1198:Scandinavian trading system 939:In 975 the king of England 857:in return for an alliance. 346:York was first recorded by 6619: 5457:Cities, towns and villages 4691:The Readers Guide (2023). 4654:British Numismatic Journal 4392:Mills, A. D. (1998). 4191:The Earliest English Kings 4189:Kirby, D. P. (2000). 3964:Giles, J. A. (1914). 3656:Blunt, C. E. (1974). 2580:William of Malmesbury 1847 2441: 1683:porta principalis sinistra 1349:William of Malmesbury 2002 1331: 1307: 1281: 921: 759:William of Malmesbury 1847 564: 400:described the army as the 29: 18: 6252:Second invasion: 980–1012 5907:Ecgberht I of Northumbria 5587: 4762:. BoD – Books on Demand. 4729:Tweddle, Dominic (2017). 4557:Smyth, Alfred P. (1979). 4496:Pirie, Elizabeth (2017). 4331:10.1017/S0263675101000047 4271:Lowick, Nicholas (1976). 3984:Edward the Elder, 899–924 3968:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 3618:Carpenter, David (2004). 1706:York Archaeological Trust 1659: 1582:Scandinavian place-names 1503: 1298:Local Government Act 1972 1242:old Viking pagan religion 1054:Battle of Stamford Bridge 524:Silver penny of Siefredus 435:Scandinavian rule 866–901 224: 201: 174: 65: 51: 5781:Odda, Ealdorman of Devon 5700:of East Anglia (855–869) 5579:God's Own County/Country 5373:East Riding of Yorkshire 4821:. London: Henry G. Bohn. 4358:. Brighton: Book House. 4231:Cnut: The North Sea King 3842:Cramp, Rosemary (1967). 3665:British Numistic Society 1996:to govern in his place. 855:Malcom king of the Scots 849:. Then according to the 547:The medieval chronicler 529:Siefredus of Northumbria 325:throughout this period. 23:. For the asteroid, see 6115:Sea Battle near Swanage 6025:Battle of Hingston Down 5305:Ragnall II Guthfrithson 4915:Monarchs of Northumbria 4608:Oxford University Press 4578:Haskins Society Journal 4498:"Coins and coin making" 4432:Medieval York: 600-1540 4130:The Onslaught of Spears 4128:James, Jeffrey (2013). 4109:Hutton, Ronald (1991). 4036:(1 ed.): 120–129. 3926:Friar, Stephen (2004). 3882:Downham, Clare (2007). 3844:Anglian and Viking York 3802:Costambeys, M. (2004). 3301:Waddington-Feather 2003 2099:Ayto & Crofton 2005 1704:From 1976 to 1981, the 1700:Archaeological findings 1068:on the Sussex coast at 953:St Brice's Day massacre 881:Edmund was replaced by 728:West Saxon rule 927–939 350:around the year 150 as 310: 214: 6053:First invasion 865–896 5554:On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at 5523:Dogger Bank earthquake 4826:Wood, Frances (2002). 4538:Sawyer, Peter (2001). 4248:Lavelle, Ryan (2008). 4229:Lavelle, Ryan (2017). 4170:. Raleigh-Durham, NC: 4075:10.1093/ref:odnb/49264 3890:Dunedin Academic Press 3820:10.1093/ref:odnb/49260 3601:Brontë, Emily (1911). 3542:Bagge, Sverre (2014). 3479:10.1093/ref:odnb/25543 2532:Roger of Wendover 1854 2203:Roger of Wendover 1854 1708:conducted a five-year 1571: 1567:The Readers Guide 2023 1545: 1354: 1237: 1208:and the Muslim world. 1097:Eadulf III of Bernicia 872: 799: 798:, the reverse a cross. 764: 642: 570: 525: 503: 461: 427:, had been deposed by 343: 6563:954 disestablishments 6006:Viking raids: 793–850 5925:Eohric of East Anglia 5919:Ceolwulf II of Mercia 5706:(978–1013, 1014–1016) 4756:Ullditz, Per (2014). 4449:Petyt, K. M. (1970). 4411:Oliver, Neil (2012). 4092:Yorkshire from AD1000 4060:"Ragnall (d. 920/21)" 3986:. London: Routledge. 3930:. Sutton Publishing. 3736:Cannon, John (2015). 3641:. London: Blackwell. 3446:. New York: Longman. 2101:, pp. 1231–1232. 1906:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1730:Lloyds Bank coprolite 1542:, Chapter 2 pp. 24–25 1231: 1112:Harrying of the North 1076:Norman rule post 1066 1038:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 887:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 851:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 819:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 793: 747:Owen I of Strathclyde 738:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 666:Eowils and Halfdan II 646:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 625:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 523: 486:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 456:Symeon of Durham 1855 410:Edmund of East Anglia 397:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 341: 90:Common languages 6583:History of Yorkshire 6159:Battle of Fearnhamme 6121:Battle of Chippenham 6085:Battle of Englefield 5704:Æthelred the Unready 5532:Culture and heritage 5447:Geology of Yorkshire 4845:Woolf, Alex (2007). 4672:Tait, James (1999). 4645:Stewart, I. (1982). 4354:Malam, John (2016). 4300:The Story of English 4256:. pp. 104–109. 4057:Hart, Cyril (2004). 3582:Blair, John (2005). 3508:. Penguin Classics. 1765:Jorvik Viking Centre 1124:Eystein II of Norway 1007:Edward the Confessor 837:English rule 944–947 823:Ragnall Guthfrithson 772:Battle of Brunanburh 402:"mycel heathen here" 376:Edwin of Northumbria 21:Jorvik Viking Centre 6568:Anglo-Norse England 6077:Siege of Nottingham 6031:Battle of Rochester 5692:Ælla of Northumbria 5365:Ceremonial counties 5290:Olaf I Guthfrithson 4695:. The Readers Guide 4604:Anglo-Saxon England 4319:Anglo-Saxon England 4233:. London: Penguin. 4094:. London: Longman. 4090:Hey, David (1986). 3774:Cannon, J. (2009). 3721:. London: Penguin. 3622:. London: Penguin. 3375:, pp. 401–407. 3120:, pp. 204–205. 3048:, pp. 103–106. 2766:, pp. 112–113. 2747:, pp. 120–129. 2687:, pp. 111–112. 2636:, pp. 107–111. 2582:, pp. 132–134. 2522:, pp. 108–116. 2304:, pp. 313–314. 2229:, pp. 174–175. 2217:, pp. 142–143. 2169:, pp. 161–164. 2157:, pp. 169–170. 2116:, pp. 497–499. 2046:, pp. 460–461. 1910:Battle of the Holme 1583: 1364: 1314:From the Old Norse 1058:William of Normandy 1013:. Edward's choice, 982:Battle of Ashingdon 934:Battle of Stainmore 924:Earl of Northumbria 902:submitted to him. 806:In 940, his cousin 702:The next ruler was 692:Battle of Corbridge 429:Ælla of Northumbria 6603:875 establishments 6537:Vale of York Hoard 6497:England runestones 6367:Viking settlements 6165:Battle of Benfleet 6141:Battle of Edington 6061:Great Heathen Army 5948:Halfdan Ragnarsson 5859:(947–948, 952–954) 5398:Historic divisions 5208:Viking Northumbria 4530:Flowers of History 4413:Vikings. A History 4285:on 6 November 2022 3805:"Hálfdan (d. 877)" 2889:, pp. 91–114. 2546:, pp. 99–100. 1955:suggest they lost. 1581: 1360: 1251:Hogback gravestone 1238: 1021:and replaced with 843:Domnall mac Eógain 800: 526: 421:Halfdan Ragnarsson 406:Great Heathen Army 364:legionary fortress 344: 96: • 53:Kingdom of Jórvík: 6545: 6544: 6457:Treaty of Wedmore 6445: 6444: 6355: 6354: 6331:Harald's invasion 6301: 6300: 6247: 6246: 6136: 6135: 6109:Battle of Reading 6097:Battle of Meretun 6091:Battle of Ashdown 5994: 5993: 5978:Thorkell the Tall 5942:Ivar the Boneless 5913:Burgred of Mercia 5875:Olaf Guthfrithson 5796: 5795: 5698:Edmund the Martyr 5631: 5630: 5564:Flags and symbols 5518:Wars of the Roses 5318: 5317: 4858:978-0-7486-1234-5 4779:Yorkshire Dialect 4769:978-87-7145-720-9 4549:978-0-19-285434-6 4481:978-0-19-866262-4 4441:978-0-19-925584-9 4422:978-0-297-86787-6 4384:978-0-140-14395-9 4375:Anglo Saxon Coins 4365:978-1-907184-57-4 4254:The History Press 4240:978-0-141-99936-4 4158:978-0-140-14395-9 4139:978-0-7524-8872-1 4081:(Subscription or 3899:978-1-903765-89-0 3833:(Subscription or 3787:978-0-19-956763-8 3759:978-0-19-955037-1 3728:978-0-140-14395-9 3603:Wuthering Heights 3593:978-0-19-921117-3 3574:978-0-19-925101-8 3555:978-1-4008-5010-5 3515:978-0-14-044409-4 3492:(Subscription or 3461:Aird, W. (2004). 3411:, pp. 13–14. 3303:, pp. 14–15. 3291:, pp. 71–72. 3279:, pp. 28–29. 3159:, pp. 71–77. 3084:, pp. 31–32. 3060:, pp. 19–29. 3012:, pp. 24–25. 2952:, pp. 16–17. 2829:, pp. 63–64. 2723:, pp. 52–53. 2663:, pp. 51–53. 2495:, pp. 97–99. 2468:, pp. 91–95. 2403:, pp. 79–89. 2388:, pp. 33–37. 2343:, pp. 78–79. 2292:, pp. 14–15. 2275:Fryde et al. 1986 2128:, p. 244 Note 79. 1895:) and non-Muslim. 1777:Coppergate Helmet 1671: 1670: 1522:Wuthering Heights 1514: 1513: 1343: 1334:Yorkshire dialect 1328:Yorkshire dialect 1284:Riding (division) 1218:tin from Cornwall 1128:English civil war 1050:Battle of Fulford 768:Olaf Guthfrithson 672:on 5 August 910. 603:, was the son of 484:According to the 474:Burgred of Mercia 417:Ivar the Boneless 415:The army, led by 323:Kingdom of Dublin 299:Scandinavian York 296: 295: 282: 281: 278: 277: 258: 257: 46:Scandinavian York 6610: 6532:Silverdale Hoard 6471: 6468: 6437: 6434: 6386:North Sea Empire 6364: 6274:Battle of Pinhoe 6256: 6172: 6147:Battle of London 6127:Battle of Cynwit 6103:Battle of Basing 6057: 6003: 5986: 5983: 5889: 5886: 5881:Ragnall ua Ímair 5869:Gofraid ua Ímair 5805: 5770: 5767: 5731:Edward the Elder 5725:Alfred the Great 5676: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5635: 5619: 5618: 5607: 5595: 5594: 5355: 5354: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5322: 5213: 5080: 5007: 4929: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4885: 4862: 4841: 4822: 4811: 4807:978-08511-5884-6 4792: 4773: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4742: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4687: 4668: 4666: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4620: 4617:978-01982-1716-9 4595: 4584:. Boydel Press. 4572: 4553: 4534: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4513: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4464: 4445: 4426: 4407: 4388: 4369: 4350: 4313: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4284: 4277: 4267: 4263:978-07524-4678-3 4244: 4225: 4204: 4185: 4162: 4149:The Age of Edgar 4143: 4124: 4120:9-780631-18946-6 4105: 4086: 4078: 4062: 4053: 4024: 4023: 4021: 3997: 3978: 3972: 3960: 3941: 3922: 3918:978-1407-31262-0 3903: 3878: 3857: 3838: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3807: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3777:York, kingdom of 3770: 3768: 3766: 3732: 3719:The Anglo Saxons 3713: 3709:978-0191-72725-2 3694: 3690:9-7808535-8301-1 3675: 3673: 3662: 3652: 3633: 3614: 3597: 3578: 3559: 3538: 3519: 3497: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3466: 3457: 3438: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3154: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3036:, pp. 2–24. 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2940:, p. 199 p. 209. 2935: 2929: 2923: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2817:, A. 948 A. 949. 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2767: 2761: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2534:, p. 245 AD 925. 2529: 2523: 2517: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2416: 2415:, A. 904 A. 905. 2410: 2404: 2398: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2329: 2328:, pp. 1–28. 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2026: 2019: 2013: 2003: 1997: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1919: 1913: 1902: 1896: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1718:Byzantine Empire 1584: 1569: 1551:the meaning is: 1549:standard English 1543: 1365: 1352: 1341: 1262:standing crosses 1167: 1056:. Shortly after 1034:Harold Godwinson 1025:(the brother of 1015:Tostig Godwinson 870: 762: 688:King of Scotland 640: 617:Edward the Elder 613:Alfred the Great 599:The next ruler, 568: 501: 459: 419:and his brother 274: 273: 262: 261: 249: 248: 242: 241: 226: 225: 219: 70: 42: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6578:History of York 6548: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6475: 6469: 6441: 6435: 6390: 6351: 6346:Stamford Bridge 6325: 6307:Cnut's invasion 6297: 6243: 6220:Second Stamford 6170: 6153:Siege of Exeter 6132: 6063: 6048: 6043:Battle of Aclea 6019:Isle of Sheppey 5990: 5984: 5930: 5899:Sweyn Forkbeard 5887: 5832:Harold Harefoot 5792: 5768: 5750: 5667: 5662: 5632: 5627: 5583: 5527: 5461: 5435: 5392: 5383:South Yorkshire 5378:North Yorkshire 5359: 5352: 5349: 5319: 5314: 5211: 5210: 5201: 5078: 5077: 5068: 5005: 5004: 4995: 4927: 4926: 4917: 4912: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4844: 4838: 4825: 4814: 4808: 4795: 4789: 4776: 4770: 4755: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4731:"Foreign Trade" 4728: 4719: 4717: 4707: 4698: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4671: 4664: 4649: 4644: 4635: 4633: 4623: 4618: 4598: 4592: 4575: 4569: 4556: 4550: 4537: 4526: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4505:Viking Age York 4500: 4495: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4467: 4461: 4448: 4442: 4434:. Oxford: OUP. 4429: 4423: 4410: 4404: 4396:. Oxford: OUP. 4391: 4385: 4372: 4366: 4353: 4316: 4310: 4297: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4247: 4241: 4228: 4222: 4207: 4201: 4188: 4182: 4165: 4159: 4146: 4140: 4127: 4121: 4108: 4102: 4089: 4080: 4056: 4030:Midland History 4027: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3981: 3963: 3957: 3944: 3938: 3925: 3919: 3906: 3900: 3881: 3875: 3860: 3854: 3841: 3832: 3824: 3822: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3773: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3735: 3729: 3716: 3710: 3702:. Oxford: OUP. 3697: 3691: 3678: 3671: 3660: 3655: 3649: 3636: 3630: 3617: 3600: 3594: 3586:. Oxford: OUP. 3581: 3575: 3567:. London: OUP. 3562: 3556: 3541: 3535: 3522: 3516: 3500: 3491: 3483: 3481: 3460: 3454: 3441: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3163: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 3000:, pp. 7–8. 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2770: 2762: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2442:Æthelweard 1962 2440: 2436: 2428: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2251:Costambeys 2004 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2074: 2070:, pp. 3–4. 2066: 2062: 2058:, p. 51 Note 1. 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2020: 2016: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1916: 1903: 1899: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1821:Historic County 1818: 1814: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1787:History of York 1773: 1702: 1666: 1661:Glossary source 1588: 1587:Settlement name 1576: 1570: 1565: 1544: 1538: 1362: 1353: 1347: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1312: 1306: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1226: 1194: 1141: 1136: 1085:Harald Hardrada 1078: 1042:Harald Hardrada 1027:Edwin of Mercia 993:Erik of Hlathir 978:Edmund Ironside 964:Sweyn Forkbeard 960:king of Denmark 930: 920: 908: 871: 865: 839: 788: 763: 757: 730: 709:Sihtric raided 662: 641: 635: 597: 574:Alfred P. Smyth 569: 565:Æthelweard 1962 563: 502: 496: 460: 453: 437: 392: 390:Viking invasion 380:Ecgbert of York 336: 331: 271: 246: 194: 192:Norman Conquest 181: 155: 143: 132: 124: 113: 57: 55: 47: 38: 32:Kings of Jórvík 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6616: 6614: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6550: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6522:Ragnar Lodbrok 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6492:Cuerdale Hoard 6489: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6460: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6401: 6399: 6397:petty kingdoms 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6377: 6370: 6368: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6343: 6336: 6334: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6289: 6286:St Brice's Day 6283: 6277: 6271: 6264: 6262: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6190:First Stamford 6187: 6180: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6081: 6080: 6074: 6071:Battle of York 6067: 6065: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6009: 6007: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838:Svein Knutsson 5835: 5829: 5823: 5811: 5809: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5686:Offa of Mercia 5682: 5680: 5679:Major monarchs 5673: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5613: 5601: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5388:West Yorkshire 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5300:Olaf II Cuaran 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5280:Sitric I Caech 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5137:Æthelwald Moll 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5010: 5008: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4869: 4868:External links 4866: 4864: 4863: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4823: 4812: 4806: 4793: 4787: 4774: 4768: 4753: 4726: 4705: 4688: 4682: 4669: 4642: 4621: 4616: 4606:(3 ed.), 4600:Stenton, Frank 4596: 4590: 4573: 4567: 4554: 4548: 4535: 4524: 4493: 4480: 4465: 4460:978-0950171005 4459: 4446: 4440: 4427: 4421: 4408: 4402: 4389: 4383: 4370: 4364: 4351: 4314: 4308: 4295: 4268: 4262: 4245: 4239: 4226: 4220: 4205: 4199: 4186: 4180: 4163: 4157: 4144: 4138: 4125: 4119: 4106: 4100: 4087: 4054: 4025: 4013: 3998: 3992: 3979: 3961: 3955: 3942: 3936: 3923: 3917: 3904: 3898: 3879: 3873: 3858: 3852: 3839: 3799: 3786: 3771: 3758: 3733: 3727: 3714: 3708: 3695: 3689: 3676: 3653: 3647: 3634: 3628: 3615: 3598: 3592: 3579: 3573: 3560: 3554: 3539: 3533: 3520: 3514: 3498: 3458: 3452: 3439: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3387:, p. 194. 3377: 3365: 3363:, p. 214. 3353: 3351:, p. 302. 3341: 3339:, p. 399. 3329: 3327:, p. 373. 3317: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3266: 3264:, p. 465. 3254: 3239: 3237:, p. 357. 3227: 3215: 3203: 3201:, p. 282. 3191: 3176: 3161: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2964:, p. 196. 2954: 2942: 2930: 2928:, p. 199. 2915: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2827:Carpenter 2004 2819: 2807: 2795: 2783: 2768: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2675:, p. 168. 2665: 2650: 2638: 2623: 2621:, p. 102. 2611: 2599: 2597:, p. 164. 2584: 2572: 2560: 2558:, p. 151. 2548: 2536: 2524: 2509: 2497: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2417: 2405: 2390: 2378: 2357: 2355:, p. 199. 2345: 2330: 2318: 2316:, p. 188. 2306: 2294: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2205:, p. 207. 2195: 2183: 2171: 2159: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2103: 2091: 2072: 2060: 2048: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2014: 1998: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1936: 1927: 1914: 1897: 1884: 1875: 1862: 1853: 1812: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1769: 1701: 1698: 1669: 1668: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1575: 1572: 1563: 1536: 1512: 1511: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1345: 1332:Main article: 1329: 1326: 1308:Main article: 1305: 1302: 1282:Main article: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1273:Administration 1271: 1269: 1266: 1225: 1222: 1193: 1190: 1162:Offa of Mercia 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1105:Edgar Ætheling 1095:, son of Earl 1077: 1074: 919: 916: 907: 904: 863: 838: 835: 787: 784: 755: 729: 726: 661: 658: 633: 607:, the king of 596: 593: 567:, p. 50 A. 895 561: 537:Cuerdale Hoard 494: 451: 436: 433: 391: 388: 335: 334:Pre-Viking age 332: 330: 327: 294: 293: 291:United Kingdom 288: 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 268: 266:Norman England 259: 256: 255: 250: 238: 237: 232: 222: 221: 207: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 189: 186: 185: 182: 180:• Formed 179: 176: 175: 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 160: 149: 148: 138: 134: 133: 131: 130: 119: 111:Norse paganism 107: 105: 101: 100: 91: 87: 86: 76: 72: 71: 63: 62: 49: 48: 45: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6615: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6502:Furness Hoard 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935:Major leaders 5933: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5863:Amlaíb Cuarán 5861: 5858: 5857:Eric Bloodaxe 5855: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755:Major leaders 5753: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5654: 5652: 5647: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5624: 5623: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5574:Yorkshire Day 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5431:High Sheriffs 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5346: 5341: 5339: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5311: 5310:Eric Bloodaxe 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5212:867–954 5209: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5079:642–867 5076: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5006:560–679 5003: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4928:547–670 4925: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4837:0-520-24340-4 4833: 4829: 4828:The Silk Road 4824: 4820: 4819: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4788:1-84175-107-3 4784: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4754: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4683:0-7190-0339-3 4679: 4675: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4591:1-84383-255-0 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4568:0-391-01049-2 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4525: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4494: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4403:0-19-280074-4 4399: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4309:0-571-13828-4 4305: 4301: 4296: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4221:0-19-726256-2 4217: 4213: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4200:9780415242110 4196: 4193:. Routledge. 4192: 4187: 4183: 4181:0-8078-1371-0 4177: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4101:0-582-49211-4 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4016: 4014:9780199735785 4010: 4006: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3993:0-415-21496-3 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3956:0-521-56350-X 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3937:0-7509-2723-2 3933: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3888:. Edinburgh: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3874:0-521-52464-4 3870: 3866: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3853:0-9007-0124-2 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3772: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3648:0-631-22492-0 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3629:0-140-14824-8 3625: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3534:0-304-35385-X 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3453:0-582-04047-7 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3399:, p. 53. 3398: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3315:, p. 28. 3314: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3189:, p. 21. 3188: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157:Fafinski 2014 3153: 3151: 3147: 3144:, p. 28. 3143: 3138: 3135: 3132:, p. 96. 3131: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3096:, p. 39. 3095: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3072:, p. 19. 3071: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2991: 2988:, p. 24. 2987: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2938:Campbell 1991 2934: 2931: 2927: 2926:Campbell 1991 2922: 2920: 2916: 2913:, p. 30. 2912: 2907: 2904: 2901:, p. 99. 2900: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2887:McFadden 2001 2883: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2868: 2865:, p. 55. 2864: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2851:Bartlett 2000 2847: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2805:, p. 68. 2804: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2745:Halloran 2015 2741: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2711:, p. 69. 2710: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2648:, p. 67. 2647: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2609:, p. 89. 2608: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2456:, p. 92. 2455: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2432:, p. 87. 2431: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2376:, p. 65. 2375: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2241:, p. 55. 2240: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2196: 2193:, p. 25. 2192: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2056:Palliser 2014 2052: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2010:sociolinguist 2007: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1947: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829:Domesday book 1826: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1728:known as the 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675:Konungsgurtha 1667: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1639:Scagglethorpe 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1624:Yockenthwaite 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1358: 1351:, p. 139 1350: 1344: 1335: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1317: 1311: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1246:Thor's hammer 1243: 1235: 1230: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1175:In about 973 1173: 1171: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1117: 1116:Domesday Book 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 974: 972: 967: 965: 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 929: 925: 917: 915: 912: 911:Eric Bloodaxe 905: 903: 901: 900: 895: 890: 888: 884: 879: 877: 868: 862: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 836: 834: 830: 828: 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 804: 797: 792: 785: 783: 781: 775: 773: 769: 761:, p. 133 760: 754: 750: 748: 744: 739: 735: 727: 725: 723: 718: 716: 712: 707: 705: 700: 698: 693: 689: 685: 684:Constantín II 681: 677: 673: 671: 667: 659: 657: 655: 651: 647: 638: 632: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 594: 592: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 566: 560: 556: 554: 550: 545: 542: 538: 534: 533:Ribble Valley 530: 522: 518: 516: 511: 506: 499: 493: 489: 487: 481: 479: 475: 470: 466: 458:, p. 470 457: 450: 445: 443: 434: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398: 389: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 340: 333: 328: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 292: 289: 287:Today part of 285: 269: 267: 264: 263: 260: 254: 251: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 223: 218: 217: 211: 208: 204: 200: 196: 193: 183: 169: 165: 161: 158: 154: 146: 142: 139: 135: 128: 123: 120: 117: 112: 109: 108: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 64: 60: 54: 50: 43: 40: 37: 33: 26: 22: 6379: 5620: 5608: 5596: 5512: 5411:North Riding 5285:Guthfrith II 5207: 4847: 4827: 4817: 4797: 4778: 4758: 4745:. Retrieved 4718:. Retrieved 4713: 4697:. Retrieved 4673: 4657: 4653: 4634:. Retrieved 4629: 4603: 4581: 4577: 4558: 4539: 4529: 4516:. Retrieved 4504: 4485:. Retrieved 4470: 4450: 4431: 4412: 4393: 4374: 4355: 4322: 4318: 4299: 4289:19 September 4287:. Retrieved 4280:the original 4249: 4230: 4210: 4190: 4167: 4148: 4129: 4110: 4091: 4064: 4033: 4029: 4018:, retrieved 4003: 3983: 3967: 3946: 3927: 3908: 3884: 3863: 3843: 3823:. Retrieved 3809: 3791:. Retrieved 3776: 3765:15 September 3763:. Retrieved 3741: 3718: 3699: 3680: 3664: 3638: 3619: 3602: 3583: 3564: 3544: 3524: 3505: 3482:. Retrieved 3468: 3443: 3426: 3418:Bibliography 3404: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3257: 3252:, p. 4. 3230: 3218: 3211:Stewart 1982 3206: 3194: 3172:Tweddle 2017 3137: 3125: 3118:Metcalf 1982 3113: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3046:Kapelle 1979 3041: 3034:Tillott 1961 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2957: 2950:Lavelle 2017 2945: 2933: 2911:Stenton 1971 2906: 2899:Lavelle 2008 2894: 2882: 2877:, p. 7. 2870: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2764:Downham 2007 2740: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2685:Downham 2007 2680: 2668: 2641: 2634:Downham 2007 2619:Downham 2007 2614: 2602: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2544:Downham 2007 2539: 2527: 2520:Stewart 1982 2507:, p. 2. 2500: 2493:Downham 2007 2473: 2466:Downham 2007 2461: 2454:Downham 2007 2449: 2437: 2430:Downham 2007 2408: 2401:Downham 2007 2381: 2353:Ullditz 2014 2348: 2341:Downham 2007 2321: 2309: 2297: 2277:, p. 7. 2270: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2210: 2198: 2186: 2174: 2162: 2133: 2121: 2094: 2063: 2051: 2039: 2017: 2001: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1950: 1944: 1943:For example 1939: 1930: 1917: 1905: 1900: 1887: 1878: 1856: 1833:Amounderness 1825:Eurvivscrire 1824: 1815: 1805: 1762: 1753: 1750:Persian Gulf 1703: 1693: 1691: 1682: 1674: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1645: 1630: 1615: 1600: 1577: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1546: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1518:Emily Brontë 1515: 1508: 1504: 1475:to lie down 1355: 1338: 1315: 1313: 1289: 1287: 1255: 1239: 1234:-in-Allerton 1210: 1195: 1174: 1169: 1155: 1144: 1142: 1120: 1109: 1079: 1037: 1031: 1001: 986: 975: 968: 957: 938: 931: 909: 897: 891: 886: 880: 876:Pucklechurch 873: 860: 850: 840: 831: 818: 816: 805: 801: 779: 776: 765: 752: 737: 731: 719: 708: 701: 674: 663: 645: 643: 630: 624: 598: 584: 578: 571: 558: 546: 527: 515:York Minster 507: 504: 491: 485: 482: 462: 447: 438: 414: 401: 395: 393: 383: 359: 354:. Under the 351: 345: 302: 298: 297: 235:Succeeded by 234: 229: 127:Anglo-Saxons 122:Christianity 58: 52: 39: 25:16083 Jorvik 6512:Norse–Gaels 6429:East Anglia 6417:Northumbria 6309:(1015–1016) 6280:First Alton 6260:The Danelaw 6176:The Danelaw 6155:(893, 1001) 6013:Lindisfarne 5901:(1013–1014) 5846:Northumbria 5840:(1030–1035) 5834:(1035–1040) 5828:(1016–1035) 5822:(1035–1042) 5672:Anglo-Saxon 5598:WikiProject 5508:Northumbria 5416:West Riding 5406:East Riding 5235:Guthfrith I 5182:Æthelred II 5075:Northumbria 4747:24 February 4518:23 February 3825:18 February 3793:17 February 3199:Hutton 1991 3082:Butler 2014 3070:Dalton 2002 2998:Dalton 2002 2875:Dalton 2002 2839:Pierce 2010 2326:Lowick 1976 2239:Sawyer 2001 2179:Cannon 2015 2155:Oliver 2012 2087:Cannon 2009 2068:Dalton 2002 2006:K. M. Petyt 1994:Shire-Reeve 1847:, parts of 1679:Kings Court 1540:Brontë 1911 847:Strathclyde 825:and he was 808:Olaf Cuaran 303:Viking York 253:Northumbria 230:Preceded by 159:(after 954) 147:(after 954) 98:Old English 80:Northumbria 36:Northumbria 6552:Categories 6470: 890 6436: 550 6232:Brunanburh 6202:Tettenhall 6184:Buttington 6037:Carhampton 5985: 970 5888: 914 5820:Harthacnut 5789:(855–?877) 5769: 881 5569:White Rose 5483:Parisiorum 5426:Wapentakes 5265:Halfdan II 5255:Airdeconut 5172:Ælfwald II 5147:Æthelred I 5024:Æthelfrith 4971:Æthelfrith 4961:Frithuwald 4660:: 108–16. 4636:27 January 4325:: 91–114. 4085:required.) 3975:Wikisource 3837:required.) 3496:required.) 3435:1148187876 3397:Malam 2016 3373:Mills 1998 3361:Mills 1998 3349:Mills 1998 3337:Mills 1998 3325:Mills 1998 3313:Petyt 1970 3262:Friar 2004 3235:Friar 2004 3130:Stack 2005 3106:Pirie 2017 3094:Bagge 2014 3024:, A. 1066. 3022:Giles 1914 2962:James 2013 2863:James 2013 2815:Giles 1914 2791:Giles 1914 2779:Giles 1914 2733:Giles 1914 2721:James 2013 2697:Giles 1914 2661:James 2013 2607:Blunt 1974 2568:Giles 1914 2556:Woolf 2007 2505:Smyth 1979 2413:Giles 1914 2386:Smyth 1979 2302:Blair 2005 2290:Cramp 1967 2263:Giles 1914 2227:Kirby 2000 2215:Abels 1998 2191:Asser 1983 2167:Kirby 2000 2138:Giles 1914 2126:Asser 1983 2032:References 1714:Coppergate 1710:excavation 1605:Farm, town 1574:Placenames 1387:busy with 1304:Wapentakes 1294:assemblies 1177:King Edgar 1154:(known as 1101:Cospatrick 1060:landed at 922:See also: 867:Giles 1914 845:, king of 670:Tettenhall 637:Giles 1914 549:Æthelweard 498:Giles 1914 137:Government 30:See also: 6517:Old Norse 6425:(527–918) 6419:(653–954) 6413:(410–825) 6407:(519–927) 6382:(866–954) 6376:(865–896) 6316:Brentford 6238:Stainmore 6226:Corbridge 6208:Tempsford 6196:The Holme 5974:(892–896) 5968:(874–890) 5962:(865–870) 5956:(865–878) 5950:(865–877) 5944:(865–870) 5927:(917–927) 5921:(874–880) 5915:(852–874) 5909:(867–872) 5877:(939–941) 5871:(921–934) 5865:(941–944) 5853:(883–895) 5815:Knýtlinga 5775:Æthelflæd 5739:(924–939) 5737:Æthelstan 5733:(899–924) 5727:(871–899) 5721:(839–858) 5719:Æthelwulf 5715:(802–839) 5694:(unk–867) 5688:(757–796) 5488:Britannia 5478:Brigantia 5440:Geography 5357:Yorkshire 5295:Sitric II 5275:Ragnall I 5250:Æthelwold 5240:Siefredus 5230:Halfdan I 5206:Kings of 5152:Ælfwald I 5102:Eadwulf I 5097:Ealdfrith 5073:Kings of 5054:Œthelwald 5000:Kings of 4922:Kings of 4699:25 August 4347:162206692 4050:159505197 3611:644347763 3409:Wood 2002 3385:Hall 2001 3223:Hall 2012 3187:Lang 1984 3142:Tait 1999 2974:Aird 2004 2793:, A. 947. 2781:, A. 946. 2735:, A. 945. 2699:, A. 943. 2673:John 1991 2595:John 1991 2570:, A. 926. 2478:Hart 2004 2444:, A. 909. 2314:Hall 2001 2265:, A. 875. 2023:Silk road 1736:from the 1726:coprolite 1722:Samarkand 1650:Homestead 1499:to touch 1483:pour out 1395:hillside 1290:þriðjungr 827:confirmed 722:Æthelstan 711:Davenport 697:Æthelflæd 690:, in the 676:Ragnall I 654:Cricklade 621:Wimbourne 601:Æthelwold 589:conundrum 553:Sichfrith 315:Yorkshire 307:Old Norse 104:Religion 94:Old Norse 6450:Treaties 6395:English 6321:Assandun 6292:Ringmere 6064:(865–78) 5960:Hvitserk 5895:England 5808:Monarchs 5745:(946–954 5713:Ecgberht 5709:Wessex: 5622:Category 5220:Ecgberht 5167:Eardwulf 5157:Osred II 5127:Eadberht 5122:Ceolwulf 5092:Ecgfrith 5064:Ælfwine 5059:Alhfrith 5019:Æthelric 4981:Eanfrith 4956:Theodric 4951:Æthelric 4924:Bernicia 4738:Archived 4720:25 March 4662:Archived 4602:(1971), 4509:Archived 4487:30 March 4339:44510544 4020:28 March 3669:Archived 3484:19 March 3277:Hey 1986 3250:Hey 1986 3058:Hey 1986 3010:Hey 1986 2986:Hey 1986 2140:, A.866. 1849:Copeland 1792:Uí Ímair 1771:See also 1654:Langtoft 1620:Clearing 1616:~thwaite 1609:Wetherby 1595:Example 1589:ends in 1564:— 1537:— 1451:rubbish 1379:to earn 1346:— 1321:Hundreds 1316:vápnatak 1224:Religion 1214:Pennines 1202:Shetland 1186:Henry II 1181:moneyers 1170:Eboracum 1146:sceattas 1134:Commerce 1070:Hastings 1062:Pevensey 1011:Waltheof 989:earldoms 949:Æthelred 894:Tanshelf 869:, A. 945 864:— 812:Edmund I 756:— 715:Cheshire 639:, A. 901 634:— 605:Æthelred 562:— 500:, A. 876 495:— 469:Ecgberht 465:Wulfhere 452:— 384:Eoforwic 372:Bernicia 360:Eburacum 352:Eborakon 206:Currency 141:Monarchy 125:(mostly 116:Norsemen 114:(mostly 61:954–1066 59:Earldom: 6480:Culture 6374:Danelaw 6340:Fulford 5999:Battles 5972:Hastein 5966:Guthrum 5851:Guthred 5549:Tourism 5544:Dialect 5539:Culture 5473:History 5466:History 5225:Ricsige 5192:Osberht 5187:Redwulf 5142:Ealhred 5112:Coenred 5107:Osred I 1893:dirhams 1841:Furness 1837:Cartmel 1827:in the 1748:or the 1746:Red Sea 1694:"~gata" 1631:~thorpe 1443:church 1435:valley 1419:stream 1278:Ridings 1149:, were 1139:Coinage 1089:Barking 780:Eforwic 734:Gofraid 704:Sihtric 510:Guthred 478:Ricsige 425:Osberht 348:Ptolemy 329:History 216:peninga 190:• 167:History 145:Earldom 84:Danelaw 56:865–954 6423:Mercia 6405:Wessex 6380:Jorvik 6360:Places 6348:(1066) 6342:(1066) 6333:(1066) 6294:(1010) 6288:(1002) 6282:(1001) 6276:(1001) 6268:Maldon 5987:–1024) 5801:Viking 5743:Eadred 5610:Portal 5559:People 5513:Jórvík 5498:Ebrauc 5421:Ainsty 5270:Ingwær 5260:Eowils 5177:Eanred 5162:Osbald 5132:Oswulf 5049:Oswine 5039:Oswald 4986:Oswald 4941:Glappa 4855: 4834: 4804: 4785: 4766: 4680: 4614: 4588: 4565: 4546: 4478: 4457: 4438: 4419: 4400: 4381: 4362: 4345: 4337: 4306: 4260: 4237: 4218: 4197: 4178: 4155: 4136: 4117: 4098: 4079: 4048: 4011: 3990: 3970: 3953: 3934: 3915: 3896: 3871: 3850: 3831: 3784: 3756: 3738:"Ælle" 3725: 3706: 3687: 3645: 3626: 3609: 3590: 3571: 3552: 3531: 3512: 3490: 3450: 3433: 1923:Ingwær 1873:peace. 1845:Kendal 1782:Ebrauc 1754:Jórvík 1742:cowrie 1738:Baltic 1687:Ainsty 1635:Hamlet 1592:Means 1505:Source 1403:child 1371:Means 1268:Legacy 1157:stycas 1151:minted 1066:battle 1046:Norway 1023:Morcar 1003:Siward 997:Uhtred 945:Edward 883:Eadred 650:Eohric 609:Wessex 442:battle 356:Romans 311:Jórvík 170: 162: 75:Status 6459:(886) 6438:–918) 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5014:Ælla 4946:Adda 4853:ISBN 4832:ISBN 4802:ISBN 4783:ISBN 4764:ISBN 4749:2023 4722:2023 4701:2023 4678:ISBN 4638:2007 4612:ISBN 4586:ISBN 4563:ISBN 4544:ISBN 4520:2023 4489:2023 4476:ISBN 4471:Jarl 4455:ISBN 4436:ISBN 4417:ISBN 4398:ISBN 4379:ISBN 4360:ISBN 4304:ISBN 4291:2024 4258:ISBN 4235:ISBN 4216:ISBN 4195:ISBN 4176:ISBN 4153:ISBN 4134:ISBN 4115:ISBN 4096:ISBN 4022:2023 4009:ISBN 3988:ISBN 3951:ISBN 3932:ISBN 3913:ISBN 3894:ISBN 3869:ISBN 3848:ISBN 3827:2023 3795:2023 3782:ISBN 3767:2020 3754:ISBN 3723:ISBN 3704:ISBN 3685:ISBN 3643:ISBN 3624:ISBN 3607:OCLC 3588:ISBN 3569:ISBN 3550:ISBN 3529:ISBN 3510:ISBN 3486:2023 3448:ISBN 3431:OCLC 2008:the 1904:The 1819:The 1488:wark 1480:teem 1459:ear 1440:kirk 1432:dale 1416:beck 1400:barn 1392:fall 1216:and 971:Cnut 947:and 928:Jarl 926:and 680:Ímar 581:Cnut 319:York 197:1066 157:Earl 153:King 34:and 4936:Ida 4327:doi 4071:doi 4038:doi 3816:doi 3746:doi 3475:doi 1601:~by 1547:In 1520:'s 1496:tig 1472:lig 1456:lug 1448:ket 1253:. 1044:of 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