Caledonian orogeny - Knowledge (XXG)

1433:(which underlies most of the central part of the district) is a more extensive Acadian deformation which affects the BVG outcrop southern margin overlying Windermere Supergroup strata. Cleavage is strongly developed in the volcanic rocks close to its hinge zone. The Honister slate belt in the north of this area is another enhanced cleavage zone. Deformation is more marked at the edges of the batholith as the granite it is made of is resistant to tectonic 487: 42: 1368:

and anticlines are generally absent. This suggests that the Acadian deformation tightened the main basins of the BGV and folded its strata and that the major synclines were reactivated and tightened volcanic basins. A cleavage with fabrics varying from spaced to slaty and penetrative was superimposed

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model to account for the intrusive rocks in the Grampian terrane being emplaced post-subduction. However, Miles at al. (2016) note that the intrusive rocks in the Trans-Suture Suite and in all the terranes in the region are similar in age and geochemistry. Thus, they argue that the common mechanism

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The main orogenic events or phases of the Caledonian orogenic cycle were related to the final closure of the Iapetus Ocean. They were, in sequential order, the Grampian phase, the docking of Eastern Avalonia with Baltica, the Scandian phase and the Acadian phase. The latter involved: A) the docking

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tectonic events associated with the development and closure of those parts of the Iapetus Ocean which were situated between Laurentia (to the NW) and Baltica and Avalonia (to the SE and east) ... and each tectonic event throughout this 200 million years can be considered as an orogenic phase." This

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between Laurentia, Baltica and Gondwana. Its initial opening phase was between the adjacent Laurentia and Baltica (W and E respectively) and caused the two to breakup c. 615 Ma or 590 Ma. Then the part between Laurentia and Gondwana (to the east), opened c. 550 Ma. Further spreading of the Iapetus

4278:

Thigpen, J.R.; Law, R.D.; Loehn, C.L.; Strachan, R. A.; Tracy, R.J.; Lloyd, G.E.; Roth, B.L.; Brown, S.J. (2013). "Thermal structure and tectonic evolution of the Scandian orogenic wedge, S cottish Caledonides: integrating geothermometry, deformation temperatures and conceptual kinematic-thermal

2069:, formed at the southern margin of Euramerica just after the Caledonian orogeny. According to these authors, a small rim from Euramerica rifted off when this basin formed. The basin closed when these Caledonian deformed terranes were accreted again to Laurussia during the Hercynian orogeny. 503:

of England and Wales (which were part of eastern Avalonia) with eastern and southern Ireland with Scotland and the rest of Ireland (which were part of Laurentia). B) the amalgamation of terranes of Western Avalonia with the eastern margin of the main landmass of Laurentia (see

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in SE Ireland. This group is thought to be their regional equivalent. It underwent two main deformation phases which also affected the Dalby Group: a) a pervasive slaty cleavage associated with gently to moderately plunging folds which also affected many of the minor

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orogeny. This is because this Devonian event postdated the collision of Avalonia with Laurentia by 15–20 million years and was coeval with the early phase of the Variscan orogeny (Eo-Variscan or Ligerian) and because it was not related to the Iapetus Ocean.

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Miles, Andrew; Graham, Colin; Hawkesworth, Chris; Gillespie, Martin; Dhuime, Bruno; Hinton, Richard (2013-11-27). "Using Zircon Isotope Compositions to Constrain Crustal Structure and Pluton Evolution: the Iapetus Suture Zone Granites in Northern Britain".

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with Baltica and Laurentia to its northeast and northwest respectively. After its amalgamation with Eastern Avalonia, Baltica converged with Laurentia in a westward direction. The combined convergence of this microcontinent and the two continents created

1925:) in south-western Ireland, the Dingle Group underwent Acadian deformation with a high-strain penetrative cleavage prior to the deposition of the Upper Devonian Slieve Mish Group in the same peninsula. The Early Devonian Dingle Basin was the source of 3291:

Fritschle, Tobias; Daly, J. Stephen; Whitehouse, Martin J.; McConnell, Brian; Buhre, Stephan (2017-10-12). "Multiple intrusive phases in the Leinster Batholith, Ireland: geochronology, isotope geochemistry and constraints on the deformation history".

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is highly disputed though. There are indications that the Bohemian Massif started moving northward from the Ordovician onward, but many authors place the accretion of the Armorican terranes with the southern margin of Laurussia in the Carboniferous

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rotation with respect to the subduction zone to its north, mainly in the 470–450 Ma timeframe. It moved significantly faster than Baltica but slowed down to a rate comparable to that of the latter in the Late Ordovician when it got close to it.

1890:. Unlike the other main terranes in Ireland, it was part of Eastern Avalonia. It covers the east and southwest of Ireland. It is dominated by upright folds with associated cleavage and thrust faulting. Later large scale NE–SW trending Acadian 281:

onset in the Iapetus Ocean. Its drift was towards the Baltica and Laurentia Ordovician positions which by then were further north. It also involved the consumption of both the Iapetus Ocean and the Tornquist Ocean along its northern margin.

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thought to be related to this transpression. All primary folds have the same style and are associated with the same regional cleavage suggesting that they are roughly coeval. There is ductile deformation in some localities and a broad

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Schätz, M.; Reischmann, T.; Tait, J.; Bachtadse, V.; Bahlburg, H.; Martin, U. (2002-10-01). "The Early Palaeozoic break-up of northern Gondwana, new palaeomagnetic and geochronological data from the Saxothuringian Basin, Germany".

1906:. Its Northern unit was intruded incrementally by three crosscutting types of granite and was formed over 16.8 million years. The oldest granite is dated at c. 417 Ma. Following deformation there was another intrusion c. 410 Ma ( 3321:

Gee, David G.; Janák, Marian; Majka, Jarosław; Robinson, Peter; van Roermund, Herman (2013). "Subduction along and within the Baltoscandian margin during closing of the Iapetus Ocean and Baltica-Laurentia collision".

1544:).The former hypothesis implies that the Dalby Group was originally deposited on the Manx Group and was subsequently faulted into its present day relationship. The latter one implies that it is the toe end of the 572:

Two parts of Avalonia have been distinguished, a western and an eastern one. The term Western Avalonia refers to the westernmost part of the microcontinent which amalgamated the east coast of the main part of the

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It also has been argued that, although the Acadian orogeny in the British Isles involved the Iapetus Ocean closure, its driving force was actually a push from the south caused by the northward subduction of the

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of the group and a penetrative slaty cleavage with a broadly Caledonian trend superimposed on the earlier fabric of the group. The final stage of compression may have also involved the reactivation of thrust

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Schofield, David I.; Potter, Joanna; Barr, Sandra M.; Horák, Jana M.; Millar, Ian L.; Longstaffe, Frederick J. (2016). "Reappraising the Neoproterozoic 'East Avalonian' terranes of southern Great Britain".

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The timing of Avalonia's break from Gondwana is disputed. Fortey and Cocks (1992) proposed that Avalonia rifted in the Early Ordovician, whereas Landing (1996) argued for a Late Precambrian separation.

3554:"Greater Avalonia—latest Ediacaran–Ordovician "peribaltic" terrane bounded by continental margin prisms ("Ganderia," Harlech Dome, Meguma): Review, tectonic implications, and paleogeography" 1286:

was at the north-western margin of the English part of Eastern Avalonia which converged and collided with Scotland and was thus involved in the Acadian phase. Generally, Acadian deformation

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van Roermund and Brueckner (2004) proposed a distinct orogenic event which was separate and slightly younger than that of the Finnmarkian one, which they dated at 455 Ma. They named it the

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tectonic plate collision. In the Central Belt the cleavage transects folds in a clockwise sense and is accompanied by a sub-horizontal stretching lineation. In the Southern belt the Tinure

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There are several ductile shear zones which run subparallel to the Manx Group northeast-oriented boundary faults which indicate predominantly sinistral shear and possibly a transition from

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Pollock, Jeffrey C.; Hibbard, James P.; Sylvester, Paul J. (2009). "Early Ordovician rifting of Avalonia and birth of the Rheic Ocean: U–Pb detrital zircon constraints from Newfoundland".

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as usually found near subduction zones. This has led to the hypotheses that arc rocks were eroded and thus have not been preserved, that the arc was displaced by lateral movement along

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Stone, P.; Cooper, A. H.; Evans, J. A. (1999). "The Skiddaw Group (English Lake District) reviewed: early Palaeozoic sedimentation and tectonism at the northern margin of Avalonia".

1068:(to the south of the suture) which were at the Laurentia and Avalonia margins respectively. The emplacement of the plutons occurred after the subduction of the Iapetus Ocean ended. 552:

in the Iapetus Ocean outboard the main margin of the Laurentia tectonic plate (the future North America). There two Laurentian landmasses were Scotland and northern and western

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Fossen, Haakon; Dunlap, W.James (1998). "Timing and kinematics of Caledonian thrusting and extensional collapse, southern Norway: evidence from 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology".

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which separated it from the northern margin of Gondwana to the south. The onset of Baltica rifting and the Tornquist Ocean opening are difficult to date due to insufficient

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Ennis, Meg; Meere, Patrick A.; Timmerman, Martin J.; Sudo, Masafumi (2015). "Post-Acadian sediment recycling in the Devonian Old Red Sandstone of Southern Ireland".

3397:"Ediacaran–Middle Paleozoic Oceanic Voyage of Avalonia from Baltica via Gondwana to Laurentia: Paleomagnetic, Faunal and Geological Constraints – Geoscience Canada" 4012:

Rice, A.H.N.; Frank, W. (2003). "The early Caledonian (Finnmarkian) event reassessed in Finnmark: 40Ar/39Ar cleavage age data from NW Varangerhalvøya, N. Norway".

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Kirkland, C.L.; Daly, J.S.; Chew, D.M.; Page, L.M. (2008). "The Finnmarkian Orogeny revisited: An isotopic investigation in eastern Finnmark, Arctic Norway".

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Fortey, R.A.; Cocks, L.R.M. (1992). "The early palaeozoic of the North Atlantic region as a test case for the use of fossils in continental reconstruction".

592:, b) England a Wales and eastern and south-eastern Ireland which amalgamated with Scotland and the north and west of Ireland (which were part of Laurentia). 1679:

which was affected by the Grampian orogeny. These rocks responded to Acadian deformation relatively rigidly and their main deformation was a NE–SW trending

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deep marine rocks deposited on the NW margin of the Iapetus Ocean. The Southern-Upland-Longford-Down terrane has been interpreted as having been either an

2033:), even smaller than Avalonia. This microcontinent probably did not form one consistent unit, but was instead a series of fragments, of which the current 313:

The main phases of the Caledonian orogeny resulted from the convergence of Baltica, Laurentia and Avalonia which led to the closure of the Iapetus Ocean.

1027:. The closure of this ocean involved the (early) Eo-Variscan collision of Gondwana-related terranes in which Eastern Avalonia was peripherally involved. 182:. The name "Caledonian" can therefore not be used for an absolute period of geological time, it applies only to a series of tectonically related events. 3829:"Timing, relations and cause of plutonic and volcanic activity of the Siluro-Devonian post-collision magmatic episode in the Grampian Terrane, Scotland" 805:(430–380 Ma). Gee et al. (2013) and Ladenberger et al. (2012) propose a revised onset dating set at 440 Ma, however, there is no consensus about this. 1594:

during the later stages of Acadian deformation. This makes the island more similar to the Southern Uplands terrane of Scotland than the Lake District

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overlapped onto the Lakesman-Leinster terrane. Laurentia-Avalonia convergence and Iapetus Ocean subduction ceased by C. 420 Ma as indicated by a mid-

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This dating has been debated and three different date ranges have been proposed, 750–700 Ma, 600–570 Ma and 550–530 Ma. See Robert et al. (2021)

697:, to the north of this massif, bears record of the subduction of part of the Tornquist Sea beneath Avalonia and its closure. The closure of the 387:

which is interpreted as the stretched outermost edge of Baltica. Contrary to the previous opinion that it had been subducted beneath an oceanic

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than the Grampian terrane, with upright folds, cleavage and polyphase deformation. Acadian deformation resulted in steeply-dipping to vertical

2950: 4183: 3050: 3023: 2088: 1407:. The Acadian orogeny created a single penetrative cleavage throughout the Supergroup. It underwent a small clockwise transection of the 988:

has been applied to the early Devonian deformation phase in the British Caledonides by analogy with the one that occurred in what is now

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zone which marks the western limit of intense Caledonian deformation. The dominant structures are interpreted as having resulted from

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under Avalonia to a NW-dipping one beneath Laurentia. About 430 Ma accretion in the Southern Uplands and Ireland switched from being

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Matte, P. (2001). "The Variscan collage and orogeny (480–290 Ma) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: a review".

3385: 2931:"An integrated lithospheric study targeting the Holy Cross Mountains of the Eastern European Trans-European Suture Zone in Poland" 1818:, western Ireland. It lies to the SE of the Grampian and Midland Valley terranes. In underwent most of its deformation during the 3151:

Corfu, F.; Gasser, D.; Chew, D. M. (2014). "New perspectives on the Caledonides of Scandinavia and related areas: introduction".

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of the island: Grampian, Midland Valley, Longford-Down and Leinster. Tectonic deformation was mild as the collision was strongly

1075:. Deep marine sedimentation here in response to subduction begun 455 Ma and marked the switch from an initial SE-dipping Iapetus 4369:

Torsvik, Trond H.; Cocks, L. Robin M. (2004). "Earth geography from 400 to 250 Ma: a palaeomagnetic, faunal and facies review".

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Ladenberger, A.; Gee, D. G.; Shlevin, eri; Claesson, S.; Majka, J.; eri Shlevin, Y. (2012). "The Scandian collision revisited".

54: 4232:"Acadian Orogeny, Devonian, Northern England, British regional geology: Northern England, Fifth edition, Keyworth, Nottingham" 3072: 1765: 1595: 2769: 2083: 4670: 269:

and NW Africa) close to the original position of Baltica which had been to its north. Its rifting involved the opening and

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is the Leinster terrane. The combined terrane is termed Leinster-Lakesman terrane. It lies on the southern margin of the

4719: 3722:"Tectonic controls on post-subduction granite genesis and emplacement: The late Caledonian suite of Britain and Ireland" 1272:

northwest of the Iapetus Suture is weak and this northward weakening of deformation may indicate that it is linked with

1200: 3521:"Reconstructing the Avalon continent: Marginal-to-inner platform transition in the Cambrian of Avalonian New Brunswick" 2889:

suggests the collision of Armorica with Laurussia formed the southern (Mid-European) branch of the Caledonian mountains

4739: 4714: 4709: 1337: 3679:"Depth-to-basement for the East European Craton and Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone in Poland based on potential field data" 338:

includes tectonic events which were smaller, localised and predated the more well-known main phases of this orogeny.

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This orogenic event has been interpreted as a late Caledonian phase and as having been driven by the closure of the

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are the most important. The ocean between the combined continental mass of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia (called

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which deform the primary cleavage and are thought to have formed during or soon after the main deformation phase.

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to its south, which separated it from Gondwana. This rifting and opening were coeval with and may be related to

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TODD, S. P.; MURPHY, F. C.; KENNAN, P. S. (1991). "On the trace of the Iapetus suture in Ireland and Britain".

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The terrane has three relief belts. The northern belt and the northernmost part of the Central Belt underwent

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The easternmost part of Eastern Avalonia amalgamated with Baltica through an oblique soft docking governed by

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onto the Manx Group, probably in the early Devonian. During the final stage of the Iapetus Ocean closure its

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Woodcock, N.H.; Soper, N.J.; Strachan, R.A. (2007). "A Rheic cause for the Acadian deformation in Europe".

4445:"Continental break-up and collision in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic — A tale of Baltica and Laurentia" 4443:

TORSVIK, T; SMETHURST, M; MEERT, J; VANDERVOO, R; MCKERROW, W; BRASIER, M; STURT, B; WALDERHAUG, H (1996).

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perpendicular to the fold hinges. The Southern Belt and the rest of the Central belt underwent sinistral

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The broad deformation style and age of the Manx Group are very similar to the equivalent features of the

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saw the Caledonian event as one of several episodic phases of mountain building that had occurred during

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Strain partitioning in transpression zones: examples from the lapetus suture zone in Britain and Ireland

2964:"The Newer Granite problem revisited: a transtensional origin for the Early Devonian Trans-Suture Suite" 2375: 2302: 1983: 1615: 1534: 1480: 1397: 1373: 1349: 1261: 1146: 1122: 1000: 821: 770: 615: 516: 372:

which preceded the Scandian phase (see below) in this area. Its onset has been dated at c. 500 Ma (Late

353: 94: 35: 2720: 4592: 4555: 4514: 4500:"Ancient Laurentian detrital zircon in the closing Iapetus Ocean, Southern Uplands terrane, Scotland" 4459: 4415: 4378: 4325: 4288: 4202: 4126: 4088: 4050: 3984: 3938: 3894: 3840: 3807: 3736: 3690: 3649: 3633: 3604: 3565: 3507: 3474: 3437: 3331: 3234: 3197: 3160: 3123: 2978: 2938: 1161: 914: 701:, which took place soon after, occurred through subduction along the southern margin of this massif. 2740: 1962:

where the Caledonian collision closed the Iapetus Ocean. In Ireland it runs from the estuary of the

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for this view. Another reconstruction of the collision of Armorica with Euramerica can be found in

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Stone, P; Millward, D; Young, B; Merritt, J W; Clarke, S M; McCormac, M; Lawrence, D J D. (2010).

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According to some authors, the Caledonian continental collisions involved another microcontinent,

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collapse as indicated by block-faulted tracts. The superimposed Acadian deformations are regional

3924:"The Anglo-Brabant Massif: Persistent but enigmatic palaeo-relief at the heart of western Europe" 3879: 2659:

British Geological Survey, Bedrock Geology UK North: Caledonian Orogeny and associated magmatism.

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In the Leinster inlier are associated with the coeval emplacement of the Early Devonian Leinster

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for c. 100 km to the SE below Avalonia. Thus they invoke a model of slab drop-off caused by

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between them, the mentioned orogenic events and the closure of the Iapetus and Tornquist oceans.

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Torsvik, Trond H.; Rehnström, Emma F. (2003). "The Tornquist Sea and Baltica–Avalonia docking".

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Golonka, Jan; Krobicki, Michał; Poprawa, Paweł; Paul, Zbigniew; Khudoley, Andriej (2009-01-01).

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formed its bulk. Near the end of the Neoproterozoic, during the breakup of this supercontinent,

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Robert, Boris; Domeier, Mathew; Jakob, Johannes (2021). "On the origins of the Iapetus Ocean".

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orogenies in what today is North America are included in the phases of the Caledonian orogeny.

4629: 4625: 4608: 4571: 4530: 4475: 4431: 4394: 4341: 4304: 4266: 4218: 4179: 4142: 4104: 4066: 4029: 4000: 3954: 3910: 3866: 3782: 3752: 3708: 3665: 3620: 3583: 3540: 3490: 3453: 3416: 3381: 3347: 3309: 3279: 3250: 3213: 3176: 3139: 3095: 3046: 3019: 2994: 2018: 1777: 1653: 1580: 1565: 1381: 1314: 1157: 871: 867: 859: 809: 439: 224: 4689: 1691:(c. 428–400 Ma) was emplaced into this shear zone. The Leannan Fault is a major splay of the 4600: 4563: 4559: 4522: 4467: 4423: 4386: 4333: 4296: 4256: 4210: 4171: 4134: 4096: 4058: 4021: 3992: 3946: 3902: 3880:"The concealed Caledonide basement of Eastern England and the southern North Sea — A review" 3856: 3848: 3815: 3774: 3744: 3698: 3657: 3612: 3573: 3552:

Landing, Ed; Keppie, J. Duncan; Keppie, D. Fraser; Geyer, Gerd; Westrop, Stephen R. (2022).

3532: 3482: 3445: 3408: 3339: 3301: 3271: 3242: 3205: 3168: 3131: 3087: 3038: 3011: 2986: 2379: 2335: 2298: 2266: 2058: 2034: 1918: 1796: 1762: 1692: 1545: 1538: 1326: 1287: 1050: 1035: 1011: 1010:. However, there is also an argument that it would more appropriate to regard it as a proto- 902: 898: 879: 754: 714: 619: 545: 539: 475: 447: 407: 306: 266: 217: 171: 159: 1133:

were largely absent across all terranes in the concerned area in this period. Most Acadian

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McKerrow et al. (2000) give a definition of the Caledonian orogeny which includes "all the

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of the Iapetus Ocean beneath the margin of Laurentia to its northwest and possibly also by

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The paleogeographic position of the Armorica crustal fragments between the Ordovician and

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data but must have occurred in similar times as those of Laurentia and the Iapetus Ocean.

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margins. The tectonic contact between the two groups has been correlated either with the

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In addition, the Southern Uplands accretionary wedge lacks evidence of the presence of a

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whose core is the Skiddaw Group (which is overlain by the EVG). The BVD is dominated by

494:. The Sveconorwegian Orogen (including the Western Gneiss Region) is shown in pink. The 4245:"Regional geology and Caledonian structure, Dronning Louise Land, North-East Greenland" 4156:"Paleozoic evolution of pre-Variscan terranes: From Gondwana to the Variscan collision" 3796:"Closure of the Tornquist sea: Constraints from MONA LISA deep seismic reflection data" 2411: 2327: 2066: 2030: 1995: 1955: 1831: 1645: 1491: 1465: 1408: 1377: 1269: 1238: 1181: 1177: 1130: 1100: 1092: 1046: 1042: 894: 840: 785:

on the eastern margin of Laurentia and the margin of the Baltoscandian platform of the

758: 577: 486: 435: 376:). It continued to c. 460 Ma and was reactivated in the Scandian phase at ~425–415 Ma. 262: 198: 191: 129: 62: 58: 4544:"Late Ediacaran paleogeography of Avalonia and the Cambrian assembly of West Gondwana" 4427: 4025: 3275: 3073:"European geography in a global context from the Vendian to the end of the Palaeozoic" 2001:

The Iapetus Suture also extends along the margin of the Baltoscandian platform of the

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occurred post-subduction (425-390 Ma) in a regional tectonic setting with alternating

622:, which are either not present or buried. This event occurred close to the end of the 4698: 4471: 3616: 3520: 3360: 3246: 2930: 2403: 2387: 2383: 2347: 2339: 2310: 2191: 2150: 2117: 2053: 1975: 1963: 1903: 1883: 1863: 1851: 1815: 1785: 1773: 1728: 1712: 1634: 1630: 1618: 1591: 1587: 1560: 1556: 1483: 1401: 1310: 1257: 1242: 1145:

phases. High rates of magma generation coincided with a c. 418–404 Ma Early Devonian

1138: 1084: 1080: 1031: 1007: 989: 981: 958: 950: 926: 883: 824: 794: 694: 459: 454:(444–443 Ma). There was no break in sediments in the area until the end of the Early 298: 232: 163: 114: 82: 4488: 4062: 3578: 3553: 3033:

Chew, D. M.; Stillman, C. J. (2022-07-18). "Late Caledonian orogeny and magmatism".

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zone (see below). It also caused northeast trending strike-slip faults, such as the

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beneath Laurentia. It underwent accelerating subsidence through the Middle to Late

1334: 1318: 1153: 1142: 977: 836: 817: 786: 581: 491: 443: 357: 174:. Current understanding has it that the Caledonian orogeny encompasses a number of 152: 4498:

Waldron, John W.F.; Floyd, James D.; Simonetti, Antonio; Heaman, Larry M. (2008).

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in Shropshire with considerable erosion before the deposition of sediments in the

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created by the spreading of the Rheic Ocean. It migrated across the Iapetus Ocean

27:

Mountain building event caused by the collision of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia

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transtension phase. This decreased during the 404–394 Ma Acadian transpression.

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Acadian event in this area saw the amalgamation of these landmasses to form the

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in what is now Norway and the Swedish areas by its border. It occurred from the

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is continuation of the terrane of the same name in Scotland. It underwent more

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Wen, Bin; Evans, David A.D.; Anderson, Ross P.; McCausland, Phil J.A. (2020).

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which brought it above water. Convergence eventually caused the ranges of the

1306: 1276: 1126: 1118: 1076: 954: 726: 631: 623: 549: 411: 399: 388: 326: 294: 290: 278: 255: 102: 17: 4612: 4575: 4534: 4479: 4435: 4398: 4345: 4337: 4308: 4270: 4243:

Strachan, R.A; Friderichsen, J.D; Holdsworth, R.E; Jepsen, H.F (1994-01-01).

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Kneller, B. C. (1991). "A foreland basin on the southern margin of Iapetus".

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and small anticlockwise one in the east which is part of a wider transecting

4390: 2407: 2231: 2162: 2121: 2006: 1991: 1971: 1959: 1911: 1899: 1823: 1822:

and closure of the Iapetus Ocean prior to the Acadian orogeny. It has Early

1708: 1700: 1688: 1680: 1669: 1530: 1522: 1461: 1453: 1430: 1426: 1361: 1357: 1222: 1165: 1134: 1096: 906: 886: 813: 782: 746: 718: 690: 585: 574: 419: 383:. It involved the Seve Nappe Complex of the Swedish Caledonides in central 286: 206: 175: 136: 118: 110: 41: 3966:

Phillips, W.E.A. (2001). "Caledonian deformation". In Holland, C.H. (ed.).

3661: 3042: 1060:(to the north of the suture) and the Lakesman-Leinster terrane of northern 992:. Late Caledonian orogeny is another term used in reference to this phase. 618:. This is indicated by the absence of orogenic structures or high-pressure 4164:

Variscan-Appalachian dynamics: The building of the late Paleozoic basement

3015: 364:. The first phase that is often included in the Caledonian orogeny is the 61:

opened and the different parts of the orogenic belt moved apart. See also

2274: 2227: 2170: 2166: 2022: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1859: 1803: 1758: 1754: 1704: 1696: 1665: 1642: 1638: 1626: 1526: 1385: 1365: 1330: 1226: 1104: 1057: 1024: 973: 969: 946: 930: 929:

were separated and belonged to two different tectonic plates: Laurentia (

910: 875: 863: 851: 847: 802: 798: 734: 663: 527: 523: 455: 451: 431: 427: 423: 391:, they propose that it involved a collision with a continental fragment. 373: 334: 330: 322: 259: 227:

westward away from Gondwana and then migrated northward. This led to the

202: 156: 155:

for an episode of mountain building in northern Europe that predated the

144: 126: 106: 90: 50: 3305: 1360:

north of the EVG and south of the BVG, which are part the Lake District

1317:

whose sediments were largely derived from an earlier continental margin

53:). Present-day coastlines are indicated in gray for reference. Later in 3906: 2962:

Brown, P. E.; Ryan, P. D.; Soper, N. J.; Woodcock, N. H. (2008-02-01).

2415: 2331: 2294: 2286: 2278: 2270: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2174: 1895: 1799: 1746: 1607: 1541: 1499: 1412: 1380:

on the Avalonia margin which was created by the subduction of Avalonia

1353: 1290: 1283: 1234: 1210: 1206: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1038: 996: 938: 934: 890: 750: 742: 737:

Island), and through Poland. It then follows the eastern margin of the

722: 682: 678: 655: 647: 639: 627: 601: 589: 557: 553: 548:

involved collisions between two landmasses of Laurentia and an oceanic

463: 210: 195: 148: 122: 98: 78: 4657: 4649: 4526: 4300: 3861: 3365:

Geologia/Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

1664:

The Irish Grampian terrane is the continuation of Grampian terrane in

921:

Acadian Late Caledonian or proto-Variscan orogeny in the British Isles

808:

The Scandian orogenic event also led to the formation of mountains of

236:

Ocean also caused Laurentia and Baltica to move away from each other.

4154:

Stampfii, Gérard M.; von Raumer, Jürgen F.; Borel, Gilles D. (2002).

3172: 2378:

department of France. In Belgium to covers the north-western part of

2351: 2282: 2262: 2223: 2207: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2129: 2113: 2026: 1673: 985: 730: 659: 643: 635: 384: 369: 3828: 3536: 580:(what is now North America) to the west in the area of the northern 4490:

The Jämtlandian: A new orogeny in the Caledonides of central Sweden

3795: 3343: 564:

and the rest of Ireland) were part of the Avalonia microcontinent.

498:

emplaced by the much younger Caledonian orogeny are shown in green.

2290: 1294: 1253: 1230: 1110: 942: 561: 495: 426:

and was the most important tectonic event in the area between the

403: 265:

started to drift northwestward form the Gondwana northern margin (

140: 3061: 2929:

Averill, M.; Bond, T.; Sroda, P.; Keller, G.; Miller, K. (2003).

1525:

were deposited from the NE into a marine basin which bridged the

917:, which is the northeast-ward extension of the Great Glen Fault. 239:

Baltica drifted northward, too. This involved the opening of the

2355: 2133: 1941:

recycling into the Munster Basin following Mid-Devonian Acadian

717:

of Baltica and Eastern Avalonia. It runs from a portion of the

588:. Eastern Avalonia refers to a) the part which amalgamated with 213: 3677:

Mikołajczak, Mateusz; Mazur, Stanisław; Gągała, Łukasz (2019).

2770:

Geology of the Lake District. Borrowdale & Eycott Volcanics

2009:

along the eastern margin of Laurentia in the Scandian orogeny.

995:

This phase involved a soft docking or soft collision rather an

510:

During the final part of its northwestward migration, Avalonia

30:"Caledonian Mountains" redirects here. Not to be confused with 753:

Mountains and the Eastern Carpathians, it evolved through the

4493:. International Geological Congress (IGC) At Florence, Italy. 2898: 1429:, which lies above the southern margin of the Lake District 1293:

throughout various geologic formations of the district into

1252:

The Acadian Orogeny affected the Lakesman terrane and north

1180:

which did not just break off. It also peeled back below the

3820:

10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<1071:COTTSC>2.3.CO;2

3107:

Cocks, L. R. M.; McKerrow, W. S.; Van Staal, C. R. (1997).

2261:

Avalonia consisted of "north-western and possibly southern

1719:. Here there was sinistral Acadian brittle deformation and 961:

beneath the southern margins of the Laurentian landmasses.

220:) and northern (African) margins of Gondwana respectively. 1552:

onlapping or thrust onto the Avalonia continental margin.

1419:

pattern across the Avalonian rocks of Britain and Ireland.

1171:

Nelison et al. (2009) propose an Iapetus Ocean subducting

1023:

which lied to the south of Avalonia and separated it from

368:

which was an early deformation event in Arctic (northern)

2186:

Baltica comprised the eastern part of the future Europe:

1734:

zone into the Clew Bay southern margin. The Ox Mountains

626:, 440 Ma. It docked with the Baltica margins in southern 1933:

Munster Basin to the south (which covered the Kerry and

1333:

to extend across the sutured Iapetus Ocean. This caused

1121:

and markedly reduced with the change to post-subduction

781:

The Scandian phase involved a collision between eastern

3720:

Miles, A.J.; Woodcock, N.H.; Hawkesworth, C.J. (2016).

3361:"EARLY PALEOZOIC EVOLUTION OF THE PERI-GONDWANA PLATES" 2914: 2442: 4487:

van Roermund, Herman; Brueckner, Hannes (2004-01-01).

3970:. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. pp. 179–200. 1986:. It consists of a series of faults with no traces of 1874:

is the surface expression of the Iapetus Suture zone.

1606:

In Ireland the Acadian Orogeny affected the four main

1045:

plutons which straddle both sides of the trace of the

4255:. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland: 71–76. 3827:

Neilson, J.C.; Kokelaar, B.P.; Crowley, Q.G. (2009).

478:

of the adjacent Towi Anticline and igneous activity.

45:

Location of the different branches of the Caledonian/

2218:). Its margin cut through Poland diagonally west of 2005:

Peninsula which collided with the eastern margin of

1537:(Lake District) turbidites or the Riccarton Group, ( 1268:

which were superimposed on pre-existing structures.

1107:

weakening of deformation in the accretionary wedge.

4170:. Geological Society of America. pp. 263–280. 2955:

British Geological Survey, Bedrock Geology UK North

2790:

Geology of the Lake District. Windermere Supergroup

1882:is the continuation of the Lakesman terrane in the 1083:(at a right angle) to a sinistrally (left-lateral) 882:(c. 400 Ma) in Scotland and the enlargement of the 3878:Pharaoh, Tim; England, Richard; Lee, Mick (1995). 1978:in the southern part of the northern coast of the 953:as they are now. This occurred through NW-dipping 194:most of the Earth's landmasses were united in the 97:and parts of north-central Europe. The Caledonian 49:belts at the end of the Caledonian orogeny (Early 3407:(1). The Geological Association of Canada: 5–18. 1776:) and NE trending open buckle folds in the Early 1071:The Southern Uplands terrane is thought to be an 458:, which was caused by the Acadian Orogeny in the 4362:Proceedings of the Shropshire Geological Society 4195:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 3153:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 3122:(5). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 627–636. 3037:. Liverpool University Press. pp. 143–174. 2366:and the coast of Kent. On the other side of the 1003:like the Eastern Avalonia docking with Baltica. 1396:block that was driven northward during Acadian 1176:for the whole region involved an Iapetus Ocean 186:Palaeogeographic evolution prior to the orogeny 4626:Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV 4622:Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe 3010:. Liverpool University Press. pp. 69–94. 3006:Chew, D. M. (2022-07-18). "Grampian Orogeny". 1041:of Scotland. There is a Trans-Suture Suite of 835:movements in the east and NW-directed oblique 3773:(1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 181–207. 3531:(6). Canadian Science Publishing: 1185–1192. 2951:"Caledonian Orogeny and associated magmatism" 2721:Geology of the Lake District. Acadian Orogeny 1982:. In Britain it runs roughly parallel to the 1498:, major strike-parallel sinistral faults and 1260:resulted in regionally clockwise transecting 725:, through southern Denmark, a portion of the 614:, rather than through an orogen-causing hard 526:and mountain building and ended in the Early 8: 4667:Emplacement timing of the Galway Granite ... 4324:(5). Geological Society of London: 869–880. 3983:(3). Geological Society of London: 501–515. 3300:(2). Geological Society of London: 229–246. 2977:(2). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 235. 2910: 2837: 2265:, some accreted terranes in the basement of 1974:. It crosses this sea and is exposed in the 398:occurred particularly in the Shelve area in 81:cycle recorded in the northern parts of the 2741:Geology of the Lake District. Skiddaw Group 2326:In England the Anglo-Brabant massif covers 2153:(except from their western part, including 858:which culminated in the development of the 812:(or Dronning Louise Land) in north-eastern 761:orogenies, rather than the Caledonian one. 3931:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 2043:Euramerica, Laurussia or Old Red Continent 1695:of Scotland. Its movement occurred in the 831:of regional deformation between sinistral 522:Continental collisions started in the Mid 474:system and folding in pre-Ashgill strata, 109:, roughly 490–390 million years ago ( 101:encompasses events that occurred from the 4260: 4249:Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 3860: 3702: 3577: 3504:EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2509: 2507: 2269:and their foredeep, terranes in northern 1468:. The island lies immediately to its SE. 3071:Cocks, L. R. M.; Torsvik, T. H. (2006). 2848: 2479: 2477: 2145:Laurentia comprised most of present day 556:. The other parts of the British Isles ( 485: 40: 4081:International Journal of Earth Sciences 3683:International Journal of Earth Sciences 2886: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2430: 2105: 113:). It was caused by the closure of the 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2173:and the northern and western parts of 2029:and parts of southern Germany and the 1937:counties). The Dingle basin underwent 789:peninsula of Baltica. It involved the 3376:Jones, Kevin; Blake, Stephen (2003). 2915:Stampfii, von Raumer & Borel 2002 2818: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2443:Stampfii, von Raumer & Borel 2002 2438: 2370:, it covers the northern part of the 2089:Geological structure of Great Britain 1910:granite) and this in turn was cut by 1471:The island is composed mainly of the 1344:In the Middle to Late Ordovician the 713:or Tornquist Zone is the area of the 596:Docking Eastern Avalonia with Baltica 147:. The term was first used in 1885 by 7: 4355:"Ten years of geology in Shropshire" 945:and the rest of Ireland). The Early 854:, causing thrusting in the Northern 4548:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3632:McKERROW, W. S.; Mac Niocaill, C.; 3080:Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2061:(about 340 million years ago). The 1727:. This may continue as a sinistral 1282:The Lake District in north-western 1279:rather than Iapetus Ocean closure. 305:). Its drift included an up to 55° 3638:"The Caledonian Orogeny redefined" 3525:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1494:are transected clockwise by their 1321:. It underwent subduction-related 846:This orogenic event also affected 630:, the south-western corner of the 470:movement in the Pontesford-Linley 25: 4585:Journal of the Geological Society 4371:Journal of the Geological Society 4318:Journal of the Geological Society 3977:Journal of the Geological Society 3833:Journal of the Geological Society 3642:Journal of the Geological Society 3467:Journal of the Geological Society 3294:Journal of the Geological Society 2132:and much of what later was to be 1842:deformation with an axial planar 1464:crop out close to or probably on 1125:regimes. However, during Iapetus 285:Avalonia's motion was related to 3794:MONA LISA Working Group (1997). 3617:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00327.x 3066:(PhD thesis). Durham University. 2128:, parts of what later was to be 816:. It is an exposed N–S trending 4063:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103791 3887:Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica 3579:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103863 3395:Keppie, J.; Keppie, D. (2014). 3330:(2). GeoScienceWorld: 169–178. 2234:. See Mikołajczak et al. (2019) 1195:Northern England, Lake District 1113:production should be larger in 4281:Journal of Metamorphic Geology 3092:10.1144/GSL.MEM.2006.032.01.05 2935:EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly 2522:Torsvik & Rehnström (2003) 1795:is the SE continuation of the 1687:in the Dalradian. The Donegal 1233:. Its continuation in eastern 1129:(455–425 Ma) this was low and 693:belt which, starting from the 438:was accompanied by late stage 1: 4730:Geology of the United Kingdom 4458:(3–4). Elsevier BV: 229–258. 4428:10.1016/s0040-1951(02)00631-5 4215:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.160.01.21 4026:10.1016/s0040-1951(03)00240-3 4020:(3–4). Elsevier BV: 219–236. 3436:(1–4). Elsevier BV: 158–177. 3378:Mountain Building in Scotland 3276:10.1016/s0191-8141(98)00007-8 3264:Journal of Structural Geology 3233:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 147–158. 3196:(4). Elsevier BV: 1415–1433. 2598:MONALISA Working Group (1997) 2157:) a north-eastern portion of 2045:) and Armorica is called the 1559:in the Lake District and the 968:, which referred to the Late 178:phases that can laterally be 4472:10.1016/0012-8252(96)00008-6 3951:10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.02.009 3413:10.12789/geocanj.2014.41.039 3247:10.1016/0040-1951(92)90373-e 2313:, and some coastal parts of 1575:associated with small folds 1201:Geology of the Lake District 568:Eastern and Western Avalonia 4414:(1–4). Elsevier BV: 67–82. 3937:(3). Elsevier BV: 278–328. 3450:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.08.001 3270:(6). Elsevier BV: 765–781. 2909:See the reconstructions in 2362:along the eastern coast of 1486:zone during the sinistral, 507:article for this orogeny). 442:. The event caused a major 4781: 4680:Re-defining the Caledonian 4568:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116591 3519:Landing, Ed (1996-11-01). 2390:provinces and much of the 1448:Geology of the Isle of Man 1445: 1198: 909:rocks in Scotland and the 774: 768: 745:. Finally, it runs to the 711:Trans-European Suture Zone 705:Trans-European Suture Zone 658:and part of north-eastern 537: 67:Trans-European Suture Zone 29: 4605:10.1144/0016-76492006-129 4262:10.34194/rapggu.v162.8249 4236:British Geological Survey 4176:10.1130/0-8137-2364-7.263 4101:10.1007/s00531-002-0261-3 3997:10.1144/0016-76492008-088 3853:10.1144/0016-76492008-069 3704:10.1007/s00531-018-1668-9 3136:10.1017/s0016756897007425 3109:"The margins of Avalonia" 2991:10.1017/s0016756807004219 2567:Fossen & Dunlap. 1998 2449:(1996) and Ziegler (1990) 2094:Central Pangean Mountains 1966:on the Atlantic coast to 1768:, folds and a SE dipping 1479:which were deformed in a 1346:Borrowdale Volcanic Group 1225:passing by the Island of 964:Since the 1980s the term 933:and northern and western 870:(435–420 Ma) and led to 462:. It was associated with 135:The orogeny is named for 4338:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0869 4139:10.1016/j.gr.2015.06.001 4125:. Elsevier BV: 257–271. 3779:10.1093/petrology/egt065 3749:10.1016/j.gr.2016.02.006 3735:. Elsevier BV: 250–260. 3487:10.1144/gsjgs.148.2.0207 3210:10.1016/j.gr.2014.10.007 2911:Cocks & Torsvik 2006 2838:Chew & Stillman 2022 2501:Keppie and Keppie (2014) 2437:Reconstruction based on 2317:", Golonka et al. (2009) 2084:Świętokrzyskie Mountains 1757:rocks and a NE trending 1668:. It is composed of the 1621:and without substantial 1117:tectonic regimes during 976:orogeny in the Northern 925:As mentioned above, the 791:Scandinavian Caledonides 777:Scandinavian Caledonides 689:massif. It is part of a 677:in central and southern 418:. It formed the Shelve 362:Scandinavian Caledonides 341:In this definition, the 87:Scandinavian Caledonides 4560:2020E&PSL.55216591W 4554:. Elsevier BV: 116591. 4391:10.1144/0016-764903-098 4049:. Elsevier BV: 103791. 3564:. Elsevier BV: 103863. 3380:. The Open University. 3060:Clegg, Phillip (2002). 2589:Schofield et al. (2016) 2025:, most of the north of 1929:deposition in the Late 1914:granite at c. 404.9 Ma. 1898:, which is the largest 1854:. This reflects a Late 1772:in the Pomeroy inlier ( 1738:was emplaced c. 412 Ma. 1305:In the Early to Middle 1160:or that this is due to 893:. All this spanned the 414:and was related to the 4685:Caledonian in Shetland 4620:Ziegler, P.A. (1990). 3968:The Geology of Ireland 3662:10.1144/jgs.157.6.1149 3043:10.2307/jj.12638997.11 3035:The Geology of Ireland 3008:The Geology of Ireland 2859:Fritschle et al. (2017 2668:Woodcock et al. (2007) 2641:Strachan et al. (1994) 2558:McKerrow et al. (2000) 2531:Kirkland et al. (2008) 2216:Scandinavian Peninsula 2079:Scandinavian Mountains 1808:Southern Uplands Fault 1743:Midland Valley terrane 1723:motion in the Central 1568:, b) a gently dipping 1490:of the Iapetus Ocean. 638:. It came to comprise 517:continental collisions 499: 360:are recognised in the 70: 4452:Earth-Science Reviews 4043:Earth-Science Reviews 3922:Pharaoh, Tim (2018). 3558:Earth-Science Reviews 3016:10.2307/jj.12638997.7 2650:Thigpen et al. (2013. 2623:Averill et al. (2006) 2513:Pharaoh et al. (1993) 2492:Pollock et al. (2009) 1984:Anglo-Scottish border 1793:Longford-Down terrane 1535:Windermere Supergroup 1398:continental collision 1374:Windermere Supergroup 1350:Eycott Volcanic Group 1313:was a deep submarine 1034:occurred beneath the 1001:continental collision 843:further to the west. 771:Western Gneiss Region 741:Mountains in western 675:London-Brabant Massif 616:continental collision 489: 352:Some early phases of 317:Early orogenic phases 44: 36:Mountains of Scotland 4705:Ordovician orogenies 4353:Toghill, P. (1990). 3767:Journal of Petrology 2711:Waldron et al., 2008 2632:Corfu et al. (2014). 2483:Robert et al. (2021) 2063:Rhenohercynian basin 1711:and fault zone from 1517:The Dalby Group was 1388:. It was related to 1209:covers the north of 1162:flat–slab subduction 1087:one as indicated by 915:Walls Boundary Fault 913:Islands through the 729:between Denmark and 671:Anglo-Brabant massif 482:Main orogenic phases 366:Finnmarkian Orogeny, 4720:Orogenies of Europe 4690:Britain's formation 4597:2007JGSoc.164.1023W 4519:2008Geo....36..527W 4464:1996ESRv...40..229T 4420:2003Tectp.362...67T 4383:2004JGSoc.161..555T 4330:1991JGSoc.148..869T 4293:2013JMetG..31..813T 4207:1999GSLSP.160..325S 4131:2016GondR..35..257S 4093:2002IJEaS..91..838S 4055:2021ESRv..22103791R 3989:2009JGSoc.166..501P 3943:2018PrGA..129..278P 3899:1995StGG...39..330P 3845:2009JGSoc.166..545N 3812:1997Geo....25.1071M 3741:2016GondR..39..250M 3695:2019IJEaS.108..547M 3654:2000JGSoc.157.1149M 3609:2001TeNov..13..122M 3570:2022ESRv..22403863L 3512:2012EGUGA..1412633L 3479:1991JGSoc.148..207K 3442:2008Tectp.460..158K 3336:2013Lsphe...5..169G 3306:10.1144/jgs2017-034 3239:1992Tectp.206..147F 3202:2015GondR..28.1415E 3165:2014GSLSP.390....1C 3128:1997GeoM..134..627C 3116:Geological Magazine 2983:2008GeoM..145..235B 2971:Geological Magazine 2943:2003EAEJA.....7149A 2868:Ennis et al. (2015) 2809:Clegg (2002) p. 319 2800:Clegg (2002) p. 185 2731:Stone et al. (1999) 2702:Miles et al. (2016) 2686:Miles et al. (2014) 2677:Brown et al. (2008) 2398:it is found in the 2112:Gondwana comprised 1886:of England and the 1672:Supergroup and its 1411:in the west of the 1186:lithospheric mantle 901:which affected the 829:strain partitioning 381:Jämtlandian Orogeny 250:Either in the Late 125:continents and the 4740:Ordovician England 4715:Devonian orogenies 4710:Silurian orogenies 4673:2013-04-12 at the 3907:10.1007/BF02295826 2899:Schätz et al. 2002 2877:Todd et al. (1996) 2760:Stone et al.(2010) 2540:Rice et al. (2003) 2414:former islands in 2400:Zeelandic Flanders 1828:accretionary wedge 1654:igneous intrusions 1652:rocks. There were 1623:crustal thickening 1566:igneous intrusions 1550:accretionary wedge 1512:Langness Peninsula 1297:by creating slaty 1241:. It includes the 1158:strike-slip faults 1099:deposition in the 1095:counterclockwise. 1073:accretionary wedge 1030:Subduction of the 749:. However, in the 739:Eastern Carpathian 500: 490:Geological map of 440:igneous intrusions 422:and Rytton Castle 216:from the western ( 162:. Geologists like 75:Caledonian orogeny 71: 55:geological history 32:Caledonia Mountain 4745:Ordovician Norway 4735:Geology of Norway 4651:Middle Ordovician 4527:10.1130/G24763A.1 4301:10.1111/jmg.12046 4185:978-0-8137-2364-8 4119:Gondwana Research 3806:(12): 1071–1074. 3729:Gondwana Research 3401:Geoscience Canada 3190:Gondwana Research 3052:978-1-903544-49-5 3025:978-1-903544-49-5 2821:, p. 193–196 2471:Wen et al. (2020) 2394:province. In the 2358:. It crosses the 1846:and a stretching 1778:Old Red Sandstone 1656:with plutons and 1598:in this respect. 1382:continental crust 1315:sedimentary basin 872:igneous intrusion 868:Sgurr Beag Thrust 866:Thrust and Naver- 860:Moine Thrust Belt 827:, which involved 810:Queen Louise Land 620:metamorphic rocks 396:Shelveian Orogeny 95:eastern Greenland 79:mountain-building 16:(Redirected from 4772: 4760:Devonian England 4750:Silurian England 4725:Paleozoic Europe 4639: 4624:(2nd ed.). 4616: 4591:(5): 1023–1036. 4579: 4538: 4504: 4494: 4483: 4449: 4439: 4402: 4365: 4359: 4349: 4312: 4274: 4264: 4239: 4226: 4189: 4169: 4160: 4150: 4112: 4074: 4037: 4008: 3971: 3962: 3928: 3918: 3884: 3874: 3864: 3823: 3790: 3760: 3726: 3716: 3706: 3673: 3648:(6): 1149–1154. 3628: 3591: 3581: 3548: 3515: 3498: 3461: 3424: 3391: 3372: 3355: 3317: 3287: 3258: 3221: 3184: 3173:10.1144/SP390.28 3147: 3113: 3103: 3077: 3067: 3056: 3029: 3002: 2968: 2958: 2946: 2917: 2907: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2846: 2840: 2835: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2456: 2450: 2435: 2419: 2380:Hainaut Province 2336:Northamptonshire 2324: 2318: 2299:Avalon Peninsula 2293:, south-eastern 2267:East Carpathians 2259: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2184: 2178: 2143: 2137: 2110: 2059:Variscan orogeny 2039:Bohemian Massifs 1998:-derived rocks. 1919:Dingle Peninsula 1880:Leinster terrane 1797:Southern Uplands 1763:Curlew Mountains 1693:Great Glen Fault 1546:Southern Uplands 1539:Southern Uplands 1352:(EVG) underwent 1327:Southern Uplands 1221:and crosses the 1164:, which reduces 1051:Southern Uplands 937:) and Avalonia ( 903:Moine Supergroup 899:Great Glen Fault 880:Southern Uplands 546:Grampian orogeny 540:Grampian orogeny 534:Grampian orogeny 466:(right-lateral) 448:Llandovery Epoch 408:English Midlands 307:counterclockwise 223:Laurentia first 218:Amazonian craton 21: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4765:Devonian Norway 4755:Silurian Norway 4695: 4694: 4675:Wayback Machine 4661:(Continent Map) 4659:Middle Silurian 4653:(Continent Map) 4646: 4636: 4619: 4582: 4541: 4502: 4497: 4486: 4447: 4442: 4405: 4368: 4357: 4352: 4315: 4277: 4242: 4229: 4192: 4186: 4167: 4158: 4153: 4115: 4077: 4040: 4011: 3974: 3965: 3926: 3921: 3882: 3877: 3826: 3793: 3763: 3724: 3719: 3676: 3631: 3594: 3551: 3537:10.1139/e96-089 3518: 3501: 3464: 3427: 3394: 3388: 3375: 3371:(2/1): 339–344. 3358: 3320: 3290: 3261: 3224: 3187: 3150: 3111: 3106: 3075: 3070: 3059: 3053: 3032: 3026: 3005: 2966: 2961: 2949: 2928: 2925: 2920: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2746: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2457: 2453: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2374:region and the 2372:Hauts-de-France 2368:English Channel 2360:English Channel 2344:East of England 2325: 2321: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2188:European Russia 2185: 2181: 2144: 2140: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2075: 2015: 1952: 1943:basin inversion 1862:change from an 1810:all the way to 1604: 1590:compression to 1583:dip direction. 1488:oblique closure 1450: 1444: 1323:tectonic uplift 1219:North Yorkshire 1203: 1197: 1131:intrusive rocks 923: 779: 773: 767: 707: 598: 570: 542: 536: 505:Acadian orogeny 484: 416:Taconic orogeny 319: 289:created by the 241:Tornquist Ocean 188: 172:Earth's history 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4663: 4655: 4645: 4644:External links 4642: 4641: 4640: 4634: 4617: 4580: 4539: 4495: 4484: 4440: 4408:Tectonophysics 4403: 4377:(4): 555–572. 4366: 4350: 4313: 4287:(8): 813–842. 4275: 4240: 4227: 4201:(1): 325–336. 4190: 4184: 4151: 4113: 4087:(5): 838–849. 4075: 4038: 4014:Tectonophysics 4009: 3972: 3963: 3919: 3893:(3): 330–346. 3875: 3839:(3): 545–561. 3824: 3791: 3761: 3717: 3689:(2): 547–567. 3674: 3629: 3603:(2): 122–128. 3592: 3549: 3516: 3499: 3473:(2): 207–210. 3462: 3430:Tectonophysics 3425: 3392: 3386: 3373: 3356: 3344:10.1130/l220.1 3318: 3288: 3259: 3227:Tectonophysics 3222: 3185: 3148: 3104: 3068: 3057: 3051: 3030: 3024: 3003: 2959: 2947: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2902: 2891: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2841: 2823: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2782: 2780:Kneller (1991) 2773: 2762: 2744: 2733: 2724: 2713: 2704: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2614:Pharaoh (2018) 2600: 2591: 2582: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2549:Toghill (1990) 2542: 2533: 2524: 2515: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2473: 2464: 2451: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2412:Noord-Beveland 2328:Leicestershire 2319: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2179: 2138: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2067:back-arc basin 2031:Czech Republic 2014: 2011: 1996:oceanic trench 1956:Iapetus Suture 1951: 1950:Iapetus Suture 1948: 1947: 1946: 1915: 1836: 1835: 1832:back-arc basin 1789: 1739: 1603: 1600: 1466:Iapetus suture 1443: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1420: 1378:foreland basin 1370: 1342: 1264:transpressive 1239:Iapetus Suture 1196: 1193: 1182:Iapetus Suture 1101:oceanic trench 1047:Iapetus Suture 1036:Midland Valley 999:-causing hard 922: 919: 895:Iapetus Suture 850:and the outer 766: 765:Scandian Phase 763: 733:(by Germany's 706: 703: 597: 594: 578:tectonic plate 569: 566: 538:Main article: 535: 532: 530:(420–405 Ma). 483: 480: 318: 315: 263:microcontinent 245:palaeomagnetic 199:supercontinent 192:Neoproterozoic 187: 184: 130:microcontinent 63:Iapetus Suture 59:Atlantic Ocean 26: 24: 18:Scandian phase 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4777: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4635:90-6644-125-9 4631: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4356: 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3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3387:0-7492-5847-0 3383: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2849:Phillips 2001 2845: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2404:Zuid-Beveland 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:West Flanders 2385: 2384:East Flanders 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348:Thames Valley 2345: 2341: 2340:East Midlands 2337: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311:New Brunswick 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281:and northern 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192:Baltic states 2189: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2151:United States 2148: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2118:South America 2115: 2109: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2054:Carboniferous 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2013:Controversies 2012: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2003:Fennoscandian 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976:Niarbyl Fault 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964:River Shannon 1961: 1957: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904:British Isles 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:Lake District 1881: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852:transpression 1849: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816:County Galway 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1786:County Antrim 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774:County Tyrone 1771: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1729:transpressive 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635:unconformably 1632: 1631:Carboniferous 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619:transpression 1617: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1592:transpression 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1561:Ribband Group 1558: 1557:Skiddaw Group 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484:transpression 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1456:rocks in the 1455: 1449: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1402:transpressive 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:Skiddaw Group 1308: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1288:metamorphosed 1285: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:Transpression 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1243:Lake District 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1205:The Lakesman 1202: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1173:slab breakoff 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:transpression 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085:transpressive 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1032:Iapetus Ocean 1028: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1008:Iapetus Ocean 1004: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 990:North America 987: 984:Provinces of 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 962: 960: 959:oceanic crust 957:of Avalonian 956: 952: 951:British Isles 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927:British Isles 920: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 885: 884:Lake District 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825:transpression 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 795:Wenlock Epoch 792: 788: 787:Fennoscandian 784: 778: 772: 764: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 704: 702: 700: 696: 695:Lake District 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 606: 603: 595: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 576: 567: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 541: 533: 531: 529: 525: 520: 518: 513: 508: 506: 497: 493: 488: 481: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 460:British Isles 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 402:, in eastern 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 348: 344: 339: 336: 332: 328: 324: 316: 314: 311: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 283: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 261: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 237: 234: 233:Iapetus Ocean 230: 226: 221: 219: 215: 212: 208: 204: 200: 197: 193: 185: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 115:Iapetus Ocean 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 83:British Isles 80: 76: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 4666: 4658: 4650: 4621: 4588: 4584: 4551: 4547: 4510: 4506: 4489: 4455: 4451: 4411: 4407: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4321: 4317: 4284: 4280: 4252: 4248: 4235: 4198: 4194: 4163: 4122: 4118: 4084: 4080: 4046: 4042: 4017: 4013: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3934: 3930: 3890: 3886: 3836: 3832: 3803: 3799: 3770: 3766: 3732: 3728: 3686: 3682: 3645: 3641: 3634:Dewey, J. F. 3600: 3596: 3561: 3557: 3528: 3524: 3503: 3470: 3466: 3433: 3429: 3404: 3400: 3377: 3368: 3364: 3327: 3323: 3297: 3293: 3267: 3263: 3230: 3226: 3193: 3189: 3156: 3152: 3119: 3115: 3086:(1): 83–95. 3083: 3079: 3062: 3034: 3007: 2974: 2970: 2954: 2934: 2923:Bibliography 2905: 2894: 2887:Ziegler 1990 2882: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2844: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2785: 2776: 2765: 2736: 2727: 2716: 2707: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2594: 2585: 2577: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2497: 2488: 2467: 2459: 2454: 2446: 2433: 2350:sub-region, 2346:region, the 2342:region, the 2322: 2303:Newfoundland 2257: 2248: 2239: 2182: 2141: 2108: 2051: 2016: 2000: 1994:remnants or 1953: 1923:County Kerry 1908:equigranular 1879: 1837: 1792: 1770:thrust fault 1742: 1736:granodiorite 1725:Ox Mountains 1605: 1585: 1579:towards the 1554: 1516: 1470: 1451: 1319:volcanic arc 1281: 1251: 1213:down to the 1204: 1189:delamination 1170: 1154:volcanic arc 1151: 1143:transtension 1109: 1091:transecting 1070: 1064:and eastern 1029: 1017: 1005: 994: 978:Appalachians 963: 924: 889:in northern 845: 807: 780: 708: 670: 668: 666:Mountains). 599: 582:Appalachians 571: 543: 521: 509: 501: 492:Fennoscandia 444:unconformity 410:in the Late 395: 393: 380: 378: 365: 358:metamorphism 351: 340: 320: 312: 299:orthogonally 284: 249: 238: 222: 189: 153:Eduard Suess 134: 74: 72: 3324:Lithosphere 2396:Netherlands 2364:East Anglia 2315:New England 2309:, southern 2307:Nova Scotia 2301:of eastern 2047:Rheic Ocean 1980:Isle of Man 1968:Clogherhead 1912:megacrystic 1892:shear zones 1888:Isle of Man 1721:strike-slip 1633:rocks rest 1570:crenulation 1503:shear zones 1477:Dalby Group 1458:Isle of Man 1442:Isle of Man 1424:Westmorland 1392:of a rigid 1390:indentation 1338:imbrication 1274:Rheic Ocean 1247:Isle of Man 1215:Wensleydale 1123:collisional 1021:Rheic Ocean 833:strike-slip 801:to the Mid 699:Rheic Ocean 685:is a large 652:Netherlands 646:, northern 608:convergence 605:strike-slip 468:strike-slip 406:and in the 354:deformation 303:right angle 275:Rheic Ocean 252:Precambrian 180:diachronous 168:Hans Stille 4699:Categories 4513:(7): 527. 3862:2262/79144 3597:Terra Nova 3159:(1): 1–8. 2819:Clegg 2002 2445:; Torsvik 2439:Matte 2001 2426:References 2305:, much of 2206:, part of 2126:Antarctica 2021:(southern 1990:, such as 1988:subduction 1864:orthogonal 1856:Ordovician 1840:pure shear 1824:Palaeozoic 1820:subduction 1812:Galway Bay 1782:Cushendall 1707:Line is a 1685:shear zone 1683:sinistral 1658:batholiths 1588:orthogonal 1548:turbidite 1523:turbidites 1519:overthrust 1508:shear zone 1473:Manx Group 1454:Palaeozoic 1452:The Early 1446:See also: 1358:monoclines 1348:(BVG) and 1307:Ordovician 1277:subduction 1199:See also: 1127:subduction 1119:subduction 1115:convergent 1081:orthogonal 1077:subduction 980:, and the 955:subduction 775:See also: 769:See also: 727:Baltic Sea 632:Baltic Sea 624:Ordovician 550:island arc 412:Ordovician 400:Shropshire 389:island arc 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