31:
663:: scaled quail coveys occupy loafing or resting cover after early morning feeding periods. Scaled quail occupy desert grassland or desert scrub with a minimum of one loafing covert per approximately 70 acres (28 hectares). In northwestern Texas, loafing coverts were characterized by: (1) overhead woody cover, (2) lateral screening cover, (3) a central area with bare soil, and (4) one or more paths through the lateral cover. Covert heights ranged from 1.6 to 5.9 feet (0.49 to 1.80 m) high and 2.6 to 6.9 feet (0.79 to 2.10 m) in diameter. Cholla formed all or part of the overhead cover of 85% of coverts, even though they were dominant at only 12% of the study locations. In areas where scaled quail occur without cholla, woody species such as wolfberry (
814:) was a staple in winter diets; it was not highly selected but was consumed in proportion to its availability (and lack of availability of choice items). Generally, in Texas grass seeds (mainly tall dropseed and rough tridens ) were major constituents of scaled quail diets. This was attributed to a precipitation pattern that resulted in a relatively higher amount of grass seed available, and a lower amount of available forbs. In the same study green vegetation formed a higher proportion of the diet than reported for other areas.
80:
214:
727:), mixed forbs, or soapweed yucca; or sheltered in old machinery or other human-made debris. In Oklahoma, 66% of nests were in one of four situations: (1) dead Russian-thistle, (2) machinery and junk, (3) mixed forbs, and (4) soapweed yucca. In New Mexico, ordination of breeding birds and vegetative microhabitats indicated that scaled quail were associated with increased levels of patchiness and increased cover of mesquite and cactus.
55:
675:) and human-made structures. In Arizona, scaled quail occupied wolfberry and mesquite 1.7 to 5 feet (0.52 to 1.52 m) tall for loafing cover. This overhead cover provides midday shade, but is open at the base to allow easy escape from predators. In Oklahoma, winter home ranges always contained skunkbush sumac, tree cholla, or human-made structures providing overhead cover.
1047:
807:
In northwestern Texas, selection of foods by scaled quail was dependent on foraging techniques, availability, and seed size. Small seeds were selected when they were still on the plant and could be easily stripped, but were not eaten once they had fallen, presumably because they were too small and/or
611:
Scaled quail lay from 9 to 16 eggs; most clutches are 12 to 14 eggs. Eggs are incubated by the female for 21 to 23 days. Double-brooding (the production of two consecutive broods in one season) is common. In west Texas, Wallmo observed the male rearing the first brood while the female began a second
631:
Scaled quail inhabit dry, open valleys, plains, foothills, rocky slopes, draws, gullies, and canyons that have a mixture of bare ground, low herbaceous growth, and scattered brushy cover. Good scaled quail habitat is characterized by low-growing grasses with forbs and shrubs. Overall ground cover is
619:
Scaled quail are fairly sedentary. The winter home ranges of scaled quail coveys varied from 24 to 84 acres (9.7 to 34.0 ha). The home ranges of separate coveys overlap only slightly or not at all. From
September to November scaled quail coveys maintain stable territories. In Arizona, 75 to 90%
607:
In
Arizona, pairing and maximum dispersal is complete by mid-June. Nesting probably does not begin until early July. In Oklahoma, egg laying usually starts in late April. Completed clutches have been found as early as May 8. Egg laying occurs from March to June in Texas and Mexico, and from April to
635:
An absolute requirement by scaled quail for a source of open water has not been established; there is some debate in the literature whether there is such a requirement. Scaled quail have been reported as inhabiting an area 7 or 8 miles (11 or 13 kilometres) from the nearest water in
Arizona. In New
639:
In
Arizona, scaled quail summer habitat is seldom within 660 feet (200 m) of water. Scaled quail were observed drinking at stock tanks from April to June (which was a dry period during the course of the study) every 2 to 3 days. In Oklahoma, scaled quail often migrate to farms and ranches in
620:
of a population apparently moved off of a breeding area by mid-November, moving to nearby mountain foothills. The mountain habitat was consistent with that found on the breeding area. In March the population on the breeding area increased again, with most birds in groups of four to eight.
1429:
Goodwin, John G., Jr.; Hungerford, C. Roger. 1977. Habitat use by native Gambel's and scaled quail and released masked bobwhite quail in southern
Arizona. Res. Pap. RM-197. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
1466:
Wallmo, O. C. 1956. Ecology of scaled quail in west Texas. Contribution of the
Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act; Special report: Project W-57-R; Department of Wildlife Management, A & M College of Texas. Austin, TX: Texas Game and Fish Commission, Division of Wildlife
582:
In
Colorado, scaled quail occupy sand sagebrush and/or yucca stands on sandy soils. The cover types used by scaled quail in Colorado are, in descending order, sand sagebrush-grassland, pinyon-juniper, dense cholla-grassland, dryland farmland, irrigated farmland, and greasewood
705:: In March or April winter coveys spread out into areas with less cover. This use of areas with less cover coincides with a seasonal decrease in the number of raptors in the same area. Scaled quail nests are constructed under tufts of grasses, and are sheltered by sagebrush (
761:
spp.), and other
Asteraceous plants. Scaled quail consume more grass seeds than do other quail species. Other dietary components include leaves, fruits, and insects. Summer diets are high in green vegetation and insects, which are also important sources of moisture.
765:
In
Oklahoma, small groups of scaled quail feed among soapweed yucca and in soapweed yucca-sand sagebrush ranges, weed patches, and grain stubble. Also in Oklahoma, early winter foods apparently eaten when other foods are not available included snow-on-the-mountain
615:
The precocial young leave the nest shortly after hatching. They are accompanied by at least one, usually both, parents, who show them how to find food. The young fledge rapidly (age at fledging not reported in the literature), and are adult size in 11 to 15 weeks.
1785:
632:
between 10 and 50%. Trees and shrubs should be less than 6.6 feet (2.0 m) tall. Scaled quail avoid the dense growth associated with streamsides. Transmitter-fitted scaled quail had individual home range sizes of 52 and 60 acres (21 and 24 ha).
636:
Mexico, it was not unusual to find Scaled Quail 10 to 15 miles (16 to 24 kilometres) from water. Wallmo observed winter coveys 3 and 7 miles (4.8 and 11.3 kilometres) from water in Big Bend
National Park in southwestern Texas.
1507:
Campbell, Howard; Martin, Donald K.; Ferkovich, Paul E.; Harris, Bruce K. (1973). Effects of hunting and some other environmental factors on scaled quail in New Mexico. Wildlife Monographs No. 34. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife
1051:
487:). Similar individuals are sometimes found in the extreme northeast and west of the species' range. The chestnut brown belly distinguishes it from all other subspecies; it is also darker than the other two found in the USA.
1517:
Stormer, Fred A. (1981). Characteristics of scaled quail loafing coverts in northwest Texas. Res. Note RM-395. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
817:
In southwestern Texas, chestnut-bellied scaled quail consumed woody plant seeds and green vegetation. The seeds of brush species comprised 68% of the contents of 32 scaled quail crops. Green food, chiefly wild carrot
651:: scaled quail use grass clumps and shrubs for cover while feeding. In one study they were frequently seen crossing 82 to 165 feet (25 to 50 metres) of bare ground. When disturbed, scaled quail hid in snakeweed (
640:
winter and are thus closer to a source of water in winter than in summer. DeGraaf and others reported that in winter, scaled quail are usually found within 1.25 miles (2.01 km) of a source of water.
612:
clutch. Sutton stated, however, that scaled quail in Oklahoma are probably single-brooded, but have hatched broods as late as September 6. Ehrlich and others also list scaled quail as single-brooded.
735:
Scaled quail are opportunistic eaters. Seeds are consumed year-round. Large seeds (such as those of mesquite and snakeweed) are important in Scaled quail diets. Other seeds include those of elbowbush (
2144:
298:
This bird is named for the scaly appearance of its breast and back feathers. Along with its scaly markings, the bird is easily identified by its white crest that resembles a tuft of
1485:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl. (1988) The birder's handbook: a field guide to the natural history of North American birds. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc.
1323:(1991). Forest and rangeland birds of the United States: Natural history and habitat use. Agric. Handb. 688. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
1603:
Nowak, Cheryl L.; Nowak, Robert S.; Tausch, Robin J.; Wigand, Peter E. (1994). "A 30,000 year record of vegetation dynamics at a semi-arid locale in the Great Basin".
1394:
Snyder, Warren D. (1967). Experimental habitat improvement for scaled quail. Game bird surveys. Colorado Division of Wildlife. Project number W-037-R-18/WK.PL.06/JOB 1
1403:
Hoffman, Donald M. (1965). The scaled quail in Colorado: Range–population status–harvest. Tech. Publ. No. 18. Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Game, Fish, and Parks
1992:
2164:
30:
2044:
2124:
1682:
Leif, Anthony P. (1987). Bobwhite and scaled quail responses to burning of redberry juniper- dominated rangelands. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University. Thesis
1382:. (1967). Oklahoma birds: their ecology and distribution with comments on the avifauna of the southern Great Plains. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press
1359:
Schemnitz, Sanford D. (1961). Ecology of the scaled quail in the Oklahoma Panhandle. Wildlife Monographs: No. 8. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, pp. 5–47
2154:
1956:
2005:
1062:
922:
In Arizona, potential scaled quail predators include mammals, birds, and reptiles. Most scaled quail kills are made by avian predators including
861:. Nonpreferred foods eaten in winter and available but not consumed in summer included broom snakeweed (the main winter food), crown-beard (
1231:
Sibley, Charles G.; Monroe, Burt L. Jr. (1990). Distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
368:
in Hawaii, central Washington, eastern Nevada, and Nebraska, but is only considered established in central Washington and eastern Nevada.
324:, east-central Colorado, and southwestern Kansas south through western Oklahoma and western and central Texas into Mexico to northeastern
309:
851:
In southeastern New Mexico, staples (comprising at least 5% of scaled quail diet in both summer and winter) were mesquite and croton (
669:
spp.) and mesquite are important for overhead cover. In Oklahoma pinyon-juniper habitats, scaled quail use the shade of tree cholla (
1768:
1264:
2159:
408:
1933:
800:) and juniper berries were always avoided. Winter foods of the scaled quail in Oklahoma include Russian-thistle and sunflower (
895:) were consumed in a less pronounced seasonal pattern. Another study reported substantial amounts of prairie sunflower seeds (
1728:
1490:
1451:
1236:
305:
The nest is typically a grass-lined hollow containing 9–16 speckled eggs. When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly.
2010:
623:
The average winter covey size for scaled quail is around 30 birds, although coveys of up to 150 birds have been reported.
1847:
1884:
595:
spp.) washes. Scaled Quail made little or no use of sparse cholla-grassland, riparian areas, reseeded grasslands, or
79:
278:
1780:
1176:
2049:
869:
657:
spp.) or in grass clumps. In June and July foraging occurs on open grasslands which are not used at other times.
458:
and Oklahoma meet, and in northwestern New Mexico. It is the palest subspecies, adapted to dry and sandy habitat.
2149:
2057:
1222:
Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493
1127:
671:
1290:. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
1838:
737:
838:
191:
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1871:
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885:
749:
1299:
Ligon, J. S. (1961). New Mexico birds and where to find them. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press
772:
699:) vegetation types. The height of vegetation used for night roosts was less than 1.6 feet (0.49 m).
1889:
1648:
Ault, Stacey C.; Stormer, Fred A. (1983). "Seasonal food selection by scaled quail in northwest Texas".
897:
863:
810:
174:
1104:
832:
1563:
Naranjo, Luis G.; Raitt, Ralph J. (1993). "Breeding bird distribution in Chihuahuan Desert habitats".
1863:
1379:
778:
689:
539:
spp.), and shortgrass High Plains. Sand sagebrush-grasslands include sand sagebrush, soapweed yucca (
1617:
873:), and lace bugs. Mesquite seeds and broom snakeweed seeds together made up 75% of the winter diet.
2139:
2129:
1948:
523:
386:
44:
2036:
1692:
Lehmann, Valgene W.; Ward, Herbert (1941). "Some Plants Valuable to Quail in Southwestern Texas".
308:
Widespread and common throughout its range, the scaled quail is evaluated as Least Concern on the
1709:
1665:
1630:
1580:
1545:
1205:
1154:
790:
683:
596:
357:
221:
74:
1056:
830:
spp.) made up 7.17%. Elbowbush was the single most important source, followed by Roemer acacia (
1997:
2083:
2023:
1907:
1764:
1486:
1447:
1260:
1259:(1988) The quails, partridges, and francolins of the world. New York: Oxford University Press
1232:
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468:
434:
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Harrison, H. H. (1979). A field guide to western birds' nests. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
1197:
1188:
1146:
1099:
1011:
955:
939:
923:
270:
1876:
608:
September in New Mexico. Nests with eggs were reported as early as April 15 in New Mexico.
496:
According to Ligon, the distribution of scaled quail is largely coextensive with mesquite (
2134:
2070:
931:
553:
390:
337:
267:
141:
1081:
1971:
213:
1256:
947:
891:
853:
844:
717:
695:
557:). Scaled Quail in Oklahoma inhabit rough or rolling land, especially where sagebrush (
547:
514:
2118:
2101:
2018:
1090:
858:
820:
480:
365:
64:
59:
1019:
723:
541:
1912:
1938:
1899:
2031:
1979:
1832:
970:), and snakes. In Colorado, potential predators of scaled quail include coyote,
874:
653:
528:
472:
361:
131:
2096:
1027:
585:
484:
418:
372:
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329:
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151:
1823:
879:
826:
784:
333:
91:
2075:
1817:
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591:
504:
498:
476:
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292:
111:
1961:
1858:
1713:
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1634:
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1209:
1158:
987:
979:
754:
565:
414:
349:
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were a summer staple. Insect galls, cicadas, scarab beetles, spurge (
743:
665:
455:
438:
398:
299:
282:
101:
1984:
1794:
1705:
1661:
1626:
1576:
1541:
1201:
1150:
454:
habitat, it is only found in the area where the states of Colorado,
413:(northern scaled quail). The most common subspecies, it occurs from
1925:
1528:
Stormer, Fred A. (1984). "Night-Roosting Habitat of Scaled Quail".
1920:
571:
430:
353:
962:). In New Mexico, predators on scaled quail include hawks, owls,
451:
345:
274:
121:
1798:
1075:
1073:
467:(chestnut-bellied scaled quail). Found in southern Texas from
1181:) of the southwest: systematic and historical consideration"
1128:"Molecular systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus
1761:
A Field Guide to the Birds of Texas and Adjacent States.
320:
Scaled quail occur from south-central Arizona, northern
1319:
DeGraaf, Richard M.; Scott, Virgil E.; Hamre, R. H.;
1126:
Zink, Robert M. & Blackwell, Rachelle C. (1998).
1807:
521:
In Oklahoma, scaled quail occur in sand sagebrush (
1105:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679594A131906047.en
721:), cactus, or yucca; under dead Russian-thistle (
285:. This species is an early offshoot of the genus
2145:Native birds of the Southwestern United States
681:: scaled quail roosts were observed in yucca (
8:
1275:Schemnitz, Sanford D. (1994): Scaled Quail (
687:), tree cholla, and true mountain-mahogany (
441:. It is paler than the nominate subspecies.
1795:
1727:Best, Troy L.; Smartt, Richard A. (1985).
212:
53:
29:
20:
1616:
1103:
905:spp.) seeds in the diet of scaled quail.
788:spp.), skunkbush sumac, Fendler spurge (
741:), catclaw acacia, mesquite, hackberry (
450:(Upper Sonoran scaled quail). A form of
273:. It is a bluish gray bird found in the
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1069:
1063:United States Department of Agriculture
747:spp.), Russian-thistle, rough pigweed (
475:south to adjacent northwestern Mexico (
1462:
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1367:
1365:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
2165:Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors
1598:
1596:
1594:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
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1248:
1246:
1244:
1170:
1168:
7:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1037:Scaled quail are popular gamebirds.
2125:IUCN Red List least concern species
1091:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
857:spp.) seeds, green vegetation, and
808:too hard to find. Broom snakeweed (
575:spp.), juniper, sand shinnery oak (
310:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
232:
462:Callipepla squamata castanogastris
14:
375:, 3 of which range into the USA:
1050: This article incorporates
1045:
371:Scaled quail has formed several
78:
2155:Birds of the Rio Grande valleys
1080:BirdLife International (2018).
1694:Journal of Wildlife Management
1650:Journal of Wildlife Management
1530:Journal of Wildlife Management
908:Scaled quail feed in alfalfa (
794:), and leaf bugs. Jimsonweed (
385:(Altiplano scaled quail). The
1:
1759:Peterson, Roger Tory (1998):
1733:) in southeastern New Mexico"
1605:Journal of Vegetation Science
715:), mesquite, catclaw acacia (
445:Callipepla squamata hargravei
883:spp.), plains bristlegrass (
579:), and rocks furnish cover.
380:Callipepla squamata squamata
344:. It has been introduced to
889:) seeds, and white ratany (
603:Timing of major life events
405:Callipepla squamata pallida
2181:
1786:Scaled Quail photo gallery
1781:BirdLife Species Factsheet
1285:The Birds of North America
1283:Poole, A. & Gill, F.:
389:; it is only found on the
279:Southwestern United States
1098:: e.T22679594A131906047.
870:Cycloloma atriplicifolium
569:spp. and others), yucca (
563:spp.), mesquite, cactus (
316:Distribution and taxonomy
227:
220:
211:
204:
199:
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1740:Texas Journal of Science
1729:"Foods of scaled quail (
1032:Haliaeetus leucocephalus
976:Urocyon cinereoargenteus
842:), and spiny hackberry (
693:)-yucca-fragrant sumac (
672:Cylindropuntia imbricata
254:), also commonly called
38:Scaled quail in Arizona
2160:Birds described in 1830
1565:Southwestern Naturalist
1175:Rea, Amadeo M. (1973).
738:Forestiera angustifolia
1052:public domain material
839:Schaefferia cuneifolia
750:Amaranthus retroflexus
1380:Sutton, George Miksch
1018:), American kestrel,
1002:), northern harrier,
898:Helianthus petiolaris
864:Verbesina encelioides
811:Gutierrezia sarothrae
709:spp.), creosotebush (
886:Setaria macrostachya
779:Cenchrus pauciflorus
690:Cercocarpus montanus
679:Night-roosting cover
545:), skunkbush sumac (
2102:Callipepla-squamata
1839:Callipepla squamata
1809:Callipepla squamata
1746:(2&3): 155–162.
1731:Callipepla squamata
1277:Callipepla squamata
1179:Callipepla squamata
1177:"The Scaled Quail (
1084:Callipepla squamata
1058:Callipepla squamata
1010:), prairie falcon,
773:Paspalum stramineum
768:Euphorbia marginata
753:), and sunflowers,
524:Artemisia filifolia
387:nominate subspecies
291:, diverging in the
251:Callipepla squamata
184:Callipepla squamata
45:Conservation status
1763:Houghton Mifflin.
1257:Johnsgard, Paul A.
836:), desert-yaupon (
791:Euphorbia fendleri
776:), field sandbur (
770:), sand paspalum (
684:Yucca angustifolia
644:Cover requirements
597:shortgrass prairie
551:), and sand plum (
358:Dominican Republic
2112:
2111:
2084:Open Tree of Life
1801:Taxon identifiers
1024:Aquila chrysaetos
1004:rough-legged hawk
936:Buteo jamaicensis
833:Acacia roemeriana
797:Datura stramonium
712:Larrea tridentata
627:Preferred habitat
502:spp.), condalia (
492:Plant communities
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1049:
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1016:Falco peregrinus
1012:peregrine falcon
960:Bubo virginianus
956:great horned owl
944:Falco sparverius
940:American kestrel
924:northern harrier
589:spp.)-saltbush (
577:Quercus havardii
464:
447:
407:
382:
235:
216:
186:
166:C. squamata
83:
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33:
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2150:Birds of Mexico
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2071:Observation.org
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1754:Further reading
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1706:10.2307/3795575
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1681:
1677:
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554:Prunus watsonii
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391:Central Plateau
318:
277:regions of the
268:New World quail
233:
230:Ortyx squamatus
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16:Species of bird
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948:prairie falcon
928:Circus cyaneus
919:
916:
914:spp.) fields.
892:Krameria grayi
867:), cycloloma (
845:Celtis pallida
824:) and clover (
732:
729:
718:Acacia greggii
696:Rhus aromatica
645:
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548:Rhus trilobata
515:Cylindropuntia
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60:Least Concern
50:
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27:
24:Scaled quail
22:
19:
1972:scaled-quail
1808:
1791:
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1399:
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1109:. Retrieved
1095:
1089:
1083:
1057:
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1036:
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1020:golden eagle
1015:
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383:Vigors, 1830
379:
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307:
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259:
255:
250:
249:
246:scaled quail
245:
243:
229:
228:
205:
183:
181:
165:
164:
152:
18:
2058:Neotropical
2032:NatureServe
1980:iNaturalist
1833:Wikispecies
1111:12 November
731:Food habits
654:Gutierrezia
599:disclimax.
508:spp.), and
473:San Antonio
433:, northern
364:and to the
362:Puerto Rico
281:to Central
236:, 1830
200:Subspecies
132:Galliformes
2140:Game birds
2130:Callipepla
2119:Categories
2097:Xeno-canto
1491:0671659898
1452:0618164375
1237:0300049692
1130:Callipepla
1041:References
1028:bald eagle
1000:Lynx rufus
903:Amaranthus
802:Helianthus
586:Sarcobatus
531:-juniper (
485:Tamaulipas
481:Nuevo León
469:Eagle Pass
419:New Mexico
373:subspecies
342:Tamaulipas
330:Guanajuato
322:New Mexico
288:Callipepla
256:blue quail
153:Callipepla
1613:CiteSeerX
918:Predators
880:Euphorbia
827:Trifolium
785:Portulaca
707:Artemisia
560:Artemisia
537:Juniperus
448:Rea, 1973
435:Chihuahua
395:altiplano
334:Queretaro
260:cottontop
206:See text
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
2037:2.102396
2024:22679594
1998:11093864
1877:22679594
1872:BirdLife
1818:Wikidata
1430:Station.
992:V. velox
972:gray fox
911:Medicago
759:Ambrosia
755:ragweeds
592:Atriplex
505:Condalia
499:Prosopis
477:Coahuila
427:Oklahoma
423:Colorado
409:Brewster
293:Pliocene
222:Synonyms
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
1962:5228075
1859:Avibase
1824:Q786840
1714:3795575
1670:3808073
1635:3235985
1585:3671643
1550:3808470
1518:Station
1508:Society
1210:1366173
1159:4089198
1026:), and
988:kit fox
980:red fox
954:), and
566:Opuntia
518:spp.).
415:Arizona
350:Jamaica
338:Hidalgo
326:Jalisco
266:of the
264:species
262:, is a
194:, 1830)
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
2135:Quails
2089:728092
2063:scaqua
2011:175872
1969:GNAB:
1946:FEIS:
1934:EURING
1926:scaqua
1900:scaqua
1852:scaqua
1767:
1712:
1668:
1633:
1615:
1583:
1548:
1489:
1450:
1321:et al.
1263:
1235:
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1189:Condor
1157:
996:bobcat
964:coyote
854:Croton
744:Celtis
666:Lycium
529:pinyon
510:cholla
483:, and
456:Kansas
439:Sonora
437:, and
411:, 1881
399:Mexico
300:cotton
283:Mexico
271:family
234:Vigors
192:Vigors
2076:70421
1993:IRMNG
1921:eBird
1897:BOW:
1890:10323
1788:VIREO
1736:(PDF)
1710:JSTOR
1666:JSTOR
1631:JSTOR
1581:JSTOR
1546:JSTOR
1206:JSTOR
1184:(PDF)
1155:JSTOR
1135:(PDF)
1054:from
572:Yucca
535:spp.-
533:Pinus
431:Texas
397:) of
354:Haiti
2050:9009
2045:NCBI
2019:IUCN
2006:ITIS
1985:1419
1957:GBIF
1949:casq
1939:3400
1913:PSBV
1885:BOLD
1765:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1113:2021
1096:2018
471:and
452:arid
417:and
346:Cuba
275:arid
244:The
122:Aves
1908:CoL
1848:ABA
1702:doi
1658:doi
1623:doi
1573:doi
1538:doi
1288:106
1281:In:
1279:).
1198:doi
1147:doi
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1100:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
