320:. Some 117 Republicans were nominated, elected, or appointed to the most lucrative and important state executive positions, judgeships, and federal legislative and judicial offices between 1868 and 1881. They included 76 white southerners, 35 northerners, and 6 former slaves. In state offices during Reconstruction, white southerners were even more predominant: 51 won nominations, compared to 11 carpetbaggers and one black. 27 scalawags won state executive nominations (75%), 24 won state judicial nominations (89%), and 101 were elected to the
409:, the carpetbagger who led the other faction of the Republican Party in Mississippi. The fight ripped apart the party, with most blacks supporting Ames, but many—including Revels, supporting Alcorn. In 1873, they both sought a decision by running for governor. Ames was supported by the Radicals and most African Americans, while Alcorn won the votes of conservative whites and most of the scalawags. Ames won by a vote of 69,870 to 50,490, and Alcorn retired from state politics.
378:, as demanded by the Republicans in Congress. Alcorn became the leader of the scalawags, who composed about a third of the Republicans in the state, in coalition with carpetbaggers and freedmen. Elected governor by the Republicans in 1869, he served from 1870 to 1871. As a modernizer he appointed many like-minded former Whigs, even if they were Democrats. He strongly supported education, including public schools for blacks only, and a new college for them, now known as
355:
or sugar planters. Most had been Whigs before the War, but many had been
Democrats. Nearly all were Unionists during the War. They had joined a Republican coalition with blacks but gave at best weak support to black suffrage, black office holding, or social equality. Wetta says that their "cosmopolitanism broke the mold of southern provincialism" typical of their southern-democratic opponents. That is, scalawags had "a broader worldview."
45:
324:(39%). However, fewer scalawags won nominations to federal offices: 15 were nominated or elected to Congress (48%) compared to 11 carpetbaggers and 5 blacks. 48 scalawags were members of the 1867 constitutional convention (49.5% of the Republican membership); and seven scalawags were members of the 1875 constitutional convention (58% of the minuscule Republican membership.)
712:"A Mississippi newspaper gives this pointed description ... 'The carpet-bagger is a Northern thief who comes South to plunder every white man who is a gentleman of any property or respectability, and get all the offices he can. The scalawag is a Southern-born scoundrel, who will do all the carpet-bagger will, and, besides, murder the carpet-bagger for the
257:, which required they had never served in Confederate armed forces or held any political office under the state or Confederate governments. Historian Harold Hyman says that in 1866 Congressmen "described the oath as the last bulwark against the return of ex-rebels to power, the barrier behind which Southern Unionists and Negroes protected themselves."
529:) in the South after 1865. Many ex-Whigs became Republicans who advocated modernization through education and infrastructure—especially better roads and railroads. Many also joined the Redeemers in their successful attempt to replace the brief period of civil rights promised to African Americans during the Reconstruction era with the
522:.) Included, too, were people who wanted to be part of the ruling Republican Party simply because it provided more opportunities for successful political careers. Many historians have described scalawags in terms of social class, showing that on average they were less wealthy or prestigious than the elite planter class.
332:
Republicans. The fatal weakness of the
Republican party in Alabama, as elsewhere in the South, was its inability to create a biracial political party. And while in power even briefly, they failed to protect their members from Democratic terror. Alabama Republicans were forever on the defensive, verbally and physically."
203:, William Closs testified that a scalawag was "a Native born Southern white man who says he is no better than a negro and tells the truth when he says it". Some accounts record his testimony as "a native Southern white man, who says that a negro is as good as he is, and tells the truth when he says so".
433:
were often
Republican enclaves. People there held few slaves, and they had poor transportation, deep poverty, and a standing resentment against the Low Country politicians who dominated the Confederacy and conservative Democrats in Reconstruction and after. Their strongholds in West Virginia, eastern
341:
In South
Carolina there were about 100,000 scalawags, or about 15% of the white population. During its heyday, the Republican coalition attracted some wealthier white southerners, especially moderates favoring cooperation between open-minded Democrats and responsible Republicans. Rubin shows that the
485:
The
Democrats alleged the scalawags to be financially and politically corrupt, and willing to support bad government because they profited personally. One Alabama historian claimed: "On economic matters scalawags and Democrats eagerly sought aid for economic development of projects in which they had
397:
Alcorn resigned the governorship to become a U.S. Senator (1871–1877), replacing his ally Hiram Revels, the first
African American senator. Senator Alcorn urged the removal of the political disabilities of white southerners, rejected Radical Republican proposals to enforce social equality by federal
354:
Wetta shows that New
Orleans was a major Scalawag center. Their leaders were well-to-do well-educated lawyers, physicians, teachers, ministers, businessmen, and civil servants. Many had Northern ties or were born in the North, moving to the boom city of New Orleans before the 1850s. Few were cotton
166:
has an uncertain origin. Its earliest attestation is from 1848 to mean a disreputable fellow, good-for-nothing, scapegrace, or blackguard. It has been speculated that "perhaps the original use of the word" referred to low-grade farm animals, but this meaning of the word is not attested until 1854.
194:
Language defined scalawag as "A low worthless fellow; a scapegrace." Scalawag was also a word for low-grade farm animals. In early 1868 a
Mississippi editor observed that scalawag "has been used from time immemorial to designate inferior milch cows in the cattle markets of Virginia and Kentucky."
331:
White
Republicans as well as Democrats solicited black votes but reluctantly rewarded blacks with nominations for office only when necessary, even then reserving the more choice positions for whites. The results were predictable: these half-a-loaf gestures satisfied neither black nor white
260:
The coalition controlled every former
Confederate state except Virginia, as well as Kentucky and Missouri – which were claimed by both the North and the South – for varying lengths of time between 1866 and 1877. Two of the most prominent scalawags were General
269:, who had been the wartime governor of Georgia. During the 1870s, many scalawags left the Republican Party and joined the conservative-Democrat coalition. Conservative Democrats had replaced all Republican minority governments in the South by 1877, after the disputed
195:
That June the Richmond Enquirer concurred; scalawag had heretofore "applied to all of the mean, lean, mangy, hidebound skiny , worthless cattle in every particular drove." Only in recent months, the Richmond paper remarked, had the term taken on political meaning.
179:) to take control of their state and local governments. Among the earliest uses in this new meaning were references in Alabama and Georgia newspapers in the summer of 1867, first referring to all Southern Republicans, then later restricting it to only white ones.
342:
collapse of the Republican coalition came from disturbing trends to corruption and factionalism that increasingly characterized the party's governance. These failings disappointed Northern allies who abandoned the state Republicans in 1876 as the Democrats under
486:
an economic stake, and they exhibited few scruples in the methods used to push beneficial financial legislation through the Alabama legislature. The quality of the book keeping habits of both Republicans and Democrats was equally notorious." However, historian
242:. In the South, Black Freedmen and White Southerners with Republican sympathies joined forces with Northerners who had moved south – called "Carpetbaggers" by their southern opponents – to implement the policies of the Republican party.
288:. And the number increased as the President granted individual pardons or issued new proclamations of amnesty ... Their primary interest was in supporting a party that would build the South on a broader base than the plantation aristocracy of
210:. The term continued to be used as a pejorative by conservative pro-segregationist southerners well into the 20th century. But historians commonly use the term to refer to the group of historical actors with no pejorative meaning intended.
373:
of Mississippi. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1865, but like all southerners was not allowed to take a seat while the Republican Congress was pondering Reconstruction. He supported suffrage for freedmen and endorsed the
1101:
Jenkins, Jeffery A., and Boris Heersink. "Republican Party Politics and the American South: From Reconstruction to Redemption, 1865-1880." (2016 paper t the 2016 Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association);
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Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by scalawags—only 20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers. White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers, which survived through government patronage.
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days. They found it expedient to do business with Negroes and so-called carpetbaggers, but often they returned to the Democratic party as it gained sufficient strength to be a factor in Southern politics.
150:
The term is commonly used in historical studies as a descriptor of Reconstruction Era Southern white Republicans, although some historians have discarded the term due to its history of pejorative use.
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Ted Tunnell. 2006. Creating "The Propaganda of History": Southern Editors and the Origins of "Carpetbagger and Scalawag". The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Nov., 2006), pp. 789–822
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of historians sympathized with the claims of the Democrats. Agreeing with the Dunning School, Franklin said that the scalawags "must take at least part of the blame" for graft and corruption.
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legislation, he denounced the federal cotton tax as robbery and defended separate schools for both races in Mississippi. Although a former slaveholder, he characterized slavery as
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used Congress to block President Johnson's policies, which favored ex-Confederates. The Radical Republicans imposed harsh terms, and asserted new rights for the ex-slaves, the
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273:, in which the remaining Reconstruction governments had certified the Republican electors despite the Democratic candidate having carried the states.
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246:
107:
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2360:
2199:
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1998:
1844:
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Jack P. Maddex. "More Facts of Reconstruction The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi. by William C. Harris Jr."
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2018:
1993:
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of Black people. Before the Civil War, most Scalawags had been opposed to the southern states' secession from the United States to form the
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1854:
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1716:
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Kolchin, Peter (1979). "Scalawags, Carpetbaggers, and Reconstruction: A Quantitative Look at Southern Congressional Politics, 1868-1872".
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opposed Alcorn and were angry at his patronage policy. One complained that Alcorn's policy was to see "the old civilization of the South
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738:
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509:
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Tucker, William H. (2002), The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund, University of Illinois Press,
280:
gives an assessment of the motives of Southern Unionists. He noted that as more Southerners were allowed to vote and participate:
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was their representative leader. They welcomed Reconstruction and much of what the Radical Republicans in Congress advocated.
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200:
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argues there is not sufficient evidence that scalawags were any more or less corrupt than politicians of any era, including
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reasserted control. They used the threat of violence to cause many Republicans to stay quiet or switch to the Democrats.
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The term was later adopted by their opponents to refer to Southern whites who formed a Republican coalition with black
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3198:
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Tunnell, Ted. "Creating 'the Propaganda of History': Southern Editors and the Origins of Carpetbagger and Scalawag,"
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region of northern Arkansas, became Republican bastions. These rural folk had a long-standing hostility toward the
417:
31:
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as well as former slaveowners who supported equal rights for freedmen. (The most famous of this latter group was
38:
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30:
This article is about the American term. For the British word meaning a mischievous child and other uses, see
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As Thomas Alexander (1961) showed, there was persistent Whiggery (support for the principles of the defunct
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3481:
750:
Richard D. Starnes. "Forever Faithful: The Southern Historical Society and Confederate Historical Memory".
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Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial
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scalawags (left) and carpetbaggers (right) on March 4, 1869, predicted as the first day of Democrat
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2 vol (1906). Uses broad collection of primary sources; vol 1 on national politics; vol 2 on states
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and expressed the gratification which he and many other Southerners felt over its destruction.
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3813:
3403:
3169:
2974:
1687:
1469:
1185:
The Louisiana Scalawags: Politics, Race, and Terrorism During the Civil War and Reconstruction
1096:
Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: The Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction
1081:
1050:
966:
852:
The Louisiana Scalawags: Politics, Race, and Terrorism during the Civil War and Reconstruction
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557:
503:
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undertook policies designed to bring the South back to normal as soon as possible, while the
191:
103:
63:, reflecting the status of the Klan at the time as a functional auxiliary of the contemporary
60:
135:. Scalawags were particularly hated by 1860s–1870s Southern Democrats, who called Scalawags
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4084:
4071:
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3704:
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1119:
1025:
996:
941:
582:
343:
289:
262:
250:
206:
By October 1868 a Mississippi newspaper was defining the expression scathingly in terms of
162:(1991), James Alex Baggett (2003), Hyman Rubin (2006), and Frank J. Wetta (2012). The word
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1531:
1282:
1178:
370:
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132:
75:
44:
3782:
932:
Alexander, Thomas B. (1961). "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860-1877".
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443:
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1068:
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era of segregation and second-class citizenship that persisted into the 20th century.
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3669:
3633:
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1568:
1418:
530:
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David Emory Shi, "American: A Narrative History Vol. 1 11th Edition." (2019): 753-54
4366:
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466:. In Philippines, scalawags were used to denote rogue police or military officers.
119:
53:
1098:(Louisiana State University Press, 2008); statistical classification of delegates.
809:
For Free Press and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South
665:
284:
A curious assortment of native Southerners thus became eligible to participate in
4174:
The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution
1075:
4159:
3567:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1140:
Southern Mountain Republicans, 1865–1900: Politics and the Appalachian Community
300:
coalition. A minority persisted as Republicans and formed the "tan" half of the
158:
The term is a derogatory epithet, yet it is used by many historians in works by
131:
opponents of the scalawags claimed they were disloyal to traditional values and
4285:
4141:
587:
567:
487:
430:
124:
3552:
1506:
577:
491:
475:
297:
245:
Despite being a minority, scalawags gained power by taking advantage of the
207:
687:
304:. It was a minority element in the GOP in every Southern state after 1877.
981:
Republicans Face the Southern Question: The New Departure Years, 1877–1897
415:
has gained increased attention since the 2016 release of the feature film
17:
4351:
1479:
688:"Scalawag | Etymology, origin and meaning of scalawag by etymonline"
562:
239:
168:
71:
1077:
Moses of South Carolina: A Jewish Scalawag During Radical Reconstruction
1131:
1037:
1008:
987:
Donald, David H. (1944). "The Scalawag in Mississippi Reconstruction".
953:
140:
963:
The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction
651:
The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction
394:" rather than lead a total political, social and economic revolution.
1225:
434:
Kentucky and Tennessee, western Virginia and North Carolina, and the
1123:
1029:
1000:
945:
462:
and petty criminality, in a similar vein to the more contemporary
435:
253:
the majority of Southern white voters as they could not take the
199:
During the 1868–69 session of Judge "Greasy" Sam Watts' court in
3137:
Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866
1016:
Ellem, Warren A. (1972). "Who Were the Mississippi Scalawags?".
463:
1229:
508:
White Southern Republicans included formerly closeted Southern
1380:
United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction
605:
603:
4148:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
4357:
Technological and industrial history of the United States
703:
p. 2655 (Compact Edition). Oxford University Press. 1974.
4317:
African American founding fathers of the United States
4219:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
1385:
United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction
754:, Volume 2, Number 2, Winter 1996, pp. 177–194, note 2
442:. They harbored pro-Union sentiments during the war.
765:
To try men's souls: loyalty tests in American history
2891:
The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women
4309:
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The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics 1869–1879
643:
641:
639:
637:
405:Alcorn led a furious political battle with Senator
3142:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866
1047:Reconstruction After the Civil War: Second Edition
139:, which was long known for its widespread chattel
2933:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
316:In Alabama, Wiggins says scalawags dominated the
4415:Factions in the Republican Party (United States)
828:
826:
296:Eventually many scalawags joined the Democratic
78:'s presidency (the election winner was actually
3277:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
879:, 42 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 246–47, 2730–33, 3424
854:(Louisiana State University Press, 2012) p 184
3251:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
1241:
8:
4435:Republican Party (United States) terminology
1192:The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865—1881
716:ring his sister gave him when he left home.
265:, one of Robert E. Lee's top generals, and
3980:
2861:
1607:
1267:
1248:
1234:
1226:
516:, who later argued against segregation in
123:, the word has a long history of use as a
3809:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
327:In terms of racial issues, Wiggins says:
4332:History of the United States (1865–1917)
1187:(Louisiana State University Press; 2012)
43:
631:, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Mar., 1980), pp. 69–73
599:
573:Reconstruction era of the United States
474:Scalawags were denounced as corrupt by
369:The most prominent scalawag of all was
127:in Southern partisan debates. The post-
4425:Politics of the Southern United States
3991:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era
3037:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
648:Baggett, James Alex (September 2004).
504:Southern Unionist § Baggett study
454:The term 'scally' is also used in the
4276:Women's suffrage in the United States
2965:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
1094:Hume, Richard L. and Jerry B. Gough.
7:
4445:White supremacy in the United States
3383:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
3071:Confederates surrender at Appomattox
2883:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
965:. Louisiana State University Press.
400:a cancer upon the body of the Nation
4410:American Civil War political groups
4239:United Daughters of the Confederacy
3370:American Woman Suffrage Association
3365:National Woman Suffrage Association
3292:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
1591:Women during the Reconstruction era
1147:James Lusk Alcorn: Persistent Whig.
796:Encyclopedia of American journalism
108:Reconstruction policies and efforts
4281:Labor history of the United States
3317:South Carolina readmitted to Union
3314:North Carolina readmitted to Union
3297:Impeachment managers investigation
3236:Constitutional conventions of 1867
2912:National Women's Rights Convention
1222:, North Carolina Scalawag governor
48:A Sept. 1868 cartoon in Alabama's
25:
3522:United States expedition to Korea
3229:Reconstruction military districts
382:. He maneuvered to make his ally
4420:Political pejoratives for people
3076:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
1370:African-American representatives
302:"Black and Tan" Republican party
4078:Black Reconstruction in America
3951:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3861:1876 State of the Union Address
3788:1875 State of the Union Address
3715:1874 State of the Union Address
3639:1873 State of the Union Address
3578:1872 State of the Union Address
3527:1871 State of the Union Address
3466:1870 State of the Union Address
3415:1869 State of the Union Address
3410:First transcontinental railroad
3349:1868 State of the Union Address
3256:1867 State of the Union Address
3091:1865 State of the Union Address
3016:1864 State of the Union Address
2990:1863 State of the Union Address
2899:Woman in the Nineteenth Century
1112:The Journal of Southern History
1049:. University of Chicago Press.
1018:The Journal of Southern History
989:The Journal of Southern History
934:The Journal of Southern History
3151:Petition for Universal Freedom
3132:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
654:. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press.
201:Haywood County, North Carolina
1:
4198:A Visit from the Old Mistress
3897:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
3763:Specie Payment Resumption Act
3388:Board of Indian Commissioners
3320:Louisiana readmitted to Union
3282:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
3146:Tennessee readmitted to Union
2980:Women's Loyal National League
1683:Straight-Out Democratic Party
1454:Confederate States of America
1065:Reconstruction in Mississippi
271:presidential election of 1876
182:Historian Ted Tunnel writes:
145:Confederate States of America
3824:Battle of the Little Bighorn
3308:Arkansas readmitted to Union
3214:Knights of the White Camelia
3176:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866
3122:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
3096:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
3054:Special Field Orders No. 15
2877:Slavery in the United States
1045:Franklin, John Hope (1994).
961:Baggett, James Alex (2003).
458:to refer to elements of the
110:after the conclusion of the
4342:Race (human categorization)
3732:United States v. Cruikshank
3323:Alabama readmitted to Union
3311:Florida readmitted to Union
1168:Journal of Southern History
1074:Ginsberg, Benjamin (2010).
629:Reviews in American History
4461:
3543:General Mining Act of 1872
3512:New York custom house ring
3502:Meridian race riot of 1871
3446:Naturalization Act of 1870
1172:online at The Free Library
501:
429:The mountain districts of
362:
190:'s 1860 Dictionary of the
36:
29:
4379:
4135:Been in the Storm So Long
4055:William Archibald Dunning
4015:The American Commonwealth
3685:Election Massacre of 1874
3393:Public Credit Act of 1869
3332:Fourth Reconstruction Act
3241:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
2985:New York City draft riots
2955:Emancipation Proclamation
1630:National Union Convention
1375:Reconstruction Amendments
1365:African-American senators
1190:Wiggins; Sarah Woolfolk.
701:Oxford English Dictionary
548:study of the population.
470:Accusations of corruption
226:1863 to 1869, Presidents
39:Scalawag (disambiguation)
3851:Safe burglary conspiracy
3738:Civil Rights Act of 1875
3517:Civil service commission
3117:Memphis massacre of 1866
3112:Civil Rights Act of 1866
2928:Confiscation Act of 1862
2923:Confiscation Act of 1861
1678:Liberal Republican Party
1360:Conservative Republicans
1161:South Carolina Scalawags
794:Stephen L. Vaughn, ed.,
322:Alabama General Assembly
188:Joseph Emerson Worcester
186:Reference works such as
137:traitors to their region
4347:Reconstruction Treaties
4166:A Nation Under Our Feet
4114:From Slavery to Freedom
3944:Williams v. Mississippi
3928:United States v. Harris
3819:Great Sioux War of 1876
3758:Yazoo City Riot of 1875
3660:Battle of Liberty Place
3548:Crédit Mobilier scandal
3497:Alcorn State University
3436:Enforcement Act of 1870
3302:Articles of impeachment
3209:Indian Peace Commission
3127:Swing Around the Circle
3064:Freedmen's Bureau bills
2906:Seneca Falls Convention
1635:Radical Democracy Party
1586:Freedman's Savings Bank
1218:Memoirs of W. W. Holden
1063:Garner; James Wilford.
498:Who were the scalawags?
380:Alcorn State University
4440:White American culture
4322:Forty acres and a mule
4045:Walter Lynwood Fleming
3830:United States v. Reese
3487:Second Enforcement Act
1717:Prohibition Convention
1449:Southern United States
863:Quoted in Eric Foner,
334:
294:
286:Radical Reconstruction
197:
160:Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins
83:
4296:Civil rights movement
4232:The Birth of a Nation
3841:Centennial Exposition
3695:Black Hills Gold Rush
3610:Slaughter-House Cases
3482:Ku Klux Klan hearings
2960:General Order No. 143
1579:James Mitchell Ashley
1145:Pereyra, Lillian A.,
1080:. Johns Hopkins U.P.
979:DeSantis, Vincent P.
724:, 8 October 1868, p.9
502:Further information:
329:
282:
184:
88:United States history
52:threatening that the
47:
3877:Electoral Commission
3753:Clifton Riot of 1875
3507:Treaty of Washington
3199:Tenure of Office Act
3157:National Labor Union
2872:American Indian Wars
1722:Electoral Commission
1712:Greenback Convention
1475:Free people of color
1415:Federal bureaucracy
1355:Moderate Republicans
1138:McKinney, Gordon B.
376:Fourteenth Amendment
249:laws of 1867, which
50:Independent Monitor,
37:For other uses, see
4226:D. W. Griffith
4211:The Leopard's Spots
4101:The American Crisis
4035:Columbia University
4002:The Prostrate State
3996:James Shepherd Pike
3913:Posse Comitatus Act
3836:Trader post scandal
3624:Coinage Act of 1873
3398:Black Friday (1869)
3246:Peonage Act of 1867
3224:Reconstruction Acts
3204:Command of Army Act
2939:Militia Act of 1862
1350:Radical Republicans
1298:Rutherford B. Hayes
1209:Fleming, Walter L.
877:Congressional Globe
807:Richard H. Abbott,
418:Free State of Jones
388:Radical Republicans
236:Radical Republicans
208:Redemption politics
154:Origins of the term
94:(sometimes spelled
27:1860s American term
4430:Reconstruction Era
4245:Gone with the Wind
4108:John Hope Franklin
3964:Disenfranchisement
3936:Plessy v. Ferguson
3920:Civil Rights Cases
3882:Compromise of 1877
3773:Wheeler Compromise
3690:Vicksburg massacre
3675:Timber Culture Act
3665:Coushatta massacre
3604:Timber Culture Act
3558:Star Route scandal
3441:Justice Department
3338:Georgia v. Stanton
3327:Opelousas massacre
2918:American Civil War
1727:Compromise of 1877
1429:Justice Department
1393:Federal judiciary
1272:Federal government
1257:Reconstruction era
1177:2007-09-26 at the
538:James Alex Baggett
519:Plessy v. Ferguson
514:Samuel F. Phillips
278:John Hope Franklin
224:Reconstruction Era
220:American Civil War
175:newcomers (called
112:American Civil War
84:
56:(represented by a
4392:
4391:
4375:
4374:
4301:American frontier
4155:Kenneth M. Stampp
3972:
3971:
3814:Ellenton massacre
3655:Brooks–Baxter War
3404:Ex parte McCardle
3170:Ex parte Milligan
3059:Freedmen's Bureau
2975:National Bank Act
2853:
2852:
1688:Victoria Woodhull
1599:
1598:
1470:African Americans
1441:State governments
1424:Freedmen's Bureau
1152:Perman, Michael.
752:Southern Cultures
558:Southern Unionist
192:Caribbean Spanish
117:As with the term
104:white Southerners
90:, the pejorative
16:(Redirected from
4452:
4405:1860s neologisms
4258:Race and Reunion
4205:Thomas Dixon Jr.
4095:William R. Brock
4085:C. Vann Woodward
4072:W. E. B. Du Bois
4062:Charles A. Beard
4022:Claude G. Bowers
3981:
3804:Hamburg massacre
3783:Pratt & Boyd
3748:Mississippi Plan
3705:Anti-Moiety Acts
3700:Sanborn incident
3492:Ku Klux Klan Act
3163:Ex parte Garland
2970:Ten percent plan
2862:
1608:
1559:Thaddeus Stevens
1544:Republican Party
1537:Samuel J. Tilden
1527:Bourbon Democrat
1522:Democratic Party
1293:Ulysses S. Grant
1268:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1183:Wetta, Frank J.
1170:(Nov 2006) 72#4
1135:
1091:
1060:
1041:
1012:
976:
957:
919:
913:
907:
906:Franklin, p. 101
904:
898:
895:
889:
886:
880:
874:
868:
861:
855:
850:Frank J. Wetta,
848:
842:
839:
833:
830:
821:
818:
812:
805:
799:
792:
786:
783:
777:
774:
768:
761:
755:
748:
742:
731:
725:
719:
710:
704:
698:
692:
691:
684:
678:
677:
675:
673:
668:on 13 April 2016
664:. Archived from
645:
632:
625:
619:
616:
610:
607:
583:Collaborationism
318:Republican Party
263:James Longstreet
80:Ulysses S. Grant
68:Democratic Party
21:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4371:
4362:White supremacy
4305:
4264:
4252:David W. Blight
4180:
4090:Joel Williamson
4067:Howard K. Beale
3968:
3957:Giles v. Harris
3901:
3892:Desert Land Act
3865:
3792:
3719:
3643:
3629:Long Depression
3599:Colfax massacre
3582:
3563:Salary Grab Act
3531:
3470:
3451:Kirk–Holden war
3419:
3353:
3260:
3187:
3100:
3081:Shaw University
3020:
3006:Wade–Davis Bill
2994:
2943:
2849:
2803:
1825:
1779:
1733:
1613:
1595:
1532:Horatio Seymour
1458:
1442:
1435:
1283:Abraham Lincoln
1273:
1259:
1254:
1206:
1204:Primary sources
1201:
1199:Further reading
1179:Wayback Machine
1124:10.2307/2207902
1109:
1088:
1073:
1057:
1044:
1030:10.2307/2206442
1015:
1001:10.2307/2197797
986:
973:
960:
946:10.2307/2205211
931:
928:
923:
922:
914:
910:
905:
901:
896:
892:
887:
883:
875:
871:
862:
858:
849:
845:
840:
836:
831:
824:
819:
815:
806:
802:
793:
789:
784:
780:
776:Franklin p. 100
775:
771:
762:
758:
749:
745:
732:
728:
717:
711:
707:
699:
695:
686:
685:
681:
671:
669:
662:
647:
646:
635:
626:
622:
617:
613:
608:
601:
596:
554:
506:
500:
472:
452:
427:
386:its president.
371:James L. Alcorn
367:
365:James L. Alcorn
361:
352:
339:
314:
267:Joseph E. Brown
251:disenfranchised
228:Abraham Lincoln
216:
156:
133:white supremacy
76:Horatio Seymour
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4458:
4456:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4249:
4241:
4236:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4144:
4139:
4131:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4105:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4050:Dunning School
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4028:The Tragic Era
4024:
4019:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3984:Historiography
3978:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3953:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3856:1876 elections
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3710:1874 elections
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3613:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3573:1872 elections
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3461:1870 elections
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:15th Amendment
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3344:1868 elections
3341:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3272:14th Amendment
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3183:1866 elections
3179:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3032:13th Amendment
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3011:1864 elections
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2808:U.S. elections
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:Lyman Trumbull
1561:
1556:
1554:Charles Sumner
1551:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1288:Andrew Johnson
1285:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1164:
1159:Rubin, Hyman.
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1107:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1071:
1069:online edition
1061:
1055:
1042:
1024:(2): 217–240.
1013:
995:(4): 447–460.
984:
977:
971:
958:
940:(3): 305–329.
927:
924:
921:
920:
917:Reconstruction
908:
899:
890:
881:
869:
865:Reconstruction
856:
843:
834:
822:
820:Wiggins 131–38
813:
800:
787:
778:
769:
763:Harold Hyman,
756:
743:
726:
705:
693:
679:
660:
633:
620:
611:
598:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
553:
550:
499:
496:
480:Dunning School
471:
468:
456:United Kingdom
451:
450:Outside the US
448:
444:Andrew Johnson
426:
423:
363:Main article:
360:
357:
351:
348:
338:
337:South Carolina
335:
313:
310:
247:Reconstruction
232:Andrew Johnson
215:
212:
155:
152:
106:who supported
102:) referred to
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4457:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Habeas corpus
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:Winslow Homer
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:After Slavery
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Nez Perce War
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Delano affair
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:Red River War
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:Comstock laws
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Panic of 1873
3592:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:New Departure
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:Gubernatorial
1828:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:Benjamin Wade
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:Carpetbaggers
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Edwin Stanton
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:9780801899164
1083:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:0-226-26079-8
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
982:
978:
974:
972:0-8071-2798-1
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
929:
925:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
897:McKinney 1998
894:
891:
885:
882:
878:
873:
870:
867:(1988) p 298.
866:
860:
857:
853:
847:
844:
838:
835:
832:Wiggins p 134
829:
827:
823:
817:
814:
810:
804:
801:
798:(2007) p 441.
797:
791:
788:
785:DeSantis 1998
782:
779:
773:
770:
766:
760:
757:
753:
747:
744:
740:
739:0-252-02762-0
736:
730:
727:
723:
715:
709:
706:
702:
697:
694:
689:
683:
680:
667:
663:
661:9780807130148
657:
653:
652:
644:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
624:
621:
615:
612:
606:
604:
600:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
551:
549:
547:
543:
542:The Scalawags
539:
534:
532:
528:
523:
521:
520:
515:
511:
510:abolitionists
505:
497:
495:
493:
489:
483:
481:
477:
469:
467:
465:
461:
460:working class
457:
449:
447:
445:
441:
440:planter class
437:
432:
424:
422:
420:
419:
414:
413:Newton Knight
410:
408:
407:Adelbert Ames
403:
401:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
366:
358:
356:
349:
347:
345:
336:
333:
328:
325:
323:
319:
311:
309:
305:
303:
299:
293:
291:
287:
281:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
258:
256:
255:Ironclad oath
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
209:
204:
202:
196:
193:
189:
183:
180:
178:
177:carpetbaggers
174:
170:
165:
161:
153:
151:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
4367:Whitecapping
4337:Paramilitary
4310:Other topics
4291:Jim Crow era
4256:
4243:
4230:
4217:
4209:
4196:
4172:
4164:
4146:
4133:
4129:Leon Litwack
4120:
4112:
4099:
4076:
4040:John Burgess
4026:
4013:
4000:
3955:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3828:
3768:Whiskey Ring
3730:
3680:White League
3616:
3608:
3456:Shoffner Act
3402:
3375:
3336:
3219:Pulaski riot
3168:
3161:
3149:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2725:
2717:
1612:Presidential
1574:John Bingham
1512:White League
1501:
1497:Ku Klux Klan
1264:Participants
1217:
1210:
1191:
1184:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1118:(1): 63–76.
1115:
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1046:
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962:
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888:Pereyra 1966
884:
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859:
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837:
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781:
772:
767:(1959) p 93
764:
759:
751:
746:
729:
721:
714:gutta-percha
708:
696:
682:
670:. Retrieved
666:the original
650:
628:
623:
614:
546:quantitative
541:
535:
524:
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484:
473:
453:
428:
416:
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404:
399:
396:
391:
384:Hiram Revels
368:
353:
344:Wade Hampton
340:
330:
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315:
306:
295:
283:
275:
259:
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185:
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163:
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149:
136:
120:carpetbagger
118:
116:
99:
95:
91:
85:
54:Ku Klux Klan
49:
4160:Steven Hahn
4009:James Bryce
3568:Amnesty Act
3049:Black Codes
1738:U.S. Senate
1485:Politicians
1407:Waite Court
1402:Chase Court
1397:Taney Court
1279:Presidents
544:provides a
359:Mississippi
222:during the
4399:Categories
4286:Gilded Age
4142:Eric Foner
3846:Cattellism
3743:Red Shirts
2858:Key events
1784:U.S. House
1517:Red Shirts
926:References
841:Rubin 2006
588:Pejorative
568:Peckerwood
536:Historian
527:Whig Party
488:Eric Foner
431:Appalachia
392:modernized
290:Antebellum
276:Historian
218:After the
58:Democratic
18:Scally wag
3906:Aftermath
3617:Virginius
3553:Modoc War
1604:Elections
1549:Stalwarts
1507:Redeemers
1306:Congress
722:The Times
578:Redeemers
492:Redeemers
476:Redeemers
425:Mountains
350:Louisiana
129:Civil War
100:scallywag
96:scallawag
32:Scallywag
4384:Category
4352:Suffrage
3287:Timeline
1502:Scalawag
1480:Freedman
1175:Archived
1067:(1901).
563:Freedmen
552:See also
531:Jim Crow
298:Redeemer
240:Freedmen
173:Northern
169:freedmen
164:scalawag
92:scalawag
70:) would
65:Southern
3977:Aspects
3376:Alabama
3042:Address
2865:Prelude
1821:1876–77
1816:1874–75
1811:1872–73
1806:1870–71
1801:1868–69
1796:1866–67
1791:1864–65
1775:1876–77
1770:1874–75
1765:1872–73
1760:1870–71
1755:1868–69
1750:1866–67
1745:1864–65
1194:(1991)
1149:(1966).
1132:2207902
1038:2206442
1009:2197797
954:2205211
915:Foner,
811:(2004).
312:Alabama
214:History
141:slavery
4269:Legacy
4261:(2001)
4248:(1939)
4235:(1915)
4222:(1905)
4214:(1902)
4201:(1876)
4185:Memory
4177:(2019)
4169:(2003)
4151:(1988)
4138:(1979)
4125:(1965)
4117:(1947)
4104:(1963)
4081:(1935)
4031:(1929)
4018:(1888)
4005:(1874)
3960:(1903)
3947:(1898)
3939:(1896)
3931:(1883)
3923:(1883)
3915:(1878)
3619:Affair
3378:Claims
2935:(1862)
2914:(1850)
2908:(1848)
2902:(1839)
2894:(1838)
2886:(1792)
1463:Others
1220:(1911)
1163:(2006)
1156:(1984)
1142:(1998)
1130:
1104:online
1084:
1053:
1036:
1007:
983:(1998)
969:
952:
737:
658:
478:. The
61:donkey
2702:1876
2640:1875
2568:1874
2511:1873
2424:1872
2357:1871
2290:1870
2223:1869
2141:1868
2089:1867
2027:1866
1970:1865
1908:1864
1836:1863
1128:JSTOR
1034:JSTOR
1005:JSTOR
950:JSTOR
741:p. 59
672:9 Jul
594:Notes
436:Ozark
72:lynch
3870:1877
3797:1876
3724:1875
3648:1874
3587:1873
3536:1872
3475:1871
3424:1870
3358:1869
3265:1868
3192:1867
3105:1866
3025:1865
2999:1864
2948:1863
2845:1876
2840:1874
2835:1872
2830:1870
2825:1868
2820:1866
2815:1864
2726:Nov.
2718:Apr.
1697:1876
1663:1872
1644:1868
1620:1864
1082:ISBN
1051:ISBN
967:ISBN
735:ISBN
674:2016
656:ISBN
464:chav
230:and
171:and
125:slur
2724:CT
2716:CT
1707:RNC
1702:DNC
1673:RNC
1668:DNC
1654:RNC
1649:DNC
1625:DNC
1120:doi
1026:doi
997:doi
942:doi
540:'s
98:or
86:In
4401::
2797:WV
2792:VT
2787:SC
2782:RI
2777:NC
2772:MO
2767:MI
2762:ME
2757:MA
2752:LA
2747:KS
2742:IN
2737:IL
2732:FL
2711:CO
2706:AL
2694:WI
2689:OH
2684:OH
2679:MN
2674:ME
2669:MD
2664:MA
2659:KY
2654:IA
2649:CT
2644:CA
2632:VT
2627:SC
2622:OR
2617:NV
2612:NJ
2607:MO
2602:MI
2597:ME
2592:MA
2587:KS
2582:DE
2577:CT
2572:AL
2560:WI
2555:VA
2550:TX
2545:OH
2540:MS
2535:MN
2530:ME
2525:MA
2520:IA
2515:CT
2503:WV
2498:VT
2493:SC
2488:RI
2483:PA
2478:NC
2473:MO
2468:MI
2463:ME
2458:MA
2453:LA
2448:IN
2443:IL
2438:FL
2433:CT
2428:AL
2416:WI
2411:RI
2406:OH
2401:NJ
2396:MN
2391:ME
2386:MD
2381:MA
2376:KY
2371:IA
2366:CT
2361:CA
2349:WV
2344:VT
2339:SC
2334:RI
2329:OR
2324:MO
2319:MI
2314:ME
2309:MA
2304:DE
2299:CT
2294:AL
2282:WI
2277:VT
2272:VA
2267:RI
2262:PA
2257:OH
2252:MS
2247:MN
2242:ME
2237:MA
2232:IA
2227:CT
2215:WV
2210:VT
2205:SC
2200:NJ
2195:NC
2190:MO
2185:MI
2180:ME
2175:MA
2170:LA
2165:IN
2160:IL
2155:FL
2150:CT
2145:AL
2133:WI
2128:VT
2123:OH
2118:MN
2113:ME
2108:MD
2103:MA
2098:CT
2093:CA
2081:WV
2076:VT
2071:TX
2066:PA
2061:OR
2056:NC
2051:MI
2046:ME
2041:MA
2036:DE
2031:CT
2019:WI
2014:VT
2009:SC
2004:OH
1999:NJ
1994:MN
1989:MA
1984:LA
1979:FL
1974:CT
1962:WV
1957:VT
1952:NH
1947:MO
1942:MI
1937:MA
1932:MD
1927:LA
1922:IN
1917:IL
1912:CT
1900:WV
1895:WI
1890:VT
1885:VA
1880:PA
1875:OH
1870:NH
1865:MN
1860:MA
1855:KY
1850:CT
1845:CA
1840:AL
1345:45
1340:44
1335:43
1330:42
1325:41
1320:40
1315:39
1310:38
1126:.
1116:45
1114:.
1032:.
1022:38
1020:.
1003:.
993:10
991:.
948:.
938:27
936:.
825:^
720:"
636:^
602:^
494:.
421:.
147:.
114:.
82:).
1249:e
1242:t
1235:v
1134:.
1122::
1106:.
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1028::
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999::
975:.
956:.
944::
718:'
690:.
676:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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