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131:, a nomadic people then located to the north and west of the Black Sea. Herodotus related that Scythian warriors would behead the enemies they defeated in battle and present the heads to their king to claim their share of the plunder. Then, the warrior would skin the head âby making a circular cut round the ears and shaking out the skull; he then scrapes the flesh off the skin with the rib of an ox, and when it is clean works it with his fingers until it is supple, and fit to be used as a sort of handkerchief. He hangs these handkerchiefs on the bridle of his horse, and is very proud of them. The best man is the man who has the greatest number.â
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and knives over firearms because of the long loading time after a shot was fired. Advantage was clearly held by bow, knife, and hatchet. Some states had a history of escalating the payout of bounties offered per scalp, presumably because lower bounties were ineffective and were not worth risking one's life in exchange for the payoff. Rising bounties were a measure of bounty system failure.
289:
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84:. Scalp-taking is considered part of the broader cultural practice of the taking and display of human body parts as trophies, and may have developed as an alternative to the taking of human heads, for scalps were easier to take, transport, and preserve for subsequent display. Scalping independently developed in various cultures in both the
647:, as of June 12, 1755, Massachusetts governor William Shirley was offering a bounty of ÂŁ40 for a male Indian scalp, and ÂŁ20 for scalps of females or of children under 12 years old. In 1756, Pennsylvania Lieutenant Governor Robert Morris, in his declaration of war against the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) people, offered "130
199:). Duncan noted that these would have been taken and kept over a long period of time and would not have come from a single battle. Although Duncan travelled widely in Dahomey, and described customs such as the taking of heads and the retention of skulls as trophies, nowhere else does he mention scalping.
861:
From one writer's point of view, it was a "uniquely
American" innovation that the use of scalp bounties in the wars against indigenous societies "became an indiscriminate killing process that deliberately targeted Indian non-combatants (including women, children, and infants), as well as warriors."
853:
article reported that "settlers in a small town in
Colorado Territory had recently subscribed $ 5,000 to a fund âfor the purpose of buying Indian scalps (with $ 25 each to be paid for scalps with the ears on)â and that the market for Indian scalps âis not affected by age or sexâ." The article noted
654:
Although much has been made of the existence of scalp bounties, generally because they have been easily accessible as statutes, little research exists on the numbers of bounties actually paid. Early frontier warfare in forested areas in the era of flintlock muzzle-loading rifles favored tomahawks
313:
They seize the head of the disabled or dead enemy, and placing one of their feet on the neck, twist their left hand in the hair; by this means, having extended the skin that covers the top of the head, they draw out their scalping knives, which are always kept in good order for this cruel purpose,
342:
shells that could be worked to carry an edge equal to the task. Collectively, such tools were also used for a variety of everyday tasks like skinning and processing game, but were replaced by metal knives acquired in trade through
European contact. The implement, often referred to as a "scalping
725:, whose fiancĂŠ was a Loyalist officer. She was abducted by Iroquois, loyal to the British and under the command of John Burgoyne, and ultimately scalped and shot. Her death inspired many colonists to join the fight against the British invasion from Canada, an effort which ended in defeat at the
210:), occasional instances are reported in the European Theater as well. One particularly widely reported, although disputed, case involves that of German general Friedrich Kussin, the commandant of the town of Arnhem who was ambushed and killed by British paratroopers in the early stages of
1386:"Skeletons with traits of scalping have also been found at Jiangou in southern Hebei (Longshan culture) and Dasima in Henan (Erlitou culture), suggesting that violent behavior became widespread in the Central Plains during the Longshan and Erlitou periods (Chen 2000; Yan 1982)."
308:
Specific scalping techniques varied somewhat from place to place, depending on the cultural patterns of the scalper regarding the desired shape, size, and intended use of the severed scalp, and on how the victims wore their hair, but the general process of scalping was quite
888:
749:
also offered a bounty on Apache scalps, 100 pesos per warrior, 50 pesos per woman, and 25 pesos per child. Harris
Worcester wrote: "The new policy attracted a diverse group of men, including Anglos, runaway slaves led by Seminole John Horse, and Indians â
322:, the fourth (and least substantial) of the five layers of the human scalp. Scalping was not in itself fatal, though it was most commonly inflicted on the gravely wounded or the dead. The earliest instruments used in scalping were stone knives crafted of
635:
offered a reward for male Mi'kmaq scalps in 1756. (In 2000, some Mi'kmaq argued that this proclamation was still legal in Nova Scotia. Government officials argued that it was no longer legal because the bounty was superseded by later treaties - see the
387:, it seems to have been practiced primarily as part of intertribal warfare, with scalps only taken of enemies killed in battle. However, author and historian Mark van de Logt wrote, "Although military historians tend to reserve the concept of 'total war
824:, wherein U.S. military and citizens razed villages and scalped hundreds of men, women, and children. This attack targeted Native communities specifically, in the villages of Yana, Konkow, Nisenan, Wintu, Nomlaki, Patwin, Yuki, and Maidu.
993:
1009:
2226:"Journals of the military expedition of Major General John Sullivan against the Six nations of Indians in 1779; with records of centennial celebrations; prepared pursuant to chapter 361, laws of the state of New York, of 1885"
550:, and was rewarded with bounties for two men, two women, and six children, even though Massachusetts had rescinded the law authorizing scalp bounties six months earlier. There were six colonial wars with New England and the
383:. Carbon dating of skulls show evidence of scalping as early as 600 AD; some skulls show evidence of healing from scalping injuries, suggesting at least some victims occasionally survived at least several months. Among
1045:
573:(1722â1725), on August 8, 1722, Massachusetts put a bounty on native families, paying 100 pounds sterling for the scalps of male Indians aged 12 and over, and 50 pounds sterling for women and children. Ranger
2720:
Mensforth, Robert P.; Chacon, Richard J. (editor); Dye, David H. (editor) (2007). "Human Trophy Taking in
Eastern North America During the Archaic Period: The Relationship to Warfare and Social Complexity".
873:
407:
were legitimate targets. Indeed, the taking of a scalp of a woman or child was considered honorable because it signified that the scalp taker had dared to enter the very heart of the enemy's territory."
1025:
1139:
Mensforth, Robert P.; Chacon, Richard J. Chacon; Dye, David H. (2007). "Human Trophy Taking in
Eastern North America During the Archaic Period: The Relationship to Warfare and Social Complexity".
562:
in 1688. All sides scalped victims, including noncombatants, during this frontier warfare. Bounty policies originally intended only for Native
American scalps were extended to enemy colonists.
679:
as the "hair-buyer general" because they believed he encouraged and paid his Native
American allies to scalp American settlers. As a result, when Hamilton was captured, he was treated as a
912:
687:. However, American historians have noted that there was no proof that he had ever offered rewards for scalps, and it is now believed that no British officer paid for scalps during the
651:, for the Scalp of Every Male Indian Enemy, above the Age of Twelve Years," and "50 Pieces of Eight for the Scalp of Every Indian Woman, produced as evidence of their being killed."
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and with a few dextrous strokes take off the part that is termed the scalp. They are so expeditious in doing this, that the whole time required scarcely exceeds a minute.
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2785:
600:
issued a bounty in 1746 to be paid to
British-allied Indians for the scalps of French-allied Indian men, women, and children. New York passed a scalp act in 1747.
1396:
Murphy, Eileen; Gokhman, Ilia; Chistov, Yuri; Barkova, Ludmilla (2002). "Prehistoric Old World
Scalping: New Cases from the Cemetery of Aymyrlyg, South Siberia".
2590:
437:
1325 AD. European colonisation of the Americas increased the incidence of intertribal conflict, and consequently an increase in the prevalence of scalping.
1829:
786:
946:
191:
In 1845, mercenary John Duncan observed what he estimated to be 700 scalps taken in warfare and displayed as trophies by a contingent of female soldiersâ
1353:
Travels in Western Africa in 1845 & 1846, Comprising a Journey from Whydah, through the Kingdom of Dahomey, to Adofoodia, in the Interior, Vol. II
927:
1338:
Travels in Western Africa in 1845 & 1846, Comprising a Journey from Whydah, through the Kingdom of Dahomey, to Adofoodia, in the Interior, Vol. I
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which, over time, evolved into a payment by the government of 100 pesos for each scalp of a male 14 or more years old. In 1837, the Mexican state of
721:
It is well established that the Iroquois, allied to the British during the American Revolution, practiced scalping. The most famous case was that of
391:", in which civilians are targeted, "for conflicts between modern industrial nations," the term "closely approaches the state of affairs between the
165:, though some more recent interpretations of these terms relate them to shaving off the hair of the head as a legal punishment rather than scalping.
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592:, during which both sides employed the practice. In response to repeated massacres of British families by the French and their native allies during
207:
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Many tribes of Native Americans practiced scalping, in some instances up until the end of the 19th century. Of the approximately 500 bodies at the
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Scalping in the Americas predominantly arose from the practices of Indian tribes, and was later copied by European colonists on the continent.
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1809:
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Skull of a 20- to 30-year-old decapitated woman of the 3rd century AD. Cutting marks above the right eye hole show the head has been scalped.
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The Judicial Punishment of Delcavatio in Visigothic Spain: A Proposed Solution based on Isidore of Seville and the Lex Visigothorum
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History Of The North Mexican States And Texas, Vol. II 1801-1889, San Francisco, The History Company, Publishers,1889, Chapter 24
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proclamation, which included a bounty for male scalps or prisoners. Also during the Seven Years' War, Governor of Nova Scotia
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also paid their native allies for scalps of their enemies. In 1697, on the northern frontier of Massachusetts colony, settler
2320:
2284:
1610:
Griffin, Anastasia M. (editor); Friederici, Georg (2008). "Scalping and Similar Warfare Customs in America". pp. 63â70.
351:, a knife being for them just a simple and effective multi-purpose utility tool for which scalping was but one of many uses.
2575:
World of the American Indian, by Jules B. Billard, National Geographic Society; First Printing edition (1974), Washington DC
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783:
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206:. While many of these instances took place in the Pacific Theater, along with more extreme forms of trophy-hunting (see
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1968:
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1740:
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provided the only clear and satisfactory portrayal of a scalping people in the old worldâ in his description of the
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184:, 'some of them were blinded, some maimed, some scalped. No more horrible deed was done in this country since the
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The September 13, 1779, journal entry of Lieutenant William Barton tells of patriots participating in scalping.
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Peter R. Silver Our Savage Neighbors: How Indian War Transformed Early America (New York) WW Norton 2009) 246
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Massachusetts created a scalp bounty during King William's War in July 1689, and continued doing so during
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1945:
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185:
169:
117:
2817:
2681:
Georg Friederici's (1906) "Scalping and Similar Warfare Customs in America" with a Critical Introduction
710:
644:
181:
2072:
John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Oklahoma University Press. 2008
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colonies offered bounties for the heads of killed Indians, and later for just their scalps, during the
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1121:'s (1906) "Scalping and Similar Warfare Customs in America" with a Critical Introduction. ProQuest.
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Scalped corpse of buffalo hunter Ralph Morrison found after an 1868 encounter with Cheyennes, near
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Occasional instances of scalping of dead Axis troops by Allied military personnel are known from
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shows evidence of scalping. It lends physical evidence to the practice of scalp taking by the
196:
80:, with hair attached, from the head, and generally occurred in warfare with the scalp being a
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858:, and was modeled on patterns the U.S. had begun a century earlier in the "American East".
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displaying an Indian scalp (front left). He collected "Indian artifacts" including scalps.
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family, including six children, who had kidnapped her and murdered her infant after the
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Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America, in the Years 1766, 1767 and 1768
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Some American states such as Arizona paid bounty for enemy Native American scalps.
751:
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335:
203:
2108:"Two hundred year-old scalp law still on books in Nova Scotia - Canada - CBC News"
1703:
1207:
Griffin, Anastasia M. (editor); Frederici, Georg (2008). "Critical Introduction".
2310:
1734:
900:
379:
There is substantial archaeological evidence of scalping in North America in the
1088:
1016:
847:, killing and mutilating an estimated 70â163 Native American civilians. An 1867
722:
706:
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612:
577:
is known to have conducted scalp-hunting expeditions, the most famous being the
523:
514:
Bounties for Indian captives or their scalps appeared in the legislation of the
162:
52:
2563:
The American West and the Nazi East, A Comparative and Interpretive Perspective
2528:
2022:
A particular history of the five years French and Indian War in New England ...
1546:
433:
site, 90 percent of the skulls show evidence of scalping. The event took place
1234:
535:
473:
101:
1964:
1711:
1659:
1156:"An early example of scalping from the Mesolithic cemetery Skateholm, Sweden"
504:
400:
292:
Illustration of a scalp dance from the 1919 edition of 1884 children's book
238:
158:
128:
124:
89:
85:
1465:
Fowler, Marsha; Kirkham, Sheryl; Sawatzky, Rick; Taylor, Elizabeth (2011).
288:
671:, the British lieutenant governor and superintendent of Indian Affairs at
623:
offered payments to Indians for British scalps. In 1749, British governor
2337:"William "Bloody Bill" Anderson . Jesse James . WGBH American Experience"
1443:
937:
836:
589:
508:
497:
331:
56:
2723:
The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians
1719:
1687:
1141:
The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians
835:, when a 700-man force of U.S. Army volunteers destroyed the village of
584:
In the 1710s and 1720s, New France engaged in frontier warfare with the
1667:
1635:
840:
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546:
captors during her nighttime escape, presented their ten scalps to the
543:
477:
454:
364:
264:
113:
66:
17:
1946:"The First Way of War: American War Making On the Frontier, 1607-1814"
1417:
176:, was reportedly responsible for scalping his enemies, among whom was
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755:
742:
738:
616:
481:
339:
105:
1651:
1522:"Heritage History | Indian History for Young Folks by Francis Drake"
1282:
Seven Years' Residence in the Great Deserts of North America, Vol. 2
2754:
1944:
MacLellan, Louisbourg ("Appendix: Scalping"); John Grenier (2005).
1409:
1181:(1 ed.). Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. p. 30.
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led a band of his own people who had fled from Indian Territory."
696:
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419:
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358:
327:
323:
287:
222:
There is physical evidence that scalping was practiced during the
138:
77:
63:
47:
1035:
with decorated scalp lock on right shoulder. 1910 photograph by
793:
were well known for decorating their saddles with the scalps of
27:
Act of removing part of the human scalp with hair still attached
1836:. B10. pp. 36â37. Archived from the original on 2023-01-13
1688:"Evidence for Prehistoric Scalping in Northeastern Nebraska"
141:
in terms quite similar to those used by Herodotus. The AbbĂŠ
2617:(1st ed.). Washington DC: National Geographic Society.
2232:. Auburn, N.Y., Knapp, Peck & Thomson, Printers. 1887.
1498:
Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "Game of Love"
100:
One of the earliest examples of scalping dates back to the
2049:
White Savage: William Johnson and the Invention of America
318:
The scalp separated from the skull along the plane of the
263:
known for sacrificing his life, in the name of protecting
120:
in Sweden had been scalped approximately 5,000 years ago.
2671:
The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier
1883:
The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607â1890
116:
show evidence of scalping. A man found in a grave in the
2662:
The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760
999:
Survivor Robert McGee was scalped as a child in 1864 by
801:
had the reputation of being Anderson's âchief scalperâ.
2369:
Driven Out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans
971:
scalping and torturing prisoners, published in May 1873
1232:
Herodotus; De Selincourt, Aubrey (translator) (2003).
2453:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 153.
76:
is the act of cutting or tearing a part of the human
1196:. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala Universitet. p. 277.
2083:"Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society"
1801:
An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States
267:values, by having had his head scalped rather than
2366:
1764:Hall Steckel, Richard; R. Haines, Michael (2000).
1233:
476:in the 1630s; Connecticut specifically reimbursed
347:and European literature, was not known as such by
37:"Scalped" redirects here. For the comic book, see
2474:Brown, Dee (2001) . "War Comes to the Cheyenne".
1736:War Party in Blue: Pawnee Scouts in the U.S. Army
1585:, (3d ed., London, 1781) (retrieved May 5, 2024).
1143:. Springer Science + Business Media. p. 225.
717:Indian") a reward for an American soldier's scalp
2019:Drake, Samuel Gardner; Shirley, William (1870).
1853:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
737:In 1835, the government of the Mexican state of
1209:Scalping and Similar Warfare Customs in America
713:officer giving a Native man (referred to as a "
104:period, found at a hunter-gatherer cemetery in
2651:. Vol. IV (1771â1800) (online ed.).
2201:. Vol. IV (1771â1800) (online ed.).
1965:"Scalping, Torture, and Mutilation by Indians"
1634:Axtell, James; Sturtevant, William C. (1980).
987:killed and scalped by Piegan Blackfeet c. 1874
195:âemployed by the King of Dahomey (present-day
2772:We Were Not the Savages: First Nation History
2739:"The Unkindest Cut, or Who Invented Scalping"
1636:"The Unkindest Cut, or Who Invented Scalping"
1059:, about the 1697 scalping incident involving
8:
2784:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2424:. United States: Indian Head Books. p.
1471:. New: Springer Publishing Company. p.
1355:. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 274â275.
1340:. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 233â234.
778:Some scalping incidents occurred during the
511:, killing and scalping three of the French.
1265:Marcellinus, Ammianus; Yonge, C.D. (1862).
108:. Several human remains from the stone-age
363:1732 illustration by Alexandre de Batz of
2838:Military history of the Thirteen Colonies
2725:. Springer Science + Business Media: 225.
2702:Joseph Brant 1743â1807: Man of Two Worlds
1959:
1957:
1955:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1823:
1821:
1793:
1791:
820:In 1851, the Tehama Massacre occurred in
2556:
2554:
2261:
2259:
2006:The History of the State of Maine, Vol 2
1500:. Oxford University Press. p. 146.
1312:"V2*Vault Shutdown | Canvas @ Yale"
1160:Archäologie und Geschichte im Ostseeraum
208:American mutilation of Japanese war dead
2863:Western (genre) staples and terminology
2272:Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait
1110:
869:
526:offered bounties to white settlers and
2777:
2595:Encyclopedia of North American Indians
1846:
1545:Williams, Joseph (19 September 2021).
1468:Religion, Religious Ethics and Nursing
854:this behavior was "sanctioned" by the
2139:Chronology of American Indian History
1767:A population history of North America
1681:
1679:
1677:
1629:
1627:
1597:Anthropological Review, Vol. 2, No. 4
1440:"Sikh Martyrs â Bhai Taru Singh"
1284:. London: Longman Green. p. 358.
558:over a 75-year period, starting with
233:A skull from an Iron Age cemetery in
7:
2766:Lawrence, Charles, Governor (1756).
2737:Axtell, James; Sturtevant, William.
2539:from the original on 7 December 2014
1595:Burton, Richard F. (February 1864).
244:Some evidence is also found in the
1240:. London: Penguin Books. pp.
1194:Breaking and Making Bodies in Pots
952:Lithograph depiction of scalping,
827:Scalping also occurred during the
492:offered bounties for the heads of
230:periods in China's central plain.
137:noted the taking of scalps by the
25:
2645:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
2195:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
2176:. 7 February 2014. Archived from
1179:Denmark: Introduction, Prehistory
831:on November 29, 1864, during the
762:; others, such as Terrazas, used
709:, illustrating and poeticizing a
161:as examples of scalping in early
2648:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2309:Worcester, Donald Emmet (1985).
2198:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1442:. Search Sikhism. Archived from
1280:Domenech, Abbe Emmanuel (1860).
1067:
1044:
1024:
1008:
992:
976:
961:
945:
926:
911:
899:
887:
872:
41:. For the TV pilot episode, see
2833:Military history of New England
2510:from the original on 2016-07-26
2500:"THE WEST - Who is the Savage?"
2399:Investing in Native Communities
2347:from the original on 2011-06-04
2236:from the original on 2016-03-22
2118:from the original on 2016-05-18
1971:from the original on 2016-08-31
1917:from the original on 2016-03-21
1828:Foulds, Diane E. (2000-12-31).
1398:American Journal of Archaeology
1318:from the original on 2017-08-20
484:in 1637. Four years later, the
259:â 1 July 1745) was a prominent
2678:Griffin, Anastasia M. (2008).
2664:. Norman: U of Oklahoma Press.
2395:"Tehama Massacre (California)"
1885:. ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 708.
1798:Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2014).
1640:The William and Mary Quarterly
1117:Griffin, Anastasia M. (2008).
548:Massachusetts General Assembly
294:Indian History for Young Folks
1:
2705:. Syracuse University Press.
2673:. Cambridge University Press.
2478:. Macmillan. pp. 86â87.
2476:Bury my heart at Wounded Knee
1948:. Cambridge University Press.
1907:"The Jesuit Relations: Index"
1704:10.1080/2052546.1994.11931728
815:Stanislaus County, California
253:
60:Scalp Dance of the Minitarres
2768:"British Scalp Proclamation"
2755:"Head-Hunting Roman Cavalry"
2615:World of the American Indian
2315:. Caxton Press. p. 93.
2277:University of Oklahoma Press
2136:Liz Sonneborn (2014-05-14).
1804:. Beacon Press. p. 64.
1741:University of Oklahoma Press
1367:"Battledetective Case Files"
1267:Roman History, Book XXXI, II
921:(1732), by Alexandre de Batz
919:Sauvage matachez en Guerrier
554:fighting New France and the
123:Georg Frederici noted that â
2653:University of Toronto Press
2622:Burton, Richard F. (1864).
2203:University of Toronto Press
1881:Tucker, Spencer C. (2011).
1269:. London: Bohn. p. 22.
1154:AhlstrĂśm, TorbjĂśrn (2008).
813:displayed Indian scalps in
782:of 1861-1865. For example,
507:and French carpenters near
188:came and made peace here'.
180:. According to the ancient
155:capillos et cutem detrahere
2879:
2843:Military history of Canada
2828:Military history of Europe
2823:Military history of Acadia
2641:Arthur, Elizabeth (1979).
2613:Billard, Jules B. (1974).
2561:Kakel, Carroll P. (2011).
2373:. New York: Random House.
2191:Arthur, Elizabeth (1979).
1772:Cambridge University Press
1733:van de Logt, Mark (2012).
1686:Miller, Elizabeth (1994).
1015:1864 photo of Californian
665:American Revolutionary War
334:, or other materials like
281:
36:
29:
2529:"John Evans Study Report"
2025:J. Munsell. p. 134.
1547:"The Origins of Scalping"
1075:Indian Warrior with Scalp
822:Tehama County, California
596:, Massachusetts governor
320:areolar connective tissue
32:Scalping (disambiguation)
2142:. Infobase. p. 88.
2046:O'Toole, Fintan (2005).
1526:www.heritage-history.com
459:Raid on Haverhill (1697)
69:people in a scalp dance.
2813:Human trophy collecting
2808:Native American history
2699:Kelsey, Isabel (1984).
2451:The Sand Creek Massacre
2418:Jackson, Helen (1994).
2365:Pfaelzer, Jean (2007).
1857:) CS1 maint: location (
1057:Boscawen, New Hampshire
856:U.S. federal government
212:Operation Market Garden
143:Emmanuel H. D. Domenech
2669:Grenier, John (2005).
2660:Grenier, John (2008).
2629:Anthropological Review
1496:French, Louis (2000).
1380:Stark, Miriam (2008).
791:"Bloody Bill" Anderson
718:
605:Father Le Loutre's War
461:
453:scalping the sleeping
426:
422:, early 19th century,
376:
316:
297:
118:Alvastra pile-dwelling
70:
2591:"Scalps and Scalping"
2565:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2421:A Century of Dishonor
2004:Williamson, William.
1692:Plains Anthropologist
1384:. Wiley. p. 157.
1351:Duncan, John (1847).
1336:Duncan, John (1847).
1003:—photo c. 1890.
805:Continued Indian Wars
766:; and Seminole chief
700:
645:French and Indian War
449:1847 illustration of
448:
414:
362:
311:
291:
182:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
168:In England in 1036,
51:
2533:University of Denver
2449:Hoig, Stan (2005) .
2170:"Declaration of War"
1967:. Blue Corn Comics.
1911:Puffin.creighton.edu
1579:John Coakley Lettsom
1192:Larsson, Ă
M (2009).
1177:Rying, Bent (1981).
983:The remains of dead
833:American Indian Wars
741:put a bounty on the
556:Wabanaki Confederacy
552:Iroquois Confederacy
500:attacked a group of
355:Intertribal conflict
284:American Indian Wars
273:converting to Islam.
135:Ammianus Marcellinus
30:For other uses, see
2624:"Notes on Scalping"
2312:Pioneer Trails West
2180:on 7 February 2014.
2008:. pp. 117â118.
1934:Grenier. 2005. p.39
1830:"Who Scalped Whom?"
1382:Archaeology of Asia
934:Josiah P. Wilbarger
829:Sand Creek Massacre
689:American Revolution
659:American Revolution
579:Battle of Pequawket
528:Narragansett people
431:Crow Creek massacre
296:by Francis S. Drake
246:Indian Subcontinent
157:of the code of the
1913:. 11 August 2014.
881:Fort Dodge, Kansas
845:Colorado Territory
797:they had killed.
780:American Civil War
774:American Civil War
727:Battle of Saratoga
719:
581:in New Hampshire.
560:King William's War
542:killed ten of her
462:
427:
377:
343:knife" in popular
298:
71:
43:Scalped (TV pilot)
2803:American frontier
2643:"Hamilton, Henry"
2535:. November 2014.
2485:978-0-8050-6634-0
2460:978-0-8061-1147-6
2193:"Hamilton, Henry"
1811:978-0-8070-0040-3
1599:. pp. 50â51.
1446:on 19 August 2012
1077:(1789), by Barlow
1053:historical marker
936:being scalped by
705:poster circa the
677:American Patriots
625:Edward Cornwallis
594:King George's War
571:Father Rale's War
532:King Philip's War
516:American colonies
381:pre-Columbian era
197:Republic of Benin
110:Ertebølle culture
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843:in southeastern
638:Halifax Treaties
633:Charles Lawrence
621:French colonists
609:Seven Years' War
569:in 1703. During
567:Queen Anne's War
480:for slaying the
416:Knife and Sheath
390:
375:, bearing scalps
349:Native Americans
269:cutting his hair
258:
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178:Alfred Aetheling
174:Harold Godwinson
145:referred to the
39:Scalped (comics)
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2684:. p. 248.
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685:prisoner of war
675:, was known by
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649:Pieces of Eight
598:William Shirley
590:Meskwaki people
530:in 1675 during
522:War (1675â77).
496:. In 1643, the
443:
424:Brooklyn Museum
388:
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2351:2016-07-28
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1921:2016-07-28
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768:Coacoochee
703:propaganda
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