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hibernating ones are brown. A number of hibernating chrysalids fall prey to various enemies. The caterpillars of the scarce swallowtail have been noted to leave silk trails from the permanent resting sites to feeding sites. This has been seen in both solitary and territorial larvae with larvae having the ability to discern their trails from those of others.
412:. It is considered rare and endangered and protected in some provinces of Austria and of indeterminate status throughout Europe. In Armenia the species demonstrates stable population trend and is evaluated as Least Concern. Though referred by some authorities to be of status "vulnerable", it is however unlisted in the
431:
of 60–80 millimetres (2.4–3.1 in) in males, of 62–90 millimetres (2.4–3.5 in) in females. It is a very large distinctive butterfly. The background color of the wings is creamy white or pale yellow. On the front wings there are six tiger stripes and wedge-shaped markings. At the outer edge
616:
The caterpillars spin little pads on leaves and grip them firmly. The newly hatched caterpillar is dark in colour with two smaller and two bigger greenish patches on the dorsal side; later they are greenish with yellowish dorsal and side stripes. The summer chrysalids are green as a rule, the
636:
or light period appears to be the mechanism which dictates the path of development of the pupa. The results suggest that the green pupa develop on food plants to avoid predation by small mammals and visual avian predators while the brown pupa develop on leaf litter to avoid avian predators.
899:
Popov, 1989. On research of
Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera population of Carpathian State Reserve. /S.G. Popov// Information Report of thesis, IV Conference of young scientists. 1-3 of June 1989 devoted to 70 Anniversary of YCL. Uzhgorod,
624:
in Spain indicates that the pupae manifest in two colours, green and brown, for the purpose of camouflage. The green pupae develop on host plants and develop directly while brown pupae enter into
290:
Despite the name "scarce swallowtail", this species is quite common. The scarcity of United
Kingdom migrants is responsible for the English vernacular name. This species is widespread in the East
310:, Pakistan, India and western China. A few specimens of the scarce swallowtail have been reported from central Sweden and the United Kingdom but they were probably only strays and not migrants.
1015:
376:
In some years the scarce swallowtail is quite abundant. The scarce swallowtail is getting rarer as blackthorn bushes are being cleared. The butterfly is now protected by law in the
1228:
501:
714:
1300:
477:
740:
927:
Weyh, R.; Maschwitz, U. (1982). "Individual trail marking by larvae of the scarce swallowtail
Iphiclides podalirius L. (Lepidoptera; Papilionidae)".
489:
1202:
465:
1369:
722:
44:
1374:
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792:
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of the hind wings there are blue crescent markings, with an oblong, orange spot at the back corner and a relatively long tail.
178:
1379:
1364:
632:. Pupating larvae tend to form green pupae before August while after August they tend to form brown pupae. Duration of the
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they can be found up to altitudes of 2000 m, but usually they prefer foothills and lower levels.
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57:
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and in most of Europe with the exception of the northern parts. Its range extends northwards to
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1326:
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1027:
952:
718:
307:
1269:
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fly from March to
October. There are one, two, or three generations a year. Caterpillars are
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980:"Seasonal change in pupation behaviour and pupal mortality in a swallowtail butterfly"
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30:
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114:
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275:(North Africa, Spain and southwest France), often treated as a valid species,
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365:
94:
74:
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956:
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428:
381:
331:
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1207:
948:
822:"Lepidoptera of different grassland types across the Morava floodplain"
710:
Threatened
Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book
401:
389:
385:
368:
habitats with forest-steppe vegetation, which have no cutting history.
339:
1220:
840:
405:
397:
323:
104:
84:
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have been found to be a good indicator of relatively well preserved
1155:
603:
343:
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914:
820:
Kulfan, Miroslav; Degma, Peter; Kalivoda, Henrik (1995).
196:) is a species of butterfly belonging to the family
1061:
1028:Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa
917:provides no result. Accessed 27 October 2010.
8:
1026:Paolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili
695:
693:
1049:
727:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
43:
29:
20:
815:
813:
298:and central Poland and eastwards across
736:
734:
689:
644:
461:
326:, towns as well as the countryside, in
829:Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
787:
785:
783:
760:
758:
756:
749:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
7:
1195:b382f50e-3fec-459b-b6ae-7dbf12db4e31
987:Animal Biodiversity and Conservation
793:"Captain's European Butterfly Guide"
257:Iphiclides podalirius xinyuanensis
435:This species is rather similar to
272:Iphiclides podalirius feisthamelii
227:Iphiclides podalirius centralasiae
14:
909:A search for "Iphiclides" in the
765:Euro Butterflies by Matt Rowlings
1036:on Guy Padfield's Butterfly Page
869:Butterfly Conservation Armenia.
671:
659:
647:
500:
488:
476:
464:
334:. They are found in places with
243:Iphiclides podalirius podalirius
61:
1040:Butterfly Conservation Armenia
879:Butterfly Conservation Armenia
703:; Morris, Michael G. (1985). "
249:Iphiclides podalirius virgatus
1:
1370:Butterflies described in 1758
245:(Central and Southern Europe)
235:Iphiclides podalirius persica
875:(Linnaeus, 1758) in Armenia"
1375:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1396:
260:Huang & Murayama, 1992
713:. Gland & Cambridge:
353:in the floodplain of the
163:
156:
58:Scientific classification
56:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
553:(Finland, Palaearctic),
200:. It is also called the
978:Stefanescu, C. (2004).
571:(Palaearctic, Russia),
456:Protographium marcellus
320:swallowtail butterflies
278:Iphiclides feisthamelii
1018:on Butterflycorner.net
915:IUCN Red List web site
583:(Palaearctic, Spain),
559:(Palaearctic, Spain),
1380:Butterflies of Africa
1365:Butterflies of Europe
1093:Iphiclides podalirius
1063:Iphiclides podalirius
1034:Iphiclides podalirius
873:Iphiclides podalirius
705:Iphiclides podalirius
622:Iphiclides podalirius
620:Research on pupae of
565:(Palaearctic, Spain)
519:Iphiclides podalirius
425:Iphiclides podalirius
351:Iphiclides podalirius
206:pear-tree swallowtail
194:Iphiclides podalirius
167:Iphiclides podalirius
1190:Fauna Europaea (new)
666:Pupating caterpillar
16:Species of butterfly
1360:Butterflies of Asia
941:1982Oecol..52..415W
747:at Markku Savela's
745:Hübner, [1819]"
707:(Linnaeus, 1758)".
24:Scarce swallowtail
1016:Scarce swallowtail
949:10.1007/BF00367969
607:(Palaearctic) and
534:Crataegus monogyna
190:scarce swallowtail
149:I. podalirius
1342:
1341:
1327:Open Tree of Life
1055:Taxon identifiers
724:978-2-88032-603-6
338:and particularly
308:Arabian Peninsula
261:
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1293:NHMSYS0000502952
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843:. Archived from
841:10.5962/p.266559
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795:. Archived from
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729:
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701:Collins, N. Mark
697:
675:
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651:
610:Sorbus aucuparia
574:Prunus domestica
556:Prunus armeniaca
507:Female underside
504:
492:
480:
468:
450:Papilio alexanor
444:Papilio hospiton
349:The presence of
292:Palearctic realm
259:
251:
237:
229:
202:sail swallowtail
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1314:Observation.org
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911:search facility
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850:on 23 July 2011
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613:(Palaearctic).
601:(Palaearctic),
595:(Palaearctic),
589:(Palaearctic),
577:(Palaearctic),
549:(Palaearctic),
546:Malus domestica
537:(Palaearctic),
515:
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438:Papilio machaon
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359:Slovak Republic
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262:China (Xinyuan)
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1177:Fauna Europaea
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1010:External links
1008:
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935:(3): 415–416.
919:
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871:"The State of
861:
835:(1–4): 39–47.
809:
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776:Fauna europaea
768:
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717:. p. 45.
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598:Prunus spinosa
592:Prunus persica
568:Prunus cerasus
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483:Male underside
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799:on 2008-07-04
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414:IUCN Red List
411:
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336:sloe thickets
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304:Transcaucasia
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296:Lower Lusatia
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230:(Rosen, 1929)
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158:Binomial name
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1022:Lepiforum.de
995:. Retrieved
990:
986:
973:
932:
928:
922:
905:
895:
883:. Retrieved
878:
872:
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852:. Retrieved
845:the original
832:
828:
801:. Retrieved
797:the original
771:
748:
742:
709:
704:
621:
619:
615:
608:
602:
596:
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586:Prunus padus
584:
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562:Prunus avium
560:
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540:Malus pumila
538:
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375:
355:Morava River
350:
348:
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289:
286:Distribution
276:
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242:
238:Verity, 1911
234:
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198:Papilionidae
193:
189:
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166:
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148:
147:
135:
125:Papilionidae
18:
1280:IphiclPodal
1216:iNaturalist
1087:Wikispecies
654:Caterpillar
630:leaf litter
531:(Finland),
525:feeding on
523:polyphagous
420:Description
363:xerothermic
115:Lepidoptera
1355:Iphiclides
1349:Categories
997:28 October
993:(2): 25–36
854:27 October
803:2017-02-09
743:Iphiclides
684:References
641:Life cycle
634:photophase
517:Adults of
394:Luxembourg
300:Asia Minor
266:Else see:
217:Subspecies
212:Subspecies
136:Iphiclides
95:Arthropoda
52:Underside
38:Upperside
929:Oecologia
900:1989:138.
881:. TSE NGO
528:Crataegus
410:Macedonia
366:grassland
342:. In the
332:woodlands
330:and open
219:include:
143:Species:
81:Kingdom:
75:Eukaryota
1277:MaBENA:
1255:LepIndex
1234:11055862
1101:BioLib:
1072:Wikidata
957:28310405
626:diapause
429:wingspan
382:Slovakia
340:orchards
322:inhabit
175:Linnaeus
121:Family:
91:Phylum:
85:Animalia
71:Domain:
1208:1938214
965:1278796
937:Bibcode
913:of the
628:in the
513:Biology
402:Ukraine
390:Hungary
386:Germany
357:in the
324:gardens
314:Habitat
131:Genus:
111:Order:
105:Insecta
101:Class:
1332:377279
1306:110791
1260:167329
1247:174405
1182:440667
1156:PAPIIP
1143:131241
1078:Q31080
963:
955:
885:9 June
721:
551:Prunus
495:Female
427:has a
406:Poland
398:Russia
372:Status
328:fields
318:These
1267:LoB:
1229:IRMNG
1221:62749
1169:91052
1164:EUNIS
1130:6N94P
1117:32774
1104:51297
983:(PDF)
961:S2CID
848:(PDF)
825:(PDF)
678:Imago
604:Pyrus
1301:NCBI
1270:4012
1242:IUCN
1203:GBIF
1151:EPPO
1112:BOLD
999:2010
953:PMID
887:2018
856:2010
719:ISBN
715:IUCN
543:and
471:Male
453:and
408:and
344:Alps
302:and
188:The
179:1758
1319:730
1288:NBN
1138:EoL
1125:CoL
945:doi
837:doi
204:or
1351::
1329::
1316::
1303::
1290::
1257::
1244::
1231::
1218::
1205::
1192::
1179::
1166::
1153::
1140::
1127::
1114::
1089::
1074::
991:27
989:.
985:.
959:.
951:.
943:.
933:52
931:.
877:.
833:34
831:.
827:.
812:^
782:^
755:^
733:^
692:^
459:.
447:,
441:,
416:.
400:,
396:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
380:,
208:.
177:,
1001:.
967:.
947::
939::
889:.
858:.
839::
806:.
741:"
404:,
281:.
192:(
181:)
173:(
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