619:
570:
585:. In New Jersey, the scarlet snake has been recommended by the New Jersey Endangered and Nongame Advisory Committee that it be put on the threatened status for this species within the state, but no formal rule proposal has been filed to date. The Threatened status is largely due to population declines and habitat loss. Reasons for the decline in their population are a loss of habitat, illegal capture for the pet trade, road mortality, and direct killing.
100:
75:
51:
659:, and predatory birds and mammals. Scarlet snakes rarely bite when picked up by humans, although they can release a foul-smelling odor. The Scarlet snake will use its version of batesian mimicry and mimic the coral snake as a defense mechanism in order to reduce predation, and show predators that it is a venomous species.
597:
and is active only during the summer months. They can be found during the day beneath logs, under pine debris or other organic litter. They also burrow underground during the daytime hours, or use previously dug tunnels to reside in. At night they are often seen crossing roads, or prowling the forest
614:
of lizards, turtles, and other snakes. Their large, very sharp posterior teeth are used to slash open large reptile eggs. The snake will either squeeze an egg to expel its contents or thrust its head into the egg to break it open. The smallest reptile eggs are eaten in their entirety.
447:. The similar pattern exhibited by these three snakes is a form of mimicry known as batesian mimicry. This is a phenomenon in which members of a palatable species gain protection from predation by resembling or mimicking the defensive signaling of an unpalatable or defended species.
667:
The two greatest threats that scarlet snakes face are the destruction of their habitats because of commercial development and the rising rate of road mortality. Other threats are illegal capture of the species for the pet trade and intentional killing.
644:, with the typical clutch yielding five eggs. Breeding occurs throughout the spring months, and eggs are laid throughout the summer in burrows or under rocks. The eggs hatch two months after breeding, typically in the late summer or autumn.
864:
Lev-Yadun S. MĂĽllerian and
Batesian mimicry out, Darwinian and Wallacian mimicry in, for rewarding/rewardless flowers. Plant Signal Behav. 2018;13(6):e1480846. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1480846. Epub 2018 Jun 26. PMID 29888995; PMCID:
431:
blotches down the back. The belly is either a uniform light gray or white color. The dorsal blotches can extend down the sides of the body, appearing somewhat like banding or rings, which sometimes leads to confusion with other
1527:
1570:
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Weinell, J. L., & Austin, C. C. (2017). Refugia and
Speciation in North American Scarlet Snakes (Cemophora). Journal of Herpetology, 51(1), 161–171.
1405:
1444:
1187:
1164:. (with 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (
1018:
GOLDBERG, S. R., MAHRDT, R., & BEAMAN, K. R. (2014). CEMOPHORA COCCINEA COCCINEA (Florida
Scarletsnake). Herpetological Review, 45, 1.
618:
407:
The scarlet snake is relatively small, growing to a total length (including tail) of 14-26 inches (36–66 cm) at adult size. The
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Catalogue of the Snakes in the
British Museum (Natural History), Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ.
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1130:
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681:
244:
221:
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99:
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647:
In
Florida, one female scarlet snake laid 13 fertile eggs, which exceeded the largest reported clutch of 9 eggs.
696:
623:
772:
1357:
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London: Trustees of the
British Museum. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I-XX. (Genus
1319:
1197:
563:
283:
204:
1291:
467:, meaning "bearing", referring to the pronounced rostral scale characteristic of members of the genus.
569:
1392:
1366:
511:
1296:
1180:
Peterson Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition
1251:
796:
551:
392:
343:
317:
64:
1475:
990:"Notes on the Natural History of the Scarlet Snake Cemophora coccinea copei Jan in North Carolina"
951:"Notes on the Natural History of the Scarlet Snake Cemophora coccinea copei Jan in North Carolina"
744:
1555:
1233:
1162:
What Snake Is That?: A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky
Mountains
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230:
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347:
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31:
1514:
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A Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition
1522:
1137:. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48.
1041:
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in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than
408:
373:
270:
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areas. They prefer open forested areas with sandy soil, ground litter, and organic debris.
1496:
1182:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 207 Figures, 47 Plates.
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There is very little known about the reproductive habits of the scarlet snake. It is
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1272:. A Golden Nature Guide. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (Scarlet snake,
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The natural predators of the scarlet snake are snake-eating snakes such as the
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The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians
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743:". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T63740A12712279.
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161:
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1194:, pp. 367–368 + Figure 159 on p. 330 + Plates 32, 44).
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1244:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (
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https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63740A12712279.en
898:"312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians"
420:
1270:
Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species
676:
The following two subspecies are recognized as being valid.
562:. The species is more commonly found throughout most of the
1258:. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in two volumes) (
1216:
Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification
1118:
Magazin fĂĽr das Neueste aus der Physik und Naturgeschichte
1030:"Predator Cognition Permits Imperfect Coral Snake Mimicry"
919:
917:
1297:
Florida Museum of Natural History: Northern Scarlet Snake
835:
833:
831:
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827:
825:
1292:
Florida Museum of Natural History: Florida Scarlet Snake
30:"Scarlet snake" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1242:
A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles
1028:
Kikuchi, David W.; Pfennig, David W. (December 2010).
874:
Williams, Kenneth L. "Cemophora, C. coccinea." (1985).
1202:
Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1326:
760:". ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System).
1256:Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1127:, new species, p. 11). (in German and Latin).
925:"Scarlet snake. Conservation status: Threatened"
1157:, pp. 211–212 + Plates 30, 31 + Map 152).
799:(1967). "A Review of the Colubrid Snake Genus
988:Palmer, William M.; Tregembo, George (1970).
949:Palmer, William M.; Tregembo, George (1970).
8:
896:Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011),
1287:South Carolina Snake Species: Scarlet Snake
1106:, pp. 592–593 + Plates 595, 596, 607).
1314:
929:Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey
399:) was previously considered a subspecies.
73:
49:
38:
1571:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1204:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (
1168:, pp. 85–86 + Plate 26, Figure 78).
391:that are recognized as being valid. The
1576:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
1262:, pp. 111–115, Figure 36, Map 13).
732:
1094:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp.
7:
840:Gibbons, Whit; Dorcas, Mike (2005).
581:, the scarlet snake is listed as an
1551:IUCN Red List least concern species
1218:. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp.
747:. Downloaded on 28 September 2018.
459:, is derived from the Greek words
25:
482:. They are endemic to peninsular
640:, generally laying 2-9 eggs per
98:
1208:, pp. 193–194, Figure 60).
1072:http://www.reptile-database.org
844:. University of Georgia Press.
415:ground color, with a series of
379:. The species is native to the
885:https://doi.org/10.1670/15-125
1:
1160:Conant R, Bridges W (1939).
819:Wright & Wright, p. 113.
486:, and found in southeastern
411:pattern consists of a light
372:of nonvenomous snake in the
902:Indiana Administrative Code
682:Cemophora coccinea coccinea
1592:
1566:Reptiles described in 1788
598:floor searching for prey.
381:southeastern United States
29:
1070:". The Reptile Database.
805:Tulane Studies in Zoology
573:Large adult scarlet snake
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95:Scientific classification
93:
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62:
57:
48:
41:
706:– northern scarlet snake
697:Cemophora coccinea copei
627:, Northern scarlet snake
624:Cemophora coccinea copei
463:, meaning "muzzle", and
364:, commonly known as the
1561:Snakes of North America
1214:, Brodie ED Jr (1982).
1034:The American Naturalist
842:Snakes of the Southeast
692:– Florida scarlet snake
471:Geographic distribution
739:Hammerson GA (2007). "
628:
574:
564:Atlantic coastal plain
1276:, pp. 100, 156).
651:Predators and defense
621:
593:The scarlet snake is
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478:is found only in the
1309:The Reptile Database
1254:, Wright AA (1957).
1230:, pp. 178–179).
602:s diet consists of
552:disjunct populations
436:species such as the
278:Rhinostoma coccineus
1268:, Smith HM (1956).
1200:, Davis DD (1941).
717:trinomial authority
393:Texas scarlet snake
265:Heterodon coccineus
65:Conservation status
1358:Cemophora coccinea
1328:Cemophora coccinea
1260:Cemophora coccinea
1246:Cemophora coccinea
1228:Cemophora coccinea
1206:Cemophora coccinea
1192:Cemophora coccinea
1166:Cemophora coccinea
1155:Cemophora coccinea
1104:Cemophora coccinea
1090:, King FW (1979).
1068:Cemophora coccinea
785:Cemophora coccinea
783:, p. 213; species
741:Cemophora coccinea
629:
583:endangered species
575:
455:The generic name,
445:scarlet king snake
361:Cemophora coccinea
338:Cemophora coccinea
312:Cemophora coccinea
214:Cemophora coccinea
43:Cemophora coccinea
1538:
1537:
1510:Open Tree of Life
1320:Taxon identifiers
1274:Cemophora doliata
1188:978-0-544-12997-9
1125:Coluber coccineus
758:Cemopora coccinea
589:Behavior and diet
357:
356:
325:Cemophora doliata
291:Simotes coccineus
240:Coluber coccineus
88:
32:Scarlet kingsnake
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841:
815:
807:
804:
800:
792:
784:
780:
776:
773:Boulenger GA
768:
762:www.itis.gov
757:
752:
740:
735:
720:
710:
709:
695:
680:
675:
666:
663:Conservation
654:
646:
635:
632:Reproduction
622:
600:C. coccinea'
599:
592:
576:
558:and central
475:
474:
464:
460:
456:
454:
441:coral snakes
406:
396:
388:
365:
360:
359:
358:
337:
324:
311:
290:
277:
264:
251:
239:
213:
211:
195:
194:
182:
42:
36:
1471:NatureServe
1419:iNaturalist
1352:Wikispecies
1234:Stejneger L
865:PMC6110362.
797:Williams KL
657:coral snake
504:Mississippi
498:, parts of
476:C. coccinea
403:Description
389:C. coccinea
348:A.A. Wright
344:A.H. Wright
1545:Categories
1198:Schmidt KP
1176:Collins JT
1123:: 13–24. (
787:, p. 214).
727:References
688:Blumenbach
672:Subspecies
556:New Jersey
490:, eastern
419:-bordered
385:subspecies
377:Colubridae
331:H.M. Smith
245:Blumenbach
222:Blumenbach
172:Colubridae
158:Suborder:
1556:Cemophora
1372:Cemophora
1304:Cemophora
1252:Wright AH
1238:Barbour T
1112:(1788). "
1088:Behler JL
1054:0003-0147
967:0018-0831
801:Cemophora
781:Cemophora
721:Cemophora
712:Nota bene
638:oviparous
595:nocturnal
524:Tennessee
500:Louisiana
457:Cemophora
451:Etymology
434:sympatric
397:C. lineri
190:Species:
183:Cemophora
162:Serpentes
118:Kingdom:
112:Eukaryota
1528:coccinea
1476:2.105886
1437:10370255
1343:Q1787849
1337:Wikidata
1240:(1917).
1212:Smith HM
1178:(2016).
1172:Powell R
1133:(1975).
1131:Conant R
775:(1894).
606:, small
560:Missouri
548:Delaware
544:Maryland
540:Virginia
532:Illinois
528:Kentucky
496:Arkansas
492:Oklahoma
438:venomous
284:Holbrook
271:Schlegel
231:Synonyms
168:Family:
152:Squamata
142:Reptilia
132:Chordata
128:Phylum:
122:Animalia
108:Domain:
85:IUCN 3.1
1515:1032598
1411:2459246
1006:3891254
975:3891254
934:29 July
803:Cope".
690:, 1788)
610:, the
608:rodents
604:lizards
579:Indiana
550:; with
536:Indiana
512:Georgia
508:Alabama
484:Florida
370:species
368:, is a
224:, 1788)
178:Genus:
148:Order:
138:Class:
83: (
1450:174195
1398:795461
1301:Genus
1266:Zim HS
1222:
1186:
1149:
1141:
1098:
1052:
1004:
973:
965:
907:28 Apr
848:
704:, 1863
642:clutch
546:, and
465:phoros
429:yellow
409:dorsal
374:family
350:, 1957
346:&
333:, 1952
320:, 1860
307:, 1854
303:&
301:Bibron
286:, 1842
273:, 1837
260:, 1820
258:Merrem
247:, 1788
1502:97918
1489:94897
1463:63740
1432:IRMNG
1424:27376
1002:JSTOR
971:JSTOR
488:Texas
461:Kemos
425:white
417:black
1484:NCBI
1458:IUCN
1445:ITIS
1406:GBIF
1385:S548
1220:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1050:ISSN
963:ISSN
936:2020
909:2012
846:ISBN
715:: A
612:eggs
413:gray
318:Cope
1393:EoL
1380:CoL
1367:ADW
1307:at
1190:. (
1116:".
1102:. (
1042:doi
1038:176
702:Jan
577:In
554:in
427:or
421:red
387:of
1547::
1525::
1523:RD
1512::
1499::
1486::
1473::
1460::
1447::
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1421::
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1354::
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1236:,
1048:.
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998:26
996:.
992:.
969:.
959:26
957:.
953:.
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542:,
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530:,
526:,
522:,
518:,
514:,
510:,
506:,
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494:,
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299:,
295:—
282:—
269:—
256:—
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1074:.
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1056:.
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977:.
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854:.
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686:(
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