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materials in different areas, they were made from buttress root, mulga wood and bark. A handle is attached or carved on the back and the shield was often painted with red and white patterns. Arragong and
Tawarrang shields were carved of wood often with an outer layer of bark. Tawarrang shields were notably narrow and long and had patterns carved into the sides. This particular category of shield could also be used as a musical instrument when struck with a club, in addition to its use as a weapon.
191:
491:
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233:
is another form of bark canoe, the bark on the tree was cut-out in a shape of a canoe, it was then propped up all round the edge with the help of sticks and weighted in the middle with stones and logs of wood, then a fire is made inside and under the bark to heat the sap and make it pliable and soft.
169:
To remove bark, the
Aboriginal people cut an outline of the shape they wanted using stone axes or, once Europeans had arrived, steel axes. The bark was then levered off. Sometimes the axe marks made by Aboriginal people are still visible on the sapwood of the tree, but usually the marks will be
371:
Aboriginal shields come in two main types, Broad shields, and
Parrying shields. Parrying shields parry blows from a club whereas broad shields block spears. Shields for parrying are thick, strong and narrow, whereas broad shields are wide but thin. Aboriginal shields were made from different
111:
Bark was removed by making deep cuts in a tree with a stone pickaxe or other similar tool. The area of bark removed is typically regular in shape, often with parallel sides and slightly pointed or rounded ends, and the scar usually stops above ground level. Australian native
801:
1439:
316:. In Northwest, trees were carved with figures of emu and kangaroo but an overwhelming majority of the engravings were of snakes, some of which undulated across the tree while others coiled onto themselves. In
1145:
248:
technology appeared in northern
Australia coastline, to supplement the bark canoe, causing many changes to both the hunting practices and the society of the northern coastline Aboriginal peoples.
349:
1728:
364:
Shields were made from bark or wood and usually had carved markings or painted designs. Shields were mainly used by
Aboriginal warriors to defend themselves in dispute battles, often for
170:
hidden because the bark has grown back. The amount of bark regrowth may help you tell the age of the scar. Sometimes, if the scar is very old, it will be completely covered by regrowth
221:
Bark canoes were made from massive single piece of bark. They were softened over fire, tied at both ends to make a canoe shape and used sticks or spars to keep it open. The resin from
459:
304:
In
Western Australia, a form of tree carving also occurred in the southwest where trees near the burial sites were sometimes carved. Notches and figures daubed red are known for the
1117:
1411:
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such as territory. A shield which had not lost a battle was thought to be inherently powerful and was a prized possession. They could also be used in many ceremonial traditions.
1919:
1381:
229:. A small fire was kept alight in the bark canoe on a bed of wet clay or seaweed. This kept people warm in the winter and also allowed them to cook the fish they had caught.
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It is then left to dry in the canoe shape. Bark strips could also be sewn together to make larger canoes, known as Gumung derrka and Na-riyarrku or sewn bark canoes.
1313:
1135:
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were removed and placed in museums, but there is now a move not only to return these trees to the land of origin, but also to revive the practice of carved trees.
1956:
1716:
1444:
1886:
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1160:
431:
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312:, circles for the 'Southwest. Notches are cut on two trees for each grave, an even number of notches for a man, an uneven for a woman, by the tribes from
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Bark canoes were mainly used for fishing or crossing rivers or lakes rather than long journeys. They were usually propelled by punting with a long stick.
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1951:
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Aboriginal people removed bark from trees to make things like canoes, containers and shields, as well as to build temporary shelters. Sometimes they cut
783:
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471:
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Many carved trees were destroyed by land clearing, bush fires, farming and natural decay. During the 19th century, sections of these carved trees from
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are created as a form of artistic and spiritual expression by some
Aboriginal peoples, to mark sites of significance such as burial sites.
1934:
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829:"An Aboriginal shield collected in 1770 at Kamay Botany Bay: an indicator of pre-colonial exchange systems in south-eastern Australia"
1820:
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136:, or whichever species are native in the area. Scars remain in trees that are often over 200 years old. Sometimes there is exposed
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225:(grass tree) was used to waterproof the base and were also used to repair any leaks or small holes. This bark canoe is called
21:
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Aboriginal people made several kinds of bark canoes. Bark canoes were made from the bark of certain trees, notably
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1356:
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26:
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Carved trees are known across
Australia in various forms. Most remarkable example of carved trees are found in
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121:
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Left: Aboriginal men making bark shields, c. 1905. Right: Bark shield painted with bright colors, c. 1905.
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57:
1865:
1800:
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1396:
1112:
1102:
562:
117:
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1521:
412:
320:, carved trees with zoomorphs and anthropomorphs in a form of snakes, lizards and humans are known.
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1971:
1881:
1810:
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732:
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211:
129:
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1995:
1341:
1303:
881:
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324:
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261:
195:
183:
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1040:
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peoples. They were created to mark sites of particular ceremonial significance, such as
241:
called the trees thus marked as scarred trees, scar trees, canoe trees or shield trees.
1976:
1871:
1743:
1648:
478:
163:) and nestling it into the hot coals is one of traditional aboriginal way of cooking.
1008:
624:
580:
2022:
1686:
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893:
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53:
1876:
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1213:
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30:
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Bundoora, Victoria has six scarred trees on their campus. They have developed a
294:
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751:"Carvings on Australia's boab trees reveal a generation's lost history"
381:
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870:"A Shield Loaded with History: Encounters, Objects and Exhibitions"
1658:
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61:
20:
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area. Circles and other carved ornamentations are reported for
380:
Scarred trees are found among mature native trees, especially
977:. New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service. 2005.
1020:
661:"Aboriginal canoe trees around found along the Murray River"
733:"Identification of Australian Aboriginal Mortuary Remains"
563:"6 Native Australian Ingredients And What They Taste Like"
731:
F. Oxenham, Marc; Knight, Tom; Westaway, Michael (2008).
140:
at the base or at the top of the scar, showing axe cuts.
437:
Canoe scarring on a tree at
Waikerie on the River Murray
915:"Photographs of canoe trees of the Murray River region"
1036:
425:
trail or information can be found on their website.
1907:
1762:
1672:
1569:
1512:
1410:
1332:
1174:
1126:
1078:
1470:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
155:. Wrapping meat or seafood in layers of moistened
971:Aboriginal scarred trees in NSW - a field manual
737:Forensic Approaches to Death, Disaster and Abuse
784:"Carved trees bring indigenous history to life"
1957:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
1460:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
766:"Moulding and Casting Aboriginal Carved Trees"
705:Korff, Jens; Spirits, Creative (6 July 2019).
1445:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
1056:
919:State Library of South Australia: Collections
395:Canoe trees have been photographed along the
147:for ease of climbing, with the trees used as
8:
1552:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
1537:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
1509:
1063:
1049:
1041:
700:
698:
696:
844:
689:. Kangaroo Press. pp. 132, 137–139.
1274:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
1146:People from politics and public service
525:
427:
182:Bark canoe in process of construction,
1072:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
477:Scar tree stump protected by shelter,
16:Trees carved by Aboriginal Australians
1029:– Gallery of photos of scar trees in
531:
529:
392:. They are protected by legislation.
388:trees, along rivers and lakes and at
7:
1254:Literature of Indigenous Australians
827:Attenbrow, V; Cartwright, C (2014).
72:, tools, traps, containers (such as
764:Grimwade, Gordon (1 January 1995).
739:. Australian Academic Press: 37–54.
687:Sydney and Blue Mountains Bushwalks
647:Australian National Maritime Museum
537:"Fact sheet: Aboriginal Scar Trees"
281:, and are the work specifically of
1435:Aborigines Progressive Association
14:
2034:History of Indigenous Australians
868:Nugent, M; Sculthorpe, G (2018).
607:"Bark canoe from New South Wales"
301:, dendroglyphs and teleteglyphs.
629:State Library of South Australia
489:
470:
458:
442:
430:
348:
339:
96:Aboriginal men in a bark canoe,
2029:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft
1773:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
1003:Currency Creek, South Australia
993:"The Currency Creek Canoe Tree"
802:"Australian Aboriginal Shields"
508:Australian Aboriginal artefacts
407:in South Australia, and on the
1985:Uluru Statement from the Heart
1402:Torres Strait Island languages
1:
1450:Australian Aborigines' League
1430:Aborigines Advancement League
1347:Australian Aboriginal English
940:"Indigenous markings at RMIT"
886:10.1080/1031461X.2017.1408663
874:Australian Historical Studies
268:
218:and were made during summer.
101:
1490:National Reconciliation Week
1009:"Did you know?: Canoe trees"
806:Joy of Museums Virtual Tours
581:"Did you know?: Canoe trees"
1542:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
1480:Registered Aboriginal Party
1465:National Indigenous Council
1352:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
625:"Aboriginal Canoe Building"
496:Carved tree created in 2012
2050:
1920:Constitutional recognition
1789:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
1425:Aboriginal Medical Service
707:"Aboriginal scarred trees"
515:— naturally occurring scar
52:, is a tree which has had
1314:Traditional custodianship
846:10.1017/S0003598X00050754
297:. They are also known as
25:Canoe scarring on trees,
1779:Australian Frontier Wars
1485:Reconciliation Australia
465:Canoe scarring, Victoria
1831:Australian history wars
1692:Contemporary visual art
1108:Torres Strait Islanders
449:Wiradjuri carved tree,
403:and Kroehns Landing at
1527:Kimberley Land Council
1377:Pama–Nyungan languages
1367:Loanwords into English
1284:Religion and mythology
1237:Torres Strait Islander
1088:Aboriginal Australians
770:Australian Archaeology
274:
239:Indigenous Australians
199:
187:
108:
58:Aboriginal Australians
33:
1866:Native Title Act 1993
1801:Cummeragunja walk-off
1547:Northern Land Council
1397:Torres Strait English
1324:Torres Strait Islands
788:Australian Geographic
665:Discover Murray River
611:The Australian Museum
259:
244:In the 17th century,
193:
181:
95:
24:
1522:Central Land Council
685:Paton, Neil (2004).
413:Hay, New South Wales
60:for the creation of
1279:Outstation movement
1118:Western Australians
1015:. 26 November 2009.
808:. Australian Museum
753:. 18 November 2022.
541:Aboriginal Victoria
1972:Stolen Generations
1962:Self-determination
1882:Stolen Generations
1816:Historical figures
1796:Caledon Bay crisis
1619:Fire-stick farming
1532:Maralinga Tjarutja
1151:Performing artists
587:. 26 November 2009
409:Murrumbidgee River
275:
264:, photographed by
200:
188:
109:
68:, weapons such as
44:, also known as a
34:
2016:
2015:
1899:Western Australia
1634:Possum-skin cloak
1565:
1564:
1557:Tiwi Land Council
1392:Taboo on the dead
1357:Australian Creole
1098:Aboriginal groups
1027:. 20 August 2016.
543:. 27 October 2019
451:Grave of Yuranigh
2041:
1510:
1342:Avoidance speech
1304:Smoking ceremony
1065:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1028:
1016:
1001:– Canoe tree at
1000:
999:. 18 March 2020.
988:
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839:(341): 833–895.
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711:Creative Spirits
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423:self-guided tour
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272: 1889–1894
270:
194:Bark canoe from
116:species such as
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2044:
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2040:
2039:
2038:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2012:
1952:Media portrayal
1915:1967 Referendum
1903:
1811:Gurindji Strike
1806:Day of Mourning
1758:
1668:
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1508:
1406:
1362:Language groups
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1031:New South Wales
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963:Further reading
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325:New South Wales
279:New South Wales
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262:New South Wales
260:Carved tree in
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196:New South Wales
184:South Australia
176:
151:or to hunt for
124:(especially in
104:
98:South Australia
90:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2037:
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2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1981:
1980:
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1977:Half-Caste Act
1969:
1967:Reconciliation
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1954:
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1945:Protected Area
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1872:Pilbara strike
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1161:Visual artists
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790:. 6 June 2011.
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567:MICHELIN Guide
554:
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479:Newell Highway
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453:. c. 1850
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212:swamp mahogany
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130:swamp mahogany
89:
86:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2009:
2008:Voting rights
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1860:Native police
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1687:Bark painting
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1940:Native title
1894:Tent embassy
1877:Pintupi Nine
1864:
1784:Bathurst War
1771:
1754:Yininmadyemi
1739:Sandpainting
1734:Papunya Tula
1729:NATSIA Award
1717:Music groups
1639:Scarred tree
1638:
1609:Dugout canoe
1299:Sacred sites
1214:The Dreaming
1156:Sportspeople
1024:
1021:"Scar Trees"
1012:
996:
970:
948:. Retrieved
943:
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417:
397:Murray River
394:
390:sacred sites
379:
370:
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322:
306:Harvey River
303:
295:burial sites
276:
252:Carved trees
246:dugout canoe
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223:Xanthorrhoea
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82:Carved trees
81:
49:
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38:scarred tree
37:
35:
31:Murray River
18:
1935:Land rights
1838:King plates
1654:Sweet foods
1624:Food groups
1594:Bush tucker
1334:Language(s)
1269:NAIDOC Week
1219:Enumeration
1128:Individuals
1093:Communities
950:10 February
481:, south of
366:commodities
299:arborglyphs
208:stringybark
174:Bark canoes
105: 1870
88:Description
76:) or other
62:bark canoes
56:removed by
50:shield tree
2023:Categories
1826:Prehistory
1749:Visual art
1702:Didgeridoo
1614:Fibrecraft
1589:Bush bread
1455:Mass media
1382:Placenames
1259:Marn Grook
1249:Kurdaitcha
1232:Aboriginal
1194:Corroboree
1113:Victorians
1103:Tasmanians
1025:Scar trees
520:References
318:Queensland
291:initiation
266:Henry King
153:bush foods
46:canoe tree
1848:Black War
1843:Massacres
1682:Artefacts
1579:Boomerang
1571:Bushcraft
1495:Sorry Day
1309:Songlines
1184:Astronomy
1141:Musicians
1136:Activists
1013:SA Memory
894:149036662
880:: 28–43.
855:162933814
833:Antiquity
585:SA Memory
513:Leaf scar
405:Nildottie
376:Locations
314:Esperance
287:Wiradjuri
283:Gamilaroi
216:river box
198:, c. 1842
161:melaleuca
157:paperbark
145:toe holds
134:river box
78:artefacts
74:coolamons
42:scar tree
1855:Missions
1707:Dreaming
1604:Coolamon
1475:Politics
1319:Tjurunga
924:18 March
716:18 March
670:18 March
643:"Canoes"
591:18 March
502:See also
401:Waikerie
149:lookouts
126:Victoria
114:Eucalypt
66:shelters
27:Waikerie
1887:Apology
1821:History
1764:History
1664:Woomera
1440:AIATSIS
1294:Seasons
1244:Kinship
1209:Deities
1199:Country
1176:Culture
1166:Writers
1080:Peoples
547:20 July
386:red gum
382:box gum
331:Shields
204:red gum
186:c. 1862
138:sapwood
122:red gum
70:shields
29:by the
1991:Treaty
1930:Health
1908:Issues
1372:Palawa
1228:Flags
1224:Elders
981:
946:. 2021
899:11 May
892:
853:
812:11 May
2001:Voice
1996:Truth
1925:Crime
1712:Music
1697:Dance
1659:Waddy
1644:Soaks
1629:Humpy
1420:ATSIC
975:(PDF)
890:S2CID
851:S2CID
483:Dubbo
411:near
310:Perth
1744:Vibe
1722:Rock
1674:Arts
1584:Buka
1504:TSRA
1289:Riji
1189:Bora
979:ISBN
952:2021
944:RMIT
926:2020
901:2021
814:2021
718:2020
672:2020
593:2020
549:2020
419:RMIT
384:and
285:and
237:Non-
231:Yuki
227:Nawi
214:and
120:and
54:bark
48:and
882:doi
841:doi
399:at
293:or
128:),
118:box
40:or
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