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369:: "Oh, I'll sing you some scat songs. That was way before Louis Armstrong's time. By the way, scat is something that a lot of people don't understand, and they begin to believe that the first scat numbers was ever done, was done by one of my hometown boys, Louis Armstrong. But I must take the credit away, since I know better. The first man that ever did a scat number in history of this country was a man from Vicksburg, Mississippi, by the name of Joe Sims, an old comedian. And from that,
478:"I dropped the paper with the lyrics—right in the middle of the tune. . . And I did not want to stop and spoil the record which was moving along so wonderfully . . . So when I dropped the paper, I immediately turned back into the horn and started to scatting . . . Just as nothing had happened . . . When I finished the record I just knew the recording people would throw it out . . . And to my surprise they all came running out of the controlling booth and said—'Leave That In.'"
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1013:, it is typical to convert drum rhythms into vocal melodies; common rhythmic patterns are assigned specific syllabic translations. However, this theory fails to account for the existence—even in the earliest recorded examples of scatting—of free improvisation by the vocalist. It is therefore more likely that scat singing evolved independently in the United States.
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Scatting may be desirable because it does not "taint the music with the impurity of denotation." Instead of conveying linguistic content and pointing to something outside itself, scat music—like instrumental music—is self-referential and "d what it mean." Through this wordlessness, commentators have
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In her 1949 performance of "Flyin' Home," Fitzgerald alternates the bilabial "b" and "p" plosives with the alveolar plosive "d". The "b" and "p" sounds are formed similarly to the sounds of jazz wind instruments, which sound by the release of built-up mouth air pressure onto the reed, while the "d"
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singing wordlessly. Hall's wordless vocals and "evocative growls" were hailed as serving as "another instrument." Although creativity must be shared between
Ellington and Hall as he knew the style of performance he wanted, Hall was the one who was able to produce the sound. A year later, in October
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Others have proposed that scat singing arose from jazz musicians' practice of formulating riffs vocally before performing them instrumentally. (The adage "If you can't sing it, you can't play it" was common in the early New
Orleans jazz scene.) In this manner, soloists like Louis Armstrong became
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The bop revival of the 1970s renewed interest in bop scat singing, and young scat singers viewed themselves as a continuation of the classic bop tradition. The medium continues to evolve, and vocal improvisation now often develops independently of changes in instrumental jazz.
206:. Leo Watson, who performed before the canon of American popular music, frequently drew on nursery rhymes in his scatting. This is called using a compression. Similarly, Ella Fitzgerald's scatting, for example, drew extensively on popular music. In her 1960 recording of "
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Fitzgerald herself would become a talented scat singer and later claimed to be the "best vocal improviser jazz has ever had," and critics since then have been in almost universal agreement with her. During this 1930s era, other famous scat singers included
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It was
Armstrong's February 1926 performance of "Heebie Jeebies," however, that is considered the turning point for the medium. From the 1926 recording of "Heebie Jeebies" arose the techniques that would form the foundation of modern scat. In a possibly
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has written that Louis
Armstrong's scatting, for example, "has tapped into his own core of emotion," releasing emotions "so deep, so real" that they are unspeakable; his words "bypass our ears and our brains and go directly for our hearts and souls."
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Sarah
Vaughan tends to use the fricative consonant "sh" along with the low, back of the mouth "ah" vowel. The "sh" closely resembles the sound of brushes, common in the bop era, on drum heads; the "ah" vowel resonates similarly to the bass
474:, his sheet music fell off the stand and onto the ground. Not knowing the lyrics to the song, he invented a gibberish melody to fill time, expecting the cut to be thrown out in the end, but that take of the song was the one released:
168:). The choice of scat syllables can also be used to reflect the sounds of different instruments. The comparison of the scatting styles of Ella Fitzgerald and Sarah Vaughan reveals that Fitzgerald's improvisation mimics the sounds of
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sound is similar to the tonguing on jazz brass instruments. William
Stewart, a Seattle researcher, has proposed that this alternation simulates the exchange of riffs between the wind and brass sections that is common in big bands.
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Scat singing can allow jazz singers to have the same improvisational opportunities as jazz instrumentalists: scatting can be rhythmically and harmonically improvisational without concern about the lyric. Especially when
1001:. In much African music, "human voice and instruments assume a kind of musical parity" and are "at times so close in timbre and so inextricably interwoven within the music's fabric as to be nearly indistinguishable."
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954:: "Sometimes my rhythms come from scatting. I usually make a scat kind of skeleton and then fill in the words. I make a skeleton of the flow first, and then I put words into it." The group
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Armstrong's "Heebie
Jeebies" became a national bestseller and, consequently, the practice of scatting "became closely associated with Armstrong." The song would serve as a model for
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that are typically performed by bass players. A technique most commonly used by bass singers in a cappella groups is to simulate an instrumental rhythm section, often alongside a
860:'s performances have shown that "wordless singing has traveled far from the concepts demonstrated by Louis Armstrong, Gladys Bentley, Cab Calloway, Anita O'Day, and Leo Watson."
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scatted through a few bars in the middle of his 1911 recording of "That
Haunting Melody." Gene Greene's 1917 "From Here to Shanghai," which featured faux-Chinese scatting, and
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An early master of the technique of improvising nonsense syllables to a jazz melody, Mr. Crothers said: 'I told him to call me
Scatman because I do a lot of scat singing.'
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also featured scat vocals in their 1925 recording of "My Papa Doesn't Two-Time No Time" five months prior to
Armstrong's 1926 recording of "Heebie Jeebies."
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Morton also once boasted, "Tony Jackson and myself were using scat for novelty back in 1906 and 1907 when Louis Armstrong was still in the orphan's home."
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regularly employed scatting on their records, including the high complexity of scatting at the same time, in harmony. An example is their version of "
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offers an extreme view; he once said that "scat singing—with only a couple exceptions—should be banned." He also wrote the lyrics to the jazz song "
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768:, a bop singer, expressed a common sentiment among vocalists at the time: "The music was so exciting, everyone wanted to do it." And many did:
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scatted an interlude on his 1923 "Old Fashioned Love" in lieu of using an instrumental soloist. One of the early female singers to use scat was
199:, and Bam Brown's 1945 song "Avocado Seed Soup Symphony," in which the singers scat variations on the word "avocado" for much of the recording.
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314:" is often cited as the first modern song to employ scatting, there are many earlier examples. One early master of ragtime scat singing was
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was the product of an unusually liberal musical education. He took the scat singing idea and applied it to the works of Bach, creating
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The deliberate choice of scat syllables is also a key element in vocal jazz improvisation. Syllable choice influences the pitch,
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Grant, Barry Keith (1995). "Purple Passages or Fiestas in Blue? Notes Toward an Aesthetic of Vocalese". In Gabbard, Krin (ed.).
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Free jazz and the influence of world musicians on the medium pushed jazz singing nearer to avant-garde art music. In the 1960s
270:'s scatting during his 1911 recording of "That Haunting Melody" has been cited as one of the earliest examples of scat singing
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Following the success of Armstrong's "Heebie Jeebies," a number of popular songs featured scat singing. In June 1927,
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Stewart, Milton L. (1987). "Stylistic Environment and the Scat Singing Styles of Ella Fitzgerald and Sarah Vaughan".
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who recorded scat choruses in his song "King of the Bungaloos" and several others between 1911 and 1917. Entertainer
2356:Ó Nualláin, Sean (2002). "On Tonality in Irish Music". In McKevitt, Paul; Ó Nualláin, Sean; Mulvihill, Conn (eds.).
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or without words at all. In scat singing, the singer improvises melodies and rhythms using the voice solely as an
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or diddling, a type of vocal music that involves using nonsensical syllables to sing non-vocal dance tunes.
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In addition to such nonsensical uses of language, humor is communicated in scat singing through the use of
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was developing, singers found scat to be the best way to adequately engage in the performance of jazz.
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Over the years, as jazz music developed and grew in complexity, scat singing did as well. During the
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The Rhythm Boys (Harry Barris scatting, Bing Crosby et al), "The Mississippi Mud" written by Barris
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732:." As a young girl, Fitzgerald often practiced imitating Connee Boswell's scatting for hours.
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Scat singing has never been universally accepted, even by jazz enthusiasts. Writer and critic
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able to double as vocalists, switching effortlessly between instrumental solos and scatting.
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was inclined to use sounds like "louie-ooie-la-la-la" (soft-tongued sounds or liquids) while
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353:, as the creator of scat around the turn of the 20th century. In a conversation between
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Vocal bass is a form of scat singing that is intended to vocally simulate instrumental
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of the performance. Syllable choice also differentiated jazz singers' personal styles:
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1119: – Phenomenon in which people speak words apparently in languages unknown to them
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exemplified the use of humorous scatting. Other examples of humorous scatting include
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Vocal improvisation with wordless vocables, nonsense syllables or without words at all
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story, Armstrong claimed that, when he was recording "Heebie Jeebies" with his band
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has been recorded demonstrating exactly how this method works, and gangsta rapper
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364:: "Well, what about some more scat songs, that you used to sing way back then?"
326:'s 1924 "Scissor Grinder Joe" and "Some of These Days" also pre-date Armstrong.
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844:) renewed interest in the genre briefly when he began fusing jazz singing with
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Improvisational singing of nonsense syllables occurs in many cultures, such as
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of the 1940s, more highly developed vocal improvisation surged in popularity.
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Though scat singing is improvised, the melodic lines are often variations on
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387:: "Scat doesn't mean anything but just something to give a song a flavor."
2017:
Jazz Singing: America's Great Voices from Bessie Smith to Bebop and Beyond
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with which she performed, while Vaughan's mimics that of her accompanying
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728:." The Boswell Sisters' "inventive use of scat singing was a source for
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1941:
Edwards, Brent Hayes (2002). "Louis Armstrong and the Syntax of Scat".
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written, scat singing can describe matters beyond words. Music critic
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has suggested that scat singing arose from instrumental soloists like
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963:
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is considered to be one of the greatest scat singers in jazz history
2504:
Underneath A Harlem Moon: The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall
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840:
During the mid-1990s, jazz artist John Paul Larkin (better known as
1956:
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1928, Ellington repeated the experiment in one of his versions of "
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Leonard, Neil (Spring–Summer 1986). "The Jazzman's Verbal Usage".
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2250:"Library of Congress Narrative. Jelly Roll Morton and Alan Lomax"
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296:
106:
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Pressing, Jeff (1988). "Improvisation: Methods and Models". In
377:. And found it was pretty good for an introduction of a song."
187:
Humor is another important element of scat singing. Bandleader
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and Jelly Roll Morton, Morton recounted the history of scat:
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use scat singing to come up with the rhythms of their raps.
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210:" live in Berlin, she quotes over a dozen songs, including "
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were banned there and scat singing was a criminal offence."
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Scat singing also resembles the Irish/Scottish practice of
448:" was the most influential early example of scat singing.
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2329:
Ella Fitzgerald: A Biography of the First Lady of Jazz
997:
Some writers have proposed that scat has its roots in
137:—each uses predetermined formulas in innovative ways.
2548:
Ella Fitzgerald & Sammy Davis, Jr., "S'Wonderful"
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Sarah Vaughan & Wynton Marsalis, "Autumn Leaves"
2524:"Musical: 'Heebie Jeebies,' A Boswells Life In Song"
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1988:
How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC
1893:
Thinking in Jazz: The Infinite Art of Improvisation
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2134:
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2014:
1890:
1198:, the records of British trumpeter and bandleader
1005:likewise attributes scat singing to traditions of
740:—who would go on to movie and television fame—and
726:It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)
693:It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)
2169:Such Sweet Thunder: Views on Black American Music
1604:
1602:
2362:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 306–307.
2108:""How to Rap" and Grading Hip-hop's Professors"
1814:
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476:
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1107: – Rapping style within the hip hop genre
1101: – Wordless open semantic form of writing
2583:
1687:
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1683:
748:whose scat-singing recordings were banned in
8:
2046:Rhythm-A-Ning: Jazz Tradition and Innovation
334:, who included it at the end of a duet with
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1234:
599:" with scat singing by Gertrude "Baby" Cox.
373:and myself, and several more grabbed it in
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3381:
2590:
2576:
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1802:
852:, scoring a world-wide hit with the song "
156:would prefer "shoo-doo-shoo-bee-ooo-bee" (
2219:(1985). "A Taxonomy of Sound Poetry". In
2167:. In Baszak, Mark; Cohen, Edward (eds.).
1856:
1660:
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542:/ I Left My Sugar Standing in the Rain."
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1916:Crowther, Bruce; Pinfold, Mike (1997).
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2271:(1/2). St. Louis University: 151–159.
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880:. Some notable vocal bass artists are
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677:"It Don't Mean a Thing" (1932) excerpt
632:" scatted on several songs including "
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277:
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1113: – Nonsensical speech or writing
253:"That Haunting Melody" (1911) excerpt
7:
2411:New Grove Dictionary of Music Online
1242:
958:describe a similar process. Rapper
486:, whose 1930s scat solos inspired
303:in various religious traditions.
14:
3945:Album covers of Blue Note Records
2553:Billy Stewart Sitting In The Park
2522:Wilson, John S. (June 19, 1981).
2173:University of Massachusetts Press
2165:"The Vocal Jazz Group: A History"
2106:Godfrey, Sarah (April 15, 2010).
966:used it extensively in his song "
948:states the following in the book
538:scat on their 1927 recording of "
490:'s use of the medium in his 1935
3993:
2458:Musical Style and Social Meaning
1083:
993:) formulating jazz riffs vocally
819:. Scat singing was also used by
808:were all singers in the idiom.
707:Problems playing this file? See
681:
607:Problems playing this file? See
585:
558:Problems playing this file? See
525:
521:"Mississippi Mud" (1927) excerpt
456:Problems playing this file? See
431:
338:in their hit 1924 recording of "
278:Problems playing this file? See
257:
129:has compared Ella Fitzgerald to
23:
2501:Williams, Iain Cameron (2003).
2264:Black American Literature Forum
2075:(May 9, 2011). "The Jazz Age".
854:Scatman (Ski Ba Bop Ba Dop Bop)
427:"Heebie Jeebies" (1926) excerpt
76:medium. This is different from
3325:Institutions and organizations
2404:Robinson, J. Bradford (2007).
1073:, have avoided scat entirely.
1009:in African-American music. In
636:," which Barris had composed.
121:", for instance, use the same
1:
3022:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
2427:"Scatman Crothers Dies at 76"
2383:Generative Processes in Music
1144: – Microgenre of hip hop
89:Structure and syllable choice
2303:Duke Ellington and His World
856:" in 1994. Vocal improviser
409:Heebie Jeebies (composition)
2482:Jazzforschung/Jazz Research
1899:University of Chicago Press
1815:Crowther & Pinfold 1997
1721:Crowther & Pinfold 1997
1709:Crowther & Pinfold 1997
1409:Crowther & Pinfold 1997
1356:Crowther & Pinfold 1997
1138: – Genre of literature
581:"The Mooche" (1928) excerpt
328:Cliff "Ukulele Ike" Edwards
4046:
2359:Language, Vision and Music
2325:Nicholson, Stuart (1993).
2141:. Durham, North Carolina:
999:African musical traditions
406:
3989:
3351:See Template: Jazz theory
1194:, p. 302: In 1930s "
382:: "What does scat mean?"
117:'s scat performances of "
2455:Scott, Derek B. (2017).
2335:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2300:Lawrence, A. H. (2001).
2051:Cambridge, Massachusetts
823:and others in the song "
2085:Oxford University Press
2023:Charles Scribner's Sons
744:trumpeter and vocalist
695:" with scat singing by
658:Joe "Tricky Sam" Nanton
643:'s Orchestra recorded "
224:Smoke Gets in Your Eyes
2248:Hill, Michael (2014).
1985:Edwards, Paul (2009).
994:
670:
574:
546:mimics the sound of a
514:
480:
444:'s 1926 recording of "
420:
389:
351:Vicksburg, Mississippi
310:'s 1926 recording of "
246:
2408:. In Macy, L. (ed.).
2254:Monrovia Sound Studio
2143:Duke University Press
981:
669:
639:On October 26, 1927,
573:
513:
419:
407:Further information:
359:
349:credited Joe Sims of
245:
3739:Bibliography of jazz
3519:Continental European
2221:Kostelanetz, Richard
2196:For the Love of Ivie
2120:on September 8, 2012
1993:Chicago Review Press
1131:List of scat singers
825:I Wan'na Be Like You
3980:Straight, No Chaser
3769:Straight-ahead jazz
3226:Winter & Winter
2675:French horn in jazz
2439:. November 23, 1986
2233:. Archae Editions.
2203:on January 19, 2019
2113:The Washington Post
2079:The History of Jazz
1676:New York Times 1986
1028:Critical assessment
974:Historical theories
874:vocal percussionist
817:The Swingle Singers
722:The Boswell Sisters
697:The Boswell Sisters
503:Widespread adoption
301:speaking in tongues
291:in Ireland, German
289:diddling or lilting
183:Humor and quotation
179:-era small combos.
4025:Singing techniques
3924:West African music
3749:British dance band
3539:European free jazz
3512:British dance band
3005:Musicians by genre
2785:Free improvisation
2529:The New York Times
2432:The New York Times
2230:Precisely Complete
1805:, pp. 306–307
1442:, pp. 618–619
1295:, pp. 125–126
1011:West African music
995:
742:British dance band
671:
575:
515:
421:
397:Fletcher Henderson
342:" (Victor 19373).
247:
220:A-Tisket, A-Tasket
144:, coloration, and
135:Roadrunner cartoon
66:nonsense syllables
4007:
4006:
3880:New Orleans blues
3727:
3726:
3670:
3669:
3244:Beaches (Toronto)
2655:Swing performance
2472:978-1-351-55686-6
2396:978-0-19-850846-5
2193:(April 1, 2001).
2152:978-0-8223-1594-0
2137:Representing Jazz
2098:978-0-19-539970-7
2002:978-1-4481-3213-3
1981:available online.
1908:978-0-226-04381-4
1663:, pp. 10–12.
1136:Literary nonsense
946:Souls of Mischief
922:Geoff Castellucci
756:Later development
686:
590:
530:
436:
347:Jelly Roll Morton
262:
212:The Peanut Vendor
208:How High the Moon
204:musical quotation
119:How High the Moon
62:wordless vocables
4037:
3998:
3997:
3764:Continental jazz
3657:Washington, D.C.
3622:
3524:Czech and Slovak
3382:
3166:India Navigation
2864:Progressive jazz
2718:Avant-garde jazz
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2543:Video examples:
2533:
2518:
2497:
2476:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2400:
2373:
2352:
2332:
2321:
2296:
2257:
2244:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2199:. Archived from
2186:
2156:
2140:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2116:. Archived from
2102:
2082:
2068:
2036:
2020:
2006:
1976:
1944:Critical Inquiry
1937:
1912:
1896:
1872:
1866:
1860:
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1122:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1071:Dinah Washington
738:Scatman Crothers
718:Great Depression
688:
687:
668:
645:Creole Love Call
592:
591:
572:
532:
531:
512:
438:
437:
418:
340:It Had To Be You
264:
263:
244:
27:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4020:Jazz techniques
4010:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4000:Jazz portal
3992:
3985:
3966:The Jazz Singer
3933:
3912:Novelty ragtime
3843:
3723:
3707:
3686:
3666:
3620:
3587:
3478:
3423:
3378:Regional scenes
3373:
3308:
3230:
3156:Groove Merchant
3146:Flying Dutchman
3094:
3056:
3000:
2922:
2854:Orchestral jazz
2834:Mainstream jazz
2822:Afro-Cuban jazz
2704:
2613:Outline of jazz
2601:
2596:
2541:
2536:
2521:
2515:
2500:
2479:
2473:
2465:. p. 302.
2454:
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2416:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2387:Clarendon Press
2376:
2370:
2355:
2349:
2324:
2318:
2310:. p. 136.
2299:
2277:10.2307/2904558
2260:
2247:
2241:
2225:Scobie, Stephen
2215:
2206:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2159:
2153:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2105:
2099:
2071:
2065:
2039:
2033:
2011:Friedwald, Will
2009:
2003:
1995:. p. 114.
1984:
1940:
1934:
1915:
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1876:
1875:
1867:
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1848:
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1809:
1803:Ó Nualláin 2002
1801:
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1079:
1051:Leonard Feather
1030:
987:Louis Armstrong
976:
930:
866:
830:The Jungle Book
806:Dizzy Gillespie
770:Eddie Jefferson
758:
730:Ella Fitzgerald
720:, acts such as
714:
713:
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703:
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700:
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634:Mississippi Mud
630:The Rhythm Boys
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540:Mississippi Mud
536:The Rhythm Boys
533:
526:
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516:
510:
505:
488:George Gershwin
463:
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451:
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442:Louis Armstrong
439:
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308:Louis Armstrong
285:
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242:
237:
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185:
115:Ella Fitzgerald
91:
86:
84:Characteristics
44:Originating in
42:
41:
40:
37:Ella Fitzgerald
35:
30:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3990:
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3973:Round Midnight
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3703:Latin American
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3691:South American
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3671:
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3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3632:Baltimore jazz
3628:
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3609:Latin American
3606:
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3592:North American
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2961:Percussionists
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2898:
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2892:
2891:
2884:Spiritual jazz
2881:
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2647:
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2615:
2609:
2607:
2606:General topics
2603:
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2597:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2539:External links
2537:
2535:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2498:
2477:
2471:
2452:
2423:
2406:"Scat Singing"
2401:
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2322:
2316:
2297:
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2239:
2213:
2187:
2181:
2175:. p. 66.
2161:Hendricks, Jon
2157:
2151:
2130:
2103:
2097:
2069:
2063:
2037:
2031:
2007:
2001:
1982:
1957:10.1086/343233
1951:(3): 618–649.
1938:
1932:
1924:Miller Freeman
1913:
1907:
1887:Berliner, Paul
1882:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1861:
1857:Friedwald 1990
1846:
1834:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1784:
1772:
1753:
1742:
1725:
1713:
1696:
1679:
1665:
1661:Nicholson 1993
1653:
1636:
1624:
1613:
1598:
1594:Hendricks 2003
1586:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1518:Nicholson 1993
1510:
1506:Friedwald 1990
1498:
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1474:
1459:
1444:
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1413:
1396:
1384:
1380:Friedwald 1990
1372:
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1348:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1269:Friedwald 1990
1258:
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1226:Friedwald 1990
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1204:
1184:
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1123:
1114:
1108:
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1099:Asemic writing
1095:
1094:
1078:
1075:
1063:Billie Holiday
1043:Will Friedwald
1029:
1026:
975:
972:
929:
928:Use in hip hop
926:
890:Bobby McFerrin
865:
862:
858:Bobby McFerrin
827:" in Disney's
757:
754:
704:
690:
680:
675:
674:
673:
664:
663:
662:
641:Duke Ellington
624:of bandleader
604:
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496:Porgy and Bess
453:
446:Heebie Jeebies
440:
430:
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424:
423:
414:
413:
412:
404:
403:Heebie Jeebies
401:
332:Aileen Stanley
312:Heebie Jeebies
275:
266:
256:
251:
250:
249:
240:
239:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
184:
181:
133:directing his
127:Will Friedwald
103:stock patterns
90:
87:
85:
82:
72:rather than a
32:
31:
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18:
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13:
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2:
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3929:Western swing
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3652:New York City
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3576:Flamenco jazz
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3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:Discographies
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:Vibraphonists
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2906:Swing revival
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:Flamenco jazz
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2700:Women in jazz
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Jazz trombone
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Jazz drumming
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:Improvisation
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2514:0-8264-5893-9
2510:
2507:. Continuum.
2506:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2438:
2437:New York City
2434:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:Sloboda, John
2375:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2348:0-306-80642-8
2344:
2340:
2339:Da Capo Press
2336:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2319:
2317:0-415-93012-X
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2240:0-932360-63-7
2236:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:Higgins, Dick
2214:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2064:0-306-80987-7
2060:
2056:
2055:Da Capo Press
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2041:Giddins, Gary
2038:
2034:
2032:0-684-18522-9
2028:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1933:0-87930-519-3
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1871:, p. 162
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1844:, p. 158
1843:
1838:
1835:
1832:, p. 289
1831:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1817:, p. 132
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:Berliner 1994
1776:
1773:
1770:, p. 181
1769:
1768:Berliner 1994
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1740:, p. 114
1739:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1723:, p. 135
1722:
1717:
1714:
1711:, p. 130
1710:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1694:, p. 302
1693:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:, p. 136
1633:
1632:Lawrence 2001
1628:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1611:, p. 113
1610:
1609:Williams 2003
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1583:Robinson 2007
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:, p. 161
1555:
1550:
1547:
1544:, p. 619
1543:
1538:
1535:
1532:, p. 620
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1496:, p. 620
1495:
1490:
1487:
1484:, p. 619
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:, p. 619
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1423:, p. 618
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:, p. 623
1393:
1388:
1385:
1382:, p. 140
1381:
1376:
1373:
1370:, p. 627
1369:
1364:
1361:
1358:, p. 129
1357:
1352:
1349:
1346:, p. 74.
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:Berliner 1994
1289:
1286:
1283:, p. 125
1282:
1281:Berliner 1994
1277:
1274:
1271:, p. 145
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1256:, p. 622
1255:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1228:, p. 282
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:Chopper (rap)
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:Jimmy Rushing
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
983:Paul Berliner
980:
973:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:
947:
944:of the group
943:
939:
935:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
863:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
834:
832:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
798:Babs Gonzales
795:
794:Jon Hendricks
791:
787:
786:Sarah Vaughan
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
755:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
710:
698:
694:
678:
661:
659:
655:
650:
649:Adelaide Hall
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
626:Paul Whiteman
623:
619:
612:
610:
598:
582:
563:
561:
549:
545:
541:
537:
522:
502:
500:
498:
497:
493:
489:
485:
479:
475:
473:
469:
461:
459:
447:
443:
428:
410:
402:
400:
398:
394:
388:
386:
381:
376:
372:
368:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
345:Jazz pianist
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:Gene Rodemich
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
283:
281:
269:
254:
234:
229:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
193:Slim Gaillard
190:
182:
180:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Sarah Vaughan
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
88:
83:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:improvisation
55:
51:
47:
38:
34:
26:
3991:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3960:(miniseries)
3957:
3949:
3919:Sophisti-pop
3349:
3340:Jazz royalty
3330:Jazz funeral
3126:Contemporary
3017:Chamber jazz
2971:Saxophonists
2941:Clarinetists
2913:Third stream
2750:Chamber jazz
2650:Scat singing
2649:
2542:
2532:. p. 4.
2527:
2503:
2485:
2481:
2457:
2448:
2441:. Retrieved
2430:
2415:. Retrieved
2409:
2382:
2358:
2328:
2306:. New York:
2302:
2268:
2262:
2253:
2229:
2205:. Retrieved
2201:the original
2195:
2191:Hentoff, Nat
2168:
2136:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2111:
2078:
2045:
2021:. New York:
2016:
1987:
1948:
1942:
1919:Singing Jazz
1918:
1892:
1879:Bibliography
1869:Giddins 2000
1864:
1859:, p. 37
1842:Leonard 1986
1837:
1810:
1798:
1792:Higgins 1985
1787:
1782:, p. 68
1775:
1750:Godfrey 2010
1745:
1738:Edwards 2009
1716:
1656:
1627:
1621:Hentoff 2001
1616:
1596:, p. 66
1589:
1554:Giddins 2000
1549:
1542:Edwards 2002
1537:
1530:Edwards 2002
1525:
1520:, p. 89
1513:
1508:, p. 16
1501:
1494:Edwards 2002
1489:
1482:Edwards 2002
1477:
1472:, p. 59
1455:Edwards 2002
1440:Edwards 2002
1421:Edwards 2002
1416:
1411:, p. 32
1392:Edwards 2002
1387:
1375:
1368:Edwards 2002
1363:
1351:
1344:Stewart 1987
1339:
1334:, p. 69
1332:Stewart 1987
1327:
1322:, p. 66
1320:Stewart 1987
1315:
1310:, p. 65
1308:Stewart 1987
1288:
1276:
1254:Edwards 2002
1249:
1196:Nazi Germany
1187:
1177:
1167:
1059:Bessie Smith
1048:
1039:
1031:
1019:
1015:
1007:sound poetry
1003:Dick Higgins
996:
990:
949:
936:artists and
931:
898:Reggie Watts
867:
842:Scatman John
839:
835:
828:
813:Ward Swingle
810:
790:Carmen McRae
774:Betty Carter
759:
750:Nazi Germany
734:
715:
647:" featuring
638:
618:Harry Barris
615:
544:Harry Barris
494:
484:Cab Calloway
481:
477:
472:The Hot Five
464:
390:
384:
379:
371:Tony Jackson
366:
361:
360:
344:
336:Billy Murray
305:
286:
201:
189:Cab Calloway
186:
150:Betty Carter
142:articulation
139:
92:
53:
50:scat singing
49:
43:
3902:Quiet storm
3865:Contradanza
3647:New Orleans
3642:Kansas City
3445:Jazz mugham
3440:Azerbaijani
3364:Second line
3359:Rare groove
3345:Jazz theory
3335:Jazz poetry
3320:Contrafacts
3304:Saint Lucia
3284:New Orleans
3216:Strata-East
3191:MPS Records
3121:Cobblestone
3042:Smooth jazz
3032:Jazz fusion
2976:Trombonists
2889:Sacred jazz
2874:Smooth jazz
2807:Jazz fusion
2690:Jazz violin
2670:Jazz guitar
2645:Jam session
2618:Jazz (word)
2417:October 30,
1897:. Chicago:
1651:, p. 4
1649:Wilson 1981
1200:Nat Gonella
1126:Idioglossia
1117:Glossolalia
1091:Jazz portal
1055:Whisper Not
968:Eazy Street
918:Chris Morey
914:Matt Sallee
906:Joe Santoni
886:Adam Chance
850:electronica
821:Louis Prima
782:Joe Carroll
778:Anita O'Day
746:Nat Gonella
716:During the
691:Sample of "
622:Bing Crosby
595:Sample of "
375:New Orleans
316:Gene Greene
166:open vowels
131:Chuck Jones
101:fragments,
4030:Vocal jazz
4014:Categories
3887:Brass band
3875:Jump blues
3719:Ethno jazz
3682:Australian
3662:West Coast
3419:Zimbabwean
3259:Copenhagen
3181:Mainstream
2991:Violinists
2981:Trumpeters
2951:Guitarists
2859:Organ trio
2844:Modal jazz
2817:Latin jazz
2797:Gypsy jazz
2695:Vocal jazz
2680:Jazz piano
2385:. Oxford:
2369:9027297096
2182:0972678506
2087:. p.
2073:Gioia, Ted
1922:. London:
1830:Grant 1995
1692:Scott 2017
1470:Gioia 2011
1192:Scott 2017
1154:References
1142:Mumble rap
951:How to Rap
910:Avi Kaplan
902:Alvin Chea
894:Al Jarreau
864:Vocal bass
766:Annie Ross
709:media help
654:The Mooche
609:media help
597:The Mooche
560:media help
468:apocryphal
458:media help
393:Don Redman
355:Alan Lomax
280:media help
197:Leo Watson
158:fricatives
70:instrument
46:vocal jazz
3855:Acid jazz
3712:Worldwide
3698:Brazilian
3495:Bulgarian
3457:Indo jazz
3407:Cape jazz
3294:North Sea
3249:Cape Town
3236:Festivals
3211:Riverside
3186:Milestone
3111:Blue Note
3106:Bethlehem
3090:post-1950
3062:Standards
3047:Soul jazz
2996:Vocalists
2956:Organists
2928:Musicians
2918:Trad jazz
2879:Soul jazz
2802:Jazz-funk
2790:Punk jazz
2780:Free funk
2775:Free jazz
2770:Folk jazz
2760:Dixieland
2755:Cool jazz
2745:Cape jazz
2660:Jazz bass
2623:Jazz band
2494:0075-3572
2488:: 61–76.
2463:Routledge
2443:March 17,
2308:Routledge
2285:0148-6179
2207:March 10,
2124:March 10,
1973:224798051
1965:0093-1896
1243:Hill 2014
1210:Citations
1111:Gibberish
960:Tech N9ne
956:Lifesavas
882:Tim Foust
878:beatboxer
870:basslines
846:pop music
802:Mel Torme
320:Al Jolson
306:Although
268:Al Jolson
216:Heat Wave
173:big bands
170:swing-era
146:resonance
113:. All of
111:structure
56:is vocal
3860:Afrobeat
3774:Pre-1920
3759:Jazz Age
3675:Oceanian
3625:American
3599:Canadian
3483:European
3474:Japanese
3435:Armenian
3397:Malawian
3392:Ethiopia
3279:Montreux
3274:Montreal
3269:Monterey
3206:Prestige
3176:Landmark
3161:Impulse!
3141:ESP-Disk
3070:Pre-1920
3027:Hard bop
2966:Pianists
2946:Drummers
2936:Bassists
2869:Ska jazz
2812:Jazz rap
2738:Post-bop
2728:Hard bop
2628:Big band
2227:(eds.).
2163:(2003).
2043:(2000).
2013:(1990).
1977:. Brief
1889:(1994).
1077:See also
991:pictured
833:(1967).
293:yodeling
222:," and "
162:plosives
99:arpeggio
78:vocalese
74:speaking
54:scatting
3907:Ragtime
3892:Exotica
3848:Related
3754:Ragtime
3732:History
3637:Chicago
3604:Haitian
3583:Swedish
3571:Spanish
3554:Italian
3507:British
3502:Belgian
3469:Iranian
3385:African
3313:Culture
3289:Newport
3264:Jakarta
3254:Chicago
3151:Freedom
2849:Nu jazz
2733:Neo-bop
2381:(ed.).
2293:2904558
1979:excerpt
1926:Books.
1148:Lilting
1022:lilting
938:rappers
934:hip hop
762:bop era
295:, Sámi
235:Origins
230:History
3559:Polish
3549:German
3544:French
3529:Danish
3490:Balkan
3452:Indian
3412:Marabi
3369:Venues
2896:Stride
2839:Marabi
2829:M-Base
2710:Genres
2511:
2492:
2469:
2393:
2366:
2345:
2314:
2291:
2283:
2237:
2179:
2149:
2095:
2061:
2029:
1999:
1971:
1963:
1930:
1905:
1069:, and
964:Eazy-E
548:cymbal
385:Morton
367:Morton
299:, and
164:, and
3938:Media
3897:Plugg
3870:Blues
3824:2010s
3819:2000s
3814:1990s
3809:1980s
3804:1970s
3799:1960s
3794:1950s
3789:1940s
3784:1930s
3779:1920s
3744:Blues
3614:Cuban
3534:Dutch
3462:Sitar
3428:Asian
3221:Verve
3085:1940s
3080:1930s
3075:1920s
3052:Swing
3012:Bebop
2901:Swing
2723:Bebop
2289:JSTOR
1969:S2CID
1182:drum.
1159:Notes
1035:bebop
942:Tajai
932:Many
492:opera
380:Lomax
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