46:
460:, and Ireland Island, were re-built and re-armed with more modern weapons, or (particularly in the case of the South Shore batteries on the Main Island) or stripped of their fixed armament and converted into prepared gun positions to which mobile artillery pieces could be deployed as required from Prospect Camp via the military road built along the South shore in the 1860s. The only shipping channel by which any of Bermuda's harbours could be reached through the encompassing barrier reef by large vessels ran close to shore at the East End, rounding St. David's and St. George's Island to give access to the northern lagoon (where
563:
that followed the First World War, the
Bermuda Garrison was run down in stages. The regular infantry, which had numbered between one and three battalions since the start of the Nineteenth Century, was reduced to a single battalion, then a wing, then a company, and finally a detachment. The companies of the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers were removed in 1928, leaving only a handful of regulars assigned to the Command Staff or the Permanent Staff of the part-time units. Responsibility for maintaining the defences in a ready-for-war condition was placed fully upon the part-time units, requiring their re-organisation (the
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described. The local pilots are sworn to secrecy ; and, what is more reassuring, by lifting buoys and laying down torpedoes, hostile vessels trying to thread the passage must come to inevitable grief, So far
Bermuda may be considered safe, whatever may be the condition of the fortifications and the cannon in the batteries. Yet the universal neglect of our colonial defences is apparent in the fact that no telegraphic communication has hitherto been established with the West Indies on the one side, or with the Dominion of Canada on the other.
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555:. One of these was placed in a small keep at the salient, facing south-eastward, the mount gave it 360-degrees of traverse. The other was in an emplacement to the west of this, facing south-westward. The guns had a range of 4,000 yards, capable of firing not only on infantry advancing from the Main Island, but also on vessels navigating the western channel or the Great Sound. The keep containing the eastern gun emplacement is polygonal, of the
559:, with a defensive wall and dry moat to the rear defended by a block house. The western emplacement is open to the rear. As with most of the forts and batteries built in Bermuda with earthwork to obscure and protect them, it is nearly invisible from the water. A water catchment and tanks were built to the north of the polygonal fort. With the new fort on Scaur Hill, the Wreck Hill Fort, which it overlooks, was excess to need and abandoned.
536:(which partly encloses the western side of Ely's Harbour) succeeded in halting their progress, but these small batteries were only fortified against fire from offshore vessels and were vulnerable at the rear to landing parties. The rebel sloops landed men to act as infantry who attacked the fort from behind, forcing the gunners to abandon it, then spiked its guns before retreating themselves.
673:
in 1995), with the ships based there required to cross the
Atlantic to Britain for refit or repair. The Commander-in-Chief America and West Indies was abolished in 1956. With the run-down of the naval establishment in Bermuda, the last regular army units in Bermuda (including the staff of the Command Headquarters, a company of infantry detached from the battalion at
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517:
to be employed against small boats attempting to carry landing parties over the reefline to the South Shore beaches. The regular Royal
Artillery anticipated the same employment, which could be met more economically in both material and manpower terms by a handful of field guns kept at Prospect Camp and drawn wherever required by horse team.
712:
The local
Government of Bermuda maintains the fortifications and surrounding natural space at Scaur Hill as a public park. Parts of the disappearing gunmounts remained at the fort, though the guns had been removed. Numerous guns of various types and vintages littered Bermuda, however, and the eastern
516:
on the eastern side of the mouth of the Great Sound, from where they might fire upon the Royal Naval
Dockyard or naval vessels anchored at Grassy Bay. The small batteries along the South Shore had been generally been armed with small calibre fixed guns by the volunteer artillery as they were expected
408:
As
Britain could afford neither to lose the use of Bermuda as a base for British forces, nor to allow it to fall into the hands of an enemy that would make similar use of it against Britain, vast sums were invested during the Nineteenth Century on its defence, which had previously been left from 1612
672:
in 1949, the control of the western
Atlantic remained with the United States Navy. With the British Government also keen to reduce its expenditure in light of its war deb and the British Empire rapidly shrinking, the Royal Naval Dockyard in Bermuda was reduced to a base in 1951 (which finally closed
663:
The United States Army Coast
Artillery Corps and all of the American army or marine infantry not required for the sole defence of the American bases was withdrawn from Bermuda. The British Army would maintain St. David's Battery until 1953, a few years before the British Army de-activated all of its
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to the defences (together with re-activating the three already in place at St. David's
Battery and Fort Victoria), the British Government could not spare funds on improving the colony's defences, or on building an airfield sorely need for tans-Atlantic flight (there being two air stations at Bermuda
543:
meant a fast attacking force of small vessels capable of wreaking havoc on the naval squadron anchored at Grassy Bay could enter the Great Sound by this way, fixed batteries were maintained in the West End forts, though generally with smaller guns than at the East End suitable for use against small,
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The objectives for America are clearly marked,—Halifax, Quebec, Montreal, Prescott, Kingston, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver. Halifax and Vancouver are certain to be most energetically attacked, for they will be the naval bases, besides Bermuda, from which England would carry on her naval
562:
With its muzzle loading guns obsolete, the fort was used during the First World War only as a site to which field guns or howitzers could be deployed when required, and as a training area for infantry. As part of the extensive cutbacks made to the British Army in the period of Government austerity
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The results of the Bermuda Conference between Prime Minister Churchill, President Eisenhower and Premier Laniel, are secret. It was an important meeting, however, and history may not reckon it as a disaster because it appears to have been innocuous. Right after the meeting Pres. Eisenhower made a
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There is a strongly fortified dockyard, and the defensive works, together with the intricate character of the approaches to the harbour, render the islands an almost impregnable fortress. Bermuda is governed as a Crown colony by a Governor who is also Commander-in-Chief, assisted by an appointed
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Due to the location of the main channel through the reefs being at the East End, the bulk of the fortifications and fixed coastal batteries from the Nineteenth Century were located there, armed with large, high-velocity guns capable of reaching and sinking large vessels off shore or entering or
908:
As a fortress, Bermuda is of the first importance. It is situated almost exactly half-way between the northern and the southern naval stations; while nature has made it practically impregnable. The only approach lies through that labyrinth of reefs and narrow channels which Captain Kennedy has
550:
For this reason, a defensible dry moat was cut across Somerset Island, through Scaur Hill, from Ely's Harbour to the Great Sound. This line would be defended with small arms by infantry behind the ramparts, but artillery support was provided by two 64 Pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loader (RML) gun on
667:
During the Second World War, the Allies had divided control of the Atlantic between the Royal Navy in the east and the United States Navy in the west, subordinating the Royal Navy's America and West Indies Station to the United States Naval command. Although the Royal Navy restored the
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speech before the UN General Assembly in N.Y. on atomic energy. Everyone wonders if the speech was merely endorsed by or actually inspired by Churchill. At the conference the Western Allies were supposed to decide on a common stand for future dealings with Russia.
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and the Royal Air Force moving some of their operations there, utilising landplanes, when the airfield became operable in 1943. The United States forces also took responsibility for anti-submarine air patrols around Bermuda, and the United States Army's
703:
and substantial reductions to the regular army resulted in the closure of the garrison in 1957, with all regular units withdrawn. All remaining Admiralty and War Department land in Bermuda was transferred to the colonial government in 1958.
925:. LR Hamersly & Co., 1510 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; subsequently LR Hamersly, 49 Wall Street, New York City, New York, USA; BF Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Square, London, England. p. 552.
45:
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to 1701 to the non-professional military forces (militia and volunteers), with the addition of a small force of regular infantry from 1701 'til the Napoleonic Wars (excepting several years between the
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emplacement is now occupied by a reproduction mount containing the original counterweight, fitted with an original gun, and parts for a second await assembly (in 2019) at the western emplacement.
656:, Fort Victoria, and Fort Langton. The US Army placed two 8 inch railway guns at Scaur Hill, immediately to the north of the fort's water catchment. The United States Army also built a network of
547:
Another threat to the naval base came from any military force that might succeed on crossing over the reefline and landing on the South Shore, which might then advance over land to the West End.
812:. London: Published by the authority of the Meteorological Council. PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, London E.C. 1890.
572:
699:), which was delayed for months before taking place in December, 1953. During the conference, Churchill was convinced to permanently restore the Bermuda Garrison, but the impending end of
677:, and various detachments and attachments from supporting corps) were withdrawn in 1953, though a detachment of infantry was returned to Prospect Camp within weeks due to the pending
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was attempted by two rebel sloops under the command of a pair of Bermudian brothers who had settled in South Carolina, but were familiar with Bermuda's reefs and channels. The
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units deployed to protect the American naval base made increasing the British Army's garrison unnecessary. The only new coastal artillery battery built during the war was the
652:
emplaced a large number of railway and fixed coastal artillery guns about Bermuda, most on or beside the locations of older British or British colonial batteries, such as at
734:. Bermuda: Island Press Ltd., Bermuda, 1977 (1st Edition); Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, Royal Naval Dockyard Bermuda, Ireland Island, Sandys, Bermuda, 1990 (2nd Edition).
476:, with its main opening at the North to the Northern lagoon, and minor entries between Ireland and Boaz Islands, between Boaz and Watford Islands until the Army built an
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of the Royal Navy had been orchestrated from Bermuda, with military forces from Bermuda working with the squadron in a succession of amphibious operations, including the
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345:. The overlarge naval and military establishment at Bermuda in the Nineteenth Century and the first half of the Twentieth Century was due to the colony's role as an
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321:. Boaz and Watford Islands from the 1860s housed the headquarters, main barracks, station hospital, and other facilities of the Western District of the
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were kept ready-for-war. Although the District Establishment of the Royal Artillery maintained guns in a handful of other batteries, and the
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to link them, between Watford and Somerset Islands, and between Somerset and Main Islands via Ely's Harbour and a narrow channel over which
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units at the time) was too small to man all of the batteries still in use at that point, and consequently only the two 6 inch guns at
660:(roughly a dozen identical towers on hilltops about Bermuda) to co-ordinate the fire of all of the British as well as American guns.
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512:, were built in Prospect Camp to prevent any enemy force that succeeded in landing on the Main Island from advancing field guns to
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902:
Kennedy, R.N., Captain W. R. (1 July 1885). "An Unknown Colony: Sport, Travel and Adventure in Newfoundland and the West Indies".
65:
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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE FOREIGN AND COLONIAL STATIONS OF THE ROYAL ENGINEERS AND THE ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 1852—1886
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1052:. London: MacMillan and Co., Limited, London, England, UK; The MacMillan Company, New York City, New York, USA. p. 184.
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but Britain received no war material in exchange. Kindley Field, however, was to be used jointly by Britain, with both the
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At the West End, however, were two minor channels used mainly by fishing boats and small ocean-going vessels. The
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608:). Instead, free ninety-nine year base rights were granted to the United States, which began building both the
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906:. William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh, Scotland, and 37 Paternoster Row, London, England. p. 111.
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parish boundary (replacing a handful of older coastal batteries within the boundaries of Warwick Camp).
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VERAX, (anonymous) (1 May 1889). "The Defense of Canada. (From Colburn's United Service Magazine)".
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on Castle Harbour while the United States still neutral. These base leases were appended to the
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Somerset Island lies between the Main Island and the old Admiralty and War Department lands on
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in the Central District, and the Eastern District was controlled from the old headquarters at
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612:(in the Great Sound, immediately southward of Scaur Hill Fort) and the United States Army's
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batteries that the amateur gunners had erected primarily along the north-eastern sends of
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during which there were no regular soldiers). During the Nineteenth Century the regular
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Battery of two 6 inch guns, built in 1939 on a hilltop on the Southampton side of the
464:, the old anchorage used by the Royal Navy from the 1790s while the naval base was at
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824:"World Heritage List: Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda"
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pending the construction of the dockyard, was located off St. George's Island), the
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had taken place here during the American War of Independence, when entry via the
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472:(a large, nearly enclosed body of water, including the main naval anchorage at
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146:
1050:
MacMillan's Geographical Series: Elementary Geography of the British Colonies
111:
98:
1102:, Ireland Island, Sandys Parish, Bermuda: National Museum of Bermuda Press.
732:
The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975
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Commander-in-Chief of the station after the war, with the formation of the
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and the establishment of alliance, amity, and common interests with the
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36:
996:
Defence, Not Defiance: A History Of The Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps
879:
Defence, Not Defiance: A History Of The Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps
373:, and upon the coast of America (as had been demonstrated during the
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The United Service: A Quarterly Review of Military and Naval Affairs
491:
1885 Map of Bermuda and its reefs, showing the Hogfish Cut (channel)
486:
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re-organised from a volunteer to a territorial unit in 1921. The
282:, is a fortified position erected in the 1870s at Scaur Hill, on
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
131:
1095:
Wings Over Bermuda: 100 Years of Aviation in the West Atlantic
456:, and the western coasts of the Main Island, Somerset Island,
730:
Stranack, Royal Navy, Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D (1977).
854:
Bulwark Of Empire: Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base 1860–1920
1055:
Executive Council and a representative House of Assembly.
50:
A 64 Pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loader (RML) gun on Moncrieff
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atop the eponymous hill that stands on the Peninsula of
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unarmoured, but fast-moving, vessels at close range.
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1021:History of The Coast Artillery in the British Army
941:"1777: The US Navy & The Battle Of Wreck Hill"
1048:Dawson, George M.; Sutherland, Alexander (1898).
381:of the United States by the squadron of the then-
1130:. Bermuda: The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press.
1092:Partridge and Singfield, Ewan and Tom (2014).
1071:. Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda: Printlink Ltd.
973:. Bermuda: The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press.
856:. Bermuda: The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press.
8:
1033:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
755:Harris, Dr. Edward Cecil (21 January 2012).
1254:Artillery battery fortifications in Bermuda
1019:Maurice-Jones, DSO, RA, Colonel KW (1959).
928:attack on the American coasts and commerce.
610:United States Naval Operating Base, Bermuda
581:General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Bermuda
496:navigating the channel. Three large forts (
1159:. New York City, New York, USA: Condé Nast
1067:Pomeroy, Squadron Leader Colin A. (2000).
757:"Bermuda's role in the Sack of Washington"
17:
604:on Boaz Island, but both only for use by
681:hosted in Bermuda by Prime Minister Sir
650:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
264:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
1151:Rovere, Richard H. (19 December 1953).
722:
72:
1199:Military history of the United Kingdom
1194:Military history of the British Empire
1026:
790:. Annapolis: Chesapeake Bay Media, LLC
353:of Britain's supremacy in the western
763:. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda
425:establishment in Bermuda grew large.
339:North America and West Indies Station
7:
852:, Lieutenant-Colonel Roger (1988).
685:, (the other participants being US
1023:. UK: Royal Artillery Institution.
670:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14:
1204:Installations of the British Army
994:Ingham-Hind, Jennifer M. (1992).
877:Ingham-Hind, Jennifer M. (1992).
357:and (after the completion of the
325:(the Command Headquarters was at
450:fortifications at Castle Harbour
290:, the westernmost parish of the
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64:
44:
1239:World Heritage Sites in Bermuda
602:Royal Naval Air Station Bermuda
591:requested the addition of more
452:, along the South Shore of the
1244:Tourist attractions in Bermuda
904:Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine
782:Grove, Tim (22 January 2021).
428:The large number of fortified
151:Parks Department of the local
1:
1234:World War II sites in Bermuda
1100:Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda
998:. Bermuda: The Island Press.
881:. Bermuda: The Island Press.
664:remaining coastal artillery.
565:Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps
508:), known collectively as the
333:). Ireland Island housed the
1229:World War I sites in Bermuda
415:American War of Independence
403:raiding Alexandria, Virginia
1219:History of the British Army
1069:The Flying Boats Of Bermuda
571:(one of the last remaining
377:, when the blockade of the
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658:Base End Observation Posts
631:United States Marine Corps
389:, culminating in the 1814
1209:Fortifications in Bermuda
618:Destroyers-for-bases deal
596:at the start of the war,
573:British militia artillery
569:Bermuda Militia Artillery
202:Under ongoing restoration
59:
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25:
1214:British Army deployments
583:(who was also the civil
482:Somerset Bridge, Bermuda
363:United States of America
1128:Bermuda Forts 1612–1957
971:Bermuda Forts 1612–1957
947:. Bermuda. 8 April 2012
788:Chesapeake Bay Magazine
690:Dwight David Eisenhower
679:Three-Powers Conference
387:Battle of Craney Island
369:, onwards) the Eastern
112:32.285168°N 64.872304°W
1224:Bermuda in World War I
587:) at the start of the
510:Prospect Hill Position
492:
399:burning Washington, DC
1153:"LETTER FROM BERMUDA"
539:As the advent of the
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395:Battle of Bladensburg
383:North America Station
337:and main base of the
331:St. George's Garrison
153:Government of Bermuda
117:32.285168; -64.872304
784:"Fighting The Power"
627:Bermuda Base Command
598:RAF Darrell's Island
522:Battle of Wreck Hill
375:American War of 1812
335:Royal Naval Dockyard
236:Garrison information
54:, at Scaur Hill Fort
577:St. David's Battery
553:disappearing mounts
434:St. George's Island
391:Chesapeake campaign
323:garrison of Bermuda
108: /
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462:Murray's Anchorage
446:St. David's Island
183:United States Army
52:disappearing mount
1189:Coastal artillery
1124:Harris, Edward C.
967:Harris, Edward C.
761:The Royal Gazette
683:Winston Churchill
484:was constructed.
466:St. George's Town
442:Governor's Island
430:coastal artillery
419:Board of Ordnance
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292:Imperial fortress
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526:Hogfish Cut
470:Great Sound
454:Main Island
315:Boaz Island
220:In use
115: /
91:Coordinates
1183:Categories
1005:0969651716
888:0969651716
717:References
551:Moncrieff
474:Grassy Bay
343:Royal Navy
149:(original)
147:War Office
103:64°52′20″W
100:32°17′07″N
1163:21 August
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