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422:) into Yellowstone National Park in the United States caused drastic changes to the prevalent scavenging community, resulting in the provision of carrion to many mammalian and avian species. Likewise, the reduction of vulture species in India lead to the increase of opportunistic species such as feral dogs and rats. The presence of both species at carcasses resulted in the increase of diseases such as rabies and bubonic plague in wildlife and livestock, as feral dogs and rats are transmitters of such diseases. Furthermore, the decline of vulture populations in India has been linked to the increased rates of anthrax in humans due to the handling and ingestion of infected livestock carcasses. An increase of disease transmission has been observed in mammalian scavengers in Kenya due to the decrease in vulture populations in the area, as the decrease in vulture populations resulted in an increase of the number of mammalian scavengers at a given carcass along with the time spent at a carcass.
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influenza virus to chickens by domestic ducks from
Indonesian farms permitted to scavenge surrounding areas was observed in 2007. The scavenging of ducks in rice paddy fields in particular resulted in increased contact with other bird species feeding on leftover rice, which may have contributed to increased infection and transmission of the avian influenza virus. The domestic ducks may not have demonstrated symptoms of infection themselves, though were observed to excrete high concentrations of the avian influenza virus.
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Highly efficient scavengers, also known as dominant or apex-scavengers, can have benefits to humans. Increases in dominant scavenger populations, such as vultures, can reduce populations of smaller opportunistic scavengers, such as rats. These smaller scavengers are often pests and disease vectors.
1970:
Human endurance running performance capabilities compare favourably with those of other mammals and probably emerged sometime around 2 million years ago in order to help meat-eating hominids compete with other carnivores. mall teeth, larger bodies and archaeological remains suggest that hominids
452:
outbreak from 2006 to 2007 off the coast
Newfoundland, Canada resulted in the mortality of many marine bird species. The transmission, perpetuation and spread of the outbreak was mainly restricted to gull species who scavenge for food in the area. Similarly, an increase of transmission of avian
404:
Scavenging unites animals which normally would not come into contact, and results in the formation of highly structured and complex communities which engage in nonrandom interactions. Scavenging communities function in the redistribution of energy obtained from carcasses and reducing diseases
361:
carcass would have been worth roughly 6 years of calories for an average allosaur. As a result of this resource oversupply, it is possible that some theropods evolved to get most of their calories by scavenging giant sauropod carcasses, and may not have needed to consistently hunt in order to
408:
Competition for carrion results in the inclusion or exclusion of certain scavengers from access to carrion, shaping the scavenger community. When carrion decomposes at a slower rate during cooler seasons, competitions between scavengers decrease, while the number of scavenger species present
1971:
started to incorporate meat and other animal tissues in the diet at least 2.5Ma, probably by hunting as well as scavenging. might have enabled hominids to scavenge carcasses from lions after they were abandoned but before hyenas arrived, as modern hunter-gatherers still do in East Africa.
536:
vultures in Asia. Habitat loss and food shortage have contributed to the decline of vulture species in West Africa due to the growing human population and over-hunting of vulture food sources, as well as changes in livestock husbandry. Poisoning certain predators to increase the number of
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Scavenging may provide a direct and indirect method for transmitting disease between animals. Scavengers of infected carcasses may become hosts for certain pathogens and consequently vectors of disease themselves. An example of this phenomenon is the increased transmission of
783:
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that build nests in grasslands and then collect dead plant material for consumption within the nest. The interaction between scavenging animals and humans is seen today most commonly in suburban settings with animals such as opossums,
362:
survive. The same study suggested that theropods in relatively sauropod-free environments, such as tyrannosaurs, were not exposed to the same type of carrion oversupply, and were therefore forced to hunt in order to survive.
405:
associated with decomposition. Oftentimes, scavenger communities differ in consistency due to carcass size and carcass types, as well as by seasonal effects as consequence of differing invertebrate and microbial activity.
351:
would energetically gain little through scavenging, smaller theropods of approximately 500 kg (1,100 lb) might have gained levels similar to those of hyenas, though not enough for them to rely on scavenging.
525:
Many species that scavenge face persecution globally. Vultures, in particular, have faced incredible persecution and threats by humans. Before its ban by regional governments in 2006, the veterinary drug
996:
Castilla, A.M.; Richer, R.; Herrel, A.; Conkey, A.A.T.; Tribuna, J.; Al-Thani, M. (July 2011). "First evidence of scavenging behaviour in the herbivorous lizard
Uromastyx aegyptia microlepis".
727:
226:
Obligate scavenging (subsisting entirely or mainly on dead animals) is rare among vertebrates, due to the difficulty of finding enough carrion without expending too much energy.
389:
Scavengers play a fundamental role in the environment through the removal of decaying organisms, serving as a natural sanitation service. While microscopic and invertebrate
761:
1821:
O'Bryan, Christopher J.; Holden, Matthew H.; Watson, James E. M. (2019). "The mesoscavenger release hypothesis and implications for ecosystem and human well-being".
355:
Other research suggests that carcasses of giant sauropods may have made scavenging much more profitable to carnivores than it is now. For example, a single 40 tonne
2302:
477:
247:
is a species of midge fly whose larvae live as obligate scavengers at the bottom of lakes and whose adults almost never feed and only live up to a few weeks.
1715:
Wille, Michelle; McBurney, Scott; Robertson, Gregory J.; Wilhelm, Sabina I.; Blehert, David S.; Soos, Catherine; Dunphy, Ron; Whitney, Hugh (October 2016).
1343:
Ogada, Darcy L.; Keesing, Felicia; Virani, Munir Z. (16 December 2011). "Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide".
742:
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was an opportunistic carnivore, acting mostly as a predator but also scavenging when it could sense it. Recent research also shows that while an adult
448:
A major vector of transmission of diseases are various bird species, with outbreak being influenced by such carrier birds and their environment. An
568:
1583:
Maák, István; Tóth, Eszter; Lőrinczi, Gábor; Kiss, Annett; Juhász, Orsolya; Czechowski, Wojciech; Torma, Attila; Lenda, Madalena (October 2020).
541:
is still a common hunting practice in Europe and contributes to the poisoning of vultures when they consume the carcasses of poisoned predators.
1885:
2321:
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2007:
335:, and possibly juvenile sauropods, although some experts have suggested the dinosaur was primarily a scavenger. The debate about whether
140:
Scavengers aid in overcoming fluctuations of food resources in the environment. The process and rate of scavenging is affected by both
2425:
2350:
2064:
896:
Tan, Cedric K.W.; Corlett, Richard T. (2011-03-30). "Scavenging of dead invertebrates along an urbanisation gradient in
Singapore".
512:
282:
is a notable victim, rather than a perpetrator). Almost all scavengers above insect size are predators and will hunt if not enough
1471:"Direct evidence of an efficient energy transfer pathway from jellyfish carcasses to a commercially important deep-water species"
872:
2167:
Vilaça, Aparecida (January 2000). "Relations between
Funerary Cannibalism and Warfare Cannibalism: The Question of Predation".
286:
is available, as few ecosystems provide enough dead animals year-round to keep its scavengers fed on that alone. Scavenging
1104:
2225:
1656:
Carrasco-Garcia, Ricardo; Barroso, Patricia; Perez-Olivares, Javier; Montoro, Vidal; Vicente, Joaquín (2 March 2018).
604:. In 2010, Dennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman proposed that early carnivorous human ancestors subsequently developed
1234:"Carnosaurs as Apex Scavengers: Agent-based simulations reveal possible vulture analogues in late Jurassic Dinosaurs"
435:
observed when scavengers engage in eating infected carcasses. Likewise, the ingestion of bat carcasses infected with
278:
will scavenge if given the chance. They may also use their size and ferocity to intimidate the original hunters (the
1585:"Behaviours indicating cannibalistic necrophagy in ants are modulated by the perception of pathogen infection level"
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behaviors which improved the ability to scavenge and hunt: they could reach scavenging sites more quickly and also
412:
Alterations in scavenging communities may result in drastic changes to the scavenging community in general, reduce
377:. Animals that collect small particles of dead organic material of both animal and plant origin are referred to as
35:
1717:"A Pelagic Outbreak of Avian Cholera in North American Gulls: Scavenging as a Primary Mechanism for Transmission?"
1658:"Consumption of Big Game Remains by Scavengers: A Potential Risk as Regards Disease Transmission in Central Spain"
250:
Most scavenging animals are facultative scavengers that gain most of their food through other methods, especially
2944:
842:
775:
685:
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401:, and are able to disperse the energy and nutrients farther away from the site of the carrion than decomposers.
1764:
Henning, Joerg; Wibawa, Hendra; Morton, John; Usman, Tri Bhakti; Junaidi, Akhmad; Meers, Joanne (August 2010).
243:
241:. Fly larvae are also common scavengers for organic materials at the bottom of freshwater bodies. For example,
2392:
1046:
Turner, Kelsey L.; Abernethy, Erin F.; Conner, L. Mike; Rhodes, Olin E.; Beasley, James C. (September 2017).
2924:
2097:
1999:
647:) used to dispose of the human body. A similar funerary practice that features excarnation can be found in
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58:
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651:; in order to prevent the pollution of the sacred elements (fire, earth, and water) from contact with
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1273:"Big boned: How fat storage and other adaptations influenced large theropod foraging ecology"
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2214:
Fausto, Carlos (August 2007). "Feasting on People: Eating
Animals and Humans in Amazonia".
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2778:
2757:
2098:""Thus Are Our Bodies, Thus Was Our Custom": Mortuary Cannibalism in an Amazonian Society"
1598:
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1766:"Scavenging Ducks and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Java, Indonesia"
1834:
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1048:"Abiotic and biotic factors modulate carrion fate and vertebrate scavenging communities"
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to carrion birds and/or other scavenging animals – is the distinctive characteristic of
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941:"Biomass transformation webs provide a unified approach to consumer–resource modelling"
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397:, scavengers help conserve energy and nutrients obtained from carrion within the upper
230:
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and have detrimental effects on animal and humans. The reintroduction of gray wolves (
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among funerary practices and as the preferred means of disposal of the dead in some
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704:, where necrophagy and human cannibalism emerged as a survival behavior, although
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break down dead organisms into simple organic matter which are used by nearby
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314:. In some African towns and villages, scavenging from hyenas is also common.
108:
or have been killed by other predators. While scavenging generally refers to
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1469:
Dunlop, Kathy M.; Jones, Daniel O. B.; Sweetman, Andrew K. (December 2017).
1404:"Carcass Type Affects Local Scavenger Guilds More than Habitat Connectivity"
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124:
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Olson, Z. H.; Beasley, J. C.; DeVault, T. L.; Rhodes, O. E. (31 May 2011).
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was an apex predator or scavenger was among the longest ongoing feuds in
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219:
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1716:
17:
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2369:"Tasmanian devil | Habitat, Population, Size, & Facts | Britannica"
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113:
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1883:(December 1985). "Human Ancestors: Changing Views of Their Behavior".
1842:
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occur rarely in most human societies. Many instances have occurred in
2872:
2862:
2403:
2044:
1539:"Scavenger community response to the removal of a dominant scavenger"
1072:
1047:
767:
701:
680:, although rare, has been observed as a survival behavior in several
610:
pursue a single animal until it could be safely killed at close range
445:) resulted in increased infection of these organisms with the virus.
436:
263:
1402:
Olson, Zachary H.; Beasley, James C.; Rhodes, Olin E. (2016-02-17).
266:, but also animals rarely thought of as scavengers, such as African
137:
complete this process, by consuming the remains left by scavengers.
2233:
1192:
2082:
2017:
753:
567:
366:
259:
206:
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factors, such as carcass size, habitat, temperature, and seasons.
57:
40:
1918:
532:
291:
267:
2407:
2342:
Hunter and Hunted: Relationships
Between Carnivores and People
771:
697:
460:
229:
Well-known invertebrate scavengers of animal material include
2033:"Archaeological Evidence of Zoroastrian Funerary Practices"
1174:"Body Size as a Driver of Scavenging in Theropod Dinosaurs"
1121:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0469:TRFTUC]2.0.CO;2
1951:
The
Evolution of Marathon Running: Capabilities in Humans
813:
scavenging on fish scraps left over from another predator
27:
Organism that feeds on dead animal and/or plants material
2316:. Kristan Lawson. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin.
490:
195:
meaning "to look at", and modern
English "show" (with
2766:
2690:
2669:
2606:
2562:
2526:
2450:
2441:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1271:Pahl, Cameron C.; Ruedas, Luis A. (2023-11-01).
2419:
2345:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
127:by consuming dead animal and plant material.
8:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1532:
1530:
1151:"Tyrannosaurus rex: predator or media hype?"
631:, which involves the dismemberment of human
1992:Tibetan Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction
1948:Lieberman, Daniel; Bramble, Dennis (2007).
123:. Scavengers play an important role in the
2447:
2426:
2412:
2404:
2393:Stitching a Life From the Scraps of Others
2301:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1345:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
530:has resulted in at least a 95% decline of
343:; however, most scientists now agree that
301:Scavengers of dead plant material include
2273:. Robert Leo Smith (9 ed.). Harlow.
1954:. Adis Data Information BV. p. 288.
1797:
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1614:
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1314:
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1200:
1071:
972:
513:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:meaning "customs", from Old North French
774:carcass in winter in Lamar Valley, near
888:
854:
723:
659:to be eaten by vultures and wild dogs.
580:), on Manfred-von-Richthofen-Straße in
478:not related to the topic of the article
2294:
1886:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
1105:"When Tyrannosaurus Chomped Sauropods"
104:that have died from causes other than
2148:from the original on 11 December 2019
863:cannibalistic necrophagy among humans
317:In the prehistoric eras, the species
237:, which are obligate scavengers, and
7:
2043:. Numen Book Series. Vol. 102.
736:feeding on a carcass of a wildebeest
655:, human cadavers are exposed on the
612:due to exhaustion and hyperthermia.
572:Men scavenging a dead horse during
2096:Conklin, Beth A. (February 1995).
1149:Hutchinson, John (July 15, 2013).
1109:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
1103:Switeck, Brian (April 13, 2012).
898:Insect Conservation and Diversity
2597:
1960:10.2165/00007256-200737040-00004
1555:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19771.x
1365:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06293.x
965:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01566.x
910:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00143.x
873:List of incidents of cannibalism
818:
802:
782:
760:
741:
726:
465:
30:For a person who scavenges, see
2169:Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology
1662:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
1258:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109706
861:For further informations about
635:of whom the remains are fed to
2041:Zoroastrian Rituals in Context
1018:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.02.005
481: and should be moved to
156:Scavenger is an alteration of
1:
2123:10.1525/AE.1995.22.1.02A00040
639:, and traditionally the main
625:exposure of dead human bodies
493:or discuss this issue on the
258:that hunt regularly, such as
203:Types of scavengers (animals)
1903:10.1016/0278-4165(85)90009-1
1770:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1721:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
1429:10.1371/journal.pone.0147798
1298:10.1371/journal.pone.0290459
998:Journal of Arid Environments
596:primarily obtained meat via
2226:University of Chicago Press
1153:. What's in John's Freezer?
176:meaning "inspection", from
2987:
1616:10.1038/s41598-020-74870-8
1495:10.1038/s41598-017-17557-x
1172:Kane; et al. (2016).
686:anatomically modern humans
557:
218:) eating the carcass of a
54:, feeding on decaying meat
36:Scavenger (disambiguation)
29:
2945:Category:Eating behaviors
2920:
2595:
2313:The Scavengers' Manifesto
2310:Rufus, Anneli S. (2009).
2057:10.1163/9789047412502_027
843:Consumer-resource systems
776:Yellowstone National Park
696:, especially in times of
180:meaning "to inspect", of
100:are animals that consume
1675:10.3389/fvets.2018.00004
1232:Pahl and Ruedas (2021).
752:feeding on a small dead
244:Tokunagayusurika akamusi
2925:Antipredator adaptation
2185:10.1080/001418400360652
2031:Huff, Dietrich (2004).
2000:Oxford University Press
1181:The American Naturalist
688:; however, episodes of
1782:10.3201/eid1608.091540
585:
365:Animals which consume
223:
94:
83:Leptoptilos crumenifer
55:
34:. For other uses, see
2267:Smith, T. M. (2015).
734:White-backed vultures
606:long-distance running
571:
476:may contain material
373:, are referred to as
210:
71:lappet-faced vultures
61:
44:
2339:Kruuk, Hans (2002).
2217:Current Anthropology
2177:Taylor & Francis
2106:American Ethnologist
2051:. pp. 593–630.
1984:Kapstein, Matthew T.
1238:Ecological Modelling
708:report the usage of
491:improve this section
426:Disease transmission
160:from Middle English
85:) feeding on a dead
63:White-backed vulture
2940:Carnivorous protist
2794:Intraguild predator
2270:Elements of ecology
1835:2019EcolL..22.1340O
1734:10.7589/2015-12-342
1607:2020NatSR..1017906M
1487:2017NatSR...717455D
1420:2016PLoSO..1147798O
1357:2012NYASA1249...57O
1289:2023PLoSO..1890459P
1250:2021EcMod.45809706P
1064:2017Ecol...98.2413T
1010:2011JArEn..75..671C
957:2011EcolL..14..113G
865:, see the articles
830:giant African snail
576:(at the end of the
439:by striped skunks (
385:Ecological function
294:frequently exploit
75:Torgos tracheliotos
2935:Carnivorous fungus
2585:Sexual cannibalism
2570:Animal cannibalism
2435:Feeding behaviours
2398:The New York Times
2373:www.britannica.com
2037:Stausberg, Michael
1590:Scientific Reports
1475:Scientific Reports
828:feeding on a dead
710:ritual cannibalism
664:behavioral ecology
653:decomposing bodies
586:
545:Benefits to humans
414:ecosystem services
224:
95:
56:
2953:
2952:
2930:Carnivorous plant
2806:Aquatic predation
2593:
2592:
2575:Human cannibalism
2323:978-1-58542-717-8
2280:978-1-292-07740-6
2009:978-0-19-973512-9
1988:"Funeral customs"
1881:Binford, Lewis R.
1843:10.1111/ele.13288
811:Ibiza wall lizard
690:human cannibalism
657:Towers of Silence
560:Human cannibalism
523:
522:
515:
442:Mephitis mephitis
323:may have been an
320:Tyrannosaurus rex
168:collector", from
47:Sarcophaga nodosa
16:(Redirected from
2978:
2799:Pursuit predator
2601:
2580:Self-cannibalism
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2087:
2086:
2049:Brill Publishers
2028:
2022:
2021:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1829:(9): 1340–1348.
1818:
1812:
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1801:
1776:(8): 1244–1250.
1761:
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1283:(11): e0290459.
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1058:(9): 2413–2424.
1043:
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986:
976:
939:Getz, W (2011).
936:
930:
929:
893:
876:
859:
822:
806:
793:scavenging on a
786:
764:
745:
730:
714:tribal societies
673:have shown that
643:rite (alongside
619:the practice of
617:Tibetan Buddhism
578:Battle of Berlin
564:Roadkill cuisine
518:
511:
507:
504:
498:
469:
468:
461:
212:Griffon vultures
184:origin; akin to
121:feeding behavior
21:
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2907:Surplus killing
2779:Ambush predator
2762:
2686:
2665:
2602:
2589:
2558:
2522:
2437:
2432:
2395:– slideshow by
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2263:
2261:Further reading
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2100:
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2025:
2010:
2002:. p. 100.
1982:
1981:
1977:
1964:
1962:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1823:Ecology Letters
1820:
1819:
1815:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1599:Nature Research
1582:
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1414:(2): e0147798.
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945:Ecology Letters
938:
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868:Homo antecessor
860:
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826:Red weaver ants
823:
814:
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798:
787:
778:
765:
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737:
731:
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706:anthropologists
623:– that is, the
592:suggested that
566:
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488:
470:
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459:
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327:, preying upon
231:burying beetles
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116:, it is also a
91:Crocuta crocuta
50:, a species of
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2882:Hypercarnivore
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2858:Cattle feeding
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2841:Feeding frenzy
2838:
2833:
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2826:Suction feeder
2823:
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2388:
2387:External links
2385:
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682:social species
649:Zoroastrianism
600:, not through
588:In the 1980s,
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427:
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399:trophic levels
386:
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197:semantic drift
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102:dead organisms
79:marabou storks
67:Gyps africanus
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2887:Hypocarnivore
2885:
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2549:Breastfeeding
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694:human history
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503:November 2018
496:
492:
486:
485:
480:
479:
474:This section
472:
463:
462:
456:
454:
451:
450:avian cholera
446:
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359:
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346:
345:Tyrannosaurus
342:
338:
337:Tyrannosaurus
334:
330:
326:
325:apex predator
322:
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309:
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254:. Many large
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239:yellowjackets
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111:
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88:
87:spotted hyena
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
49:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2912:Trophallaxis
2901:
2816:Pivot feeder
2811:Lunge feeder
2789:Egg predator
2677:Phagocytosis
2527:reproductive
2498:Myrmecophagy
2488:Molluscivore
2396:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:
2341:
2312:
2269:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2110:
2104:
2091:
2040:
2026:
1991:
1978:
1969:
1963:. Retrieved
1950:
1943:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1594:
1588:
1549:(1): 77–84.
1546:
1542:
1481:(1): 17455.
1478:
1474:
1464:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1351:(1): 57–71.
1348:
1344:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1184:
1180:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1112:
1108:
1098:
1055:
1051:
1001:
997:
991:
948:
944:
934:
901:
897:
891:
866:
857:
684:, including
671:epidemiology
661:
614:
594:early humans
587:
574:World War II
548:
539:game animals
531:
524:
509:
500:
489:Please help
482:
475:
447:
440:
433:tuberculosis
429:
417:
411:
407:
403:
388:
379:detritivores
371:dung beetles
364:
356:
354:
348:
344:
341:paleontology
336:
333:ceratopsians
318:
316:
300:
249:
242:
228:
225:
215:
192:
188:
177:
173:
169:
161:
157:
155:
139:
135:detritivores
129:
97:
96:
90:
82:
74:
66:
45:
32:Waste picker
2733:Planktivore
2718:Detritivore
2713:Coprophagia
2703:Bacterivore
2698:Microbivory
2682:Myzocytosis
2641:Nectarivore
2631:Graminivore
2478:Lepidophagy
2473:Insectivore
2468:Hematophagy
2228:: 497–530.
1897:: 292–327.
1202:10023/10617
750:jungle crow
662:Studies in
621:excarnation
419:Canis lupus
409:increases.
391:decomposers
358:Apatosaurus
216:Gyps fulvus
191:and German
186:Old English
130:Decomposers
118:herbivorous
112:feeding on
2971:Scavengers
2960:Categories
2897:Parasitism
2831:Bait balls
2821:Ram feeder
2753:Plastivore
2748:Lithotroph
2738:Saprophagy
2661:Osteophagy
2651:Palynivore
2608:Herbivores
2539:Paedophagy
2513:Spongivore
2503:Ophiophagy
2443:Carnivores
2378:2022-10-03
2179:: 83–106.
2117:: 75–101.
2083:2003055913
2018:2013006676
1965:2017-03-15
1244:: 109706.
1157:August 26,
1134:August 24,
883:References
791:polar bear
678:necrophagy
668:ecological
629:sky burial
598:scavenging
558:See also:
528:Diclofenac
395:autotrophs
375:coprovores
369:, such as
329:hadrosaurs
256:carnivores
110:carnivores
98:Scavengers
2902:Scavenger
2774:Predation
2743:Xenophagy
2723:Geophagia
2708:Fungivore
2656:Xylophagy
2646:Mellivory
2626:Frugivore
2621:Florivore
2518:Vermivore
2508:Piscivore
2493:Mucophagy
2483:Man-eater
2332:262428497
2297:cite book
2289:915123443
2250:141800146
2242:1537-5382
2201:143616841
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1026:0140-1963
918:1752-458X
645:cremation
582:Tempelhof
554:In humans
495:talk page
288:wild dogs
252:predation
235:blowflies
174:escauwage
164:meaning "
158:scavager,
152:Etymology
125:ecosystem
106:predation
52:flesh fly
2853:Browsing
2728:Omnivore
2670:Cellular
2616:Folivore
2361:57254065
2143:Archived
1996:New York
1986:(2014).
1919:82644021
1895:Elsevier
1859:31131976
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1211:27172591
1090:28628191
983:21199247
926:86467187
837:See also
637:vultures
633:cadavers
487:instead.
312:raccoons
308:polecats
303:termites
296:roadkill
272:leopards
222:in Spain
220:red deer
189:scēawian
182:Germanic
178:schauwer
162:skawager
18:Scavenge
2966:Ecology
2868:Grazing
2767:Methods
2554:Weaning
2534:Oophagy
2458:Avivore
2039:(ed.).
1831:Bibcode
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1060:Bibcode
1052:Ecology
1006:Bibcode
974:3032891
953:Bibcode
797:carcass
795:narwhal
720:Gallery
641:funeral
602:hunting
484:Vulture
457:Threats
284:carrion
280:cheetah
264:jackals
193:schauen
170:skawage
166:customs
146:abiotic
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