288:, challenged the term "predatory open access publishing" itself: "what do we mean when we say 'predatory,' and is that term even still useful?... This question has become relevant because of that common refrain heard among Beall's critics: that he only examines one kind of predation—the kind that naturally crops up in the context of author-pays OA." Anderson suggested that the term "predatory" be retired in the context of scholarly publishing: "It's a nice, attention-grabbing word, but I'm not sure it's helpfully descriptive... it generates more heat than light." In its place, he proposed the term "deceptive publishing".
277:"the criteria he uses for his list are an excellent starting point for thinking about the hallmarks of predatory publishers and journals", and suggested that "given the fuzziness between low-quality and predatory publishers, whitelisting, or listing publishers and journals that have been vetted and verified as satisfying certain standards, may be a better solution than blacklisting." However, for researchers in developing countries, the list has also been described as having been particularly important, as a result of lower access to institutional support for guidance on predatory publishers.
149:
you will be completely exposing yourself to serious legal implications including criminal cases lunched against you in INDIA and USA." Beall responded that the letter was "poorly written and personally threatening" and expressed his opinion that the letter "is an attempt to detract from the enormity of OMICS's editorial practices". OMICS' lawyers stated that damages were being pursued under section 66A of India's
325:
me in several ways. They launched a research misconduct investigation against me (after seven months, the result of the investigation was that no misconduct had occurred). They also put an unqualified, mendacious supervisor over me, and he constantly attacked and harassed me. I decided I could no longer safely publish the list with my university threatening me in these ways." Beall has not reactivated the list.
317:
relationship, and its vice president of business development declared that Beall "was forced to shut down blog due to threats and politics". The
University of Colorado declared that the decision to take down the list was a personal decision from Beall. Beall later wrote that he had taken down his blog because of pressure from the University of Colorado, which threatened his job security.
153:, which makes it illegal to use a computer to publish "any information that is grossly offensive or has menacing character" or to publish false information. The letter stated that three years in prison was a possible penalty, although a U.S. lawyer said that the threats seemed to be a "publicity stunt" that was meant to "intimidate".
276:
librarians Monica Berger and Jill
Cirasella wrote that his views were biased against open-access journals from less economically developed countries. Berger and Cirasella argued that "imperfect English or a predominantly non-Western editorial board does not make a journal predatory". They stated that
226:
One-third of the journals to which Szust applied were sampled from Beall's List. Forty of these predatory journals accepted Szust as editor without any background vetting and often within days or even hours. By comparison, she received minimal to no positive response from the "control" journals which
1412:
Kakamad, Fahmi H.; Mohammed, Shvan H.; Najar, Kayhan A.; Qadr, Goran A.; Ahmed, Jaafar O.; Mohammed, Karukh K.; Salih, Rawezh Q.; Hassan, Marwan N.; Mikael, Tomas M.; Kakamad, Suhaib H.; Baba, Hiwa O.; Aziz, Masrur S.; Rahim, Hawbash M.; Ahmmad, Dlshad R.; Hussein, Dahat A.; Ali, Rebwar A.; Hammood,
324:
to open a research misconduct case against Beall, to which the
University of Colorado acquiesced, is reported as the immediate reason for Beall to take down the list. The university's investigation was closed with no findings. In an interview in 2018, Beall stated that "my university began to attack
148:
threatened to sue Beall for $ 1 billion for his "ridiculous, baseless, impertinent" inclusion of it on his list, which "smacks of literal unprofessionalism and arrogance". An unedited sentence from the letter read: "Let us at the outset warn you that this is a very perilous journey for you and
184:
submitted 304 fake scientific articles to various open access journals, many of which were published by publishers on Beall's List. Among these publishers that completed the review process, 82% accepted the paper. Bohannon stated "the results show that Beall is good at spotting publishers with poor
140:
In
February 2013, the open-access publisher Canadian Center for Science and Education sent a letter to Beall stating that Beall's inclusion of its company on his list of questionable open-access publishers amounted to defamation. The letter also stated that if Beall did not remove the company from
260:
sting operation led Phil Davis to state that "Beall is falsely accusing nearly one in five as being a 'potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open access publisher' on appearances alone." He wrote that Beall "should reconsider listing publishers on his 'predatory' list until he has
222:
for "fraud"), and applied on her behalf for an editor position to 360 scholarly journals. Szust's qualifications were dismal for the role of an editor; she had never published a single article and had no editorial experience. The books and book chapters listed on her CV were made-up, as were the
71:
claiming that pressure from his employer led to the blog shutdown, although the university's official statement and a response by Beall's direct supervisor both disputed this account. The closure of Beall's List was cited by some as a loss of an important resource, and successors have set out to
90:
The original list of 18 publishers published a total of 1,328 separate journals. Beall originally classified all but one of the publishers he reviewed as being predatory. A decade later, two of the original 18 had been acquired by reputable publishers, and three appeared to have gone out of
66:
The influence of Beall's List led some publishers on the list to threaten defamation lawsuits against Beall, as well as to lodge official complaints against Beall's work to the
University of Colorado. In January 2017, Beall removed the list from his blog, scholarlyoa.com. Six months later, he
316:
website was removed, along with Beall's faculty page on the
University of Colorado's website. The removal was first noticed on social media, with speculation on whether the removal was due to migration of the list to the stewardship of Cabell's International. The company later denied any
261:
evidence of wrongdoing. Being mislabeled as a 'potential, possible, or probable predatory publisher' by circumstantial evidence alone is like the sheriff of a Wild West town throwing a cowboy into jail just 'cuz he's a little funny lookin.' Civility requires due process."
84:. He said that he "immediately became fascinated because most of the e-mails contained numerous grammatical errors." Starting in 2008, he maintained a list of what he stated were "potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers".
363:
states that it includes the original list as at 15 January 2017, with updates listed separately, maintained by an anonymous
European postdoctoral researcher; as of March 2024 the most recent entries in its ChangeLog are from December 8, 2021.
63:. Originally started as a personal endeavor in 2008, Beall's List became a widely followed piece of work by the mid-2010s. The list was used by scientists to identify exploitative publishers and detect publisher spam.
185:
quality control". Beall stated that the results support his claim to be identifying "predatory" publishers. However, the remaining 18% of publishers identified by Beall as predatory rejected the fake paper, leading
291:
Beall's List primarily assessed the predatory journals based on their compliance with procedural standards, even though the quality of a journal can be judged on at least six different dimensions. A 2020 review in
126:
The publisher falsely claims to have its content indexed in legitimate abstracting and indexing services or claims that its content is indexed in resources that are not abstracting and indexing services.
91:
business. The remaining 13 publishers had significantly increased the number of journals they were publishing, to a total of 1,650 individual journals (about 10% of the number of journals listed in
87:
In 2011, Beall's list had 18 publishers on it; by
December 29, 2016, this number had grown to 923. Many of the journals listed were not actively publishing or published very few papers each year.
1715:
270:
that he had been following some of Beall's work with "growing unease", and that Beall's "broader critique (really an assault) of Gold OA and those who advocate it" had "crossed the line".
80:
Beall first became interested in predatory open-access journals (a term he coined) in 2008, when he started to receive numerous requests from dubious journals to serve on their
1873:
1803:
1618:
979:
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includes the category "level X" that includes journals suspected of being predatory; its establishment was linked to expressions of concern regarding the publisher
298:
found that only 3% of "predatory checklists" found online met their study's criteria for being "evidence-based"; Beall's List was not amongst them. A 2021 study in
204:. Frontiers Media would later be added to Beall's list in 2015, sparking a controversy that is credited as a major reason for Beall eventually retracting his list.
117:
The publisher has no policies or practices for digital preservation, meaning that if the journal ceases operations, all of the content disappears from the internet.
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1510:
Cukier, Samantha; Helal, Lucas; Rice, Danielle B.; Pupkaite, Justina; Ahmadzai, Nadera; Wilson, Mitchell; Skidmore, Becky; Lalu, Manoj M.; Moher, David (2020).
692:
114:
There is little or no geographical diversity among the editorial board members, especially for journals that claim to be international in scope or coverage.
340:
231:(DOAJ), 8 of 120 accepted Szust. The DOAJ has since removed some of the affected journals in a 2016 purge. None of the 120 sampled journals listed in
1005:
320:
Beall's supervisor, Shea
Swauger, wrote that the university had supported Beall's work and had not threatened his academic freedom. A demand by
300:
1094:
559:
1376:
1479:"The citation impact of the Open Access accounting journals that appear on Beall's List of potentially predatory publishers and journals"
1115:
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347:. Cabell's International, a company that offers scholarly publishing analytics and other scholarly services, has also offered both a
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36:
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2011:
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1571:"How is open access accused of being predatory? The impact of Beall's lists of predatory journals on academic publishing"
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227:"must meet certain standards of quality, including ethical publishing practices." Among journals sampled from the
1988:
641:
60:
233:
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Two or more journals have duplicate editorial boards (i.e., same editorial board for more than one journal).
107:
Beall considered multiple criteria before including a publisher or journal on his lists. Examples included:
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697:
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52:
40:
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2012:"List of Standalone Journals: Potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access journals"
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526:
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751:
601:
334:
1212:
Sorokowski, Piotr; Kulczycki, Emanuel; Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Pisanski, Katarzyna (March 23, 2017).
1989:"List of Publishers: Potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers"
1968:
1720:
1716:"Jeffrey Beall: 'Predatory publishers threaten scientific integrity, are embarrassment to India'"
1600:
874:
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398:
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2019:
1996:
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527:"Open access, power, and privilege: A response to 'What I learned from predatory publishing'"
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It provided an easy checklist against the flood of uninvited emails from unknown publishers…
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242:
120:
The publisher copy-proofs (locks) their PDFs, thus making it harder to check for plagiarism.
1654:"Librarian's list of 'predatory' journals reportedly removed due to 'threats and politics'"
642:"Beall's List: Potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers"
321:
219:
201:
81:
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in 2022), primarily due to the dramatic increase in the number of journals published by
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980:"High Noon – A Publisher Threatens to 'Lunch' a Criminal Case Against Librarian Critic"
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In 2015, four researchers created a fictitious sub-par scientist named Anna O. Szust (
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1972:
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878:
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44:
17:
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Phil Davis to state "That means that Beall is falsely accusing nearly one in five".
1512:"Checklists to detect potential predatory biomedical journals: a systematic review"
373:
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1587:
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1495:
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339:
Since Beall's List closed, similar lists have been started by others, including
56:
1854:[We are introducing level X for dubious journals]. Khrono. May 27, 2021
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862:
815:
560:"World's main list of 'predatory' science publishers vanishes with no warning"
1596:
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1371:
1066:
870:
823:
771:
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1951:
Buschman, John (2020). "A Political
Sociology of the Beall's List Affair".
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779:
623:
543:
508:
451:
1415:"Kscien's list; a new strategy to hoist predatory journals and publishers"
739:
2014:(last archived ed.). Archived from the original on January 11, 2017.
1991:(last archived ed.). Archived from the original on January 12, 2017.
490:
193:
1265:"Dozens of Scientific Journals Offered Her a Job. But She Didn't Exist"
399:"Why Beall's List Died — and What It Left Unresolved About Open Access"
894:"Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers (3rd ed.)"
649:
27:
Defunct website listing predatory open-access publishers and journals
1923:
1317:"A Scholarly Sting Operation Shines a Light on 'Predatory' Journals"
1291:"A Scholarly Sting Operation Shines a Light on 'Predatory' Journals"
1240:
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763:
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and a white list for subscription on their website. Since 2021, the
59:, effectively publishing any article as long as the authors pay the
1964:
1898:
1681:"Mystery as controversial list of predatory publishers disappears"
1619:"Why did Beall's List of potential predatory publishers go dark?"
1372:"Beyond Beall's List: Better Understanding Predatory Publishers"
356:
123:
The name of a journal is incongruent with the journal's mission.
192:
Notable publishing groups to pass this sting operation include
1009:
2036:– maintained by an anonymous postdoctoral European researcher
1874:"Plasserer tretten vitenskapelige tidsskrift på gråsone-nivå"
1095:"Open Access "Sting" Reveals Deception, Missed Opportunities"
1063:"Science Magazine Conducts Sting Operation on OA Publishers"
693:"Research Intelligence – 'Predators' who lurk in plain cite"
361:
Beall's List of Potential Predatory Journals and Publishers
1928:
Beall's List of Potential Predatory Journals and Publishers
1903:
Beall's List of Potential Predatory Journals and Publishers
2033:
1829:
1569:
Krawczyk, Franciszek; Kulczycki, Emanuel (March 1, 2021).
1006:"Publisher Threatens Librarian With $ 1 Billion Lawsuit"
1413:
Zuhair D.; Essa, Rawand A.; Hassan, Hunar Ali (2019).
223:
publishing houses that allegedly published the books.
665:"Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)"
588:"Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing"
418:"Beall's list of predatory open access journals: RIP"
1796:"Cabell's New Predatory Journal Blacklist: A Review"
952:"Publisher Threatens to Sue Blogger for $ 1-Billion"
2034:"Beall's List of Predatory Journals and Publishers"
1453:"Should We Retire the Term 'Predatory Publishing'?"
312:On January 15, 2017, the entire content of Beall's
1146:"Why Beall's blacklist of predatory journals died"
845:Kendall, Graham; Linacre, Simon (September 2022).
798:Kendall, Graham; Linacre, Simon (September 2022).
721:"A Peek Inside the Strange World of Fake Academia"
246:in March 2017, and widely presented in the press.
141:his list, it would subject him to "civil action".
1739:"The precarious prevalence of predatory journals"
847:"Predatory Journals: Revisiting Beall's Research"
800:"Predatory Journals: Revisiting Beall's Research"
240:The results of the experiment were published in
1852:"Vi innfører nivå X for tvilsomme tidsskrifter"
1446:
1444:
1442:
1139:
1137:
520:
518:
392:
390:
388:
8:
335:Predatory publishing § Other blacklists
304:confirmed Beall's bias against OA journals.
213:
1339:
1337:
1030:Venkataramakrishnan, Rohan (May 19, 2013).
466:
464:
341:CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre
1679:Singh Chawla, Dalmeet (January 17, 2017).
945:
943:
473:"What I learned from predatory publishers"
1733:
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1370:Berger, Monica; Cirasella, Jill (2015).
1214:"Predatory journals recruit fake editor"
1165:"Predatory journals recruit fake editor"
1088:
1086:
1084:
648:(last archived ed.). Archived from
1806:from the original on September 21, 2017
1065:. Scholarly Open Access. Archived from
921:Flaherty, Colleen (February 15, 2013).
738:Van Noorden, Richard (August 1, 2014).
384:
2017:
1994:
1344:Esposito, Joseph (December 16, 2013).
161:
1575:The Journal of Academic Librarianship
1483:The Journal of Academic Librarianship
1419:International Journal of Surgery Open
1377:College & Research Libraries News
793:
791:
789:
531:College & Research Libraries News
301:The Journal of Academic Librarianship
280:Rick Anderson, associate dean in the
7:
1346:"Parting Company with Jeffrey Beall"
1163:Sorokowski, Piotr (March 22, 2017).
254:The list's 82% accuracy rate in the
67:published an article in the journal
1764:Siegfried, Elaine (June 16, 2017).
1144:Basken, Paul (September 22, 2017).
397:Basken, Paul (September 12, 2017).
1627:. January 17, 2017. Archived from
892:Beall, Jeffrey (January 1, 2015).
719:Carey, Kevin (December 29, 2016).
525:Swauger, Shea (December 1, 2017).
237:(JCR) offered Szust the position.
25:
403:The Chronicle of Higher Education
229:Directory of Open Access Journals
1899:"Contact / Sources / Disclaimer"
1315:Burdick, Alan (March 22, 2017).
1114:Quinn, David; Wiesmann, Daniel.
740:"Open-access website gets tough"
558:Spears, Tom (January 17, 2017).
151:Information Technology Act, 2000
37:predatory open-access publishers
1451:Anderson, Rick (May 11, 2015).
1289:Kolata, Gina (March 22, 2017).
1093:Davis, Phil (October 4, 2013).
1032:"Send Section 66A bullies home"
1004:Chappell, Bill (May 15, 2013).
978:Anderson, Rick (May 20, 2013).
663:Kolata, Gina (April 7, 2013).
1:
1116:"Who's afraid of peer review"
957:Chronicle of Higher Education
851:Publishing Research Quarterly
804:Publishing Research Quarterly
691:Jump, Paul (August 2, 2012).
51:. The list aimed to document
1588:10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102271
1496:10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102484
1477:Walters, William H. (2022).
343:, and an anonymous group at
257:Who's Afraid of Peer Review?
170:Who's Afraid of Peer Review?
163:Who's Afraid of Peer Review?
282:J. Willard Marriott Library
274:City University of New York
2071:
1529:10.1186/s12916-020-01566-1
1432:10.1016/j.ijso.2019.01.002
950:New, Jake (May 15, 2013).
863:10.1007/s12109-022-09888-z
816:10.1007/s12109-022-09888-z
353:Norwegian Scientific Index
332:
167:
93:Cabells' Predatory Reports
2024:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2001:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
264:Joseph Esposito wrote in
61:article processing charge
55:who did not perform real
2050:Open access (publishing)
1826:"Cabell's International"
923:"Librarians and Lawyers"
234:Journal Citation Reports
35:was a prominent list of
1695:10.1126/science.aal0625
471:Beall, Jeffrey (2017).
345:Stop Predatory Journals
157:Use in sting operations
72:continue Beall's work.
39:that was maintained by
1391:10.5860/crln.76.3.9277
698:Times Higher Education
544:10.5860/crln.78.11.603
416:Watson, Roger (2017).
214:
146:OMICS Publishing Group
103:Criteria for inclusion
97:OMICS Publishing Group
53:open-access publishers
41:University of Colorado
1953:The Library Quarterly
1800:The Scholarly Kitchen
1457:The Scholarly Kitchen
1350:The Scholarly Kitchen
1150:University World News
1100:The Scholarly Kitchen
727:. The New York Times.
646:Scholarly Open Access
314:Scholarly Open Access
267:The Scholarly Kitchen
208:"Dr Fraud" experiment
49:Scholarly Open Access
18:Scholarly Open Access
1120:Who does peer review
652:on January 12, 2017.
491:10.11613/BM.2017.029
187:science communicator
1832:on December 8, 2017
1766:"Fake Medical News"
1232:2017Natur.543..481S
1181:2017Natur.543..481S
756:2014Natur.512...17V
606:2013Natur.495..433B
586:Butler, D. (2013).
1745:. January 28, 2018
1721:The Indian Express
1660:. January 18, 2017
1295:The New York Times
1069:on 12 October 2013
670:The New York Times
359:. A site entitled
286:University of Utah
1878:Universitetsavisa
1802:. July 25, 2017.
1776:on March 16, 2018
1770:Dermatology Times
1631:on April 18, 2018
1263:Kluger, Jeffrey.
1226:(7646): 481–483.
1175:(7646): 481–483.
984:Scholarly Kitchen
600:(7442): 433–435.
16:(Redirected from
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1772:. Archived from
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1743:Research Matters
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1724:. July 20, 2018.
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1924:"Changelog"
1836:December 7,
1810:December 7,
1700:January 18,
1664:January 25,
1635:January 18,
1043:October 24,
1037:India Today
989:October 24,
963:October 22,
932:December 8,
676:January 18,
571:January 18,
57:peer review
2044:Categories
1908:October 1,
1780:August 16,
1522:(1): 104.
1073:22 October
1015:October 2,
704:August 29,
380:References
349:black list
333:See also:
329:Successors
43:librarian
1973:224809316
1749:March 16,
1605:228863095
1597:0099-1333
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1326:March 22,
1300:March 22,
1274:March 22,
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871:1053-8801
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250:Criticism
174:In 2013,
131:Reception
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1997:cite web
1933:March 4,
1804:Archived
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1199:28332542
780:25100463
624:23538810
509:28694718
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368:See also
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1858:May 27,
1686:Science
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1228:Bibcode
1177:Bibcode
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1464:2015
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1328:2017
1302:2017
1276:2017
1269:Time
1246:PMID
1195:PMID
1128:2019
1075:2013
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1017:2016
991:2016
965:2016
934:2014
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620:PMID
573:2017
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357:MDPI
1961:doi
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