Academic publishing - Knowledge (XXG)

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challenges the value of publishers. Many items on the list could be argued to be of value primarily to the publishers themselves, e.g. "Make money and remain a constant in the system of scholarly output". However, others provide direct value to researchers and research in steering the academic literature. This includes arbitrating disputes (e.g. over ethics, authorship), stewarding the scholarly record, copy-editing, proofreading, type-setting, styling of materials, linking the articles to open and accessible datasets, and (perhaps most importantly) arranging and managing scholarly peer review. The latter is a task that should not be underestimated as it effectively entails coercing busy people into giving their time to improve someone else's work and maintain the quality of the literature. Not to mention the standard management processes for large enterprises, including infrastructure, people, security, and marketing. All of these factors contribute in one way or another to maintaining the scholarly record.

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Above, for example, we question the necessity of the current infrastructure for peer review, and if a scholar-led crowdsourced alternative may be preferable. In addition, one of the biggest tensions in this space is associated with the question if for-profit companies (or the private sector) should be allowed to be in charge of the management and dissemination of academic output and execute their powers while serving, for the most part, their own interests. This is often considered alongside the value added by such companies, and therefore the two are closely linked as part of broader questions on appropriate expenditure of public funds, the role of commercial entities in the public sector, and issues around the privatisation of scholarly knowledge.

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articles in order to justify raising their fees. It may be criticized on financial grounds as well because the necessary publication or subscription fees have proven to be higher than originally expected. Open access advocates generally reply that because open access is as much based on peer reviewing as traditional publishing, the quality should be the same (recognizing that both traditional and open access journals have a range of quality). It has also been argued that good science done by academic institutions who cannot afford to pay for open access might not get published at all, but most open access journals permit the waiver of the fee for financial hardship or authors in

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decisions based on indicators that are unrelated to research quality, such as the JIF. All the above questions are being investigated and alternatives could be considered and explored. Yet, in the current system, publishers still play a role in managing processes of quality assurance, interlinking and findability of research. As the role of scholarly publishers within the knowledge communication industry continues to evolve, it is seen as necessary that they can justify their operation based on the intrinsic value that they add, and combat the perception that they add no value to the process.

376:(who are academics in the same field) who check that the content of the paper is suitable for publication in the journal. A paper may undergo a series of reviews, revisions, and re-submissions before finally being accepted or rejected for publication. This process typically takes several months. Next, there is often a delay of many months (or in some fields, over a year) before an accepted manuscript appears. This is particularly true for the most popular journals where the number of accepted articles often outnumbers the space for printing. Due to this, many academics 744: 956:: "the foundations and governments that fund research, the universities and laboratories that employ researchers, endowments set up by discipline or institution, friends of the cause of open access, profits from the sale of add-ons to the basic texts, funds freed up by the demise or cancellation of journals charging traditional subscription or access fees, or even contributions from the researchers themselves". For more recent open public discussion of open access funding models, see 276:

well as through typesetting, printing, and web publishing. Investment analysts, however, have been skeptical of the value added by for-profit publishers, as exemplified by a 2005 Deutsche Bank analysis which stated that "we believe the publisher adds relatively little value to the publishing process... We are simply observing that if the process really were as complex, costly and value-added as the publishers protest that it is, 40% margins wouldn't be available."

90:, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. There is also a tendency for existing journals to divide into specialized sections as the field itself becomes more specialized. Along with the variation in review and publication procedures, the kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions to knowledge or research differ greatly among fields and subfields. In the sciences, the desire for statistically significant results leads to 900:

1990s declined to almost untenable levels, as many libraries cancelled subscriptions, leaving fewer and fewer peer-reviewed outlets for publication; and many humanities professors' first books sell only a few hundred copies, which often does not pay for the cost of their printing. Some scholars have called for a publication subvention of a few thousand dollars to be associated with each

4136: 1065: 1033:) have already introduced such a hybrid option, and more are following. The fraction of the authors of a hybrid open access journal that makes use of its open access option can, however, be small. It also remains unclear whether this is practical in fields outside the sciences, where there is much less availability of outside funding. In 2006, several 1147: 395:. Paper journals are now generally made available in electronic form as well, both to individual subscribers, and to libraries. Almost always these electronic versions are available to subscribers immediately upon publication of the paper version, or even before; sometimes they are also made available to non-subscribers, either immediately (by 200:

Early scientific journals embraced several models: some were run by a single individual who exerted editorial control over the contents, often simply publishing extracts from colleagues' letters, while others employed a group decision-making process, more closely aligned to modern peer review. It was

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Prestige journals using the APC model often charge several thousand dollars. Oxford University Press, with over 300 journals, has fees ranging from £1000-£2500, with discounts of 50% to 100% to authors from developing countries. Wiley Blackwell has 700 journals available, and they charge different

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In 2009 and 2010, surveys and reports found that libraries faced continuing budget cuts, with one survey in 2009 finding that 36% of UK libraries had their budgets cut by 10% or more, compared to 29% with increased budgets. In the 2010s, libraries began more aggressive cost cutting with the leverage

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in a 2011 report stated that in share of English scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada. The report predicted that China would overtake the United States sometime before 2020, possibly as early as 2013. China's scientific

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as they become more advanced in science and technology. Although the large majority of scientific output and academic documents are produced in developed countries, the rate of growth in these countries has stabilized and is much smaller than the growth rate in some of the developing countries. The

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In May 2016, the Council for the European Union agreed that from 2020 all scientific publications as a result of publicly funded research must be freely available. It also must be able to optimally reuse research data. To achieve that, the data must be made accessible, unless there are well-founded

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had a larger share of the world's total from 36.6% to 39.3% and from 32.8% to 37.5% of the "top one per cent of highly cited scientific papers". However, the United States' output dropped from 52.3% to 49.4% of the world's total, and its portion of the top one percent dropped from 65.6% to 62.8%.

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issue many new humanities books every year. The arrival of online publishing opportunities has radically transformed the economics of the field and the shape of the future is controversial. Unlike science, where timeliness is critically important, humanities publications often take years to write

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It could be questioned though, whether these functions are actually necessary to the core aim of scholarly communication, namely, dissemination of research to researchers and other stakeholders such as policy makers, economic, biomedical and industrial practitioners as well as the general public.

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systems, commercial software packages, or open source and free software. A manuscript undergoes one or more rounds of review; after each round, the author(s) of the article modify their submission in line with the reviewers' comments; this process is repeated until the editor is satisfied and the

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The process of peer review is organized by the journal editor and is complete when the content of the article, together with any associated images, data, and supplementary material are accepted for publication. The peer review process is increasingly managed online, through the use of proprietary

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Unlike most industries, in academic publishing the two most important inputs are provided "virtually free of charge". These are the articles and the peer review process. Publishers argue that they add value to the publishing process through support to the peer review group, including stipends, as

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There is increasing frustration amongst OA advocates, with what is perceived as resistance to change on the part of many of the established academic publishers. Publishers are often accused of capturing and monetising publicly funded research, using free academic labour for peer review, and then

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system has emerged without thought to its consequences; they claim that the predictable result is the publication of much shoddy work, as well as unreasonable demands on the already limited research time of young scholars. To make matters worse, the circulation of many humanities journals in the

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Several models are being investigated, such as open publication models or adding community-oriented features. It is also considered that "Online scientific interaction outside the traditional journal space is becoming more and more important to academic communication". In addition, experts have

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However, scholarly publishing is not a simple process, and publishers do add value to scholarly communication as it is currently designed. Kent Anderson maintains a list of things that journal publishers do which currently contains 102 items and has yet to be formally contested from anyone who

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to various venues as well as the fact that some publishers profit beyond reasonable scale. What is missing most from the current publishing market, is transparency about the nature and the quality of the services publishers offer. This would allow authors to make informed choices, rather than

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Fee-based open access publishing has been criticized on quality grounds, as the desire to maximize publishing fees could cause some journals to relax the standard of peer review. Although, similar desire is also present in the subscription model, where publishers increase numbers or published

217:. The pandemic has also deepened the western monopoly of science-publishing, "by August 2021, at least 210,000 new papers on covid-19 had been published, according to a Royal Society study. Of the 720,000-odd authors of these papers, nearly 270,000 were from the US, the UK, Italy or Spain." 298:

when libraries can not afford to purchase them. For example, the ARL found that in "1986, libraries spent 44% of their budgets on books compared with 56% on journals; twelve years later, the ratio had skewed to 28% and 72%." Meanwhile, monographs are increasingly expected for tenure in the

184:, a sociologist, found that 92% of cases of simultaneous discovery in the 17th century ended in dispute. The number of disputes dropped to 72% in the 18th century, 59% by the latter half of the 19th century, and 33% by the first half of the 20th century. The decline in contested claims for 3666:

Vanholsbeeck, Marc; Thacker, Paul; Sattler, Susanne; Ross-Hellauer, Tony; Rivera-López, Bárbara S.; Rice, Curt; Nobes, Andy; Masuzzo, Paola; Martin, Ryan; Kramer, Bianca; Havemann, Johanna; Enkhbayar, Asura; Davila, Jacinto; Crick, Tom; Crane, Harry; Tennant, Jonathan P. (2019-03-11).

1021:, authors or their funders pay a subscription journal a publication fee to make their individual article open access. The other articles in such hybrid journals are either made available after a delay or remain available only by subscription. Most traditional publishers (including 235:

In the 1960s and 1970s, commercial publishers began to selectively acquire "top-quality" journals that were previously published by nonprofit academic societies. When the commercial publishers raised the subscription prices significantly, they lost little of the market, due to the

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Perhaps the most widely recognized failing of peer review is its inability to ensure the identification of high-quality work. The list of important scientific papers that were initially rejected by peer-reviewed journals goes back at least as far as the editor of

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The publishing of academic journals has started in the 17th century, and expanded greatly in the 19th. At that time, the act of publishing academic inquiry was controversial and widely ridiculed. It was not at all unusual for a new discovery to be announced as a

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While journal editors largely agree the system is essential to quality control in terms of rejecting poor quality work, there have been examples of important results that are turned down by one journal before being taken to others. Rena Steinzor wrote:

593:, that all of the referencing and labelling is correct, and that the text is consistent and legible; often this work involves substantive editing and negotiating with the authors. Because the work of academic copy editors can overlap with that of 188:

in research discoveries can be credited to the increasing acceptance of the publication of papers in modern academic journals, with estimates suggesting that around 50 million journal articles have been published since the first appearance of the

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impact, as measured by other scientists citing the published papers the next year, is smaller although also increasing. Developing countries continue to find ways to improve their share, given research budget constraints and limited resources.

294:). The university budget cuts have reduced library budgets and reduced subsidies to university-affiliated publishers. The humanities have been particularly affected by the pressure on university publishers, which are less able to publish 1092:

fastest scientific output growth rate over the last two decades has been in the Middle East and Asia with Iran leading with an 11-fold increase followed by the Republic of Korea, Turkey, Cyprus, China, and Oman. In comparison, the only

608:. The author will review and correct proofs at one or more stages in the production process. The proof correction cycle has historically been labour-intensive as handwritten comments by authors and editors are manually transcribed by a 558:. The best journals have the highest rejection rates (around 90–95%). American Psychological Association journals' rejection rates ranged "from a low of 35 per cent to a high of 85 per cent." The complement is called "acceptance rate". 926: 758:) literature is a large industry which generated $ 23.5 billion in revenue in 2011; $ 9.4 billion of that was specifically from the publication of English-language scholarly journals. The overall number of journals contained in the 4046:

Greco, Albert N (2015). "Academic Libraries and the Economics of Scholarly Publishing in the Twenty-First Century: Portfolio Theory, Product Differentiation, Economic Rent, Perfect Price Discrimination, and the Cost of Prestige".

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Peer review is a central concept for most academic publishing; other scholars in a field must find a work sufficiently high in quality for it to merit publication. A secondary benefit of the process is an indirect guard against

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suggested measures to make the publication process more efficient in disseminating new and important findings by evaluating the worthiness of publication on the basis of the significance and novelty of the research finding.

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Academic authors cite sources they have used, in order to support their assertions and arguments and to help readers find more information on the subject. It also gives credit to authors whose work they use and helps avoid

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being paid by authors or their funders, sometimes misleadingly called "open access model". The reason this term is misleading is due to the existence of many other models, including funding sources listed in the original

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is very different in different fields. Some fields, like economics, may have very "hard" or highly quantitative standards for publication, much like the natural sciences. Others, like anthropology or sociology, emphasize

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hijacked the entire world of basic and clinical science, with unprecedented shifts in funding priorities worldwide and a boom in medical publishing, accompanied by an unprecedented increase in the number of publications.

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since reviewers are usually familiar with the sources consulted by the author(s). The origins of routine peer review for submissions dates to 1752 when the Royal Society of London took over official responsibility for

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Academic publishing is undergoing major changes as it makes the transition from the print to the electronic format. Business models are different in the electronic environment. Since the early 1990s, licensing of

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and years more to publish. Unlike the sciences, research is most often an individual process and is seldom supported by large grants. Journals rarely make profits and are typically run by university departments.

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Publishing could certainly be done at a lower cost than common at present. There are significant researcher-facing inefficiencies in the system including the common scenario of multiple rounds of rejection and

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were the only developing countries among the 31 nations that produced 97.5% of the most cited scientific articles in a study published in 2004. The remaining 162 countries contributed less than 2.5%. The

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amounts for each journal. Springer, with over 2600 journals, charges US$ 3000 or EUR 2200 (excluding VAT). A study found that the average APC (ensuring open access) was between $ 1,418 and US$ 2,727.

532:"Confirmatory bias" is the unconscious tendency to accept reports which support the reviewer's views and to downplay those which do not. Experimental studies show the problem exists in peer reviewing. 2879: 1200:

selling the resulting publications back to academia at inflated profits. Such frustrations sometimes spill over into hyperbole, of which "publishers add no value" is one of the most common examples.

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of around 40% making it one of the most profitable industries, especially compared to the smaller publishers, which likely operate with low margins. These factors have contributed to the "

620:, and other programs, but it still remained a time-consuming and error-prone process. The full automation of the proof correction cycles has only become possible with the onset of online 79:

or editorial refereeing to qualify texts for publication. Peer review quality and selectivity standards vary greatly from journal to journal, publisher to publisher, and field to field.

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A crisis in academic publishing is "widely perceived"; the apparent crisis has to do with the combined pressure of budget cuts at universities and increased costs for journals (the

151:, was the earliest academic journal published in Europe. Its content included obituaries of famous men, church history, and legal reports. The first issue appeared as a twelve-page 2251: 762:

database increased from around 8,500 in 2010 to around 9,400 in 2020, while the number of articles published increased from around 1.1 million in 2010 to 1.8 million in 2020.

3239: 113:, thereby shifting some fees from the reader to the researcher or their funder. Many open or closed journals fund their operations without such fees and others use them in 1487: 121:, in which authors themselves make a copy of their published articles available free for all on the web. Some important results in mathematics have been published only on 2155: 887:

The following describes the situation in the United States. In many fields, such as literature and history, several published articles are typically required for a first

3325: 407:. Ellison in 2011 reported that in economics the dramatic increase in opportunities to publish results online has led to a decline in the use of peer-reviewed articles. 589:, inclusion in a specific issue of a journal, and then printing and online publication. Academic copy editing seeks to ensure that an article conforms to the journal's 3072: 3269: 403:

of anywhere from two to twenty-four months or more, in order to protect against loss of subscriptions. Journals having this delayed availability are sometimes called

368:. It contains original research results or reviews existing results. Such a paper, also called an article, will only be considered valid if it undergoes a process of 160: 1513: 197:

was steadfast in its not-yet-popular belief that science could only move forward through a transparent and open exchange of ideas backed by experimental evidence.

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Funders often ask for brief 1- to 5-page concept papers (also called "white papers" in the government contracting sector) prior to submission of a full proposal.

1874: 4700: 4543: 4192: 1287: 3631: 2521: 930: 272:" – total expenditures on serials increased 7.6% per year from 1986 to 2005, yet the number of serials purchased increased an average of only 1.9% per year. 2876: 2129: 2063:"The Business of Academic Publishing: A Strategic Analysis of the Academic Journal Publishing Industry and its Impact on the Future of Scholarly Publishing" 260:) accounted for 50% of articles published in 2013. (Since 2013, Springer Science+Business Media has undergone a merger to form an even bigger company named 2487: 44: 2946: 2749: 3406: 106:

via the Internet. In open access publishing, a journal article is made available free for all on the web by the publisher at the time of publication.

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Each scholarly journal uses a specific format for citations (also known as references). Among the most common formats used in research papers are the

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Under Open Access, the content can be freely accessed and reused by anyone in the world using an Internet connection. The terminology going back to

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is in principle similar to publishing elsewhere in the academy; a range of journals, from general to extremely specialized, are available, and

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Potential readership of Open Access material is far greater than that for publications where the full-text is restricted to subscribers.

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The possibility of rejections of papers is an important aspect in peer review. The evaluation of quality of journals is based also on

340: 71:. The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the Internet is often called " 3984:

Brienza, Casey (2012). "Opening the wrong gate? The academic spring and scholarly publishing in the humanities and social sciences".

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The online distribution of individual articles and academic journals then takes place without charge to readers and libraries. Most

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Harnad, S., Brody, T., Vallieres, F., Carr, L., Hitchcock, S., Gingras, Y, Oppenheim, C., Stamerjohanns, H., & Hilf, E. (2004)

815:. Reasons for this departure include a large number of such conferences, the quick pace of research progress, and computer science 612:

onto a clean version of the proof. In the early 21st century, this process was streamlined by the introduction of e-annotations in

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interactions of multiple authors and exposes them as explicit, actionable historic events. At the end of this process, a final

31: 3321: 784:, for minor research results and engineering and design work (including computer software), round out the primary literature. 4480: 3103: 102:, particularly journals, has been very common. An important trend, particularly with respect to journals in the sciences, is 647:

From time to time some published journal articles have been retracted for different reasons, including research misconduct.

75:". Most scientific and scholarly journals, and many academic and scholarly books, though not all, are based on some form of 3261: 4730: 1292: 400: 324: 2877:

https://wcrif.org/images/2019/ArchiveOtherSessions/day2/36.%20CC4%20-%20Debora%20Weber-wulffO-019%2020190602-HongKong.pdf

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A partial exception to scientific publication practices is in many fields of applied science, particularly that of U.S.

3520: 3490: 933:. The impact of the work available as Open Access is maximised because, quoting the Library of Trinity College Dublin: 4690: 2947:

https://ori.hhs.gov/avoiding-plagiarism-self-plagiarism-and-other-questionable-writing-practices-guide-ethical-writing

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There are various types of peer review feedback that may be given prior to publication, including but not limited to:

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Tenopir, Carol and Donald King. "Towards Electronic Journals: Realities for Librarians and Publishers. SLA, 2000.

3600: 2525: 1247: 1018: 1003: 948: 575: 2125: 1007: 983: 792:(which provide a synthesis of research articles on a topic to highlight advances and new lines of research), and 597:, editors employed by journal publishers often refer to themselves as "manuscript editors". During this process, 177: 110: 2494: 2789:

de Jager, Marije (2013). "Journal copy-editing in a non-anglophone environment". In Matarese, Valerie ) (ed.).

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Björk, Bo-Christer; Solomon, David (October 2013). "The publishing delay in scholarly peer-reviewed journals".

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Perelman, Grisha (November 11, 2002). "The entropy formula for the Ricci flow and its geometric applications".

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Belcher, Wendy Laura. "Writing Your Journal Article in Twelve Weeks: A Guide to Academic Publishing Success".

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Merton, Robert K. (December 1963). "Resistance to the Systematic Study of Multiple Discoveries in Science".

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In the late 20th century author-produced camera-ready copy has been replaced by electronic formats such as

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Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing

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A Breakdown in Communication: Journal Reactions to Information about Plagiarism and Duplicate Publications

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and reporting on first-hand observation as well as quantitative work. Some social science fields, such as

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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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have their own journals and other outlets for publication, although many academic journals are somewhat

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Patterson, David (University of California, Berkeley); Snyder, Lawrence; Ullma, Jeffrey (August 1999).

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servers become much popular during the pandemic, the Covid situation has an impact also on traditional

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The production process, controlled by a production editor or publisher, then takes an article through

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Getting it Published, 2nd Edition: A Guide for Scholars and Anyone Else Serious About Serious Books

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reasons for not doing so, for example, intellectual property rights or security or privacy issues.

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empowered library systems in reducing their subscription costs by 70% with the cancellation of the

253: 185: 87: 83: 2198:"The impact of the economic downturn on libraries: With special reference to university libraries" 1895: 972: 172:, reserving priority for the discoverer, but indecipherable for anyone not in on the secret: both 4612: 4248: 4220: 4064: 4001: 3972: 3792: 3717: 3623: 3581: 3171: 3136: 2924: 2843: 2632: 2469: 2382: 2296: 1836: 1692: 1642: 1588: 1464: 1302: 1282: 1272: 1088: 995: 943:

Details of contents also appear in normal search engines like Google, Google Scholar, Yahoo, etc.

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demand for these journals. Although there are over 2,000 publishers, five for-profit companies (

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Best, Joel (September 2016). "Following the Money Across the Landscape of Sociology Journals".

1700: 957: 4668: 4556: 4523: 4344: 4265: 4106: 4091: 4080: 4031: 4017: 3945: 3923: 3841: 3784: 3573: 3194: 3099: 3066: 2945:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Office of Research Integrity Retrieved from 2916: 2794: 2698: 2680: 2610:"Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system" 2588: 2582: 2563: 1996: 1966: 1828: 1781: 1763: 1634: 1342: 1327: 641: 257: 205: 2999:

International Publishers Association (IPa); World Intellectual Property Organization (2023).

2974:(Third ed.). International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers. 708:. The CMS style uses footnotes at the bottom of page to help readers locate the sources. The 4657: 4571: 4293: 4215: 4056: 3993: 3964: 3913: 3905: 3872: 3831: 3774: 3709: 3680: 3615: 3563: 3163: 3128: 3091: 3012: 2908: 2835: 2688: 2672: 2624: 2555: 2461: 2453: 2424: 2416: 2374: 2330: 2288: 2209: 1956: 1946: 1820: 1771: 1755: 1684: 1676: 1626: 1402: 1358: 1232: 901: 880: 808: 785: 781: 479:, often operating by rules radically different from those for most other academic journals. 428: 365: 359: 226: 181: 91: 64: 811:

research. An equally prestigious site of publication within U.S. computer science are some

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Scientific and technical journal publications per million residents of the world as of 2013

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Flexible membership funding model for Open Access publishing with no author-facing charges

797: 789: 705: 666:. The topic of dual publication (also known as self-plagiarism) has been addressed by the 461: 261: 249: 72: 4121:

Knowledge mobilization and educational research: Politics, languages and responsibilities

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Scholarly publishing, knowledge mobility and internationalization of Chinese universities

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Kronick, David A. (9 March 1990). "Peer Review in 18th-Century Scientific Journalism".

2176: 1961: 1926: 1776: 1743: 1267: 1108: 1038: 1034: 999: 987: 839: 777: 759: 697: 689: 613: 447: 442: 377: 291: 285: 269: 148: 118: 388:' copy of their paper for free download from their personal or institutional website. 4745: 4637: 4444: 4414: 4298: 4283: 4068: 4005: 3976: 3955:

Best, Joel (2016). "Following the Money Across the Landscape of Sociology Journals".

3627: 3585: 3175: 3140: 2928: 2896: 2847: 2815: 2750:""Copy editor" vs. "manuscript editor" vs...: venturing onto the minefield of titles" 2559: 2457: 2314: 2272: 1840: 1800: 1646: 1129: 848: 617: 517: 476: 456: 265: 241: 194: 3796: 3721: 3215:"About Open Access - the Library of Trinity College Dublin - Trinity College Dublin" 2584:

Rescuing Science from Politics: Regulation and the Distortion of Scientific Research

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or new tenure-track hire, in order to alleviate the financial pressure on journals.

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In academic publishing, a paper is an academic work that is usually published in an

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Luzón, María José (2007). "The Added Value Features of Online Scholarly Journals".

2637: 2386: 1989:"Is the staggeringly profitable business of scientific publishing bad for science?" 1696: 1506:"Russian mathematician wins $ 1 million prize, but he appears to be happy with $ 0" 1407: 1390: 1124: 888: 801: 637: 609: 582: 451: 173: 99: 1662:"Article 50 million: An estimate of the number of scholarly articles in existence" 3461: 2875:. Paper presented at the 6th World Conference on Research Integrity (WCRI) 2019. 2350:"Peer Review for Journals: Evidence on Quality Control, Fairness, and Innovation" 2213: 1951: 1045:

in the UK announced the availability of extra funding to their grantees for such

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to a publisher, is divided into two distinct phases: peer review and production.

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By 2004, it was noted that the output of scientific papers originating from the

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and similar works intended for broad public consumption or academic libraries.

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not until the middle of the 20th century that peer review became the standard.

17: 4497: 4399: 3997: 3968: 3779: 3762: 3568: 3551: 3132: 2912: 2897:"Self-Plagiarism Research Literature in the Social Sciences: A Scoping Review" 2676: 2420: 2378: 1801:"How a torrent of COVID science changed research publishing — in seven charts" 1630: 876: 852: 844: 827: 713: 663: 495: 468: 56: 3909: 3861:"The changing role of research publishing: A case study from Springer Nature" 3619: 3437: 2920: 2684: 2000: 1767: 1638: 927:

Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities

4518: 4361: 3322:"What's the deal with Article Processing Charges (APCs)? | MSK Library Blog" 3095: 1307: 1242: 701: 674: 385: 381: 312: 295: 169: 3927: 3845: 3788: 3577: 2702: 1970: 1832: 1785: 109:

Both open and closed journals are sometimes funded by the author paying an

3167: 2791:

Supporting Research Writing: Roles and challenges in multilingual settings

2567: 2097: 1925:

Larivière, Vincent; Haustein, Stefanie; Mongeon, Philippe (10 June 2015).

4591: 4586: 4513: 4303: 1867:"The West already monopolized scientific publishing. Covid made it worse" 1368: 860: 769: 693: 656: 633: 625: 525: 421:

An academic paper typically belongs to some particular category such as:

328: 210: 155: 60: 4060: 3016: 2465: 2429: 2334: 2292: 2196:

Nicholas, David; Rowlands, Ian; Jubb, Michael; Jamali, Hamid R. (2010).

1469: 688:

The American Psychological Association (APA) style is often used in the

299:

humanities. In 2002 the Modern Language Association expressed hope that

4528: 4492: 4439: 4075:

Nelson, Cary and Stephen Watt. "Scholarly Books" and "Peer Review" in

3521:"China poised to overhaul US as biggest publisher of scientific papers" 3154:

Davidson, Cathy (1 April 2004). "The Futures of Scholarly Publishing".

3038:"Evaluating Computer Scientists and Engineers For Promotion and Tenure" 2628: 1688: 766: 566:

The process of academic publishing, which begins when authors submit a

4170: 3462:"Bulletin Board - Which nation's scientific output is rising fastest?" 2126:

Report from the Ad Hoc Committee on the Future of Scholarly Publishing

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countries in top 20 ranking with fastest performance improvement are,

158:

on Monday, 5 January 1665, shortly before the first appearance of the

4576: 4339: 4329: 3877: 3860: 1718:"The History of Scientific Publishing: An interview with Aileen Fyfe" 1680: 1352: 1120: 1101: 904: 895:

is now often required before tenure. Some critics complain that this

152: 68: 27:

Subfield of publishing distributing academic research and scholarship

3836: 3811: 3737:"Focusing on Value — 102 Things Journal Publishers Do (2018 Update)" 2148:"Harvard University says it can't afford journal publishers' prices" 1087:

In recent decades there has been a growth in academic publishing in

947:

Open Access is often confused with specific funding models such as

30:

This article is about academic publishing. For academic press, see

4647: 4308: 3348:"All European scientific articles to be freely accessible by 2020" 2968:

The STM Report: An Overview of Scientific and Scholarly Publishing

1277: 1263:

EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles

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for large projects, broad arguments, or compilations of articles.

742: 122: 43: 982:

that limit access to academic materials to paying customers. The

4356: 3088:

CHI '05 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems

3008: 793: 4174: 1395:

Reinvention: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research

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Details of contents can be read by specialised web harvesters.

856: 472: 4103:

Getting published : a guide for lecturers and researcher

391:

Some journals, particularly newer ones, are now published in

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Academic Keywords: A Devil's Dictionary for Higher Education

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Beverungen, Armin; Böhm, Steffen; Land, Christopher (2012).

180:

used this approach. However, this method did not work well.

4014:

Just Being Difficult? Academic Writing in the Public Arena.

1158:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

1093: 3086:

Grudin, Jonathan (April 2–7, 2005). "Why CHI Fragmented".

2444:

Ellison, Glenn (July 2011). "Is Peer Review in Decline?".

855:, have significant shared interests with professions like 636:, and various others, where a remote service oversees the 4016:

Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 2003.

1927:"The oligopoly of academic publishers in the digital era" 1589:"history of publishing - Scholarly journals | Britannica" 819:

support for the distribution and archiving of conference

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Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship

3407:"Iran showing fastest scientific growth of any country" 2661:"Rejection Blues: Why Do Research Papers Get Rejected?" 1164: 3491:"China, Brazil and India lead southern science output" 2581:

Wagner, Wendy Elizabeth; Steinzor, Rena (2006-07-24).

747:

Shares of the top five STM publishers in 2010 and 2020

670:(COPE), as well as in the research literature itself. 2548:

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

2177:

Seeking the New Normal: Periodicals Price Survey 2010

1748:

Journal of the American Medical Directors Association

863:, and scholars in these fields often also publish in 264:.) Available data indicate that these companies have 3377:"Competitiveness Council, 26-27/05/2016 - Consilium" 63:

and scholarship. Most academic work is published in

4678: 4600: 4542: 4506: 4463: 4387: 4322: 4274: 4236: 4208: 3090:. Portland, Oregon: ACM Press. pp. 1083–1084. 3812:"Open Access: The True Cost of Science Publishing" 2816:"Reform retractions to make them more transparent" 1573:Vol. 1, Issue 1, is dated March 6, 1665. See also 3894:"Big Publishing and the Economics of Competition" 2895:Eaton, Sarah Elaine; Crossman, Katherine (2018). 2665:The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 1534:The Amsterdam printing of the Journal des sçavans 1014:, whether or not they publish them in a journal. 2056: 2054: 2052: 1982: 1980: 1571:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1543:, Dibner Library of the Smithsonian Institution 1391:"Preliminary testing: The devil of statistics?" 971:remove all the financial, technical, and legal 954:the Budapest Open Access Initiative Declaration 692:. The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) is used in 509: 356:Scientific literature § Scientific article 161:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 3702:Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 1137:Role for publishers in scholarly communication 998:. In any case, all authors have the option of 4186: 4119:." in Tara Fenwick and Lesley Farrell, eds. 2524:. The Gerber Foundation. 2012. Archived from 1742:Sloane, Philip D.; Zimmerman, Sheryl (2021). 1288:List of academic databases and search engines 8: 3669:"Ten Hot Topics around Scholarly Publishing" 3071:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2117: 2115: 2113: 931:Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing 142: 134: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 2965:Ware, Mark; Wabe, Michael (November 2012). 1423:The green and the gold roads to Open Access 503:However, there were some earlier examples. 117:. The Internet has facilitated open access 4193: 4179: 4171: 2743: 2741: 2319:"Reinventing Academic Publishing - Part 3" 2277:"Reinventing Academic Publishing - Part 1" 2107:. As cited in McGuigan & Russell 2008. 360:Academic journal § Scholarly articles 3917: 3876: 3835: 3778: 3684: 3567: 2692: 2636: 2428: 2368: 2061:McGuigan, GS; Russell, RD (Winter 2008). 1960: 1950: 1775: 1468: 1406: 1187:Learn how and when to remove this message 3001:"The Global Publishing Industry in 2020" 2659:Khadilkar, Suvarna Satish (2018-08-01). 1865:Subramanian, Samanth (25 January 2022). 1494:, Sydney Morning Herald, August 21, 2006 37:For broader coverage of this topic, see 1381: 1258:European Association of Science Editors 3064: 2493:. Hanover Grants. 2011. Archived from 2007:from the original on 27 September 2020 1906:from the original on 12 September 2015 990:are prominent examples of this model. 4701:Academic databases and search engines 2793:. Oxford: Chandos. pp. 157–171. 2488:"Brief: How to Write a Concept Paper" 2202:The Journal of Academic Librarianship 2158:from the original on 29 November 2019 2037:from the original on 26 November 2018 1483:Nadejda Lobastova and Michael Hirst, 471:is the generic term for a journal of 7: 4243: 3531:from the original on 30 October 2020 3346:Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse. 891:job, and a published or forthcoming 788:in the sciences include articles in 417:Types of scientific journal articles 3601:"The Poverty of Journal Publishing" 2096:Association of Research Libraries, 1298:List of scholarly publishing stings 1253:Current research information system 826:Since 2022, the Belgian web portal 4471:Academic journal publishing reform 4012:Culler, Jonathan, and Kevin Lamb. 3272:from the original on 11 April 2019 2648:from the original on Dec 23, 2023. 1516:from the original on July 27, 2020 752:Scientific, technical, and medical 601:from the author to the publisher. 341:Academic journal publishing reform 335:Academic journal publishing reform 25: 3898:American Journal of Public Health 2608:Mahoney, Michael J. (June 1977). 1987:Buranyi, Stephen (27 June 2017). 1338:Serials, periodicals and journals 710:Modern Language Association (MLA) 4134: 3405:MacKenzie, Debora (2010-02-18). 2560:10.1001/jama.1990.03440100021002 2458:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00261.x 1485:"Maths genius living in poverty" 1145: 1063: 949:Article Processing Charges (APC) 4164:Journal of Scholarly Publishing 4049:Journal of Scholarly Publishing 3892:De Camargo, Kenneth R. (2014). 3743:from the original on 2019-12-21 3637:from the original on 2021-05-13 3501:from the original on 2011-07-24 3468:from the original on 2012-05-13 3387:from the original on 2016-05-29 3328:from the original on 2022-01-13 3302:from the original on 2017-08-28 3221:from the original on 2020-08-05 3156:Journal of Scholarly Publishing 3054:from the original on 2013-09-22 2981:from the original on 2015-02-13 2854:from the original on 2022-01-23 2727:from the original on 2022-03-09 2254:from the original on 2020-12-06 2220:from the original on 2021-04-21 2079:from the original on 2017-06-30 1877:from the original on 2022-04-30 1847:from the original on 2022-03-07 1720:(Podcast). 2016. Archived from 1599:from the original on 2021-04-16 1318:Rankings of academic publishers 1076:growth of scholarly literature 1031:Springer Science+Business Media 923:Budapest Open Access Initiative 668:Committee on Publication Ethics 246:Springer Science+Business Media 221:Publishers and business aspects 32:academic press (disambiguation) 2717:"Rejection Rate - an overview" 2617:Cognitive Therapy and Research 2587:. Cambridge University Press. 1504:Kaufman, Marc (July 2, 2010), 1408:10.31273/reinvention.v12i2.339 1389:Pearce, J; Derrick, B (2019). 599:copyright is often transferred 231:Scientific journal § Cost 1: 4731:Category:Scientific documents 3986:Publishing Research Quarterly 3810:Van Noorden, Richard (2013). 3735:Anderson, Kent (2018-02-06). 2146:Sample, Ian (24 April 2012). 1619:European Journal of Sociology 1293:List of preprint repositories 1041:and several divisions of the 227:Academic journal § Costs 4726:Category:Academic publishing 3489:David Dickson (2004-07-16). 2214:10.1016/j.acalib.2010.06.001 1952:10.1371/journal.pone.0127502 1440:Open Access: An Introduction 712:style is widely used in the 405:delayed open access journals 3859:Inchcoombe, Steven (2017). 3714:10.2190/H702-6473-8569-2R3Q 3686:10.3390/publications7020034 3193:. Temple University Press. 2348:J. Scott Armstrong (1997). 2238:Denise Wolfe (2020-04-07). 2122:Modern Language Association 1760:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.01.073 514:Philosophical Transaction's 501:Philosophical Transactions. 4768: 4544:Indexes and search engines 3865:Insights: The UKSG Journal 3761:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2018). 3550:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2019). 3519:Alok Jha (28 March 2011). 2840:10.1038/d41586-020-01694-x 2814:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2020). 2763:(2): 39–41. Archived from 1825:10.1038/d41586-020-03564-y 1799:Else, Holly (2020-12-16). 1561:Hallam, 1842, p. 406. 1248:Council of Science Editors 1100:which stands at tenth and 1019:Hybrid open access journal 1004:institutional repositories 914: 772:is initially published in 728: 654: 486: 414: 353: 338: 283: 224: 191:Philosophical Transactions 36: 29: 4167:(archived 1 October 2015) 4105:(RoutledgeFalmer, 2003). 3998:10.1007/s12109-012-9272-5 3969:10.1007/s12108-015-9280-y 3780:10.1038/s41562-017-0281-4 3569:10.1038/s41562-019-0667-6 3320:Robin (4 December 2019). 3133:10.1007/s12108-015-9280-y 2913:10.1007/s10780-018-9333-6 2677:10.1007/s13224-018-1153-1 2597:– via Google Books. 2421:10.1016/j.joi.2013.09.001 2379:10.1007/s11948-997-0017-3 2098:ARL Statistics: 2004-2005 1631:10.1017/S0003975600000801 1552:Brown, 1972, p. 368. 1438:Jeffery, Keith G. (2006) 1008:disciplinary repositories 984:Public Library of Science 111:article processing charge 3957:The American Sociologist 3910:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301719 3620:10.1177/1350508412448858 3244:Oxford Academic Journals 3121:The American Sociologist 2871:Weber-Wulff, D. (2019). 2748:Iverson, Cheryl (2004). 2357:Energy & Environment 2323:IEEE Intelligent Systems 2281:IEEE Intelligent Systems 1002:their articles in their 996:underdeveloped countries 720:Publishing by discipline 542:Double-blind peer review 539:Single-blind peer review 4721:Style/formatting guides 4623:Scholarly communication 4323:Other publication types 3381:www.consilium.europa.eu 3096:10.1145/1056808.1056822 3045:Computing Research News 2409:Journal of Informetrics 1027:Oxford University Press 776:and considered to be a 520:'s report of the first 303:would solve the issue. 39:Scholarly communication 4663:Least publishable unit 4335:Collection of articles 3767:Nature Human Behaviour 3556:Nature Human Behaviour 3191:Blow Up the Humanities 2522:"Concept Paper Format" 1576:History of the Journal 1364:Collection of articles 1167:by rewriting it in an 1010:in order to make them 865:professional magazines 748: 530: 143: 135: 49: 4653:Electronic publishing 4628:Scientific literature 4405:Article-level metrics 3739:. Scholarly Kitchen. 3431:"2005 OST PSA report" 3189:Miller, Toby (2012). 3168:10.1353/scp.2004.0013 2248:University at Buffalo 2186:. LibraryJournal.com. 1660:Jinha, A. E. (2010). 1333:Scientific literature 1017:If they publish in a 746: 731:Scientific literature 622:collaborative writing 327:with publishers like 315:. Data analysis with 301:electronic publishing 47: 4696:Open-access journals 4643:Open scientific data 4450:SCImago Journal Rank 4410:Author-level metrics 4395:Acknowledgment index 2721:ScienceDirect Topics 2033:. 21 November 2018. 1238:Acknowledgment index 1089:developing countries 969:open access journals 911:Open access journals 817:professional society 813:academic conferences 735:Technical literature 489:Academic peer review 411:Categories of papers 397:open access journals 393:electronic form only 254:Taylor & Francis 115:predatory publishing 100:electronic resources 84:academic disciplines 4752:Academic publishing 4691:Scientific journals 4202:Academic publishing 4152:Academic publishing 4061:10.3138/jsp.47.1.01 3828:2013Natur.495..426V 3017:10.34667/tind.46277 2832:2020Natur.582..149V 2335:10.1109/MIS.2008.12 2293:10.1109/MIS.2007.93 2244:library.buffalo.edu 1943:2015PLoSO..1027502L 1817:2020Natur.588..553E 1323:Research paper mill 1228:Academic authorship 1047:open access journal 917:Open access journal 774:scientific journals 624:platforms, such as 475:scholarship in the 164:, on 6 March 1665. 144:Journal des savants 137:Journal des sçavans 67:articles, books or 55:is the subfield of 53:Academic publishing 4711:Copyright policies 4706:University presses 4613:Scientific writing 4481:Citation advantage 4388:Impact and ranking 4221:Scientific journal 4101:Wellington, J. J. 4026:Germano, William. 2952:2020-09-21 at the 2882:2020-10-01 at the 2770:on 3 December 2010 2629:10.1007/BF01173636 2182:2010-09-28 at the 2132:2006-09-23 at the 2103:2008-12-16 at the 1669:Learned Publishing 1593:www.britannica.com 1539:2011-09-19 at the 1490:2017-10-07 at the 1445:2010-08-30 at the 1303:Monographic series 1283:Library publishing 1273:HAL (open archive) 1169:encyclopedic style 1156:is written like a 1104:at 13th globally. 1073:has a profile for 1049:publication fees. 978:2021-05-06 at the 881:university presses 875:Publishing in the 838:Publishing in the 749: 739:Medical literature 562:Publishing process 516:1796 rejection of 321:Unpaywall Journals 147:), established by 59:which distributes 50: 4739: 4738: 4716:Preprint policies 4686:Academic journals 4669:Publish or perish 4524:Version of record 4464:Reform and access 4266:Literature review 4036:978-0-226-28853-6 3822:(7442): 426–429. 3352:english.eu2016.nl 2941:Roig, M. (2015). 2554:(10): 1321–1322. 1343:Technical writing 1328:Scientific method 1197: 1196: 1189: 1079: 1043:Research Councils 786:Secondary sources 782:Technical reports 642:version of record 206:COVID-19 pandemic 88:interdisciplinary 82:Most established 61:academic research 16:(Redirected from 4759: 4658:Ingelfinger rule 4572:Semantic Scholar 4294:Technical report 4216:Academic journal 4195: 4188: 4181: 4172: 4138: 4137: 4123:(2012): 185–167. 4072: 4009: 3980: 3963:(2–3): 158–173. 3932: 3931: 3921: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878:10.1629/uksg.355 3856: 3850: 3849: 3839: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3782: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3663: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3636: 3605: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3571: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3436:. Archived from 3435: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3354:. 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paper 15: 12: 11: 5: 4765: 4763: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4604: 4602: 4601:Related topics 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4582:Web of Science 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4552:Google Scholar 4548: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4488:Serials crisis 4485: 4484: 4483: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4455:Scientometrics 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4425:Citation index 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4374:Poster session 4371: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4280: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4261:Position paper 4258: 4256:Review article 4253: 4252: 4251: 4240: 4238: 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339:Main article: 336: 333: 292:serials crisis 286:Serials crisis 284:Main article: 281: 278: 270:serials crisis 266:profit margins 222: 219: 149:Denis de Sallo 130: 127: 119:self-archiving 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4764: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4638:Open research 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4445:Impact factor 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4415:Bibliometrics 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4299:Annual report 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4284:Working paper 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4226:Public health 4224: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4111:0-415-29847-4 4108: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4096:0-87111-507-7 4093: 4089: 4086: 4085:0-415-92203-8 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4023: 4022:0-8047-4709-1 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 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3232: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3200:9781439909836 3196: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3068: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3032: 3029: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2992: 2977: 2970: 2969: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826:(7811): 149. 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2782: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2652: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2594:9780521855204 2590: 2586: 2585: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2539: 2528:on 2013-07-05 2527: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2500:on 2013-06-26 2496: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2475: 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" 4102: 4076: 4052: 4048: 4027: 4013: 3989: 3985: 3960: 3956: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3871:(2): 13–19. 3868: 3864: 3854: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3745:. Retrieved 3730: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3676: 3673:Publications 3672: 3639:. Retrieved 3611: 3608:Organization 3607: 3594: 3562:(10): 1034. 3559: 3555: 3545: 3533:. Retrieved 3525:The Guardian 3524: 3514: 3503:. Retrieved 3494: 3470:. Retrieved 3456: 3445:. Retrieved 3438:the original 3425: 3414:. Retrieved 3410: 3400: 3389:. Retrieved 3380: 3371: 3360:. Retrieved 3356:the original 3351: 3341: 3330:. Retrieved 3315: 3304:. Retrieved 3295: 3286: 3274:. Retrieved 3265: 3256: 3248:the original 3243: 3234: 3223:. Retrieved 3209: 3190: 3184: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3087: 3081: 3056:. Retrieved 3044: 3031: 3020:. Retrieved 3005:www.wipo.int 3004: 2994: 2983:. Retrieved 2967: 2960: 2942: 2937: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2872: 2867: 2856:. Retrieved 2823: 2819: 2809: 2790: 2784: 2772:. Retrieved 2765:the original 2760: 2756: 2729:. 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