731:
787:
524:
lawsuit against the school district, under the pretenses that this uniform mandate infringed on their rights as parents to control how they brought up their children and their education. They even went as far as to cite an infringement on religious freedom, claiming that opting out of the uniforms on the grounds of religion allowed the school to rank the validity of certain religions. Before trial, the
District Court dismissed the case, so the family appealed. Ultimately, the Fifth Circuit Court ruled that the students' rights were not being violated even though the claims presented were valid. They ruled that school rules derived from the education would override the parents' right to control their children's upbringing in this specific situation. As far as the religious freedom violation accusations, the court ruled that the policy did not have a religious goal, and thus did not infringe on religious freedom rights.
635:
236:
390:
behavior issues. The district simultaneously implemented a longitudinal study to research the effects of the uniforms on student behavior. The study attributed favorable student behavioral changes and a significant drop in school discipline issues to the mandatory uniform policy. Wearing school uniforms was associated with fewer absences and truancies and fewer referrals to the office for behavior problems. Suspensions and expulsions were reduced by 28% (elementary) and 36% (middle school), crime and vandalism by 74% (elementary) and 18% (middle school). However the school district also added other security measures such as security guards, and metal detectors so the success cannot be solely attributed to the uniforms. The district later removed the uniforms.
871:
uniforms or strict dress codes is that it limits the ability of students to express themselves. While in countries where uniforms are the norm it simply isn't the case. Clothing is viewed as a means of expression – making all students wear the same clothes or limit them to what they can wear can disrupt their sense of identity. One of the main controversies focuses on dress code policies versus freedom of speech. This establishes that students cannot wear the latest trends or clothes that the school finds that interrupt the learning environment. However, students can wear clothing that express their religion. "Both the
Constitution and most state laws protect students' rights to wear religious attire... such as the wearing of a turban, yarmulke, or headscarf."
115:
135:
568:. The court ultimately dismissed the case filed by the Fruddens over the uniforms. However, the family appealed, and two years later, a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals heard the case. The court ruled to reverse the previous decision of dismissing the case, and also questioned the apparent policy for students that were part of a nationally recognised group such as Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts who were able to wear the uniforms in place of the school ones on regular meeting days. The 9th circuit panel ruled that the school had not provided enough evidence for why it instituted this policy, and that the family was never given a chance to argue.
589:
666:
some cultures can define the "schoolgirl look" as sexual. Children as young as 8 years old report being victims of, or witnesses to, harassment. Two-thirds of the children questioned in the survey said they have experienced "unwanted sexual attention" in public, and 35 per cent said they have been touched, groped or grabbed without their consent. These experiences teach girls that being harassed by men is just a part of growing up. The perception of schoolgirl uniforms allows for men to harass girls at a young age, causing girls to self-objectify their bodies from the beginning of their schooling experience.
626:
must wear the correct attire corresponding to their sex. Skirts and dresses demand a particular type of feminine gender performance, whereas trousers demand a particular masculine gender performance. By forcing students to wear attire that corresponds with their sex inherently assigns the ways a student must perform their gender. This causes controversy when a student does not want to identify with a gender that does not align with their sex. There are rarely guidelines that allow for students to dress according to their performed gender, but almost always according to their sex assigned at birth.
155:
887:
school dress was restrictive, see-through, hot, uncomfortable, and impractical. Furthermore, the stockings were often cold, grey woolen kilt was too heavy and restrictive of movement, and the wind could cause it to reveal more than the girls wanted. When playing and moving around, for boys, the school tie was a choking hazard, and the trousers had no stretch. For girls, the dress/skirt caused modesty issues (e.g. hard to swing on monkey bars/run around while keeping her privacy, hence stop being active), and the kilts were too big and heavy.
489:
favour of the school board after implementing a four-step system that is still used today. Firstly, a school board has to have the right to set up a policy. Secondly, the policy must be determined to support a fundamental interest of the board as a whole. Thirdly, the guidelines cannot have been set for the purpose of censorship. Finally, the limits on student expression cannot be greater than the interest of the board. As long as these four policies are in place, then no constitutional violation can be claimed.
415:
742:
85:
546:. The plaintiff's requests were for injunctive relief, the expunging of suspensions from Jacob's school record and awarding of damages. The injunction was granted to the family meaning that the school could no longer discipline her for breaking the uniform policy. At this ruling, the school district appealed. The next court ruled on the side of the school district as it determined that the uniform policy was in fact neutral and constitutional, and it dismissed the claims of the plaintiff.
803:
434:
student wears to school. The school code within states' constitutions typically asserts that it allows the board of school directors to make reasonable rules and regulations as they see fit in managing the school's affairs. As of 2008, there are currently 23 states that allow school districts to mandate school uniforms. The constitutional objections usually brought upon school districts tend to fall into one of the following two categories: (1) a violation of the students'
124:
723:
286:
institutionalized use of a standard academic dress dates back to 1222 when the then
Archbishop of Canterbury ordered the wearing of the cappa clausa. This monastic and academic practice evolved into collegiate uniforms in England, particularly in charity schools where uniform dress was often provided for poor children. Universities, primary schools and secondary schools used uniforms as a marker of class and status. Although school uniforms can often be considered
795:
577:
144:
25:
542:, implemented a uniform policy of khakis and red, white or blue polo shirts. A junior by the name of Kimberly Jacobs was suspended a total of five times because she wore a religious shirt to school and got cited for uniform violations. Her family sued the Clark County School District under the claims that her First Amendment rights were being infringed upon and that the uniform policy was causing students to be deprived of
329:, saying: "If it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear uniforms." As of 1998 approximately 25% of all U.S. public elementary, middle and junior high schools had adopted a uniform policy or were considering a policy, and two-thirds were implemented between 1995 and 1997. New York City's then-new schools chancellor,
299:
164:
774:
879:
394:
269:
973:
730:
680:
987:
910:
uniforms said that uniforms were a violation of their rights and freedom. "Like adults, children's freedom to choose or to act is also circumscribed by the community – massively so by schools, with their high density, constant supervision and evaluation, lack of privacy, and the obligatory nature of their activities." (Bodine, 2003)
376:
909:
Many students felt the school uniform policy had little impact on the social dynamic of the school and students found ways to express individuality by making minor alterations to the school uniform (Da Costa, 2006). Some parents and students interviewed in a research about the social aspect of school
665:
and are sold on costume sites year round. The idea of the female school uniform has become sexual and in
Britain a new survey from Plan International UK found that a third of girls have been sexually harassed while wearing their school uniform. School uniforms can encourage harassment as children, as
821:
Advocates of uniforms have proposed several reasons supporting their implementation and claiming their success in schools. Advocates believe that uniforms affect student safety by decreasing student victimization, gang activity, and fights. There has been no concrete evidence of this, and studies by
661:"The pleasure our culture derives from gazing at girls who look feminine conflicts with girls' freedom to run around unselfconsciously and to develop their gross motor talents as boys are encouraged to do" (Collins et al. 1996, p. 170). Schoolgirl uniforms are used in costumes in the context of
761:
success. Some public-school administrators hence began implementing uniform policies to improve the overall school environment and academic achievement of the students. This is based on the assumption that uniforms are the direct cause of behavioral and academic outcome changes. However, within the
523:
trousers or shirts, a skirt or jumper. While there was some flexibility with shoes, certain types were prohibited along with any sort of baggy clothes. The parents of the
Littlefield family requested that their son be exempt from the policy, but were denied. In response, the Littlefields filed a
858:
Currently, pros of school uniforms center around how uniforms affect school environments. Advocates say that uniforms may create a safe learning environment for students to help them focus on school work and can lead them to great academic accomplishments. Students who wear school uniforms may not
834:
For example, in the first year of the mandatory uniform policy in Long Beach, California, officials reported that fighting in schools decreased by more than 50%, assault and battery by 34%, sex offenses by 74%, and robbery by 66%. However the district also added other safety measures like security
612:
Boys often are required to wear trousers, belts, and closed-toe shoes and have their shirts tucked in at all times. They are also often required to have their hair cut short. Some critics allege that this uniform is associated with the dress of a professional business man, which, they claim, gives
870:
The opposing side of uniforms has claimed their ineffectiveness using a variety of justifications, a variety of which have research supporting them. Some of the cons to school uniforms include the following legal, financial, and questionable effectiveness concerns: The primary concern with school
625:
School uniforms are embedded with gender symbolism. Schools that require students to wear a formal uniform almost universally provide trousers for boys and skirts or dresses for girls. Skirts differentiate the female from the male, thereby confirming traditional gender identities for students who
886:
Uniforms also generally disadvantage students, especially girls, in freedom of movement and comfort. The research was conducted on an
Australian independent private school and its uniform. Comfort-wise, for boys, the blazer was too hot/cold and uncomfortable. For girls, the light coloured cotton
874:
Another negative aspect of school uniforms is that the policy can be sexist. Boys and girls are often not disciplined in the same ways when it comes to dress codes. Girls are more commonly disciplined for certain articles of clothing that are prohibited because they "distract" boys. "Transgender
488:
lawsuit in 2000, a
Louisiana district court ruled in favour of the school board because it did not see how the free speech rights of the students were being violated due to the school board's uniform policy. Even though the plaintiff appealed the decision, the Fifth Circuit Court also ruled in
433:
As uniforms have become more normalised, there have also been an increasing number of lawsuits brought against school districts. According to David
Brunsma, one in four public elementary schools and one in eight public middle and high schools in the United States have policies dictating what a
943:
Students that do not wear uniforms can be just as successful as students who do wear school uniforms. The amount of effort and participation a student does during class determines their academic success, regardless of what they are wearing. Students who wear school uniforms does not grant them
825:
Kathleen Wade conducted an experiment to see if bullying and gang presence was higher in uniform or non-uniform schools. The research was done with multiple schools where she gave a questionnaire to both students and faculty to see if there was a significant difference. Her results showed that
389:
The case study of the Long Beach
Unified School District was the study of the first large, urban school in the United States to implement a uniform policy. In 1994, mandatory school uniforms were implemented for the districts elementary and middle schools as a strategy to address the students'
285:
School in
England in 1552 was the first school to use a school uniform. Students were given a uniform that most notably consisted of a long blue coat and yellow, knee-high socks. An almost identical uniform is still worn by students attending the school today. The earliest documented proof of
251:
and school uniforms: according to scholars such as Nathan Joseph, clothing can only be considered a uniform when it "(a) serves as a group emblem, (b) certifies an institution's legitimacy by revealing individual's relative positions and (c) suppresses individuality." Conversely, a
401:
Other research found that uniforms were not an effective deterrent to decrease truancy, did not decrease behavior problems, decrease substance use, and in fact may be associated with poorer student achievement relative to students not required to wear school uniforms.
621:
for girls may suggest that the appropriate feminine societal role is a primarily domestic one. Some girls' school uniforms have been criticized as having an uncomfortable design, which prevents girls from freedom of movement and exposes girls to cold during winter.
280:
It is difficult to trace the origins of the uniform as there is no comprehensive written history, but rather a variety of known influences. School uniforms are believed to be a practice which dates to the 16th century in the United Kingdom. It is believed that the
786:
256:
is much less restrictive, and focuses "on promoting modesty and discouraging anti-social fashion statements", according to Marian Wilde. Examples of a dress code would be not allowing ripped clothing, no logos or limiting the amount of skin that can be shown.
859:
feel anxious or nervous about peer pressure in buying new clothes to fit in or being teased by other classmates. Proponents have found a significant positive impact on school climate, safety, and students' self-perception from the implementation of uniforms.
405:
Brunsma stated that despite the inconclusiveness of the effects of uniforms, they became more common because "this is an issue of children's rights, of social control, and one related to increasing racial, class and gender inequalities in our schools."
608:
One of the criticisms of uniforms is that it imposes standards of masculinity and femininity from a young age. Uniforms are considered a form of discipline that schools use to control student behavior and often promote conventional gendered dress.
438:
right to free expression (2) a violation of parents' right to raise their children without government interference. Although up until this point, The Supreme Court has not ruled on a case involving school uniforms directly, in the 1968 decision
1607:
Craik, J. (2007). "Uniforms Exposed: The Proliferation of Uniforms in Popular Culture as Markers of Change and Identity." Uniformierungen in Bewegung. Ed. Gabreile Mentges, Dagmar Neuland-Kitzerow, and Birgit Richard. Munster: Waxmann Verlag.
616:
For girls, many uniforms promote femininity by requiring girls to wear skirts. Skirts are seen by some critics as a symbol of femininity because they restrict movement and force certain ways of sitting and playing. Uniforms that include an
822:
Ohio State University and others showed that uniforms did not increase test scores, grades, or focus. However, attendance increased by less than half of a day. The students felt even less of a sense of belonging at a school with uniforms.
2031:
Wade, Kathleen Kiley, and Mary E. Stafford. "Public School Uniforms. Effect on Perceptions of Gang Presence, School Climate, and Student Self-Perceptions." Education and Urban Society 35.4 (2003): 399-420. ProQuest. Web. 18 April
749:
In some cultures, the topic of school uniforms has sparked a multitude of controversies and debates over the years. Debates concerning the constitutionality and economic feasibility of uniforms also contribute to the controversy.
1801:
Brunsma, David L., and Kerry A. Rockquemore. "Effects of Student Uniforms on Attendance, Behavior Problems, Substance Use, and Academic Achievement." The Journal of Educational Research 92.1 (1998): 53-62. Web. 31 March 2015.
653:
Sometimes the desire to prevent overtly sexualized clothing through uniforms can fail. As an example, miniskirts have been very popular in Japan, where they are common parts of school uniforms and came to be worn within the
466:(that have responsibility for delivering state education) do not insist on students wearing a uniform as a precondition to attending and taking part in curricular activities. Turkey abolished mandatory uniforms in 2010.
765:
Another area of controversy regarding school uniform and dress code policies revolve around the issue of gender. Nowadays, more teenagers are more frequently "dressing to articulate, or confound gender identity and
1660:
American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Retrieved from
890:
Research on how school uniforms and school dress codes influence the student can be inconclusive. "In the U.S., over half of public schools have a dress code, which frequently outline gender-specific policies."
650:, students begin going through puberty. Uniforms can be seen as a way to restrict the sexualization of girls by taking the focus away from sexuality and focus it on academics in a school setting for girls.
936:
While uniform policies have been linked to school climate, safety, and student self-perception, there is no evidence to indicate that a uniform policy increases academic achievement (Wade & Stafford,
1846:
Wade, K. K., & Stafford, M. E. (2003). Public School Uniforms: Effect on Perceptions of Gang Presence, School Climate, and Student Self-Perceptions. Education and Urban Society, 35(4), 399–420.
1338:
Wade, K. K., & Stafford, M. E. (2003). Public School Uniforms: Effect on Perceptions of Gang Presence, School Climate, and Student Self-Perceptions. Education and Urban Society, 35(4), 399–420.
446:
Internationally, there are differing views of school uniforms. In the Australian state of Queensland, Ombudsman Fred Albietz ruled in 1998 that state schools may not require uniforms. In the
634:
440:
340:
looking at school uniforms, making statements about their effectiveness. These theories and studies elaborate on the benefits and also the shortcomings of uniform policies. The issue of
930:
Strongest opponents of uniform policies charge that no empirical evidence exists to support the numerous and varied claims of uniform proponents (LaPorte, Holoman, & Alleyne, 1992)
235:
901:
Mandatory uniform policies are being considered largely for urban school districts, and, hence are being forced on a predominantly minority and poor student population (Thomas, 1994)
352:, over-simplify issues of gender classification, and attempt to suppress students' sexuality. Uniforms bring a variety of pros, cons, and major legal implications and controversies.
1405:
Colasanti, Michael. "School Uniforms and Dress Codes: State Policies." StateNote (2008). Education Commission of the States. Education Commission of the States. Web. 19 April 2015.
1497:
1734:
1471:
1335:
260:
School uniforms are clothes that are usually used for school, each level of school has a different uniform. Each educational unit has its own distinctive school uniform.
35:
2004:
DaCosta, K. (2006). Dress code blues: An exploration of urban students' reactions to a public High School uniform policy. The Journal of Negro Education, 75(1), 49-59.
1908:
1803:
1538:"First Amendment Schools: The Five Freedoms - Court Case." First Amendment Schools: The Five Freedoms - Court Case. First Amendment Schools. Web. 19 April 2015.
1526:"First Amendment Schools: The Five Freedoms - Court Case." First Amendment Schools: The Five Freedoms - Court Case. First Amendment Schools. Web. 19 April 2015.
459:
564:
embroidered in small letters on the shirt. In response, Mary and John Frudden, parents of a student sued the school district on the basis of it violating the
1567:
1244:
Wade, Kathleen; Stafford, Mary (August 2003). "Public School Uniforms: Effect on Perceptions of Gang Presence, School Climate, and Student Self-Perceptions".
1648:
114:
1334:
Reed, Joshua B. "Effects of a School Uniform Policy on an Urban School District." Northern Michigan University. N.p., 1 August 2011. Web. 19 April 2015.
875:
students have been sent home for wearing clothing different from what's expected of their legalness, while others have been excluded from yearbooks."
2058:
1355:
Brunsma, David L.; Rockquemore, Kerry A. "Effects of Student Uniforms on Attendance, Behavior Problems, Substance Use, and Academic Achievement."
1417:
Kraft, Jacquelyn. Society's Perceptions and Attitudes Toward School Uniforms. Research Paper. University of Wisconsin-Stout. August 2003. Web
862:
However, though modern studies and tests prove uniforms did not increase test scores, behavior, bullying, focus and attendance barely increased.
134:
227:. A uniform can even be as simple as requiring collared shirts, or restricting colour choices and limiting items students are allowed to wear.
451:
2022:
Joseph, Nathan. Uniforms and Nonuniforms: Communication through Clothing. Greenwood Press, New York, NY, 1986. ProQuest. Web. 18 April 2015.
1551:
355:
There are two main empirical findings that are most often cited in the political rhetoric surrounding the uniform debate. One of these, the
458:, technically a state school may not permanently exclude students for "breaching school uniform policy", under a policy promulgated by the
933:
School uniforms suppress students' individuality by mandating standardization of appearance and removing student expression (Joseph, 1986)
1672:
898:
Focus on the supposition that requiring a uniform violates children's individual rights (Thomas, 1994; Virginia State Dep’t of Edu, 1992)
1773:
The Catholic school effect is the thought that certain elements in a catholic school provide children with a stronger academic education
588:
1396:
Brunsma, David L. Uniforms in Public Schools: A Decade of Research and Debate. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2006. Print.
1336:
https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEducation/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/GradPapers/Projects/Reed_Joshua_MP.pdf
922:
have voiced concerns about the cost of uniforms, specifically that some disadvantaged parents are unable to afford them (Gursky, 1996)
500:
360:
1505:
1318:
1306:
1051:
762:
Catholic school literature, school uniforms have never been acknowledged as a primary factor in producing a Catholic school effect.
69:
1954:
1804:
https://faculty.unlv.edu/sloe/Courses/EPY%20702/Class%20Exercises/Lecture%201%20Materials/Articles/Brunsma%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf
1475:
753:
In the United States, the implementation of school uniforms began following ten years of research indicating the effectiveness of
600:
There are several positive and negative social implications of uniforms on both the students wearing them and society as a whole.
2149:
1979:
1418:
1101:
1619:
1209:
1184:
1084:
919:
1280:
690:
1568:
http://elkodaily.com/news/appeals-court-revives-reno-school-uniform-case/article_a8e75868-973c-11e3-8412-001a4bcf887a.html
557:
1431:
535:
463:
2088:
1806:
1719:
2139:
484:
51:
443:, the Court ruled that upon entering school, students do not shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech.
154:
2113:
1005:
273:
1693:
2144:
1826:
1752:
838:
Advocates also believe that uniforms increase student learning and positive attitudes toward school through:
770:", which brings about "responses from school officials that ranged from indifferences to applause to bans".
2134:
1000:
414:
190:
1735:"'Sexualized and fetishized': Girls in Britain say their school uniforms make them a target of harassment."
1370:
741:
2065:
240:
1552:
http://www.therecorder.com/id=1202421325288/Jacobs-v-Clark-County-School-District?slreturn=20150319150918
1457:
1902:
1135:
507:
in 2001, the school board decided to implement a school uniform policy allowing the students to wear a
1925:
367:
is the most frequently cited research in opposition to the implementation of school uniform policies.
84:
1872:
810:
365:
Effects of Student Uniforms on Attendance, Behavior Problems, Substance Use, and Academic Achievement
282:
1578:
Connell, R. W. "Teaching the Boys: New Research on Masculinity, and Gender Strategies for Schools".
1311:
The Challenges of Mandating School Uniforms in the Public Schools: Free Speech, Research, and Policy
802:
1738:
1177:
The School Uniform Movement and What it Tells Us about American Education : a Symbolic Crusade
1043:
The school uniform movement and what it tells us about American education : a symbolic crusade
47:
1539:
1527:
1890:
1261:
767:
462:
but students not wearing the correct uniform are asked to go home and change. In Scotland, some
341:
326:
1594:
Happel, Alison. "Ritualized girling: school uniforms and the compulsory performance of gender."
123:
290:
and old-fashioned, uniforms in recent years have changed as societal dress codes have changed.
1314:
1302:
1205:
1180:
1080:
1057:
1047:
1020:
662:
539:
455:
337:
205:
1880:
1876:
1253:
757:. Some state-school reformers cited this research to support policies linked to private and
722:
198:
1419:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.390.8124&rep=rep1&type=pdf
794:
576:
2092:
1810:
1783:
826:
bullying and gang presence significantly decreases with students wearing school uniforms.
758:
754:
565:
435:
1885:
1860:
1550:"Jacobs v. Clark County School District." The Recorder. 12 May 2008. Web. 19 April 2015.
2013:
Bodine, A. (2003). School uniforms and discourses on childhood. Childhood, 10(1), 43-63.
613:
boys at a young age the impression that masculinity is gained through business success.
992:
978:
947:
According to Marian Wilde, additional opponent arguments include that school uniforms:
593:
298:
194:
143:
957:
Are an unfair additional expense for parents who pay taxes for a free public education
773:
2128:
2107:
1894:
1265:
1015:
647:
504:
314:
878:
363:, is most often cited in support of school uniforms and their effectiveness whereas
287:
163:
1375:
512:
427:
322:
318:
302:
1406:
393:
268:
2097:
1620:"Not wearing the trousers: why do some schools still have sexist uniform rules?"
543:
447:
423:
419:
345:
248:
1119:
968:
508:
356:
349:
253:
247:
Although often used interchangeably, there is an important difference between
1435:
1257:
642:
all-girls band group wearing uniform-like costumes during a performance, 2017
2117:
2085:
1061:
1010:
330:
1847:
1339:
1041:
814:
584:. Some school uniform policies (e.g. Vietnam) include trousers for girls.
379:
In many Japanese schools, students take off their outdoor shoes and wear
182:
1160:
David L. Brunsma. "A Brief History of School Uniforms and Dress Codes".
806:
381:
178:
1162:
The School Uniform Movement and What It Tells About American Education
735:
516:
224:
213:
186:
835:
guards so the success cannot be attributed to the uniforms solely.
1980:"Research on school uniforms - it's clear, they disadvantage girls"
454:
abolished the requirement of school uniforms in public schools. In
375:
877:
801:
793:
785:
772:
740:
655:
639:
633:
618:
587:
581:
575:
520:
413:
392:
374:
306:
297:
267:
234:
220:
217:
209:
83:
16:
Standardized outfit worn by students of an educational institution
592:
School girls in parts of South Asia can choose between skirts or
1202:
Blazers, Badges and Boaters: Pictorial History of School Uniform
426:
students (uniforms with cyan skirts and shorts) in front of the
1920:
1918:
1566:. Elko Daily Free Press, 16 February 2014. Web. 12 April 2015.
1540:
http://www.firstamendmentschools.org/freedoms/case.aspx?id=1693
1528:
http://www.firstamendmentschools.org/freedoms/case.aspx?id=1690
1472:"Authority Strategic Statement of Inverclyde Education Service"
2101:
1721:
Street Harassment: It's Not OK - Girls' experiences and views.
673:
18:
1861:"Green design and sustainable development of school uniforms"
960:
Are difficult to enforce in state/public (government) schools
34:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2044:
Uniforms in public schools: A decade of research and debate
1827:"School uniforms don't improve child behavior, study finds"
1225:
Boutelle, Marsha (2003). "UNIFORMS: Are They A Good Fit?".
1120:"School uniforms: A history of 'rebellion and conformity'."
830:
Differentiating strangers from students in school buildings
441:
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
1351:
1349:
1347:
333:, made it clear that he would not follow Clinton's idea.
1865:
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
1077:
Uniforms and nonuniforms: communication through clothing
697:
344:
comes into play, as uniforms affect the perceptions of
43:
1590:
1588:
954:
Make students a target for bullies from other schools
951:
Are simply a Band-Aid on the issue of school violence
1299:
Uniform: Clothing and Discipline in the Modern World
397:
Brazilian primary school students with their teacher
1797:
1795:
1651:
PhD diss., Deakin University (Victoria, Australia).
1371:"School uniform does not improve results – discuss"
1200:Davidson, Alexander; Rae, John (19 February 1990).
1649:"Gender Relations in Elite Coeducational Schools."
1562:"Appeals Court Revives Reno School Uniform Case."
817:, China, 2017. The school does not have a uniform.
556:In 2011, a Nevada public elementary school of the
2086:Information and Resources: Public School Uniforms
1859:Cui, Y., Fang, X., & Zhou, H (January 2018).
1673:"Man who gave us loose white socks eyes comeback"
494:Littlefield v. Forney Independent School District
1724:Plan International UK. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
1643:
1641:
572:Social implications of school uniforms on gender
1407:http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/77/97/7797.pdf
1179:. Lanham, Md. : ScarecrowEducation. p. 4.
1718:Southgate, Jessica, and Lucy Russell (2018).
534:In 2003, Liberty High School, a school of the
422:students (uniforms with dark blue shorts) and
927:Questionable effectiveness of those policies
460:Department for Children, Schools and Families
32:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1907:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1498:"School uniform requirement to be abolished"
1820:
1818:
700:into consolidated sections based on topics.
204:An example of a uniform would be requiring
2114:The Impossible Question of School Uniforms
2059:"The Debate Over Dress Codes and Uniforms"
1842:
1840:
1313:(London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015),
1281:"Crew Will Not Pursue School Uniform Rule"
1884:
1309:; Todd A. DeMitchell and Richard Fossey,
604:Perceptions of masculinity and femininity
470:Examples of lawsuits in the United States
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
2064:. Boward Teacher's Union. Archived from
729:
721:
551:Frudden v. Washoe County School District
1948:
1946:
1848:http://doi.org/10.1177/0013124503255002
1458:"DO 46, S. 2008 – Proper School Attire"
1340:http://doi.org/10.1177/0013124503255002
1032:
745:Primary school boy and girl in Malaysia
1900:
1434:. Optionality Magazine. Archived from
1432:"Those disgusting School Uniforms (B)"
1369:Northen, Stephanie (18 January 2011).
529:Jacobs v. Clark County School District
519:in four possible colours, and blue or
336:There is an abundance of theories and
317:, a movement toward using uniforms in
2046:. Rowman & Littlefield Education.
1661:www.apa.org/pi/wpo/sexualization.html
1474:. Gourock High School. Archived from
1323:Stories of Intersex People from Nepal
1122:BBC News. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
476:Canady v. Bossier Parish School Board
7:
1825:Grabmeier, Jeff (20 December 2021).
1753:"The Perspective on School Uniforms"
1733:Erickson, Amanda (8 October 2018).
1582:98:2 (1996): 206-235. 31 March 2015.
1130:
1128:
790:Students in school uniform in the UK
1955:"Why School Dress Codes Are Sexist"
1784:"Can a Boy Wear a Skirt to School?"
1755:. The Perspective. 17 November 2017
1694:"Japan's schoolgirls set the trend"
1671:Uranaka, Taiga (12 November 2003).
1357:The Journal of Educational Research
1046:. Lanham, Md.: ScarecrowEducation.
560:decided to add the school's motto,
1460:. DepEd Philippines. 10 June 2008.
1359:92.1 (1998): 53-62. 31 March 2015.
1297:Jane Tynan and Lisa Godson, eds.,
1118:Scott, Jenny (5 September 2014).
854:Conformity to organizational goals
501:Forney Independent School District
361:Long Beach Unified School District
88:Use of School Uniforms by Country
14:
1598:22:1 (2013): 92-96. 1 April 2015.
1102:"Do Uniforms Make Schools Better"
809:of different nationalities at an
1782:Hoffman, Jan (6 November 2009).
1618:Freeman, Hadley (6 March 2017).
1279:Kershaw, Sarah (30 March 1996).
985:
971:
678:
162:
153:
142:
133:
122:
113:
23:
1682:– via Japan Times Online.
371:Effects of uniforms on students
1926:"School Dress Codes - FindLaw"
1886:10.1088/1757-899X/301/1/012122
920:American Civil Liberties Union
842:Enhanced learning environments
1:
1079:. New York: Greenwood Press.
848:Increased student achievement
726:Cuban high-school girls, 2009
558:Washoe County School District
223:for girls, with both wearing
99: Uniforms are not common
93: Uniforms are widespread
2110:at Boys' Historical Clothing
1953:Zhou, Li (20 October 2015).
1301:(London: Bloomsbury, 2019),
536:Clark County School District
2098:What's in a school uniform?
2057:Wilde, Marian (July 2006).
1742:. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
1246:Education and Urban Society
1140:www.christs-hospital.org.uk
906:No effect on social status
851:High levels of preparedness
485:Bossier Parish School Board
107:Students in school uniforms
46:, discuss the issue on the
2168:
1175:Brunsma, David L. (2004).
1040:Brunsma, David L. (2004).
1006:School uniforms by country
882:Schoolboys in France, 1880
1596:Journal of Gender Studies
798:Ethiopian school children
777:School girls of Argentina
385:, an indoor soft slipper.
325:addressed it in the 1996
2091:21 February 2015 at the
1647:Bennett, Susan (2015).
1258:10.1177/0013124503255002
1136:"History of the Uniform"
309:wearing a school uniform
2042:Brunsma, David (2006).
1877:2018MS&E..301a2122C
1580:Teachers College Record
1075:Joseph, Nathan (1986).
1001:Catholic school uniform
845:Heightened school pride
648:middle or junior school
452:Department of Education
191:educational institution
944:academic achievement.
883:
818:
799:
791:
778:
746:
738:
727:
643:
630:Sexualization of girls
597:
585:
430:
398:
386:
310:
277:
244:
201:in various countries.
101:
2108:School Uniform: Japan
1984:Girls' Uniform Agenda
881:
805:
797:
789:
776:
744:
733:
725:
637:
591:
579:
417:
396:
378:
301:
271:
241:students in Indonesia
238:
193:. They are common in
87:
1809:5 March 2016 at the
1325:(Kathmandu: , 2016).
811:international school
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
2150:Children's clothing
1739:The Washington Post
1508:on 12 February 2019
918:Groups such as the
915:Financial concerns
418:A group picture of
2140:School terminology
1787:The New York Times
1700:. 23 November 1997
1285:The New York Times
1227:Educational Digest
884:
819:
800:
792:
779:
768:sexual orientation
747:
739:
728:
644:
598:
586:
562:Tomorrow's Leaders
431:
399:
387:
342:nature vs. nurture
327:State of the Union
311:
278:
245:
206:button-down shirts
102:
2071:on 27 April 2015.
1438:on 7 January 2021
1021:Uniform fetishism
715:
714:
663:"Sexy Schoolgirl"
540:Henderson, Nevada
456:England and Wales
338:empirical studies
283:Christ's Hospital
199:secondary schools
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
2157:
2145:Education issues
2073:
2072:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1888:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1822:
1813:
1799:
1790:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1749:
1743:
1731:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1504:. Archived from
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1478:on 14 March 2010
1468:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1164:. pp. 3 ff.
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1132:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:GreatSchools.net
1097:
1091:
1090:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1037:
995:
990:
989:
988:
981:
976:
975:
974:
710:
707:
701:
691:pro and con list
682:
681:
674:
410:Laws and rulings
243:wearing uniforms
189:or otherwise an
185:primarily for a
166:
157:
146:
137:
126:
117:
98:
92:
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2125:
2124:
2093:Wayback Machine
2082:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1899:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1811:Wayback Machine
1800:
1793:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1732:
1728:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1698:The Independent
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1502:todayszaman.com
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1333:
1329:
1296:
1292:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1100:Wilde, Marian.
1099:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1054:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1029:
991:
986:
984:
977:
972:
970:
967:
895:Legal concerns
868:
784:
759:Catholic school
755:private schools
720:
711:
705:
702:
695:
683:
679:
672:
632:
606:
580:Schoolgirls in
574:
566:First Amendment
554:
532:
497:
479:
472:
436:First Amendment
412:
373:
296:
274:Japanese Taiwan
272:Schoolgirls in
266:
233:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
159:
158:
149:
148:
147:
139:
138:
129:
128:
127:
119:
118:
109:
108:
100:
96:
94:
90:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:School uniform
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2105:
2095:
2081:
2080:External links
2078:
2075:
2074:
2049:
2034:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1986:. 14 June 2017
1971:
1942:
1914:
1851:
1836:
1814:
1791:
1775:
1766:
1744:
1726:
1711:
1685:
1663:
1653:
1637:
1610:
1600:
1584:
1571:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1489:
1463:
1449:
1423:
1410:
1398:
1389:
1361:
1343:
1327:
1321:; Esan Regmi,
1290:
1271:
1252:(4): 399–420.
1236:
1217:
1210:
1192:
1185:
1167:
1152:
1124:
1111:
1092:
1085:
1067:
1052:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
997:
996:
993:Schools portal
982:
979:Fashion portal
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
955:
952:
941:
940:
939:
938:
934:
931:
925:
924:
923:
913:
912:
911:
904:
903:
902:
899:
867:
864:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
832:
831:
783:
780:
719:
716:
713:
712:
686:
684:
677:
671:
668:
631:
628:
605:
602:
594:shalwar kameez
573:
570:
553:
548:
531:
526:
496:
491:
478:
473:
471:
468:
464:local councils
411:
408:
372:
369:
295:
292:
265:
262:
232:
229:
175:school uniform
161:
160:
152:
151:
150:
141:
140:
132:
131:
130:
121:
120:
112:
111:
110:
106:
105:
104:
103:
95:
89:
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:(1): 012122.
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:9781475809350
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:9781350045576
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1053:1-57886-125-X
1049:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:Sumptuary law
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
983:
980:
969:
964:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
935:
932:
929:
928:
926:
921:
917:
916:
914:
908:
907:
905:
900:
897:
896:
894:
893:
892:
888:
880:
876:
872:
865:
863:
860:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
840:
839:
836:
829:
828:
827:
823:
816:
812:
808:
804:
796:
788:
781:
775:
771:
769:
763:
760:
756:
751:
743:
737:
732:
724:
717:
709:
699:
693:
692:
687:This section
685:
676:
675:
670:Controversies
669:
667:
664:
659:
657:
651:
649:
641:
636:
629:
627:
623:
620:
614:
610:
603:
601:
595:
590:
583:
578:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
552:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
530:
527:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Forney, Texas
502:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
477:
474:
469:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
437:
429:
425:
421:
416:
409:
407:
403:
395:
391:
384:
383:
377:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:state schools
316:
315:United States
308:
305:schoolboy in
304:
300:
293:
291:
289:
284:
275:
270:
263:
261:
258:
255:
250:
242:
237:
230:
228:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212:for boys and
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
165:
156:
145:
136:
125:
116:
86:
82:
74:
71:
63:
53:
49:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
2118:
2100:
2066:the original
2052:
2043:
2037:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1983:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1959:The Atlantic
1958:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:
1903:cite journal
1868:
1864:
1854:
1830:
1786:
1778:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1747:
1737:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1666:
1656:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:The Guardian
1623:
1613:
1603:
1595:
1579:
1574:
1563:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1501:
1492:
1482:28 September
1480:. Retrieved
1476:the original
1466:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1426:
1413:
1401:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:The Guardian
1374:
1364:
1356:
1330:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1274:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1201:
1195:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1139:
1114:
1105:
1095:
1076:
1070:
1042:
1035:
946:
942:
889:
885:
873:
869:
861:
857:
837:
833:
824:
820:
764:
752:
748:
703:
698:rewriting it
696:Please help
688:
660:
652:
645:
624:
615:
611:
607:
599:
561:
555:
550:
533:
528:
513:oxford shirt
498:
493:
482:
480:
475:
445:
432:
428:Grand Palace
404:
400:
388:
380:
364:
354:
335:
323:Bill Clinton
312:
303:Kindergarten
294:Contemporary
288:conservative
279:
259:
246:
203:
174:
172:
81:
66:
57:
33:
1990:19 November
1964:26 February
1935:26 February
1759:28 November
1704:11 February
1678:11 February
1630:11 February
1512:11 February
1442:30 November
1382:25 February
1233:(6): 34–37.
1204:. Praeger.
1145:20 November
689:contains a
544:due process
448:Philippines
424:Singaporean
346:masculinity
321:began when
249:dress codes
2129:Categories
1564:Elko Daily
1211:0906619254
1186:157886125X
1086:0313251959
1027:References
734:Pupils in
706:April 2015
509:polo shirt
483:Canady v.
357:case study
350:femininity
254:dress code
1895:169699231
1266:145149716
1011:Schoolbag
866:Negatives
782:Positives
658:culture.
331:Rudy Crew
60:July 2023
48:talk page
2089:Archived
1807:Archived
1626:. London
1062:53951257
965:See also
815:Shanghai
807:Students
210:trousers
183:students
181:worn by
42:You may
1930:Findlaw
1873:Bibcode
1831:osu.edu
718:General
646:Around
499:In the
481:In the
382:uwabaki
359:of the
313:In the
264:History
231:Uniform
225:blazers
218:pleated
214:blouses
195:primary
179:uniform
2119:Racked
1893:
1317:
1305:
1264:
1208:
1183:
1083:
1060:
1050:
736:Taiwan
517:blouse
450:, the
276:, 1927
239:Three
221:skirts
187:school
97:
91:
2069:(PDF)
2062:(PDF)
2032:2015.
1891:S2CID
1608:7-53.
1262:S2CID
937:2003)
656:Kogal
640:K-pop
619:apron
582:Nepal
521:khaki
307:Ghana
177:is a
50:, or
1992:2019
1966:2016
1937:2016
1909:link
1761:2017
1706:2019
1680:2019
1632:2019
1514:2019
1484:2009
1444:2007
1384:2017
1315:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1147:2018
1081:ISBN
1058:OCLC
1048:ISBN
420:Thai
348:and
197:and
2116:at
2102:BBC
1881:doi
1869:301
1254:doi
813:in
538:in
515:or
503:of
2131::
1982:.
1957:.
1945:^
1928:.
1917:^
1905:}}
1901:{{
1889:.
1879:.
1867:.
1863:.
1839:^
1829:.
1817:^
1794:^
1696:.
1640:^
1622:.
1587:^
1500:.
1373:.
1346:^
1283:.
1260:.
1250:35
1248:.
1231:73
1229:.
1138:.
1127:^
1104:.
1056:.
638:A
511:,
216:,
208:,
173:A
1994:.
1968:.
1939:.
1911:)
1897:.
1883::
1875::
1833:.
1789:.
1763:.
1708:.
1634:.
1516:.
1486:.
1446:.
1421:.
1386:.
1287:.
1268:.
1256::
1214:.
1189:.
1149:.
1108:.
1089:.
1064:.
708:)
704:(
694:.
596:.
73:)
67:(
62:)
58:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
