371:
purposes as part of the
Constitution if ratified by the legislatures of at least three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its proposal to the States by the Congress: ``Article-- ``Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to prohibit individual or group prayer in public schools or other public institutions. No person shall be required by the United States or by any State to participate in prayer. Neither the United States nor any State shall prescribe the content of any such prayer.
135:. A New York policy required schools to begin each day with a word of prayer. Regarding this case, Justice Hugo Black wrote "... the constitutional prohibition against laws respecting an establishment of religion must at least mean that in this country it is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government."
25:
152:. A change to Alabama's moment-of-silence law included a requirement that the moment of silence must be for "meditation or voluntary prayer." The Court saw the change as government promotion of prayer in the schools, and overturned the change to the law. The justices explained that a moment of silence is appropriate, but not for any religious purpose.
178:
Nothing in this
Constitution shall be construed to prohibit individual or group prayer in public schools or other public institutions. No person shall be required by the United States or by any State to participate in prayer. Neither the United States nor any State shall prescribe the content of any
164:
SECTION 1. To secure the people's right to acknowledge God according to the dictates of conscience: The people's right to pray and to recognize their religious beliefs, heritage, or traditions on public property, including schools, shall not be infringed. The
Government shall not require any person
370:
Resolved by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and
233:, proposed the amendment on May 8, 1997. In March 1998, the Judiciary Committee passed the bill by a 16–11 vote. On June 4, 1998, the full House voted on the amendment, 224–203 in favor. The vote was 61 short of the two-thirds majority required by
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240:
Istook reintroduced the amendment to
Congress twice: first in 1999 as the House Joint Resolution 66 and in 2001 as the "Religious Speech Amendment". Byrd proposed the amendment again on April 29, 2006.
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213:, at that time occupied by a Republican majority, had long been proposing such an amendment but was preoccupied with a competing, more general amendment allowing for "religious freedoms" proposed by
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intended by its proponents to protect the right of the students if they wish, to voluntarily pray in schools, although opponents argue it allows for government-sponsored prayer.
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to join in prayer or other religious activity, initiate or designate school prayers, discriminate against religion, or deny equal access to a benefit on account of religion.
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142:. The effect of this incident was the prohibition of school officials from organizing or leading prayers as well as devotional Bible reading in public schools.
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required that school faculties should neither promote nor degrade religion. The
Supreme Court next examined school prayer in 1985 with the case of
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on
December 11, 2011: "I would support a constitutional amendment that allows our children to pray in school anytime they would like."
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439:"H.J.Res.78 - 105th Congress (1997-1998): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States restoring religious freedom"
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354:"Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to voluntary school prayer"
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668:"Istook School Prayer Amendment Unnecessary, Divisive And Dangerous, Says Americans United"
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found that 61% supported a School Prayer
Amendment, 31% opposed it, and 8% had no opinion.
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483:"Roll Call 201 Roll Call 201, Bill Number: H. J. Res. 78, 105th Congress, 2nd Session"
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The history of school prayer amendment began in 1962 with the
Supreme Court case of
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670:. Americans United for Separation of Church and State. 2003-04-08. Archived from
573:. Americans United for Separation of Church and State. 2001-10-29. Archived from
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Though the proposed amendment failed to be adopted, it led to the passing of the
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Washington, U. S. Capitol Room H154; p:225-7000, DC 20515-6601 (1998-06-04).
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571:"Rep. Istook to Reintroduce School Prayer Amendment to U.S. Constitution"
415:"Republicans in Congress Renew Push for Vote on School Prayer Amendment"
201:
proposed the amendment in 1962, 1973, 1979, 1982, 1993, 1995, and 1997.
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1256:
597:"Rick Perry calls for constitutional amendment allowing school prayers"
546:"Bill Text - 106th Congress (1999-2000) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)"
255:
311:
found that 76% of
Americans favor "a constitutional amendment".
751:
18:
389:"Sen. Byrd introduces amendment allowing school prayer"
329:"First Amendment Center | Freedom Forum Institute"
2304:
Proposed amendments to the United States Constitution
288:
have all expressed opposition to this amendment. The
260:
a former candidate for the 2012 presidential election
128:. However voluntary prayer is not unconstitutional.
16:
Proposed amendment to the United States Constitution
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738:"Public Favors Voluntary Prayer for Public Schools"
286:
Americans United for Separation of Church and State
2201:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
487:Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives
173:
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2212:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
391:. Associated Press. 2006-04-30. Archived from
235:Article Five of the United States Constitution
763:
8:
649:. American Civil Liberties Union. 2002-03-11
140:Abington Township School District v. Schempp
647:"Constitutional Amendment on School Prayer"
505:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
383:
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307:In 2005, a telephone poll administered by
48:. Please do not remove this message until
699:. People for the American Way. 2008-08-25
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
2268:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
300:In 1985, a nationwide telephone poll by
44:Relevant discussion may be found on the
595:Schoenberg, Shira (December 12, 2011).
320:
237:to propose a constitutional amendment.
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231:Oklahoma's 5th congressional district
138:The next year, a similar case arose:
7:
2235:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
1762:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
413:Seelye, Katharine Q. (1996-07-16).
109:Abington School District v. Schempp
1326:Drafting and ratification timeline
1071:District of Columbia Voting Rights
628:. Freedom From Religion Foundation
14:
779:Constitution of the United States
352:Emerson, Bill (25 January 1995).
118:government mandated school prayer
1182:Convention to propose amendments
626:"The Case Against School Prayer"
278:Freedom From Religion Foundation
23:
456:Van Biema, David (1998-04-27).
209:reported in July 1999 that the
1797:Separation of church and state
458:"Spiriting Prayer Into School"
282:American Civil Liberties Union
120:is unconstitutional under the
1:
1301:Virginia Ratifying Convention
2262:National Constitution Center
2060:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
1359:Assemble and Petition Clause
2133:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
1187:State ratifying conventions
1124:Equal Opportunity to Govern
1119:Electoral College abolition
1046:Congressional Apportionment
114:United States Supreme Court
50:conditions to do so are met
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262:, said in an interview on
90:United States Constitution
1586:Privileges and Immunities
1399:Congressional enforcement
1321:Rhode Island ratification
1212:Articles of Confederation
1177:
1154:Parental Rights amendment
845:
693:"Family Research Council"
219:House Judiciary Committee
1817:Unitary executive theory
1591:Privileges or Immunities
1306:New York Circular Letter
1296:Massachusetts Compromise
211:House of Representatives
1737:Dormant Commerce Clause
1581:Presidential succession
1316:Fayetteville Convention
1311:Hillsborough Convention
1247:Three-fifths Compromise
1227:Philadelphia Convention
1217:Mount Vernon Conference
1104:Campaign finance reform
718:"Poll on School Prayer"
290:Family Research Council
217:, then-Chairman of the
82:School Prayer Amendment
2309:Religion and education
1900:William Samuel Johnson
1772:Nondelegation doctrine
1344:Admission to the Union
1291:Anti-Federalist Papers
1242:Connecticut Compromise
181:
167:
2314:Religion and children
2107:Richard Dobbs Spaight
1576:Presidential Electors
1551:Original Jurisdiction
1491:Full Faith and Credit
1364:Assistance of Counsel
1285:The Federalist Papers
1114:Crittenden Compromise
360:. Library of Congress
2276:A More Perfect Union
2252:Constitution Gardens
2173:Convention Secretary
1835:Convention President
1807:Symmetric federalism
1802:Separation of powers
1536:Necessary and Proper
1531:Natural-born citizen
1476:Freedom of the Press
1414:Copyright and Patent
1404:Contingent Elections
1222:Annapolis Convention
674:on November 29, 2008
622:Gaylor, Annie Laurie
577:on November 29, 2008
122:Establishment Clause
2283:Worldwide influence
2024:Gunning Bedford Jr.
1752:Executive privilege
1732:Criminal sentencing
1655:Title of Nobility (
1646:Taxing and Spending
1546:Oath or Affirmation
1506:House Apportionment
1369:Case or Controversy
1252:Committee of Detail
1144:"Liberty" amendment
1109:Christian amendment
723:The Washington Post
521:"Votes in Congress"
302:The Washington Post
144:Abington v. Schempp
37:of this article is
1937:William Livingston
1921:Alexander Hamilton
1727:Criminal procedure
1722:Constitutional law
1657:Foreign Emoluments
1621:State of the Union
1606:Self-Incrimination
1596:Recess appointment
1389:Compulsory Process
1051:Titles of Nobility
525:The New York Times
419:The New York Times
292:has supported it.
206:The New York Times
149:Wallace v. Jaffree
86:proposed amendment
2291:
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2257:Constitution Week
2242:Independence Mall
2230:National Archives
2188:
2187:
2003:Gouverneur Morris
1988:Thomas Fitzsimons
1968:Benjamin Franklin
1842:George Washington
1742:Enumerated powers
1717:Concurrent powers
1712:Balance of powers
1541:No Religious Test
1481:Freedom of Speech
1272:Independence Hall
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1099:Bricker amendment
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740:. 26 August 2005.
221:. Representative
78:
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2326:
2247:Constitution Day
2138:Charles Pinckney
1947:William Paterson
1879:Nathaniel Gorham
1832:
1611:Speech or Debate
1439:Equal Protection
1149:Ludlow amendment
1134:Flag Desecration
1129:Federal Marriage
1094:Blaine amendment
1056:Corwin Amendment
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2034:Richard Bassett
2007:
1993:Jared Ingersoll
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1952:Jonathan Dayton
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1863:Nicholas Gilman
1846:
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1787:Reserved powers
1767:Judicial review
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1496:General Welfare
1419:Double Jeopardy
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1257:List of Framers
1237:New Jersey Plan
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1169:Victims' Rights
1089:Balanced budget
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445:. June 4, 1998.
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133:Engel v. Vitale
126:First Amendment
103:Engel v. Vitale
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2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Jacob Shallus
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2143:Pierce Butler
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:John Rutledge
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2086:James Madison
2084:
2082:
2079:
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2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
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2058:
2056:
2055:James McHenry
2053:
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2046:
2040:
2037:
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2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
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2014:
2010:
2004:
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1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:George Clymer
1981:
1979:
1978:Robert Morris
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1966:
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1963:
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1943:
1940:
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1928:
1922:
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1918:
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1912:
1906:
1905:Roger Sherman
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
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1882:
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1877:
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1872:Massachusetts
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
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1855:
1853:
1851:New Hampshire
1849:
1843:
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1837:
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1800:
1798:
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1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Plenary power
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Equal footing
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1715:
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1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:Trial by Jury
1666:
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1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
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1524:
1522:
1521:Ineligibility
1519:
1517:
1516:Import-Export
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
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1484:
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1479:
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1472:
1471:Free Exercise
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1460:Ex Post Facto
1457:
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1447:
1445:
1444:Establishment
1442:
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1432:
1430:
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1425:
1422:
1420:
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1415:
1412:
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1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Confrontation
1392:
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1387:
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1375:
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1355:
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1324:
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1304:
1302:
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1286:
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1277:Syng inkstand
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1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
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1235:
1233:
1232:Virginia Plan
1230:
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1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
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1188:
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1162:
1160:
1159:School Prayer
1157:
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1127:
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1120:
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1022:
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1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
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997:
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992:
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987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
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967:
966:
964:
960:
954:
951:
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946:
944:
941:
940:
938:
936:
932:
926:
923:
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918:
917:
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911:
905:
902:
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897:
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892:
890:
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867:
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844:
841:
839:
835:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
788:
784:
780:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:
750:
739:
733:
730:
725:
724:
719:
713:
710:
698:
694:
688:
685:
673:
669:
663:
660:
648:
642:
639:
627:
623:
617:
614:
602:
598:
591:
588:
576:
572:
566:
563:
552:on 2012-07-18
551:
547:
541:
538:
526:
522:
516:
513:
508:
502:
488:
484:
477:
474:
463:
459:
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440:
434:
431:
420:
416:
409:
406:
395:on 2009-01-25
394:
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359:
355:
348:
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253:
249:
247:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Ernest Istook
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:
202:
200:
199:West Virginia
196:
193:
190:
183:
180:
176:
170:H. J. RES. 16
169:
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162:
155:
153:
151:
150:
145:
141:
136:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:
105:
104:
100:In the cases
95:
93:
91:
87:
83:
72:
69:
61:
51:
47:
41:
40:
36:
30:
21:
20:
2274:
2266:
2199:
1998:James Wilson
1961:Pennsylvania
1858:John Langdon
1616:Speedy Trial
1458:
1349:Appointments
1283:
1158:
1066:Equal Rights
962:20th century
732:
721:
712:
701:. Retrieved
696:
687:
676:. Retrieved
672:the original
662:
651:. Retrieved
641:
630:. Retrieved
616:
606:December 16,
604:. Retrieved
600:
590:
579:. Retrieved
575:the original
565:
554:. Retrieved
550:the original
540:
529:. Retrieved
527:. 1998-06-07
524:
515:
490:. Retrieved
486:
476:
465:. Retrieved
461:
451:
442:
433:
422:. Retrieved
418:
408:
397:. Retrieved
393:the original
374:
369:
362:. Retrieved
358:Congress.gob
357:
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250:
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239:
204:
203:
187:
179:such prayer.
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147:
143:
139:
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132:
130:
112:(1963), the
107:
101:
99:
81:
79:
64:
58:January 2013
55:
33:
2159:William Few
2039:Jacob Broom
2019:George Read
1893:Connecticut
1827:Signatories
1677:Legislative
1651:Territorial
1571:Presentment
1556:Origination
1511:Impeachment
1466:Extradition
1434:Engagements
1424:Due Process
1374:Citizenship
1061:Child Labor
195:Robert Byrd
116:ruled that
106:(1962) and
2298:Categories
2271:(painting)
2223:and legacy
2081:John Blair
1930:New Jersey
1884:Rufus King
1782:Preemption
1696:War Powers
1631:Suspension
1449:Exceptions
1139:Human Life
1038:Unratified
838:Amendments
703:2009-02-01
678:2009-01-31
653:2009-01-31
632:2009-01-31
581:2009-01-31
556:2009-02-01
531:2009-01-31
492:2024-05-14
467:2009-01-31
424:2009-01-31
399:2009-01-31
315:References
252:Rick Perry
227:Republican
215:Henry Hyde
189:Democratic
161:Article--
96:Background
35:neutrality
1792:Saxbe fix
1681:Executive
1636:Take Care
1626:Supremacy
1501:Guarantee
1429:Elections
1200:Formation
913:1795–1804
272:Reception
175:Article—
46:talk page
2074:Virginia
2048:Maryland
2012:Delaware
1914:New York
1691:Vicinage
1685:Judicial
1409:Contract
1379:Commerce
1267:Printing
1081:Proposed
793:Preamble
786:Articles
624:(1995).
501:cite web
364:21 March
39:disputed
2221:Display
2193:Related
2152:Georgia
1673:Vesting
1641:Takings
1526:Militia
1384:Compact
1336:Clauses
1262:Signing
1207:History
192:Senator
184:History
124:of the
88:to the
2319:Prayer
2279:(film)
1663:Treaty
1566:Postal
1561:Pardon
309:Gallup
284:, and
296:Polls
256:Texas
229:from
84:is a
608:2011
507:link
462:Time
366:2018
276:The
225:, a
156:Text
80:The
32:The
828:VII
808:III
197:of
2300::
1683:/
1679:/
1024:27
1019:26
1014:25
1009:24
1004:23
999:22
994:21
989:20
984:19
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969:16
953:15
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943:13
925:12
920:11
904:10
823:VI
813:IV
803:II
720:.
695:.
599:.
523:.
503:}}
499:{{
485:.
460:.
441:.
417:.
380:^
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280:,
248:.
1687:)
1675:(
1659:)
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894:8
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884:6
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864:2
859:1
818:V
798:I
771:e
764:t
757:v
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706:.
681:.
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635:.
610:.
584:.
559:.
534:.
509:)
495:.
470:.
427:.
402:.
331:.
71:)
65:(
60:)
56:(
52:.
42:.
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