1169:"The impact of the National School Lunch Program on child health: A nonparametric bounds analysis", affirmed the nutritional advantages of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act but found that "children in households reporting the receipt of free or reduced-price school meals through the National School Lunch Program are more likely to have negative health outcomes than observationally similar nonparticipants". The authors asserted that specific groups were not receiving the expected nutritional benefits from the NSLP, and put forth two possible explanations: First, children receiving free or reduced-price meals are likely to differ from their peers in ways that are not reflected in the data. Second, the households of the children most affected by reduced-price lunches may be misreporting participation in the program.
1304:. The district's food service director, David Binkle, said: "From what I see and what I hear now that students are getting used to and they have tasted it, they like it. Any time you make a change, and the major change like this, that's an evolution that we have to go through. There's going to be people now saying the meal is too healthy for the kids and it's stuff they don't know. The reality of this is the rest of the country is about to see what we've gone through . We did this on purpose so that we could really get out ahead of this and start to work through it and adjust. I think the rest of the country is going to see a lot of the same impact ." Binkle added, "What I keep hearing from the principals is that as we keep tweaking and teaching and encouraging the kids, more and more kids are participating."
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months. A senior girl who had embraced the changes from the beginning observed that even she was surprised when football players started eating salads. The elementary school's cook of 14 years told me her job is now harder, but it's rewarding." The article continued: "It takes a tough-minded school leader to assert that nutrient-rich food is the right choice for kids—and that it's an appropriate use of government dollars. Kids will complain initially but will come around. And a number of collateral benefits follow when students eat well. Anecdotal reports from schools with healthful and flavorful food indicate that teachers have started eating with students, attendance rates are higher, and fewer students fall asleep in class or commit vandalism and violence at school."
686:, an American philosopher. These capabilities, which Nussbaum saw as integral to raising people above the poverty threshold, are life, bodily health, bodily integrity, sense, imagination and thought, emotions, practical reason, affiliation, other species, play, and control over one's environment (both political and material). Nutrition affects bodily health and bodily integrity, and education has broader connections to sense, imagination and thought, practical reason, and control over one's environment. Without these capabilities, according to Nussbaum, people fall into poverty traps and lack the proper opportunities to rise out of them. Government efforts such as meal programs can prevent people from falling into poverty, as well as lift them out of it.
69:
948:(FNS), an agency of the USDA, administers the NSLP at the federal level. Within each individual state, the program is administered by a state agency, in most cases the Department of Education. (If state law prevents the state from administering the program, the appropriate FNS regional office may administer it instead.) The state official in charge of the NSLP works with individual school districts to make sure each lunchroom worker receives the necessary information and supplies. Additionally, he or she receives directions from the
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According to the report, new challenges to this goal have emerged with increased scrutiny of high-fat commodities donated by the USDA, such as meat, cheese, and milk. The authors argue that providing high-fat USDA food subsidies contributes to childhood obesity. While NSLP participants have higher intakes of calcium and fiber—nutrients often under-consumed by children—they also have higher fat intakes. However, study results comparing weight gain among NSLP participants and nonparticipants are inconclusive.
33:
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received awards. That leaves a lot of schools that are still promoting Tater Tot Day and reheating frozen pizzas." The
HealthierUS School Challenge (HUSSC) is a voluntary certification initiative recognizing schools that have created healthier environments by promoting nutrition and physical activity. Schools that apply may be awarded HUSSC certification and monetary incentives. As of March 11, 2014, there were 6,706 schools certified, which is 6% of the schools participating in the NSLP.
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incentive to register as many students in the NSLP as possible". While the NSLP has a built-in verification process, only about 3% of applications can be reviewed to verify the reported income. Bass found that some school districts that wanted to verify higher percentages of applications were threatened with legal action from the federal government. He also identified one district that found that 70% of the applications it reviewed were incorrect.
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The most obvious challenge to efforts to address such problems is that even if more nutritious foods are provided, there is no guarantee that students will eat them. Additionally, the NSLP does not take into account the physiological differences among participants: Some children are smaller than others, some are more athletic, and some have metabolisms that require more calories than the NSLP allows.
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switched to a direct certification process, in which schools can use documentation from local or state welfare agencies to demonstrate their eligibility. Despite a lack of cooperation between the NSLP and some welfare agencies, the Food and
Nutrition Service (FNS) found that direct certification significantly increased the number of participants. In 2008, Philip Gleason, a senior researcher for
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actually qualify, and 7.5% were denied benefits despite being eligible. While the amount of erroneous payments during the 2005–06 school year was relatively small as a percentage of the program's total cost, they totaled more than $ 759 million (Ponza, 2007). Subsequent research by Molly Dahl found that the problem continued, with an estimated overpayment of $ 1.5 billion in 2011.
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available at school parties, and treats given to students by teachers—are not included in the NSLP reimbursement plan and so are not required to meet USDA standards. Generally speaking, competitive foods are lower in key nutrients and higher in fat than NSLP-reimbursable meals. The availability of such foods in schools often undermines the nutritional goals of the NSLP.
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lunches, $ 0.27 for paid lunches, $ 0.78 for free snacks, $ 0.39 for reduced-price snacks, and $ 0.07 for paid snacks. (Students eligible for reduced-price meals paid no more than 40 cents per meal.) A school may qualify for higher, "severe need" reimbursements if 40% or more of its lunches were served free or at reduced price in the second preceding year.
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be unhealthy, such as sugar, fat, and salt, or those exceeding a certain number of calories. As a result, schools cannot sell chewing gum or breath mints, for instance, because they do not contain the required nutrients, but can sell candy bars and french fries, because they do — even though they also contain large amounts of sugar and fat, respectively.
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were more expensive than meals that did not meet the new nutritional standards. She also found that the "mean reported cost for a reimbursement lunch was $ 2.36, while the reimbursement rate was $ 2.51", or 106% of the cost. However, revenues for non-reimbursable meals (for example, adult lunches) covered only 71% of the cost of those meals.
611:, which can improve children's health and expand their educational opportunities. A study of a free school meal program in the United States found that providing free meals to elementary and middle school children in areas characterized by high food insecurity led to increased school discipline among the students.
730:, the numbers of hungry children seeking food overwhelmed lunchrooms. Thus, local programs began to look to state governments, and then the national government, for resources. The national government began providing funding for school lunches on a small scale as early as 1932. This funding originated from
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of six and eleven in 2003-04 was more than double that of the late 1970s. As the number of overweight and obese students increased, the focus of school nutrition shifted from its original concern – making sure that students had enough to eat — to its more recent preoccupation with preventing weight gain.
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In response to the COVID-19 emergency, the USDA issued several other waivers to facilitate meal service outside of the cafeteria, including one which, for the duration of the public health emergency, no longer requires schools to meet meal pattern requirements for school breakfast and lunch, allowing
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suburbs, where participation in the program is increasing. Linda Henke, the superintendent of the school district, said: "I was struck by the positive vibe around the revamped program. A teacher said he'd lost seven pounds by eating in the high school cafeteria every school day for the previous three
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However, some researchers have identified an opposite problem: the acceptance into the program of students who are not eligible for it. A three-year study by the FNS (Gleason, 2008) found that 77.5% of NSLP applicants were correctly certified. However, 15% were certified as eligible when they did not
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in July 2008 suggested: "Cost pressures may be a barrier to improving school menus in some cases. The nationally representative School Lunch and
Breakfast Cost Study II found that while the mean reported cost of producing lunch during 2005–06 was below the reimbursement rate, about one in four school
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These cognitive, behavioral, and physical problems are exacerbated in children who, in addition to being undernourished, are from impoverished backgrounds. Scientists now believe that "malnutrition alters intellectual development by interfering with overall health as well as the child's energy level,
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The USDA does place some restrictions on competitive foods, requiring them to contain at least 5% of the recommended daily allowance of a number of specific nutrients, including protein and certain vitamins. But those restrictions have drawn criticism for not limiting foods with ingredients that can
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In the decades since then, childhood weight gain has become a major concern of health experts, as the percentage of children who are overweight has been increasing. According to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), for instance, the percentage of overweight children between the ages
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Studies comparing NSLP participants and nonparticipants have been inconclusive on whether weight gain rates differ between the two groups. The 2008 Economic
Research Service study found "similar calorie intakes for participants and nonparticipants but higher fat and sodium intakes for participants".
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School meal programs are increasingly using more whole grains, fruits and vegetables, lean protein, and low-fat dairy. Efforts such as the Local School
Wellness Policies required by the 2004 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act have gotten parents, students, and school communities involved in
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The SBP works in essentially the same way as the NSLP: Participating schools receive cash subsidies from the USDA for every meal they serve. They must meet federal nutrition requirements and offer free or reduced-price breakfasts to children who are eligible. The USDA provides technical training and
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The SBP began as a pilot program in 1966 and became permanent in 1975. It was developed specifically to help impoverished children; the "original legislation stipulated that first consideration for program implementation was to be given to schools located in poor areas or in areas where children had
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With federal support uncertain and eventually ending, some states began using their own funds for an extension of pandemic-era free universal school lunches. In 2021, California became the first state to have a universal school meal program for the state's public school students, followed shortly by
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Between March and April 2020, schools around the country abruptly closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to continue to provide students with school meals while learning remotely, the USDA was able to make temporary changes to its rules, waiving the requirement that meals must be served in a
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The federal government became involved with school meals in the 1940s, responding to concerns that many children were not getting enough to eat. According to military officials at the time, a large number of young men in the United States were not fit for active duty because of undernourishment. In
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In the late 1990s, NSLP officials determined in a "Study of Direct
Certification in the National School Lunch Program" that the program's paper application process was inefficient and potentially excluded eligible school districts (Jackson, Gleason, Hall and Strauss, 2000). As a result, the program
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Participation in the NSLP is voluntary. School districts and independent schools that choose to take part receive cash subsidies and donated commodities from the USDA for each meal they serve. In return, they must serve lunches that meet federal nutritional requirements, and they must offer free or
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Aside from its impact on public organizations, the NSLP also affects corporate vendors and local businesses. The program is designed to help local farmers by purchasing fresh fruits and vegetables, which make their way to schoolchildren. Additionally, many companies are reformulating their foods to
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crisis came into national focus, the USDA urged school districts to establish wellness policies and initiatives tailored to local needs. The USDA regulations were intended to strengthen nutritional education nationwide while giving schools the autonomy to decide what types of foods could be sold in
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In the 1960s, a group of mainstream national women's organizations began focusing on the shortcomings of the NSLP. The evidence they presented became crucial to
Congressional debates on race and poverty. In 1962, Congress amended the NSLP, changing it from a distributor of state-regulated grant aid
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In addition to academic and behavioral problems, children with inadequate diets are more prone to illnesses. Researchers have found that malnutrition leads to an array of health problems that can become chronic. Underfed children may have "extreme weight loss, stunted growth, weakened resistance to
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The NSLP currently operates in more than 100,000 public schools, nonprofit private schools, and residential care institutions. It provides more than 5 billion low-cost or free lunches per year to eligible students, with the goal of ensuring nutritious meals for children who might not otherwise have
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found in 2010 that "increasing NSLP exposure by ten percentage points results in an average increase in education of .365 years" for girls, and "increases average education by nearly a year" for boys. The researchers found that participation in grades seven through twelve "has a stronger effect on
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However, the report also found that, besides lunches, less-healthy competitive foods were available in many schools, and that those options sometimes provided an incentive for students to skip school lunch altogether. Competitive foods have presented an obstacle to the USDA's regulation of food in
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Unhealthy school lunches contribute to malnutrition in both the short term and the long term. In many cases, unhealthy adult eating patterns can be traced back to unhealthy school lunches, because children learn eating habits from social settings such as school. A 2010 study of 1,003 middle-school
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David Bass wrote in 2009 that the problem was not simply an innocent one, but involved a calculated effort by school districts to commit fraud. He argued that, because "state governments dole out benefits according to free and reduced-price lunch percentages ... local school districts have a clear
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In terms of cost efficiency, one can compare the costs of NSLP-compliant lunches and lunches served in schools that do not participate in the program. Constance Newman's "The Food Costs of
Healthier School" (2012) compared those costs during the 2005–06 school year. Newman found that healthy meals
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The USDA report in 2008 identified the emergence of "competitive foods" as an obstacle to the NSLP's nutritional goals. Competitive foods—which may include items purchased off campus, à la carte items purchased on campus, products from vending machines, food purchased for school fundraising, food
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Promoting healthy eating in schools may reduce adolescent obesity. One effort in promoting healthy eating is the
Berkeley Food System, which uses vegetable gardens to promote education on healthy eating. Janet Brown, who started the project, explained that students were more likely to eat healthy
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Food insecurity affects the health and well-being of children in several ways. It is a major threat to "growth, health, cognitive, and behavioral potential", and most behavioral, emotional, and academic problems are more prevalent among hungry children than non-hungry children. Food insecurity is
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of 2020 authorized states to administer payment of Pandemic Electronic Benefit Transfer (P-EBT) food benefits to households with children who would have received free school lunches under the National School Lunch Act, if not for a school closure. These temporary food benefits were meant to help
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study, "Restricting Snacks in U.S. Elementary Schools Is Associated with Higher Frequency of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption", found that "children in schools with restricted snack availability had significantly higher frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption than children in schools without
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In 2008, the Economic Research Service of the USDA issued a report titled "The National School Lunch Program: Backgrounds, Trends, and Issues", which reaffirmed that one of the main goals of the NSLP, as identified by Congress, is to "promote the health and well-being of the Nation's children".
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The study also found that reported costs rose, but full costs fell, from 1992–2005, reflecting an increase in the number of school food authorities being charged by school districts for indirect costs in response to the districts' own budget pressures (School Nutrition Association, 2006). Other
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Food insecurity includes both inadequate quantity and inadequate quality of food. Children need not just enough calories, but also enough nutrients for proper growth and development, and improper or stunted growth can have a variety of medical and developmental implications. Food insecurity and
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article described a challenge: "Since 2004, the USDA has administered the HealthierUS School Challenge, awarding distinction but no money, to schools that voluntarily improve the healthfulness of their meals. By last fall, only a paltry 841 of the 101,000 schools in the NSLP (less than 1%) had
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Both the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program give cash reimbursements for food served at participating schools. In the 2012–13 school year, the NSLP provided the following reimbursements for "non-severe-need" schools: $ 2.86 for free lunches, $ 2.46 for reduced-price
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Maine, in time for the 2021-2022 school year. As of August 2023, a total of eight states funded permanent universal free school lunch, with the addition of Colorado, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, and Vermont. Nevada adopted a temporary extension for the 2023-2024 school year.
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found that children aged 6–11 who came from food-insecure homes had lower arithmetic scores, were more likely to have repeated a grade or seen a therapist, and had more difficulty getting along with peers than similar children in food-secure homes. Hungry children are much more likely to have
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This increase in food security has not been shown to have significant long-term health benefits, but it does have a positive impact on education. Subsidized lunches appear to encourage children to attend school, and to free up food at home for other family members to consume. Public-policy
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article, "APPLE project: 2-y findings of a community-based obesity prevention program in primary school-age children", stated, "A relatively simple approach, providing activity coordinators and basic nutrition education in schools, significantly reduces the rate of excessive weight gain in
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In 1994, a number of changes were made to the NSLP, primarily to standardize the nutritional quality of school meals. Dietary guidelines were proposed to take effect in 1996, and the USDA launched the Healthy School Meals Initiative to improve nutritional education for school-age children.
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In 2012, researchers compared the previous year's data with limited current-year data to see whether previously identified problems persisted. They found that in fiscal year 2011, the NSLP served 5.18 billion lunches at a cost of $ 11.1 billion, an increase of 181% from fiscal year 2000.
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to travel a great distance to school", and in 1971, "Congress directed that priority consideration for the program would include schools in which there was a special need to improve the nutrition and dietary practices of children of working mothers and children from low-income families".
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Eventually, the New Deal policies began to dissolve, and farm surpluses decreased. However, there was still a desire to keep school lunch programs in place, so federal cash assistance began to be appropriated on a year-to-year basis, and the National School Lunch Program was developed.
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Studies have shown a positive correlation between school meal programs and increased food security. Among low-income children, the marginal food insecurity rate of those with access to the School Breakfast Program is lower than that of those children without access to the program.
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schools. In 1983, a federal court overturned a USDA regulation that had prohibited the sale of junk food in schools from the beginning of the school day until the end of the last meal period. The court ruled that the USDA could ban junk food in cafeterias only during mealtimes.
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Recently, there has been a push to privatize school meal programs because of their rising costs. Private food service companies have much greater purchasing power than school districts and are able to save money by providing fewer benefits and lower salaries to their employees.
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1946, President Harry Truman (D, 1945–53) signed the National School Lunch Act into law, providing free school lunches for low-income students. In 1966, the Child Nutrition Act shifted control of the school lunch program from a number of government agencies to one, the USDA.
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In 1994, President Bill Clinton (1993-2001) signed the Child Nutrition Reauthorization Bill, which required schools to set limits on the fat content of school lunches. According to a 2001 USDA report, lunches became significantly healthier in the years after the law passed.
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To address this, the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 required gradual increases in reimbursements until 100% of costs were covered. In addition, the USDA increased School Food Authority (SFA) reimbursement rates by 6 cents per meal for the 2012–13 school year.
650:. Between 2007 and 2008, the rate in the U.S. increased from 11.1% to 14.6%, the largest annual increase since researchers began tracking the rate in the mid-1990s. Among households with children, food insecurity increased from 15.8% to 21% during that period.
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and directed by the USDA, the law established guidelines requiring more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains in school meals. The guidelines, which took effect in the 2012–13 school year, also limited sodium, fat, and caloric intake based on students' ages.
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who led the IOM team, concluded, "Since the school meal programs were last updated, we've gained the greater understanding of children's nutritional needs and the dietary factors that contribute to obesity, heart disease, and other chronic health problems."
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1038:, such as equipment, labor, and training. Additionally, her research, which relied on data from 2005 and 2006, is now outdated, and Newman acknowledged that "another important caveat is that the foods served in schools have changed since 2005".
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By the end of its first year, the National School Lunch Program had helped 7.1 million children. However, from the start, the program linked children's nutrition to the priorities of agricultural and food interests, and to the agenda of the
723:. For the people who began these programs, school lunchrooms were the perfect setting in which to feed poor children and, more importantly, to teach immigrant and middle-class children the principles of nutrition and healthy eating.
790:(USDA). In these early years, the program provided substantial welfare to commercial farmers as an outlet for surplus commodities, but provided few free meals to poor children and fed a relatively small number of schoolchildren.
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Before the official establishment of the large-scale, government-funded food programs that are prevalent today in the United States, small, non-governmental programs existed. As early as the late 19th century, cities such as
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provided supplemental school lunch funding and allowed the USDA to waive requirements such as serving on school campuses, the number of meals per student per day, and eligibility restrictions. Permission was extended by the
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group setting in order to qualify for reimbursement. In the US, 15.2% of children are food-insecure, and 22 million out of the 30 million students who eat school lunch every day rely on free or reduced-price school meals.
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626:, which established the program, called it a "measure of national security, to safeguard the health and well-being of the nation's children and to encourage domestic consumption of nutritious agricultural commodities."
746:. The federal government monitored supplies from commercial farmers and purchased surplus commodities (Levine 6). Schools served as an outlet for federal commodity donations. In 1935, the programs expanded through the
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1119:, based on research by the USDA during the 2004–05 school year, found that students in more than 90% of schools surveyed had the opportunity to select lunches that met dietary standards for fat and saturated fat.
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In 1970, before it was made permanent, the SBP served 500,000 children. In fiscal year 2011, more than 12.1 million children participated each day, 10.1 million of whom received free or reduced-price breakfasts.
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rate of motor development and rate of growth." Moreover, "low economic status can exacerbate all these factors, placing impoverished children at particular risk for cognitive impairment later in life".
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schools for more flexibility in the event of supply chain disruptions, and another that allows schools to serve multiple meals at once, so that families can pick up a breakfast and lunch at one time.
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912:, with USDA eventually allowing universal meals for the entire 2021-2022 school year. The subsidies were voluntary; about 90% of U.S. school districts participated with free lunch for all students.
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malnutrition can affect children's educational outcomes, family life, and overall health. It has been linked to worse development outcomes for children, such as impaired social and reading skills.
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educational attainment than participating in the earlier grades does, whereas there is some evidence suggesting that participation in earlier grades is more important for the health outcomes".
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Four million American children "experience prolonged periodic food insufficiency and hunger each year", which amounts to 8% of children under the age of 12. An additional 21% are at risk.
2017:
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For fiscal year 2011, the cost of the SBP was $ 3 billion, compared with $ 10.8 million in 1970. The cost of the NSLP was $ 11.1 billion in 2011, compared with $ 70 million in 1947.
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clinical levels of psychosocial dysfunction, and they show more anxious, irritable, aggressive, and oppositional behaviors than peers whose families are low-income but food-secure.
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are provided either at no cost or at a government-subsidized price, to students from low-income families. These free or subsidized meals have the potential to increase household
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sources of financial pressure include increases in health care costs for employees (GAO, 2003; Woodward-Lopez et al., 2005) and, more recently, rising food costs (FRAC, 2008).
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1229:, such as placing white milk in front of chocolate milk in coolers, moving and highlighting fruit displays, and using appealing names for vegetables to improve palatability.
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Most students benefited from the NSLP, even if they did not receive free lunches, because the program also subsidized full-price meals in the majority of U.S. schools.
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813:(SBP), which supplemented the existing lunch program by providing low-cost or free breakfasts to students at public and nonprofit private schools. It also created the
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districts reported costs above the reimbursement rate." It continued, "Further, the mean full cost of producing a lunch was higher than the reimbursement rate."
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assistance to help school workers prepare and serve healthy meals, as well as nutrition education to help children understand the links between diet and health.
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Dunifon, Rachel; Kowaleski-Jones, Lori (2003). "The Influences of Participation in the National School Lunch Program and Food Insecurity on Child Well-Being".
1130:, which reviewed and recommended updates to the NSLP and SBP nutrition standards and meal requirements. It also set standards for menu planning that focus on
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Until the 1930s, most school lunch programs were volunteer efforts led by teachers and mothers' clubs. These programs drew on the expertise of professional
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reduced-price meals to eligible children. Schools can also be reimbursed for snacks served to children in after-school educational or enrichment programs.
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The SBP provided the following reimbursements in 2012–13: $ 1.55 for free breakfasts, $ 1.25 for reduced-price breakfasts, and $ 0.27 for paid breakfasts.
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restricted snack availability", and suggested that a restrictive snack policy should be part of a multifaceted approach to improve children's diets.
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pushed Congress to provide funding for school lunches beyond the reimbursement program, declaring, "The time has come to end hunger in America."
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44:. The reason given is: Most of the papers referenced are over a decade old, and many are from before the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010.
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2007:
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952:. School districts that choose to participate in the NSLP follow specific guidelines and receive federal subsidies for each meal they serve.
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1185:(GAO) recommended in 2005 that the USDA's authority to regulate "foods of minimal nutritional value" be extended to a wider class of foods.
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Budget trends suggest that meal production costs over the last five years have been increasing faster than revenues. A report by the USDA's
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were charged with fraud of at least $ 250 million related to free school meals, with fraud of more than $ 40 million convicted in 2024.
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Wansink, Brian; Just, David; Smith, Laura (2011). "Move the Fruit: Putting Fruit in New Bowls and New Places Doubles Lunchroom Sales".
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linked to lower math scores, trouble getting along with peers, poor health, and more frequent illness. A study by researchers at the
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Kleinman, Ronald E.; et al. (1998). "Hunger in Children in the United States: Potential Behavioural and Emotional Correlates".
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The biggest school meal program in the United States is the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), which was created under President
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cover the cost of meals children would have otherwise received at school from March through June during the 2019-2020 school year.
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Levine, Susan. School Lunch Politics: The Surprising History of America's Favorite Welfare Program. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2008.
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The study recommended that nutritional standards be applied to all food served or sold in schools. In addition, it noted that the
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Health status and behavior among middle-school children in a midwest community: What are the underpinnings of childhood obesity?
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Taylor, Rachael W.; McAuley, Kirsten A.; Barbezat, Wyn; Strong, Amber; Williams, Sheila M.; Mann, Jim I. (September 1, 2007).
1381:"The School Breakfast Program Strengthens Household Food Security Among Low-Income Households with Elementary School Children"
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859:) to develop recommendations for "bringing school food up-to-date with current science". Dr. Virginia Stallings, a pediatric
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Nussbaum, Martha Craven. 2011. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP.
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1115:. However, decisions about what specific foods to serve and how to prepare them are made by local school officials. The
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Smith, Laura Elizabeth; Just, David R.; Wansink, Brian C.; Wallace, Christine H.; Chua, Hanswalter P. (April 1, 2011).
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2527:"Restricting Snacks in U.S. Elementary Schools Is Associated with Higher Frequency of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption"
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1011:
963:(DoD), allows schools to use USDA entitlement dollars to buy fresh produce. The NSLP also works closely with the
805:, which stated that educational progress was an objective of school meal programs. The bill, signed by President
779:
671:
infection", and even early death. Such ailments reduce the amount of time students can spend learning at school.
623:
463:
295:
2135:
1447:
1091:, which state that no more than 30% of an individual's calories should come from fat, and no more than 10% from
3325:
3274:
3207:
2321:
1586:
Cook, John T.; Frank, Deborah A. (2008). "Food Security, Poverty, and Human Development in the United States".
1135:
919:
was used to fund a subsidy extension for the 2022-2023 summer and school year at a somewhat reduced level. The
916:
909:
810:
2793:
3046:
3072:
2576:"APPLE Project: 2-y findings of a community-based obesity prevention program in primary school–age children"
1164:
759:
1972:
1477:
1151:
found that those who ate school lunches were significantly more likely to be obese than those who did not.
3411:
3385:
3340:
2210:
Edelstein, Professor Retired Nutrition and Dietetics Department Simmons College Sari (February 25, 2014).
1796:
835:
By the end of the 20th century, the NSLP was the nation's second-largest domestic food program, after the
775:
2257:
1134:, calories, saturated fat, and sodium, and that incorporate the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the
3401:
3335:
2792:"Junk Food in Schools: Should schools restrict the sale of junk food?" (2007, March 23). Retrieved from
2140:
1274:
349:
339:
920:
2424:
1882:
3222:
2380:
2136:"Schoolkids in 8 states can now eat free school meals, advocates urge Congress for nationwide policy"
1921:
1735:
1595:
1347:
1288:
1226:
1203:
1034:
Not all of the cost increases Newman found were due to food prices; nearly half were associated with
566:
401:
391:
344:
2867:
2170:
1801:
1787:
Hinrichs, Peter (2010). "The Effects of the National School Lunch Program on Education and Health".
3406:
3156:
2291:"Feeding Our Future founder among 48 people charged in $ 250 million federal food aid fraud scheme"
1469:
1035:
802:
679:
366:
2478:"The impact of the National School Lunch Program on child health: A nonparametric bounds analysis"
2190:
1292:
in 2011 described the impact of the NSLP in the Maplewood–Richmond Heights School District in the
3320:
3253:
3232:
2766:
2758:
2654:
1703:
1665:
1619:
1545:
1439:
1342:
1222:
1096:
1051:
17:
1116:
2466:
Gardner, Gary, and Brian Halweil. 2000. Escaping Hunger, Escaping Excess. World Watch 13(4):24.
3365:
3330:
2741:
2722:
2646:
2605:
2597:
2556:
2548:
2217:
1814:
1751:
1657:
1611:
1525:
1402:
1095:. School lunches must also provide one-third of the recommended daily allowances of calories,
955:
The NSLP has relationships with several other federal agencies and programs. For example, the
875:
made the most sweeping changes in the history of the NSLP, putting vending-machine snacks and
848:
806:
2477:
3370:
3355:
2733:
2712:
2681:
2636:
2587:
2538:
2492:
2108:
1806:
1743:
1695:
1649:
1603:
1429:
1392:
860:
828:
from private companies began to be served in cafeterias, rather than more nutritious meals.
727:
716:
operated independent school lunch programs, with the assistance of volunteers or charities.
555:
2641:
2624:
2197:
2177:
1928:
1108:
683:
615:
2169:"Program History." School Breakfast Program. N.p., 21 Feb. 2012. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <
1739:
1599:
1506:
46:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
880:
720:
3015:"Nationwide Waiver to Allow Meal Pattern Flexibility in the Child Nutrition Programs1"
1747:
1123:
efforts to promote healthy eating and increased physical activity on school campuses.
699:
3426:
2658:
1726:
Brown, JL; Pollitt, E. (1996). "Malnutrition, Poverty and Intellectual development".
1707:
1443:
1092:
821:
795:
608:
406:
1669:
1623:
97:
2959:
2350:
2039:
Biden signs the school meal waivers bill into law, but free meals are over for many
924:
755:
713:
630:
access to a proper diet. In 2012, it served more than 31 million children per day.
619:
604:
2625:"Healthy Convenience: Nudging Students to Make Healthier Choices in the Lunchroom"
2496:
2052:"Congress extends pandemic school lunch waivers, though not all kids will benefit"
1307:
Research overwhelmingly shows an upward trend in NSLP participation. However, the
2410:
2322:"5 of 7 defendants convicted in fraud trial where someone tried to bribe a juror"
2008:"These states are restoring free school meals for all kids, regardless of income"
1071:, wrote a paper affirming that direct certification expanded access to the NSLP.
879:
menu items under federal regulation for the first time. Championed by First Lady
3187:
2737:
2717:
2700:
975:
meet federal guidelines so that they can sell their products to the government.
2685:
1221:
Encourage healthier meal selection without restricting choices. Researchers at
2699:
Wansink, Brian; Just, David R.; Payne, Collin R.; Klinger, Matthew Z. (2012).
1155:
foods such as fruits and vegetables when they were better introduced to them.
1131:
2650:
2601:
2552:
2592:
2575:
1607:
1293:
1104:
1100:
825:
2794:
http://0-icof.infobaselearning.com.libcat.sanjac.edu/recordurl.aspx?ID=2379
2745:
2726:
2609:
2560:
1818:
1615:
1422:"School Nutrition and Student Discipline: Effects of Schoolwide Free Meals"
1406:
517:
2755:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
2543:
2526:
2525:
Gonzalez, Wendy; Jones, Sonya J.; Frongillo, Edward A. (January 1, 2009).
1755:
1661:
1653:
1397:
1380:
550:
3279:
1148:
731:
3376:
Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers
3345:
2189:"The National School Lunch Program." N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <
1112:
794:
to a permanently funded meal reimbursement program. In 1969, President
102:
2929:
1810:
622:
and provide a foundation for good nutritional health. The text of the
1977:
709:
2985:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Response Child Nutrition & School Meals"
2900:"Map: Coronavirus and School Closures in 2019-2020 - Education Week"
1421:
2258:"The National School Lunch Program: Background, Trends, and Issues"
1699:
1470:"National School Lunch Program (NSLP) | Food and Nutrition Service"
1434:
2476:
Gundersen, Craig; Kreider, Brent; Pepper, John (January 1, 2012).
1920:"The School Breakfast Program." N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <
1853:"File:"Every child Needs a Good School Lunch" - NARA - 514223.jpg"
698:
1922:
http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Breakfast/AboutBFast/SBPFactSheet.pdf
2701:"Attractive names sustain increased vegetable intake in schools"
2256:
Ralston, Katherine; Newman, Constance; et al. (July 2008).
2171:
http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Breakfast/AboutBFast/ProgHistory.htm
2012:
1201:
Expose students only to fruits and vegetables as snacks. A 2009
855:
In 2007, the USDA hired the Institute of Medicine (IOM; now the
63:
Overview of school meal programs in the United States of America
3076:
2079:"California launches largest free school lunch program in U.S."
1087:
School lunches must meet the applicable recommendations of the
2191:
http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/lunch/AboutLunch/NSLPFactSheet.pdf
1197:
Three ideas have been proposed to address obesity in schools:
26:
754:, both of which provided labor for school cafeterias. During
2381:"Local School Wellness Policy | Food and Nutrition Service"
1973:"Back-To-School Includes Free Lunch For Everyone This Year"
2873:. United States Department of Agriculture. April 1, 2010.
1883:"Records of the office of Labor (War Food Administration)"
1300:
Another article examined the program's effects within the
105:
food groups recommended by the Department of Agriculture.
2930:"Find Meals for Kids When Schools are Closed | USDA-FNS"
2438:"Study hints healthier school lunch can reduce obesity"
101:
A school lunch tray served in Maine featuring all the
3331:
Single Family Housing Direct Home Loans (Section 502)
824:
as the only way to keep school lunch programs going.
3047:"State Guidance on Coronavirus Pandemic EBT (P-EBT)"
2868:"HealthierUS School Challenge - Monetary Incentives"
86: Former temporary universal school meal program
3394:
3293:
3267:
3246:
3170:
3147:
3111:
1126:In 2009, the National Academy of Medicine released
73:
Universal school meal programs in the United States
3259:Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant
2412:School Meals: Building Blocks for Healthy Children
1128:School Meals: Building Blocks for Healthy Children
1117:2007 School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study III
2104:"For Massachusetts children, free lunch, at last"
3238:Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations
2415:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
762:(1943–45) helped create school lunch programs.
678:Education and food both have an effect on the "
3088:
1211:Educate all students about nutrition. A 2007
584:
80: Permanent universal school meal program
8:
3105:social welfare programs in the United States
820:By the end of the 1970s, many advocates saw
817:and established National School Lunch Week.
2674:Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
1887:National Archives: Guide to Federal Records
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1555:. United States Department of Agriculture.
1379:Bartfeld, Judith S.; Ahn, Hong-Min (2011).
891:COVID-19 pandemic and universal eligibility
3095:
3081:
3073:
2769:|...|intentional=yes}}
2580:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2165:
2163:
1635:
1633:
1588:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1546:"National School Lunch Program Fact Sheet"
1420:Gordon, Nora E; Ruffini, Krista J (2018).
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
591:
577:
108:
3433:School meal programs in the United States
3381:Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program
3203:School meal programs in the United States
3183:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
2989:National Conference of State Legislatures
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2716:
2640:
2591:
2542:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1800:
1789:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
1681:
1679:
1433:
1396:
1353:Summer lunch programs in public libraries
969:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
837:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
801:In between, in 1966, Congress passed the
703:A School Lunch Program recipient in 1936.
648:Food insecurity has risen in recent years
158:History of education in the United States
3351:Government National Mortgage Association
2289:Montemayor, Stephen; Meitrodt, Jeffrey.
96:
67:
3119:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
2002:
2000:
1893:from the original on September 17, 2017
1721:
1719:
1717:
1364:
1330:Families First Coronavirus Response Act
965:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
901:Families First Coronavirus Response Act
852:their cafeterias and vending machines.
788:United States Department of Agriculture
736:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
508:
282:
190:
135:
122:
3311:Child care and development block grant
2148:from the original on September 2, 2023
2116:from the original on September 2, 2023
2058:from the original on September 2, 2023
2020:from the original on September 2, 2023
1985:from the original on September 2, 2023
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1530:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1523:
1234:School nutrition and childhood obesity
1214:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
950:United States Secretary of Agriculture
897:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
839:(more commonly known as food stamps).
92: No universal school meal program
3027:from the original on October 18, 2020
2848:from the original on January 18, 2017
2806:
2804:
2802:
2642:10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.781.25
2506:from the original on January 22, 2022
2391:from the original on January 16, 2017
2344:
2342:
2270:from the original on January 16, 2017
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
1562:from the original on January 11, 2017
1426:National Bureau of Economics Research
908:in December 2020, and further by the
906:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021
183:History of education in New York City
173:History of education in Massachusetts
7:
3316:HOME Investment Partnerships Program
3198:Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico
3134:Social Security Disability Insurance
2409:National Academy of Sciences. 2009.
2349:Bass, David N. (November 12, 2009).
664:Boston University School of Medicine
3285:Children's Health Insurance Program
3178:Commodity Supplemental Food Program
3162:Office of Public and Indian Housing
2910:from the original on March 23, 2020
2448:from the original on March 30, 2023
2216:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
1943:"Senate Passes Child Nutrition Act"
1302:Los Angeles Unified School District
1225:have suggested techniques based on
961:United States Department of Defense
865:Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
809:, created the federally subsidized
618:in 1946. Its purpose is to prevent
3057:from the original on June 11, 2024
2995:from the original on June 11, 2024
2940:from the original on June 11, 2024
2361:from the original on June 11, 2024
2320:Press, Associated (June 7, 2024).
2263:. USDA Economic Research Service.
2230:from the original on June 11, 2024
2084:from the original on July 21, 2021
1953:from the original on June 11, 2024
1863:from the original on June 11, 2024
1480:from the original on June 11, 2024
1450:from the original on June 11, 2024
740:Reconstruction Finance Corporation
25:
3301:Community Development Block Grant
3213:Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
3193:Child and Adult Care Food Program
2301:from the original on June 5, 2024
1941:Martin, Andrew (August 5, 2010).
1748:10.1038/scientificamerican0296-38
957:Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program
18:School meals in the United States
2880:from the original on May 5, 2014
1183:Government Accountability Office
1142:Unhealthy meals and malnutrition
1089:Dietary Guidelines for Americans
927:issues) and on-campus delivery.
560:
549:
178:History of education in Missouri
168:History of education in Kentucky
31:
2811:Hinman, Kristen (Spring 2011).
690:History of school meal programs
163:History of education in Chicago
3438:Education in the United States
3306:Community Services Block Grant
498:Full-service community schools
1:
2497:10.1016/j.jeconom.2011.06.007
1058:Participation and eligibility
940:National School Lunch Program
873:Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act
752:National Youth Administration
748:Works Progress Administration
3443:Welfare in the United States
3129:Supplemental Security Income
2050:Tami Luhby (June 24, 2022).
1050:Members of the organization
857:National Academy of Medicine
3228:Nutrition Assistance Grants
3218:Summer Food Service Program
2738:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.07.012
2718:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.07.012
1069:Mathematica Policy Research
815:Summer Food Service Program
634:Food insecurity in children
476:For-profit higher education
3459:
2686:10.1016/j.jneb.2011.03.013
946:Food and Nutrition Service
915:Funding from the USDA and
899:began in spring 2020, the
744:Civil Works Administration
429:School corporal punishment
3361:HUD Neighborhood Networks
2351:"Fraud in the Lunchroom?"
2196:October 19, 2013, at the
2176:October 24, 2012, at the
1012:Economic Research Service
780:National School Lunch Act
624:National School Lunch Act
464:School-to-work transition
40:This article needs to be
3326:Mutual self-help housing
3208:School Breakfast Program
2635:(1 Supplement): 781.25.
2531:The Journal of Nutrition
2427:Eagle et al. (Dec. 2010)
1428:. Working Paper Series.
1136:Dietary Reference Intake
979:School Breakfast Program
935:Organizational structure
917:American Rescue Plan Act
910:American Rescue Plan Act
811:School Breakfast Program
567:United States portal
113:This article is part of
2838:"School lunch makeover"
2813:"The School Lunch Wars"
2485:Journal of Econometrics
1608:10.1196/annals.1425.001
1165:Journal of Econometrics
959:, an initiative of the
760:War Food Administration
285:Education policy issues
254:Environmental education
3341:Urban Partnership Bank
3294:Grants & subsidies
3139:Unemployment insurance
1927:March 3, 2013, at the
1264:Educational attainment
1162:A 2011 article in the
1083:Nutritional guidelines
776:United States Congress
704:
603:In the United States,
422:Standards-based reform
397:Gender achievement gap
387:Racial achievement gap
320:Educational attainment
106:
94:
3395:State & territory
3336:NeighborWorks America
2761:|...}}
2732:(Retracted, see
2593:10.1093/ajcn/86.3.735
2544:10.3945/jn.108.099531
2444:. February 13, 2023.
2141:Associated Press News
1688:Social Service Review
1654:10.1542/peds.101.1.e3
1398:10.3945/jn.110.130823
1275:Georgetown University
734:agencies such as the
702:
488:Research universities
355:Student financial aid
350:Graduate unemployment
325:Post-secondary issues
301:Primary and secondary
264:Mathematics education
100:
71:
3223:Special Milk Program
2842:FoodService Director
2817:The Wilson Quarterly
2213:Life Cycle Nutrition
1385:Journal of Nutrition
1348:Special Milk Program
1289:The Wilson Quarterly
1227:behavioral economics
1204:Journal of Nutrition
680:central capabilities
556:Education portal
392:Desegregation busing
345:Elite overproduction
274:Vocational education
3157:Section 8 (housing)
2705:Preventive Medicine
2144:. August 26, 2023.
1740:1996SciAm.274b..38B
1728:Scientific American
1600:2008NYASA1136..193C
803:Child Nutrition Act
509:Levels of education
481:For-profit colleges
449:Foreign involvement
3321:Housing trust fund
3254:Head Start Program
3233:Reduced-price meal
2960:"Map the Meal Gap"
2844:. March 12, 2012.
2016:. August 3, 2023.
1947:The New York Times
1343:Reduced-price meal
1223:Cornell University
1052:Feeding Our Future
861:gastroenterologist
843:Early 21st century
705:
471:Community colleges
417:School segregation
335:Cost and financing
259:Language education
107:
95:
3420:
3419:
3366:Renewal community
3112:Transfer payments
2906:. March 6, 2020.
2629:The FASEB Journal
2077:Gecker, Jocelyn.
1857:Wikimedia Commons
1811:10.1002/pam.20506
1282:Student reactions
1173:Competitive foods
1138:recommendations.
996:Costs and funding
921:Keep Kids Fed Act
849:childhood obesity
807:Lyndon B. Johnson
601:
600:
454:Special education
444:Sexual harassment
237:Medical education
191:Curriculum topics
127:
61:
60:
16:(Redirected from
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3371:Empowerment zone
3356:FHA insured loan
3268:Health Insurance
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2751:Retraction Watch
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2109:The Boston Globe
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1505:. Archived from
1504:
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1474:www.fns.usda.gov
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
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1437:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1376:
1309:Wilson Quarterly
967:program and the
847:In 2004, as the
728:Great Depression
695:Pre-World War II
593:
586:
579:
565:
564:
563:
554:
553:
493:Community school
412:Racial diversity
382:Achievement gaps
286:
148:in insular areas
130:
126:Education in the
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2964:Feeding America
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2209:
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2204:
2198:Wayback Machine
2188:
2184:
2178:Wayback Machine
2168:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
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2101:
2097:
2087:
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2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1929:Wayback Machine
1919:
1906:
1896:
1894:
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1876:
1866:
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1841:
1826:
1802:10.1.1.648.6817
1786:
1785:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1639:
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1548:
1544:
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1522:
1515:
1513:
1512:on June 9, 2015
1509:
1502:
1500:"Archived copy"
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1497:
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1483:
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1463:
1453:
1451:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1361:
1339:
1318:
1316:During COVID-19
1284:
1273:researchers at
1266:
1261:
1236:
1191:
1175:
1144:
1085:
1060:
1048:
998:
981:
942:
937:
893:
845:
772:
697:
692:
684:Martha Nussbaum
682:" described by
659:
645:
636:
616:Harry S. Truman
597:
561:
559:
558:
548:
522:Early childhood
504:
439:School violence
372:Charter schools
284:
278:
247:Nursing degrees
225:Legal education
220:Music education
215:Civic education
153:By subject area
128:
124:
93:
89:
87:
83:
81:
77:
75:
64:
57:
51:
48:
45:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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3404:
3398:
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3373:
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3353:
3348:
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3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3291:
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3282:
3277:
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3250:
3248:
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3200:
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3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3168:
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3159:
3153:
3151:
3149:Public housing
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3102:
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3099:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3038:
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2976:
2951:
2921:
2904:Education Week
2891:
2859:
2829:
2798:
2776:
2711:(4): 330–332.
2691:
2664:
2615:
2586:(3): 735–742.
2566:
2537:(1): 142–144.
2517:
2468:
2459:
2429:
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2402:
2372:
2355:Education Next
2338:
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2281:
2241:
2222:
2202:
2182:
2159:
2127:
2095:
2069:
2042:
2031:
1996:
1964:
1933:
1904:
1874:
1844:
1824:
1795:(3): 479–505.
1770:
1761:
1713:
1700:10.1086/345705
1675:
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1594:(1): 193–209.
1573:
1537:
1491:
1461:
1435:10.3386/w24986
1412:
1391:(3): 470–475.
1363:
1362:
1360:
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1345:
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1314:
1286:An article in
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1219:
1209:
1190:
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1047:
1044:
997:
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980:
977:
941:
938:
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933:
892:
889:
881:Michelle Obama
844:
841:
771:
768:
721:home economics
696:
693:
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688:
658:
655:
644:
641:
635:
632:
599:
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534:Post-secondary
511:
510:
506:
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459:Apprenticeship
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138:
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3110:
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3103:Contemporary
3098:
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2229:
2225:
2223:9781449694319
2219:
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2080:
2073:
2070:
2057:
2053:
2046:
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2040:
2035:
2032:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
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1749:
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1737:
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1533:
1527:
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1471:
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1454:September 10,
1449:
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1399:
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1129:
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1118:
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1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:saturated fat
1090:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1043:
1039:
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871:In 2010, the
869:
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853:
850:
842:
840:
838:
833:
829:
827:
823:
822:privatization
818:
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799:
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796:Richard Nixon
791:
789:
783:
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769:
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654:
651:
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631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
609:food security
606:
594:
589:
587:
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580:
575:
574:
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571:
568:
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552:
547:
546:
541:
540:Organizations
538:
536:
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531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:
513:
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507:
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445:
442:
440:
437:
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432:
430:
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423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:School choice
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
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375:
373:
370:
369:
368:
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361:
360:Student loans
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Credentialism
338:
336:
333:
331:
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327:
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318:
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311:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
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296:Accreditation
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293:
291:
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272:
270:
269:Sex education
267:
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129:United States
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