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aviation-related conditions that posed the most risk to aviation safety with the fulfilled goal of providing 'safe to fly' outcomes that improved aviation utilization and helped extend the careers of veteran aviators. This study was part of a series of aerospace medicine initiatives that greatly contributed to scientific understanding of cardiovascular disease. Among other Air Force studies that contributed to cardiovascular disease research was the Heart
Evaluation and Risk Tabulation (HEART) program that involved early diagnosis of heart attacks and strokes in flying personnel. HEART, which provided the basis for new, effective preventive health dietary programs for military and civilian communities, led to the Air Force Coronary Arteriosclerosis Prevention Study that was one of the first of its kind in the U.S. to study risk factors for cardiovascular disease in pilots in their 40s and 50s.
900:, to include stabilizing battlefield trauma patients for transport and en route critical and routine care of the injured during strategic evacuation. The en route care research team oversees research at three C-STARS sites. Research conducted in this area addresses requirements including all elements of patient care and support functions during patient staging and transportation, beginning with receipt of initial request for patient/casualty movement until patient/casualty movement is no longer required. This includes research relevant to: En Route Patient Staging System (ERPSS),
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and tossed them over the wall--and then they had no choice but to follow them. This Nation has tossed its cap over the wall of space, and we have no choice but to follow it. Whatever the difficulties, they will be overcome. Whatever the hazards, they must be guarded against. With the vital help of this
Aerospace Medical Center, with the help of all those who labor in the space endeavor, with the help and support of all Americans, we will climb this wall with safety and with speed-and we shall then explore the wonders on the other side.
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1734:(CDC) through its contributions to the development of worldwide influenza vaccines. Aerospace medicine disease surveillance, testing and detection techniques have contributed over the years to global public health. The 311th Human Systems Wing's Air Force Institute for Environment, Safety and Occupational Health Risk Analysis' Epidemiology Surveillance Division (now part of USAFSAM) contributed to global disease detection during the first decade of the 21st century when it helped the
1574:'s 1928 invention of a large metal tank used to assist respiration in infantile paralysis patients, the SAM (School of Aviation Medicine) lung was the only air-worthy transportable iron lung in America during the last major polio epidemic in the United States. Air Force aeromedical evacuation crews routinely transported countless polio victims using the SAM lung. The SAM lung paved the way for another aerospace medicine breakthrough when School of Aviation Medicine scientist
1608:, Mineola, Long Island, New York Its recognition as a specialty by AMA's Advisory Board for Medical Specialties and the Council on Medical Education and Hospitals contributed to the development of formal training programs that led to medical certification in what became aerospace medicine. Its acceptance as a specialty within the medical profession had an enormous impact on the recruitment, retention and professional development of flight surgeons.
1541:, San Antonio, Texas. Harry Armstrong created the venue for pioneering studies in human physiology relating to space flight partly because technological advances in high altitude aircraft had taken man to the fringes of space. The Department of Space Medicine's space cabin simulation of environmental systems and weightlessness experiments contributed immeasurably to America's early space flight program following the inception of
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1787:(PRK). Short pulse laser energy produced re-surfacing and healing of corneal tissue. Taboada's discovery was serendipitous in that his experiment was designed to measure excimer laser bioeffects. At the time, the Air Force was interested in using excimer lasers in powering the production of powerful green lasers used in long distance communications. Taboada's PRK discovery, which provided the basis for subsequent
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1862:. The shift involving patient care from "return to duty" to "evacuate and replace" provided the impetus for CCATT's development as a training program that emphasized stabilizing patients in the aeromedical evacuation system. CCATT's development has since expanded the Air Force's aeromedical clinical transport capabilities by providing intensive care unit support on board transport aircraft.
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1305:(MOL). The MOL was designed to be an earth-orbiting space station and would use a modified Gemini capsule attached to a cylinder-shaped laboratory. The MOL missions were planned to be up to 30 days. The MOL never launched a space mission, but the USAFSAM MOL studies of man in space for extended periods of time in preparation for MOL missions were used by
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419:) leaders regarding medical selection of aviators and individual waivers of aeromedical standards, and informs policy decisions regarding risks of medical conditions and therapies in military aviation and special operational duty environments. Among the ACS staff are specialists in the aeromedical facets of such fields as
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1032:. There they found the physical and mental health of the pilots in poor condition. The team from the Research Laboratory employed lessons learned from their work in the laboratory and by October 1918 there was a marked improvement in health and morale among aircrew and a reduction in the aircraft accident rate.
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in 1957, the U.S. pursued both civilian and military manned space programs with the USAF tasked with the military effort. In July 1958 the USAFSAM Department of Space
Medicine was reorganized as the Division of Space Medicine with 4 Departments. Col Paul A. Campbell served as the first Chief of the
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In August 1946, Colonel (Maj Gen) Armstrong formally proposed the establishment of an
Aeromedical Center to provide for the teaching, research, and clinical practice of aviation medicine. On June 21, 1949, an Aeromedical Planning Board was commissioned by the Surgeon General to formulate plans for an
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was adopted by the
Hazelhurst Laboratory on March 11, 1918 to identify those physicians devoting themselves to the health and well-being of the flyers. Just two months later the first three students graduated as Flight Surgeons and were ordered to the field for duty. Capt. Robert J. Hunter arrived at
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Thomas
Tredici and Donald Pitts developed a gold visor which protected the eyes from harmful ultraviolet and infrared radiation. NASA used the visor in the face shield of its Apollo astronauts who landed on the moon. Without the visor, the astronauts would have been temporarily blinded by infrared
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Frank O'Connor, the Irish writer, tells in one of his books how, as a boy, he and his friends would make their way across the countryside, and when they came to an orchard wall that seemed too high and too doubtful to try and too difficult to permit their voyage to continue, they took off their hats
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In
October 1954 USAFSAM took delivery of a sealed cabin simulator for space research. The simulator modeled the inside of a space vehicle and was built to study humans in a closed ecological system at simulated heights of 80,000 feet and above. Experiments were conducted in the simulator beginning
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With the onset of war in Europe the United States began mobilizing its forces in 1940 which resulted in an expansion of personnel and funding for the School. On
January 20, 1942, a Research Department was formally established by the School Commandant Brig. Gen Eugen G. Reinartz MC with Maj. Harry G.
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in 1958. After the creation of NASA, USAFSAM continued to actively support civilian and military manned space missions through clinical and physiologic research. USAFSAM is one of the oldest continually operating school for flight surgeons and other operational medical personnel of its kind in the
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research pioneers including Sid
Leverett, George Mohr, Russell Burton and Kent Gillingham significantly enhanced aircrew survival through initiatives that produced the Advanced Technology Anti-G suit (ATAGS), the high pressure ready flow anti-G valve, anti-G pilot conditioning program to reduce the
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The USAFSAM Human
Performance Research Team leads the 711 HPW's aeromedical research and consultation in optimizing and maintaining physical and mental health and performance of Airmen. This team conducts research in the areas of altitude and acceleration, operational psychology, vision standards,
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identified a need for medical assistance in France. There were approximately 3,000 American flyers in France and aircraft accidents accounted for 74.6% of the fatalities among aviators, with only 24.8% due to combat and only 0.6% to disease. In response the Air Service Medical Research Laboratory
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USAFSAM's Force Health Protection research addresses the need for timely, accurate, and actionable health risk characterization for health hazards related to flight and for injuries due to physical, chemical, biological, radiological, directed energy and other environmental threats. This research
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on September 6, 1917. One of the first observations made by General Lyster was the alarming mortality rate from aircraft accidents among flying cadets at training centers in the U.S. and with the Allies in France. In the first year of flying in World War I the English and French found that 2% of
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in San Antonio, Texas in 1963. What had begun as an Air Force program designed to treat aviators victimized by decompression sickness, blossomed by the 1970s into a clinical research juggernaut that has had a profound and lasting impact on public health. Air Force aerospace medicine innovations
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Air Force aerospace medicine's pioneering contributions to cardiovascular disease research continued when a multi-year study was launched to scientifically understand the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the context of aviation. The study, which focused on older aviators, determined
1090:, Dayton, Ohio. A division of focus was agreed upon between the two research units with the Material Division taking responsibility for the development of equipment, and the School focusing on personnel factors having to do with selection, classification, and maintenance of the flyer.
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In February 1921 the War Department recognized The School for Flight Surgeons as a Special Service School, giving it equal status with the Medical Research Laboratory. On November 8, 1922, the Air Service Medical research Laboratory and School for Flight Surgeons was designated as
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personnel worldwide to remain competent in utilizing field-portable analytical equipment to detect and identify unknown chemical and biological samples. The laboratory prepares and distributes 12,000 samples each year and evaluates and certifies results for 1,400 Bioenvironmental
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along with the Research Department and the Primary and Advanced Courses in Aviation Medicine, while the Flight Nurse Course, Physiological Training Officers Course, and all enlisted courses were transferred to the 3882nd School Group, Gunter Branch-School of Aviation Medicine.
182:. And a six-month fellowship in Aerospace Medicine for International Officers is conducted each year. USAFSAM is host to the largest aeromedical library in the US – the Franzello Aeromedical Library. In 2010, 65 students from 46 countries attended courses at USAFSAM.
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for radiation workers and first responders worldwide. Data gathered from this equipment is entered into the Master Radiation Exposure Registry, providing a comprehensive dosimetry record for all personnel who use USAF dosimetry services, totaling over 3.9 million
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Chapman, Alice S.; Witkop, Catherine T.; Escobar, James D.; Schlorman, Christopher A.; DeMarcus, Laurie S.; Marmer, Lindsay M.; Crum, Matthew E. (2011-11-01). "Norovirus outbreak associated with person-to-person transmission, U.S. Air Force Academy, July 2011".
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under the leadership of Col. William H. Wilmer. The Hazelhurst Laboratory had a small decompression chamber and research was begun on human tolerance to lowered oxygen tension. The impetus for the creation of the lab was the entry of the United States into
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in Albuquerque, New Mexico, jointly organized and sponsored an international Symposium on the Physics and Medicine of the Upper Atmosphere. The meeting was held in San Antonio Texas and the results of the symposium were published in a book entitled
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and aircrew/operator performance. Human Performance research personnel oversee research activities on the only DoD centrifuge and in the unique research altitude chambers facility, as well as the Operational Based Vision Assessment (OBVA) Laboratory.
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from 1935 through 1940, and then as Director of the Research Department at the School of Aviation Medicine (1941–1942) before serving as the Surgeon of the Air Division at the Office of Military Government for Germany in Berlin (1942–1946).
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missions. The MOL program was canceled in 1969 to reduce defense spending. Both the military and civilian manned space programs resulted in major expansion of the research facilities and capabilities at the Brooks Aeromedical Center:
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Human Effectiveness Directorate with USAFSAM, and the 311th Performance Enhancement Directorate in a 3-Directorate wing: Human Effectiveness Directorate, School of Aerospace Medicine, and the Human Systems Integration Directorate
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USAFSAM developed a portable therapeutic liquid oxygen (LOX) breathing system to provide a portable, low pressure, therapeutic oxygen system for use on aeromedical aircraft that did not have an integrated therapeutic oxygen
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also identifies the cause of and adequate treatments for newly identified and rapidly evolving diseases, as well as the development of enhanced genetics/genomics capabilities to predict human and microbial susceptibility.
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The Department of Aerospace Medicine operates an Aeromedical Aviation Laboratory in support of the Aerospace Medicine Primary Course and the Residency in Aerospace Medicine (RAM). The Aviation Laboratory is located at
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challenges found in the work and deployed environments. These services are provided at a multitude of venues, such as onsite consulting, development of technical guidance, telephonic consultation, collaborating with
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In July 1952 Public Law 534 was passed by the 82nd Congress which authorized $ 8,000,000 for construction of facilities (The Aeromedical Center) for the School of Aviation Medicine at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas.
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aircraft. Students complete aeromedical and flying ground training and then receive seven flights following didactic curriculum. Approximately 500-600 students are trained in the Aerospace Aviation Laboratory each
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to perform occupational and environmental health risk assessments through analysis, consultation, and execution support. The Industrial Hygiene Laboratory oversees testing and data analysis for 15,000 samples
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through the evolution of aviation and into the modern era. USAFSAM conducted medical research and provided medical support for the initial US space operations beginning in 1947 through the establishment of
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The USAFSAM Expeditionary Medicine Research Team leads the 711 HPW's research and consultation in supporting the health and performance of patients and providers across the spectrum of austere environments.
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217:, or 9 times the normal force of gravity, to teach the effects of G-forces on human physiology and to measure the subject's ability to counteract the effects and prevent G-induced loss of consciousness (
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and USAF on the development of policies/standards, formal collaborations with universities, and representing the USAF with national and international professional and standard setting organizations.
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After the war Colonel (Maj Gen) Harry G. Armstrong took over as Commandant of the School on 18 July 1946. He had previously established and served as Director of the Aero Medical Laboratory at
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simulator. There were 90 MOL related research projects conducted at Brooks before the cancellation of the program in 1969. The information gleaned from these experiments contributed to the
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A human centrifuge for the study of rapid onset acceleration for fighter pilots and for astronaut launch and re-entry. Beginning in 1991 all astronauts were trained for G-exposure at USAFSAM.
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through the Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills (C-STARS) provided on site at partner medical facilities in Baltimore, Maryland; Cincinnati, Ohio; and St. Louis, Missouri.
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221:). When USAFSAM relocated to Wright-Patterson AFB in 2011 the new centrifuge construction at Wright-Patterson AFB was not complete. USAFSAM has continued using the centrifuge located at
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his station first on May 8, 1918 and is considered the first flight surgeon. Major William R. Ream was the first Flight Surgeon killed on duty in an aviation accident on August 23, 1918.
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The Food Defense Laboratory capabilities include analysis of epidemiologically linked suspect food samples submitted by base-level USAF public health personnel in response to clusters or
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Jeremy Sueker, J.; Blazes, David L.; Johns, Matthew C.; Blair, Patrick J.; Sjoberg, Paul A.; Tjaden, Jeffrey A.; Montgomery, Joel M.; Pavlin, Julie A.; Schnabel, David C. (2010-05-01).
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Aerospace medicine's support and development of critical care in the air marked its first major milestone in 1997 with the USAFSAM's inception of the Critical Care Air Transport Team (
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program. Since 1997, these efforts have been expanded with the Department of Defense's development of the Global Laboratory-Based Influenza Surveillance Program that has supported the
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1858:) program that integrated Air Force aeromedical operations worldwide. CCATT was created in response to a shift in Air Force aeromedical evacuation doctrine following the first
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potential for G-loss of consciousness (G-LOC) and subsequent improvements to aviator helmet/oxygen mask ensembles that provided positive pressure breathing such as Combat Edge.
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300:(ROBD) The ROBD is a device that mixes breathing air with nitrogen to produce sea-level equivalent atmospheric oxygen content for higher altitudes. The USAFSAM ROBD provides
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On 24 October 1952, the mission of the School was expanded from education and research to include consultation with the establishment of the Aeromedical Consult Service.
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Wolf, Stephen P.; Reeves, Will K. (2012-01-01). "Rickettsia felis (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) Discovered in Cat Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) in the Philippines".
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development marked a milestone when U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine scientists Syrrel Wilks and J.F. Tomashefski created the world's first air transportable
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1280:. Their work matured leading to the creation of the Department of Space Medicine within the School on 9 Feb 1949. In November 1951 USAFSAM, in collaboration with the
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1342:. The protective measures employed during the space-shuttle era evolved directly from 20 years of joint studies by NASA and USAFSAM on altitude-decompression sickness.
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The first action of the Aviation Medical Research Board was to direct construction of the Air Service Medical Research Laboratory at Hazelhurst Field on Long Island.
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force readiness. The laboratory is the central facility for the DoD's Global Emerging Surveillance and Response Systems' influenza surveillance program and provides
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In 1934 it was recognized that there was overlap in research topics between the School of Aviation Medicine and the Physiological Research Unit, Material Division,
1051:, Long Island. Maj. Bauer established a permanent course of instruction for flight surgeons and the first regular class of 2-months duration was begun in May 1919.
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USAFSAM Technical Report AD-772 697, Development of the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine Portable Therapeutic Liquid Oxygen Breathing System. December 1973. URL:
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Scientists at Brooks were instrumental in the development and testing of the on-board oxygen generation system (OBOGS) that was first flown in August 1982 on an
1694:. In 2003, the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine made Department of Defense history when its hyperbaric medicine facility was nationally accredited.
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in January 1956 leading to Airman Donald F. Farrell remaining enclosed in the simulator for 7 continuous days in February 1958. Following the launch of
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1511:, who became the Air Force's second Surgeon General, initiated the development of the T-1 in 1943 in collaboration with contractor James P. Henry, a
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Interest in reversing this trend led to the establishment of an Aviation Medical Research Board consisting of four Army Medical Corps officers to:
146:) treatment. Advanced and refresher courses are provided in these same disciplines as well as pre-deployment critical care refresher training for
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Maj. Francis H. Poole succeeded Major Bauer as the Commandant of the School of Aviation Medicine in 1925. In August 1926 the School was moved to
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The Operational Consult Service is a multidisciplinary professional team which performs rapid research, studies, and analysis to answer emerging
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1409:, Texas the day before he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. This was Kennedy's last official act as president and the location of his famous
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Consult Service provides total exposure health risk consultation in environmental and occupational health. Environmental consultation includes
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and DoD's Defense Laboratory Network, providing biothreat agent identification capabilities in a biodefense response. And they operate a
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training to aircrew, similar to that provided in the altitude chamber, without the decreased pressure and risk of altitude exposure.
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2994:"C-STARS (Center for the Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills): Program in Trauma: University of Maryland School of Medicine"
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physiologist. The suit was completed at the end of World War II at the Aero Medical Laboratory that Armstrong had founded at
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4119:"Remarks at the Dedication of the Aerospace Medical Health Center, San Antonio, Texas, November 21, 1963 | JFK Library"
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in the X-1 that day, more importantly the T-1 partial pressure suit contributed to his survival. Aerospace medicine pioneer
3981:. Historic American Buildings Survey Southwest System Support Office, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.
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Development of the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM) Portable Therapeutic Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Breathing System
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on April 6, 1917 and the resulting increase in use of aircraft by military forces. As a result, on April 28, 1917, an
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In January 1943, the Army Air Corps School of Air Evacuation was transferred to the School of Aviation Medicine from
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On 10 May 1957, the groundbreaking ceremony was held for the construction of the New School of Aviation Medicine at
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bases in the disciplines listed above fielding approximately 5000 requests and over 2.3M laboratory tests annually.
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therapy to treat a variety of life-threatening medical disorders with the first successful hyperbaric treatment at
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wore the skin-tight garment made from nylon and cotton during the flight of the first rocket-powered airplane, the
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was organized with General Theodore C. Lyster, Medical Corps, US Army, appointed to the newly created position of
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aircraft accidents were due to combat, 8% were caused by mechanical problems, and 90% were due to human failure.
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The Epidemiology Consult Service supports all USAF activities and Bases worldwide with rapid identification of
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and force health screening testing for sustainment of the USAF beneficiary population. The laboratory provides
3710:"The Wahpeton times. (Wahpeton, Richland County, Dakota [N.D.]) 1879-1919, December 19, 1918, Image 8"
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1142:. An Aeromedical Library was newly established to support this research effort. The new research building on
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data annually to support national vaccine decisions. The laboratory is also a reference-level member of the
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Aeromedical Center. The findings and recommendations of the Board were released in September 1949 as the
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who was previously the Director of the Aeromedical Research Institute in Berlin from 1935 to 1945. And
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on living organisms and the prevention and treatment of radiation injury. They worked closely with the
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The first Primary Course in Aviation Medicine was held at the new campus on Brooks AFB 11 August 1959.
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51:. USAFSAM was founded in 1918 to conduct research into the medical and physiologic domains related to
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3842:"The Washington times. (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, May 29, 1919, FINAL EDITION, Image 3"
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diagnoses, as well as health surveillance. Additionally, it provides Human Immunodeficiency Virus (
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for all USAF fast-jet aviators in a man-rated centrifuge. The centrifuge exposes subject to up to
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The United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine began operations on January 19, 1918 at
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courses graduating approximately 4000 students annually. Initial skills training is provided for
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3743:"The Topeka state journal. (Topeka, Kan.) 1892-1980, September 05, 1918, HOME EDITION, Image 8"
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The Epidemiology Laboratory is the USAF's only clinical reference laboratory offering clinical
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and other disease risk assessments, as well as reportable disease and medical event collection.
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Ground Breaking Ceremony for USAFSAM, Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas on 10 May 1957
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with civilian flight instructors who are all prior USAF pilots. Students receive training in
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made great aerospace medicine strides that contributed to aviator safety and survivability.
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and their work resulted in many advances in knowledge important to this new field of study.
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Develop and conduct experiments on methods for delivering oxygen to pilots at high altitudes
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The En Route Care research team leads 711 HPW's research and consultation in the areas of
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Basic Expeditionary Medical Readiness Training is provided for medical personnel prior to
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in San Antonio, Texas so portions of the education activities were temporarily placed at
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Armstrong MC as the director. Included in this new research department were branches for
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USAFSAM from 1921 to 1931 on Brooks Field, San Antonio, Texas. Photo taken February 2017
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Nunneley, Sarah (May 2011). "Aerospace Medicine at Brooks AFB, TX: Hail and Farewell".
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technicians. Refresher training to is also provided to trained aircrew in the region.
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USAFSAM, Department of Public Health & Preventive Medicine (12 September 2013).
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Laboratories for the study of body fluids and foods and nutrition for space flight.
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Multiple altitude chambers of various sizes including a one-man chamber capable of
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4354:"The F-16 Onboard Oxygen Generating System: Performance Evaluation and Man Rating"
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aircraft fuselage trainers to provide current and realistic learning environments.
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Develop and conduct experiments to determine the ability to fly at high altitudes
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226:
60:
3644:"The Evening Missourian. (Columbia, Mo.) 1917-1920, November 07, 1918, Image 1"
3261:
2456:"United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine 2015-2016 Course Catalog"
775:
and other regulatory requirements. This includes air, soil, vegetation, water,
4228:
4148:
1314:
1176:
of the Air University, the educational and doctrinal center of the Air Force.
1131:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1095:
709:
686:, to include arthropod testing in support of USAF public health consultations.
667:
649:
480:
436:
420:
328:
4044:
3935:
3882:
3849:
3816:
3783:
3750:
3717:
3684:
3651:
3618:
3269:
3216:
3134:
883:
USAFSAM Aeromedical Research Department conducts research in four key areas:
658:
pests and disease vectors. The Laboratory tests for the pathogens that cause
4203:
1723:
1563:
1446:
USAFSAM Building as part of the 711 HPW campus on Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
1139:
1127:
1043:
replaced Colonel Wilmer as the Director of the Laboratory under a new name,
1036:
804:
800:
796:
679:
671:
655:
581:
500:
428:
27:
4104:
3234:
3142:
1795:, the nearsightedness that a quarter of Americans experience. In 1995, the
3776:"Evening star. (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, September 01, 1918, Image 35"
3875:"Evening star. (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, February 26, 1922, Image 21"
1859:
1746:
virus, commonly called SARS, as well as supported global surveillance of
1667:
1496:
1004:
Act as a standing medical board for all matters relating to pilot fitness
776:
631:
615:
545:
476:
318:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
2930:"RAMs complete first solo flights as part of expanded aviation training"
2782:"Altitude chamber training begins at the new 711th Human Performance Wi"
1071:, San Antonio, Texas. Just five years later it was moved across town to
634:
detection and identification capabilities from food and the environment.
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3445:
2397:
1818:
1649:. This event led to the creation of the Air Force Hyperbaric Center at
659:
260:
The USAFSAM operates two training altitude chambers to provide initial
214:
210:
147:
3809:"Evening star. (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, March 02, 1919, Image 53"
3611:"Evening star. (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, April 06, 1920, Image 15"
3519:
Evans, Jean (Oct 1958). "History of the School of Aviation Medicine".
3342:"Research Altitude Chamber arrives at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base"
1370:
and some equipment resulting from the MOL studies were later flown on
849:
The Proficiency Analytical Testing Laboratory enhances the ability of
459:
Consult Service provides global consultation services to the USAF and
241:
and will provide acceleration training for all USAF fast-jet aviators.
1792:
1663:
1371:
1310:
995:
Investigate all conditions that would affect the efficiency of pilots
131:
1726:
surveillance of U.S. military forces and their families through the
1204:, Montgomery, Alabama. The headquarters for the School remained at
1637:
Air Force aerospace medicine led a worldwide revival in the use of
1442:
475:, with capabilities for rapid on-site epidemiologic assistance for
229:
while awaiting completion of construction of the new centrifuge on
170:. A two-year Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
1788:
1537:
established at the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine at
1441:
1433:
USAFSAM from 1996 through 2011. Building 775 located on Brooks AFB
1428:
1377:
1077:
737:
725:
411:
The Aeromedical Consult Service (ACS) provides medical opinion to
218:
179:
26:
2723:. Wright-Patterson AFB: 711th Human Performance Wing. p. 12.
1268:
Space medicine research began at the School in 1947 conducted by
1182:
Report of the Aeromedical Planning Board on an Aeromedical Center
2434:
2398:"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base – 711th Human Performance Wing"
1542:
1338:
A hospital ward for bed rest studies to simulate the effects of
1322:
1306:
65:
2236:
The Medical Research Laboratory and School for Flight Surgeons
1674:
by Air Force nurse (Capt.) Michaela Shafer who discovered that
1454:) commission ordered the removal of the Air Force mission from
1184:
and were the basis for the School complex constructed later at
3367:"An Operationally Based Vision Assessment Simulator for Domes"
3158:"DoD Global, Laboratory-based, Influenza Surveillance Program"
2577:. US Fed News Service, including US State News. Archived from
1783:
exposure to living eye tissue which led to the development of
1212:
In March 1950 a Radiobiological Laboratory was established at
1045:
The Medical Research Laboratory and School for Flight Surgeons
569:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
1450:
In 2005 the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission (
4404:
Military medical research organizations of the United States
3022:
1301:
The USAF focused on plans for a military space station, the
799:
Laboratory calibrates, distributes, and manages over 70,000
767:
Laboratory processes and analyzes environmental samples for
4046:
Candidate Experiments for Manned Orbiting Laboratory, Vol 1
2658:"WPAFB program proves rigorous for airmen, flight surgeons"
2368:
1258:
and to grant specialty certification in aviation medicine.
1242:
Another milestone was achieved on 8 February 1953 when the
479:
response. Specific areas of consultation expertise include
828:
Laboratory provides oversight and guidance to enable USAF
193:
Over 500,000 square feet of classroom and laboratory space
4043:
Manned Orbiting Laboratory Working Group (1 April 1964).
3417:"USAFSAM 711TH HPW Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio"
2600:"Factsheets : USAFSAM Franzello Aeromedical Library"
2210:
Names for the School of Aerospace Medicine over the years
1779:
USAFSAM scientist John Taboada discovered the effects of
1654:
spawned advances in the treatment of non-healing wounds,
1413:
speech inviting the nation to embrace space exploration.
598:(BSL) facility for safety in handling clinical specimens.
4334:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. Chapter 48
3975:
Historic American Buildings Survey Brooks Air Force Base
4399:
United States Air Force military education and training
1869:
Previous Commanders of the School of Aerospace Medicine
1035:
After the redeployment of the Laboratory following the
698:
The Occupational and Environmental Consultation Service
2867:
Joint Base San Antonio – Randolph (20 February 2015).
1282:
Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research
1168:
On April 1, 1946, the School was transferred from the
908:, and Tactical Critical Care Evacuation Teams (TCCET).
2252:
United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
59:. The school supported early military aviation from
4394:
United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
1596:
Aviation medicine is accepted as a specialty by the
37:
United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
4409:
Military medical organizations of the United States
2844:"USAFSAM welcomes C-17 trainer, first in Air Force"
1289:with 21 chapters from 34 collaborating scientists.
4288:http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/772697.pdf
1317:, radiation studies, space cabin atmospheres, and
3446:"Operational Based Vision Assessment @ NASA Ames"
1799:approved PRK. The Air Force approved PRK in 2001.
2901:"Greene County firm lands $ 2.5M Air Force deal"
2546:"Aerospace Medicine: The Wright-Patt Connection"
1394:On 8 August 1961 the School name was changed to
379:Air Force Center for Expeditionary Team Training
4175:"USAFSAM closes one chapter and begins another"
3287:. 711th Human Performance Wing. pp. 58–66.
3066:. 711th Human Performance Wing. pp. 54–57.
2755:. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine.
2491:. 711th Human Performance Wing. pp. 50–53.
1791:surgery, had a tremendous impact on correcting
1623:radiation and unable to perform their missions.
1604:established the School of Aviation Medicine at
3313:"Gaming Research Integration For Learning Lab"
2228:Army Air Service Medical Research Laboratory
1196:By 1950 the School had outgrown its space on
981:Chief Surgeon, Aviation Section, Signal Corps
847:The Proficiency Analytical Testing Laboratory
398:USAFSAM provides consultative support to all
237:will be the only man-rated centrifuge in the
8:
4028:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3570:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2309:"USAFSAM: The Air Force's Medical Educators"
1466:in Dayton, Ohio. The new wing combined the
1287:Physics and Medicine of the Upper Atmosphere
1028:deployed 34 officers and 13 enlisted men to
589:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's
233:. When complete, the USAFSAM centrifuge at
4093:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
3317:gamingresearchintegrationforlearninglab.com
3297:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3076:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2733:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2501:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1216:as a joint venture between USAFSAM and the
872:questions from across the operational USAF.
3936:"Space Medicine In Project Mercury, CH2-2"
1732:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
977:Air Service Medical, Signal Corps, US Army
3224:
1172:to Air University Command and became the
1157:with aeromedical education and research.
720:consultation includes stressors, such as
31:Shield of USAFSAM – created 21 March 1925
4424:1918 establishments in the United States
3023:"UC Health | In Science Lives Hope"
2213:
1872:
1146:was officially opened on April 2, 1943.
626:(COTS) technology that could be used by
142:, and critical care air transport team (
4229:"Human Systems Integration Directorate"
3196:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
2264:
1491:'s development marked a milestone when
1475:Significant Aeromedical Accomplishments
968:Air Service Medical Research Laboratory
495:services, USAF active duty and retiree
209:USAFSAM provides initial and refresher
4414:Military medicine in the United States
4021:
3563:
3397:
3387:
3290:
3069:
2762:from the original on February 23, 2017
2726:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2494:
682:and arthropod-borne diseases, such as
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3930:
3928:
3536:
3534:
3170:from the original on 10 February 2017
2881:from the original on 18 December 2015
2750:"High-G Training for Fighter Aircrew"
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2349:from the original on 17 December 2016
2337:Benjamin, Christian (November 2014).
2289:from the original on 5 September 2015
2280:This is Aerospace Medicine Slideshows
1645:, Virginia of a pilot suffering from
1244:American Board of Preventive Medicine
453:The Epidemiology Consultation Service
7:
2824:from the original on 26 October 2016
1405:dedicated the new school complex at
1153:, Kentucky, linking the training of
409:The Aeromedical Consultation Service
4300:Sturim, Constance R. (1973-01-01).
4155:from the original on March 11, 2016
4129:from the original on April 23, 2023
4052:. Declassified 1 July 2015 by NRO.
2339:"USAF School of Aerospace Medicine"
2039:Colonel Joseph M. Quashnock MD PhD
1813:Air Force acceleration research at
1662:, crush injuries, bone infections,
4434:Universities and colleges in Texas
4059:from the original on 20 March 2016
3587:Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine
2468:from the original on 14 March 2016
1983:Brig. Gen. Edward J. Kendricks MD
793:The Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory
134:and enlisted medical technicians,
98:USAFSAM provides in-residence and
25:
4204:"Human Effectiveness Directorate"
3999:B., ALCOTT, EDWARD (2010-06-09).
3541:B., ALCOTT, EDWARD (2010-06-09).
2748:Gillingham, Kent (January 1988).
2588:– via highbeam.com archive.
2517:"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base"
2427:"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base"
2369:"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base"
2282:. Aerospace Medical Association.
1744:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
1513:University of Southern California
822:The Industrial Hygiene Laboratory
174:accredited clinical residency in
3250:Journal of Entomological Science
3209:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00129.x
2244:The School of Aviation Medicine
1975:Brig. Gen. Otis O. Benson Jr MD
1955:Brig. Gen. Eugen G. Reinartz MD
1533:The world's first Department of
1396:The School of Aerospace Medicine
4429:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
4419:Aviation medicine organizations
4310:from the original on 2013-07-07
4274:311 Human System Wing Historian
4235:from the original on 2016-02-03
4210:from the original on 2016-02-15
4185:from the original on 2013-04-05
4011:from the original on 2016-03-04
4001:"AEROSPACE MEDICINE, AIR FORCE"
3946:from the original on 2017-12-25
3914:from the original on 2015-09-24
3908:"Franzello Aeromedical Library"
3889:from the original on 2018-08-21
3856:from the original on 2018-08-21
3823:from the original on 2018-08-21
3790:from the original on 2018-08-21
3757:from the original on 2018-08-21
3724:from the original on 2018-08-21
3691:from the original on 2018-08-21
3658:from the original on 2016-03-15
3625:from the original on 2016-03-15
3553:from the original on 2016-03-04
3543:"AEROSPACE MEDICINE, AIR FORCE"
3456:from the original on 2016-02-20
3427:from the original on 2016-07-03
3377:from the original on 2016-07-04
3323:from the original on 2016-01-25
3102:from the original on 2015-09-23
3051:Saint Louis University Hospital
3033:from the original on 2023-11-09
3004:from the original on 2016-03-02
2940:from the original on 2013-03-09
2911:from the original on 2023-11-10
2810:McGloin, Brian (4 April 2011).
2792:from the original on 2023-11-10
2668:from the original on 2016-03-09
2639:from the original on 2016-03-04
2610:from the original on 2015-09-24
2556:from the original on 2016-03-14
2408:from the original on 2016-02-15
2379:from the original on 2016-02-14
2319:from the original on 2016-04-06
2055:Brig. Gen. Robert G. McIver MD
2015:Colonel Harold V. Ellingson MD
1991:Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson Jr MD
1503:. While Capt. Yeager broke the
1468:Air Force Research Laboratory's
1401:On 21 November 1963, President
1254:as a specialty in the field of
1220:which looked at the effects of
1057:The School of Aviation Medicine
866:The Operational Consult Service
556:testing capabilities to enable
349:Aeromedical Aviation Laboratory
298:Reduced Oxygen Breathing Device
160:emergency department physicians
75:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
4331:Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology
2171:Colonel Christian R. Benjamin
2063:Colonel Lawrence J. Enders MD
1426:was completed (building 775).
1422:In 1996 a new School-house on
1023:In early August 1918, General
966:, Mineola, Long Island as the
805:Electronic Personal Dosimeters
761:The Radioanalytical Laboratory
1:
2461:. USAFSAM. 18 February 2014.
2163:Colonel Charles E. Fisher Jr
2127:Colonel Rodger D. Vanderbeek
2031:Colonel George E. Schafer MD
1192:The Texas and Alabama Chapter
773:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
489:clinical reference laboratory
83:Air Force Research Laboratory
69:world. USAFSAM is located in
4163:– via www.youtube.com.
2273:"This is Aerospace Medicine"
2155:Colonel Richard E. Bachmann
2095:Colonel George E. Schwender
2023:Colonel James B. Nuttall MD
2007:Colonel Paul A. Campbell MD
1999:Colonel Robert H. Blount MD
1939:Colonel Coleridge L. Beaven
1923:Lt Colonel Albert P. Clarke
1797:Food and Drug Administration
1785:Photo Refractive Keratechemy
1598:American Medical Association
1460:711th Human Performance Wing
1298:Division of Space Medicine.
1248:American Medical Association
851:Bioenvironmental Engineering
830:Bioenvironmental Engineering
120:Bioenvironmental Engineering
79:711th Human Performance Wing
3283:711 HPW (2 November 2015).
3062:711 HPW (2 November 2015).
2719:711 HPW (2 November 2015).
2487:711 HPW (2 November 2015).
1947:Lt Colonel Fabian L. Pratt
1915:Major Benjamin B. Warrimer
1313:. And much of the work in
1174:graduate medical department
801:Thermolumenscent Dosimeters
612:The Food Defense Laboratory
592:Laboratory Response Network
576:status testing to maintain
18:School of Aviation Medicine
4450:
4290:accessed 12 February 2016.
3877:. 1922-02-26. p. 21.
3679:. 1918-12-22. p. 18.
3262:10.18474/0749-8004-47.1.95
2662:www.springfieldnewssun.com
2147:Colonel Courtney D. Scott
2079:Colonel Royce Moser Jr MD
2047:Colonel Evan R. Goltra MD
1887:Colonel William H. Wilmer
1722:The USAF began its global
1458:and the activation of the
1364:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
1303:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
1122:, clinical investigation,
465:public health surveillance
4099:(5, Section I): 567–570.
3844:. 1919-05-29. p. 3.
3745:. 1918-09-05. p. 8.
3365:Group, Techbriefs Media.
2786:Air Force Medical Service
2629:"D'Azzo Research Library"
2203:Colonel Richard Speakman
2071:Colonel Roy L. Dehart MD
1931:Colonel Arnold D. Tuttle
1742:monitor and test for the
1740:World Health Organization
1047:and at a new location at
4328:Tasman, William (2005).
2812:"SAJPO April Newsletter"
2119:Colonel Tommy G. Church
2111:Colonel Robert J. Stepp
1578:invented the respirator/
1387:The second Texas Chapter
1226:Atomic Energy Commission
624:commercial off the shelf
4389:United States Air Force
2998:medschool.umaryland.edu
2905:Dayton Business Journal
1907:Major Francis A. Poole
1501:Edwards AFB, California
1206:Randolph Air Force Base
1063:The first Texas Chapter
918:Force Health Protection
274:aerospace physiologists
41:United States Air Force
4105:10.3357/ASEM.2912.2011
3585:Dehart, Roy L (2002).
2087:Colonel Jeffrey Davis
1647:decompression sickness
1560:Aeromedical evacuation
1447:
1434:
1420:
1383:
1246:was authorized by the
1188:, San Antonio, Texas.
1083:
944:Expeditionary Medicine
902:aeromedical evacuation
898:expeditionary medicine
894:aeromedical evacuation
497:mortality surveillance
278:aeromedical evacuation
168:primary care providers
156:respiratory therapists
128:aeromedical evacuation
110:in the disciplines of
32:
4276:. 311 HSW. p. 6.
2195:Colonel Tory Woodard
2187:Colonel Tess Goodman
2179:Colonel Alden Hilton
2103:Colonel Kenneth Hart
1445:
1432:
1424:Brooks Air Force Base
1415:
1407:Brooks Air Force Base
1381:
1374:during 1973 and 1974.
1265:, San Antonio, Texas
1263:Brooks Air Force Base
1202:Gunter Air Force Base
1081:
730:electromagnetic field
630:personnel to enhance
461:Department of Defense
354:Greene County Airport
239:Department of Defense
211:acceleration training
77:, and is part of the
30:
4179:Wright-Patterson AFB
3415:Atul, Sudhir Singh.
3346:Wright-Patterson AFB
2934:Wright-Patterson AFB
2848:Wright-Patterson AFB
2604:Wright-Patterson AFB
2521:Wright-Patterson AFB
2431:Wright-Patterson AFB
2402:Wright-Patterson AFB
2373:Wright-Patterson AFB
2313:Wright-Patterson AFB
1666:, radiation-induced
1582:that bears his name.
1493:Captain Chuck Yeager
1464:Wright Patterson AFB
1352:to test get-me-down
1309:in the operation of
1230:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
1170:Air Training Command
958:The New York Chapter
282:aerospace physiology
235:Wright-Patterson AFB
231:Wright Patterson AFB
152:critical care nurses
140:operational medicine
124:aerospace physiology
49:operational medicine
4375:External References
3521:Air Power Historian
1690:patients receiving
1658:poisoning, air and
1350:rapid decompression
1256:preventive medicine
1218:University of Texas
734:hazardous materials
718:Occupational health
620:foodborne illnesses
505:respiratory disease
485:food safety/defense
473:preventive medicine
415:and Major Command (
383:military deployment
323:USAFSAM utilizes a
116:preventive medicine
4272:Purificato, Rudy.
4123:www.jfklibrary.org
3421:afsffp.sysplus.com
3400:has generic name (
3371:www.techbriefs.com
3285:Capabilities Guide
3064:Capabilities Guide
2721:Capabilities Guide
2489:Capabilities Guide
1965:Harry G. Armstrong
1692:hyperbaric therapy
1517:Wright Field, Ohio
1448:
1435:
1384:
1270:Hubertus Strughold
1222:ionizing radiation
1136:physical education
1084:
826:Industrial Hygiene
769:ionizing radiation
722:ionizing radiation
562:infectious disease
493:diagnostic testing
227:San Antonio, Texas
176:Aerospace Medicine
81:(711 HPW) and the
33:
3596:978-0-7817-2898-0
2982:C-STARS Baltimore
2256:
2255:
2207:
2206:
1639:hyperbaric oxygen
1411:cap over the wall
1252:aviation medicine
931:Human Performance
670:as well as other
596:Biosafety Level 3
280:technicians, and
257:Altitude Chambers
164:anesthesiologists
100:distance learning
39:(USAFSAM) is the
16:(Redirected from
4441:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4325:
4319:
4318:
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4108:
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4040:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4019:
4017:
4016:
3996:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3970:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3940:history.nasa.gov
3932:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3871:
3865:
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3561:
3559:
3558:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3516:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3450:hsi.arc.nasa.gov
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3383:
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3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3027:www.uchealth.com
3019:
3013:
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3010:
3009:
2990:
2984:
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2946:
2945:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2816:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2523:. Archived from
2513:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2433:. Archived from
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2277:
2269:
2214:
2137:Thomas W. Travis
1873:
1860:Persian Gulf War
1606:Hazelhurst Field
1487:The T-1 partial
1456:Brooks City Base
1438:The Ohio Chapter
1321:were adopted by
1075:in October 1931.
1030:Issoudun, France
1025:John J. Pershing
964:Hazelhurst Field
714:community health
542:immunodiagnostic
264:training to all
223:Brooks City Base
178:is provided for
21:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4362:
4360:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4313:
4311:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4247:
4238:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4213:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4188:
4186:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4090:
4089:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4020:
4014:
4012:
3998:
3997:
3986:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3958:
3949:
3947:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3917:
3915:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3892:
3890:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3859:
3857:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3826:
3824:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3791:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3694:
3692:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3628:
3626:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3518:
3517:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3428:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3396:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3348:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3326:
3324:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3289:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3103:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3007:
3005:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2640:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2530:
2528:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2493:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2382:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2343:Military Health
2336:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2212:
1871:
1700:
1680:oxygen toxicity
1668:tissue necrosis
1656:carbon monoxide
1602:Theodore Lyster
1593:8 February 1953
1566:. Adapted from
1530:9 February 1949
1509:Harry Armstrong
1484:14 October 1947
1477:
1440:
1403:John F. Kennedy
1389:
1194:
1065:
960:
955:
881:
765:Radioanalytical
566:chronic disease
441:neuropsychology
396:
266:flight surgeons
96:
91:
57:flight surgeons
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4447:
4445:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4345:
4320:
4292:
4279:
4245:
4220:
4195:
4166:
4140:
4110:
4070:
4035:
4005:tshaonline.org
3984:
3956:
3924:
3899:
3866:
3833:
3811:. 1919-03-02.
3800:
3778:. 1918-09-01.
3767:
3734:
3712:. 1918-12-19.
3701:
3668:
3646:. 1918-11-07.
3635:
3613:. 1920-04-06.
3602:
3595:
3577:
3547:tshaonline.org
3530:
3466:
3437:
3407:
3357:
3333:
3304:
3275:
3240:
3203:(3): 155–161.
3181:
3148:
3112:
3083:
3054:
3043:
3014:
2985:
2974:
2950:
2921:
2892:
2859:
2835:
2802:
2773:
2740:
2678:
2649:
2620:
2591:
2566:
2537:
2508:
2479:
2447:
2418:
2389:
2360:
2329:
2300:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
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2245:
2242:
2238:
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2230:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1897:Louis H. Bauer
1893:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1728:Project Gargle
1715:
1713:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1568:Philip Drinker
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1535:Space Medicine
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1476:
1473:
1439:
1436:
1388:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1368:Apollo program
1360:
1357:
1354:pressure suits
1346:
1343:
1319:pressure suits
1278:Astrophysicist
1198:Randolph Field
1193:
1190:
1144:Randolph Field
1124:otolaryngology
1073:Randolph Field
1064:
1061:
1041:Louis H. Bauer
1017:Flight Surgeon
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
948:
947:
938:
937:
936:
935:
925:
924:
923:
922:
912:
911:
910:
909:
880:
877:
876:
875:
874:
873:
860:
859:
858:
857:
856:
855:
839:
838:
837:
836:
835:
834:
814:
813:
812:
811:
810:
809:
795:The Radiation
785:
784:
783:
782:
781:
780:
753:
752:
751:
750:
692:
691:
690:
689:
688:
687:
640:
639:
638:
637:
636:
635:
604:
603:
602:
601:
600:
599:
518:
517:
516:
515:
447:
446:
445:
444:
395:
392:
391:
390:
389:
388:
387:
386:
371:
370:
369:
368:
367:
366:
341:
340:
339:
338:
337:
336:
310:
309:
308:
307:
306:
305:
290:
289:
288:
287:
286:
285:
247:
246:
245:
244:
243:
242:
215:9Gs (g-forces)
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
95:
92:
90:
87:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4446:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4374:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4333:
4332:
4324:
4321:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4114:
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4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4085:
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4081:
4079:
4077:
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4055:
4048:
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4025:
4010:
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3993:
3991:
3989:
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3969:
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3945:
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3855:
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3834:
3822:
3818:
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3804:
3801:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
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3503:
3501:
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3495:
3493:
3491:
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3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
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3473:
3471:
3467:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3391:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3113:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2964:
2963:fbosearch.com
2960:
2954:
2951:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2581:on 2018-11-17
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2527:on 2016-01-28
2526:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2437:on 2014-03-22
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2285:
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2268:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2202:
2200:2024-Present
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:excimer laser
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1708:December 1973
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:gas embolisms
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
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3096:vet.osu.edu
2472:16 February
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1833:August 1982
1643:Langley AFB
1325:during the
1274:Heinz Haber
973:World War I
803:and 12,000
732:radiation,
672:arboviruses
574:vaccination
425:pulmonology
331:, and four
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4383:Categories
4363:2016-03-01
4338:3 February
4314:2017-09-17
4239:2016-01-25
4214:2016-01-25
4189:2016-02-25
4015:2016-02-12
3950:2016-02-16
3918:2016-01-21
3893:2016-03-03
3860:2016-03-03
3827:2016-03-03
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3662:2016-03-08
3629:2016-03-08
3557:2016-02-25
3527:: 245–261.
3460:2016-02-25
3431:2016-02-16
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3327:2016-02-25
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3106:2016-02-25
3037:2023-11-10
3008:2016-02-16
2968:2016-03-01
2944:2016-02-25
2915:2016-02-25
2853:2016-02-16
2796:2016-03-01
2672:2016-03-01
2643:2016-02-16
2614:2016-02-16
2585:2016-02-25
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2531:2016-01-22
2441:2016-02-16
2412:2016-02-16
2383:2016-02-16
2323:2016-02-16
2192:2021-2024
2184:2019-2021
2176:2016-2019
2168:2011–2016
2160:2008–2011
2144:2003–2005
2132:2001–2003
2124:1999–2001
2116:1995–1999
2108:1993–1995
2100:1990–1993
2092:1989–1990
2084:1985–1989
2076:1983–1985
2068:1980–1983
2060:1978–1980
1988:1956–1960
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1672:Brooks AFB
1651:Brooks AFB
1634:Early 1960
1619:Early 1960
1580:ventilator
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1104:psychiatry
1100:psychology
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854:personnel.
710:population
680:arthropods
668:Zika Fever
652:Laboratory
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558:autoimmune
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2052:1975–1978
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2036:1969–1971
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2020:1966–1967
2012:1962–1966
2004:1962–1962
1996:1960–1962
1980:1953–1956
1972:1949–1953
1960:1946–1949
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1920:1932–1933
1912:1930–1932
1904:1926–1930
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1810:1980s era
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1724:influenza
1719:Late 1976
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1128:pathology
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1015:The term
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777:bioassays
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656:arthropod
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554:molecular
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