Briarcliff Farms - Knowledge

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lived at the farms, and the farm workers knew the name of each cow (which was on a brass plate at the front of the cow's stall). The cows were sponged several times a day, and workers wore white cotton suits which were sterilized daily by boiling. Law treated his workers as intelligent co-workers, rather than laborers. Each cow was groomed before milking, and a pail of warm water and a brush would then be used on her sides, flanks and udders. The flank and udder were washed again with a one-percent creolin solution, rinsed and dried. Workers would milk into a fine wire strainer placed over a pail; during milking no talking, laughing, smoking or spitting was permitted, since such behavior was claimed to have a "perceptible effect upon their milk". The workers were required to wash their hands thoroughly after cleaning the udders and before milking each cow. Each worker had a set of towels and washed, cared for and milked 15 or 16 cows. The cattle grazed from early spring until late autumn, and were in the barns only for milking. In 1901,

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should speak the first word and the last word, and all the time. Science is nothing but accumulated experience; what we have found out to be best and truest; and so Briarcliff Manor farms were simply to do the best, instead of second best, or third best, or tenth best. The houses were to be models, the stables were to be ideal, the orchards planted and worked ideally, the gardens must show what possibly could be done in vegetables, and the corn crop and the oats and the wheat must not be left to any guesses of man or nature. Feeding must be done on scientific principles; barns must be as sanitary as houses; stables must be sunny and thoroughly ventilated. Water must be absolutely pure for the cattle, and their sanitary conditions as perfect as those for human beings.

487:. Its location was described in 1901 as "the most healthy, hilly portion of Westchester ...where there are neither swamps nor contaminated streams of water". The original land plot, four miles (6,400 m) long and three miles (4,800 m) wide, was developed within twelve years. In 1901, Briarcliff Farms (including its school farm) encompassed 6,000 acres (9 sq mi) between Pleasantville and Old Briarcliff Roads north of Scarborough Road. At its peak, its original location covered 7,800 acres (10 sq mi). In Briarcliff Manor, the farm had six main barns: Barn A, near its office building on Pleasantville Road, housed the horses for the farm and the 1034:

were claimed to be the best available. The farm required that each cow produce 6,000 pounds of milk with 5 percent butterfat or 5,000 pounds of milk with 6 percent butterfat, or she would be butchered or sold. Each cow ate an average of seven pounds of grain per day (varying from two pounds on pasture to 12 in winter), 1.5 to 2 pounds of oil meal each day and free-choice timothy and clover hay—17–20 pounds (7.7–9.1 kg) daily, depending on size. Each worker milked, cleaned and groomed 16 to 18 cattle daily. The New York Milk Commission analyzed the farm's milk weekly; although the board of health regulations in New York allowed three million bacteria per

40: 1405:; it produced 22 varieties and about 2,500 blooms a day. The greenhouses, advanced for their time, had light steel frames and glass panes unique in their "almost unshadowed exposure to the light". The newer greenhouses, 50 by 300 feet (15 by 91 m), held up to 40,000 plants apiece. The Pierson roses, which earned up to $ 100,000 ($ 3.66 million in 2023) a year, were sold in winter for eight to 12 cents each with most shipped to New York City. The Briarcliff Lodge sponsored an annual American Beauty carnival with a golf tournament, water sports, moonlight bathing and night diving, a dinner dance, a cinema program and a concert. 1495:, fertilizers, plant diseases, stock, fruit growing, landscape gardening and bookkeeping. It was a practical school, with no attempt to provide a general education. Work included caring for orchard trees and bush fruit, greenhouse culture of fruits and vegetables, jelly- and jam-making, market gardening, tillage, fertilizer use, hybridizing and propagating flowers, harvesting and marketing crops. The school used Briarcliff Farms, where students worked the land, tested milk and cared for a variety of animals. Students also raised flowers, vegetables and fruit, and accompanied their products to cities for marketing. The 371: 577: 1533:

School of Practical Agriculture at Poughkeepsie. When the school was established there, Theodore Van Norden said that it needed funds for equipment and an endowment. The land had no buildings, and thus the school rented two houses in Poughkeepsie until funds were obtained to build. It initially hoped to raise one million dollars; in 1903, after raising $ 50,000 ($ 1.7 million in 2023) of a hoped-for $ 150,000 ($ 5.09 million in 2023) to operate the school, director George Powell announced that it would close and the property would be sold. Cutting presented a plan to the

238: 5406: 1629: 140: 1657: 1503:$ 280 a year ($ 10,300 in 2023). Instruction was primarily weekday-morning lectures with laboratory work; during the afternoon, students worked on the school farm (which had a foreman, gardener and several workmen to ensure continuous operation) under instructor supervision. In 1901 35 students attended, followed by 34 in 1902 (almost all from cities), ranging in age from 16 to 35. Most had a high-school education before enrolling, and some had been to college. The school had a capacity of 35 students, and planned to expand. 5282: 1645: 1617: 1054:) lived outdoors, because the farm superintendent believed they should be penned only for breeding; in summer, they were allowed to run in the orchards or the woods. About 2,000 were butchered each year. The farm's 31 poultry houses had a head poulterer and 40 assistants; each building was 18 by 100 feet (5.5 by 30.5 m), and they were spread around the property. The farm, which used 300-egg insulators, fed the hens a mix of grains (including oats, wheat and corn) five times a day. The farm butchered 7,000 329: 1463: 1669: 1134: 452: 461: 1681: 229: 1345: 531: 1281:

immediately removed every cow that appeared ill, and many cattle were butchered during the farm's first few years to improve the herd's overall health. According to Walter Law, "It is not the cows that have been put in, but those which have been taken out, that have made the Briarcliff herd what it is". The farm's large, light barns had concrete floors, which were cleaned daily, and up-to-date appliances for separating, churning, handling and packing its products.

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resulted in meetings at the homes of Abram S. Hewitt and R. Fulton Cutting and the formation of the New York State Committee for the Promotion of Agriculture. The committee, chaired by Hewitt, included Cutting, Jacob H. Schiff, John G. Carlisle, Mrs. Seth Low, Josephine Shaw Lowell, Walter Law and William E. Dodge. Its board of trustees had five officers (with Theodore L. Van Norden president) and seventeen other trustees, including Law,

407:'s beef-cattle show, 100 cattle and steers were exhibited. Briarcliff Aristocrat, a summer yearling weighing 1,000 pounds (450 kg), was named the grand champion steer. The grand champion bull was the farm's Briarcliff Barbarian 8th, the first-prize senior yearling of the 1933 International Livestock Show. The grand champion female was Briarcliff Mighonne 10th, the first-prize senior yearling heifer of the 1933 international show. 174: 5258: 586: 1418: 170:, proceeding by carriage to Briarcliff, and visited the farm's poultry yard, hennery and stables. After observing the farm's heifers and stallions, they went to the creamery to taste Briarcliff butter. The guests went to Law's Yonkers home, Hillcrest, for dinner before returning to New York. After the visit, the duke had said "Well, this is a perfect place. I am delighted with what I have seen." 1014:

day), Briarcliff Farms was one of the largest dairy operations in the northeast. According to Nebraska's department of agriculture in 1903, the three largest owners of dairy cows in the eastern US were Fairfield Farm Dairy in New Jersey, Briarcliff Farms and the Walker-Gordon Laboratory Company (which had "branches in all of the principal cities"). In 1897 the farm had Jersey,

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regularly brought to his farm; for four years, twenty carloads of manure a week were spread on the land. As a result, the farm's hay yield increased from two to five tons. Law also decided to improve the area's roads, giving them a base layer of large, closely packed stones and layers of top gravel. He developed his herd; at first the farm had weak cattle (many afflicted with

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basins and clean towels. The upper floors had seventy individual bedrooms for the men, with bathrooms with showers and tubs on every floor. Dalmeny also had a resident barber. Farm workers were not required to live in the boarding house, although the number of people wanting to live there exceeded the space available. Rent was $ 15–18 per month, including room,

5236: 5270: 102:, with cows being milked constantly, and with milk promptly chilled and bottled within five minutes, and shipped to stores in New York City each night. The farm was progressive, with sterile conditions, numerous employee benefits, good living conditions for livestock, and regular veterinary inspections to maintain a healthy herd. The farm also made use of 152:, where he demonstrated setting milk, churning cream and making butter. In 1890, Walter Law began purchasing property in the present-day village of Briarcliff Manor as part of his desire for rest and recreation. That year, Law paid James Stillman $ 35,000 ($ 1,186,900 in 2023) for his 236-acre (96 ha) farm and renamed it Briarcliff Farms. In 1893, 1471:

Most students were trained in garden and farm operations in a two-year course, with short summer courses in nature study also offered. The academic year had three terms, with twelve weeks of vacation. Although the school allowed new students to begin at any term, a September start was considered the most desirable. Instruction was offered in

399:. At the International Livestock Show in 1927, the farm had the International Grand Champion Female, and in 1930 it had the 1930 International Grand Champion Bull. Because of the 1931 and 1933 expositions, Thorne became first to win a grand champion twice, with two of his livestock awarded International Grand Champion 188:, moved with his family to the area and began devoting his time to agriculture. He rapidly added to his holdings, buying about forty parcels in less than ten years; by 1900, Law owned more than 5,000 acres (8 sq mi) of Westchester County and was its largest individual landholder. Some previous owners became 298:

Law to incorporate the area as a village. A proposition was presented to the supervisors of Mount Pleasant and Ossining on October 8, 1902, that a 640-acre (260 ha) area with a population of 331 be incorporated as the Village of Briarcliff Manor, and it was incorporated on November 21. That year Law's son,

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Although Briarcliff Farms' primary operation was dairy, a secondary agricultural product was its American Beauty rose. The farm had two groups of greenhouses; one, behind Walter Law's house and west of the Briarcliff Lodge, produced decorations for Briarcliff Farms, the Briarcliff Lodge and Law's and

1155:. The building was as free of bacteria as the farm could make it; its rooms had white-tiled walls and floors, with coving (concave tiling) between the walls and floors for better cleaning. Milk bottles were reused after several cleanings with rotating wire brushes and two hours of heat sterilization. 1038:

in milk, the milk commission limited bacteria to 30,000. The farm chilled its milk within two minutes of milking to 45 °F (7 °C), often limiting its bacteria counts to 200–400 per cc. A chemical analysis of the milk was performed every month; although regulations required a minimum of three

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In 1907 and 1908, the farm and many of its workers moved to Pine Plains. Although preliminary steps in the relocation were primarily small, the final October 1908 transfer used two trains to move 300 cattle. The rest of the cattle were transferred a day later, to the farm's main station (between Pine

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When Briarcliff Manor was incorporated on November 21, 1902, Law owned all but two small parcels of the square-mile village and employed nearly all of its residents (around 100). He developed the village, establishing schools, churches, parks and the Briarcliff Lodge. The population grew, encouraging

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The inquiry was specifically made by George T. Powell and a Pennsylvania farmer named Kelgaard in New York City. The two asked state residents, primarily farmers, about urban migration, tenant farming, and principals of agriculture. The direct result of the research was the founding of the School of

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bottled, and in a third butter was churned. The building's sterilizing, pasteurizing, and shipping departments were in the basement. Briarcliff Farms shipped 2,000 US quarts (1,900 L) of milk, 300 US quarts (280 L) of cream and 500 pounds (230 kg) of butter each day. Students from the

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for $ 0.084 ($ 2.75 in 2023) per quart. The farm also supplied the Briarcliff Lodge with cream, milk, butter, eggs and vegetables. It shipped its products in zinc-lined cases on ocean-going steamers and shipped nationwide every day except Sunday (shipping a double order on Saturday). The farm's milk

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cattle under the Briarcliff Farms name, and the farm remained well known for its beef. Thorne and W. Alan McGregor began the herd by importing cattle from Scotland in 1925, and enlarged it through breeding. The Aberdeen Angus industry became prominent in the United States due to Briarcliff Farms; in

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When it was founded, the school was considered an experiment. Its goal was "to open an independent means of livelihood for young men and women, especially of our cities; to demonstrate that higher values may be obtained from land under intelligent management, and to develop a taste for rural life."

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The Briarcliff Farms office, Walter Law's personal office, was also the first dairy building; it burned down in 1901, and was rebuilt the following year. From Briarcliff Manor's 1902 incorporation to the construction of its first municipal building in 1913, the office housed the village government.

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The farm affected a number of herds, and the Briarcliff prefix is still seen in many pedigrees. In 1935 the 2,000-acre (3 sq mi) portion of the farm east of the road was sold to Henry Jackson, who named it Bethel Farms. After Thorne's death in 1948, Briarcliff Farms changed hands a number

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On September 2, 1901, the farm's dairy buildings were destroyed by fire. The cause of the fire (which was discovered in the dairy building's tower) was unknown, and the damage was covered by insurance. Law quickly arranged for a temporary dairy in a room of the electric plant which had a boiler for

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Most of the Pine Plains farmland is occupied by Berkshire Stud, a Thoroughbred breeding farm which purchased 550 acres (220 ha) beginning in 1983, and the Mashomack Polo Club (which owns the farmhouse on Halcyon Lake). The farm's creamery and several barns (some built during the 19th century)

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train stations on Pleasantville Road. Law leased the 66 acres (which were worth $ 1,000 ($ 36,600 in 2023) an acre) for 20 years at the rate of a dollar per year, gave the trustees $ 30,000 ($ 1,098,700 in 2023) to build a dormitory and promised them $ 3,000 ($ 109,900 in 2023) a year for expenses

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Greenhouse foreman George Romaine propagated an American Beauty rose with longer, more-pointed buds and a brighter color, and Paul M. Pierson registered it with the American Rose Society as the Briarcliff Rose. It is Briarcliff Manor's village symbol, and since 2006 has been used on village street

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to New York City. After it was cooled, the milk was brought daily to the dairy-processing building, where it was poured into a large, sterilized tank and forced—with compressed air at 160 US quarts (150,000 ml) per minute—through sterilized pipes to the building's second floor. There the milk

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In 1905, Briarcliff Farms was milking nearly 500 cows at any given time. The farm raised its own stock, feeding the cattle eight pounds of dry feed twice a day with pasture and green corn in summer. The feed mixture was 50 percent bran, 25 percent crushed oats and 25 percent cornmeal, all of which

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in New York City, was 100 feet (30 m) long and four stories tall. Its first floor had a social hall for meetings and entertainment, a parlor and reading room equipped with books, newspapers, magazines, and games, a large dining room, a private dining room, a kitchen and a bathroom with marble

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Briarcliff Farms intended to prove that optimal farming practices could be profitable. Law believed that kind treatment would produce better cattle, and was intolerant of animal abuse: "Cruelty to a cow is the same as cruelty to me, and shall never be permitted on this farm." He knew everyone who

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The arrangement for human beings must be on the highest level. Men and boys who were employed must be looked after to produce a splendid human result. That is, they must not be left to act as so many mechanical appliances or brute force masters of the lower animals ... It seems not yet quite

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In a 1900 publication the farm's motto was reported to be "The production of pure food of the highest standard of excellence", although a 1902 publication reported that its motto was "Do unto a cow as you would that a cow would do unto you" (also saying that the motto appeared in large letters in

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of times. In 1968 it became Stockbriar Farm, a beef-feeding operation. Stockbriar tried to sell the farm several times, and it nearly became a county zoo. In 1979, Stockbriar sold the farmland to the Conservation and Preservation Association (CAPA) for $ 2.1 million ($ 8.82 million in 2023).

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The school outgrew its Briarcliff location, and in autumn 1902 R. Fulton Cutting purchased a 415-acre (168 ha) farm near Poughkeepsie as a permanent upstate location. Prior to the move, the school was popularly known as the Briarcliff School, and after moving it became formally known as the

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Law made annual five-dollar cash awards ($ 183 in 2023) to workers in September (giving them out at Dalmeny on December 24), which included "most gentle with cows", "most careful teamster in feeding his horses and keeping his stables clean", "cleanest delivery wagon", "neatest house yard", "best

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The farm, one of the first producers of certified milk in the US, operated under the supervision of the Milk Commission of the Medical Society of the County of New York. With the farm producing about 4,500 US quarts (4,300 litres) of milk daily (an average of 8 US quarts (7.6 litres) per cow per

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Briarcliff Farms was the original location for the School of Practical Agriculture and Horticulture, established by the New York State Committee for the Promotion of Agriculture in conjunction with Walter Law. The school's purpose was to teach students in farming, gardening, poultry-keeping, and

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building, with a plain exterior and wide halls, had lecture halls, a library, a laboratory, an office, a dining hall and dormitory space for 40 staff members and students. Its grounds had an orchard, a working garden, experimental greenhouses, poultry houses, a farmhouse and barns. The school's

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During the winter of 1895–96, the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor researched the causes of youth moving from the country to cities to develop the most efficient method of attracting them back to the country. That, and an examination of agricultural needs for a year,

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The farm had a veterinary chemist and a laboratory for regular milk analysis. Its dairy plant had a visitor-observation area, permitting the viewing of each step of the farm's dairy processing. In one room (separated from the viewing area by glass doors), cream was skimmed; in a second milk was

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That a man ...who has acquired wealth by trade or manufacture should leave the city to develop an ideal farm is something new and notable. This is what Mr. Walter W. Law has done at Briarcliff Manor. He determined to have a farm run absolutely on the highest principles—a farm where science

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Walter Law encouraged his Briarcliff Farms employees to move into the village, selling 2,500-square-foot (230 m) or 11,250-square-foot (1,045 m) plots of land to workers for a nominal price. He asked workers to choose the type of house they wanted; he would have it built and hold the

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and newspapers published by Taconic Press. Around that time Stockbriar Farms filed four lawsuits against CAPA and its lessee (Mashomack Fish and Game Preserve) over the Pine Plains farm, claiming that the preserve operated a private club without a liquor permit and CAPA missed a March 23, 1982

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Law found the soil poor, since it had been farmed for a half-century. The fields were bare, and cows gave poor-quality milk: "I had to begin at the bottom and repair the waste of fifty years." He improved the soil's fertility by arranging for manure from New York City streets and stables to be

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James Stillman owned a small farm on Pleasantville Road since at least 1886. It was known as Briarcliff Farm after John David Ogilby's estate, Brier Cliff (itself named after Ogilby's family home in Ireland). In 1887 Stillman had a display at the Great Dairy and Cattle Show in New York City's

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wrote about Briarcliff Farms: "Every known appliance or mode of treatment is at hand, and the herd is pronounced free from all and every ailment. In cases of doubt animals are sacrificed". The farm used the best obtainable stock, with extensive experimenting, for its products. The operation

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Law developed his Briarcliff Manor property primarily as a corporation until 1907 when, due to rising property values and falling agricultural development in Westchester County, he purchased twelve farms—totaling 3,249 acres (5 sq mi)—for Briarcliff Farms on both sides of the Pine

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for a business maxim; but what are we to make of a farm where the superintendent says, "Not until we apply the Golden Rule to cows will we ever get the best from them?" The walls of the stables are hung with such mottoes as "Speak gently; it is better far to rule by love than by fear." The

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every barn on the farm). Notices printed by the farm began with the verse, "If a Cobbler by trade, I'll make it my pride, the best of all Cobblers to be; and if only a Tinker, no Tinker on earth shall mend an old Kettle like me"; this verse and several other mottoes decorated

563:, using those farms to replenish the main farm's cattle herd. He also purchased a house in Pound Ridge, which his Briarcliff Realty Company sold to Westchester County after his death; it became the headquarters of the Ward Pound Ridge Reservation, the county's largest park. 390:

Thorne hired William Harper Pew for Pew's knowledge of livestock bloodlines. At the time, the farm had over 5,000 acres (8 sq mi) and 1,000 purebred Aberdeen Angus cattle (the largest Aberdeen Angus herd in the country). Pew began eighteen Angus herds in

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circles with the supervising commission's certification and the date, and then put in boxes with ice. The entire process, from entering the building to bottling, took five minutes. Every utensil contacting the milk (or workers) would be regularly sterilized with

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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in 1908, the barns were used for mechanic crews and each driver had his own crew weeks before the race. In 1909 Law formed the Briarcliff Realty Company to sell the original Briarcliff Manor property. He sold the Pine Plains property in 1918 and died in 1924.

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and began developing his Briarcliff Manor properties for houses, churches and schools. Law's general manager, George W. Tuttle (who had worked at Briarcliff Farms since 1901), arranged the Pine Plains purchases and the construction of new barns, a creamery, a

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and the New York State Commission to the Paris Exhibition's joint exhibit, winning gold medals for its milk, cream, and butter and a silver medal for social benefit or economy. Concerned that the farm's milk had preservatives, French authorities requested an

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percent butterfat, Briarcliff required its milk to have over five percent butterfat to be sold. A March 1905 New York Milk Commission analysis indicated that the farm's milk had 8.2 percent butterfat, the "richest Briarcliff product ever reported on".

3469: 3350: 1117:) housed its equipment and horses at Briarcliff Farms' Barn A. The American Plasmon Syndicate, a producer of the dried milk product plasmon, had its factory in Briarcliff for milk from Briarcliff Farms; the farm built the factory and its power plant. 1524:, wrote to Powell requesting admission to the school; Powell replied that DuPont was listed first in the school's 1903 class. However, DuPont was unable to attend and left Harvard (perhaps due to his mother's sudden death in autumn 1902). 126:

in 1903, and the school building was run as a hotel for two years until it became Miss Knox's School. After the building burned down in 1912, Miss Knox's School was relocated several times; since 1954, the Knox School has been located in

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For one year it met in the basement of Pleasantville's public school (until the Briarcliff Farms building was completed), and did not provide housing. The farm building was completed in spring 1901 and dedicated on May 15. The large

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of St. Theresa's Catholic Church and several employee wood-framed cottages still stand on Dalmeny and Old Briarcliff Roads. Similar houses are on South State, Pleasantville, and Poplar Roads. The farm's dairy building is owned by

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from 1955 to 1994, the school called the former boarding house Harmony Hall and used it for classrooms and staff housing. In autumn 1979, King's College demolished the building shortly after dedicating a new classroom building.

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each season. Eggs sold for 35 to 50 cents per dozen, with demand exceeding supply. Broilers sold for $ 1.50 ($ 55 in 2023) to $ 3.00 ($ 110 in 2023) per pair. Briarcliff Farms raised about 300 lambs each spring, primarily

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and nurses from New York City hospitals visited the farm to learn about its practices in relation to their work, and Briarcliff Farms was reportedly chosen as the most typical New York industry available for inspection.

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Although Law had little knowledge or experience of farming at first, he had enough money to reach his goal of maximizing his dairy farm's quality and output. Law's farm had 500 workers tending cattle, pigs, chickens,

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payment which was the bulk of its total payment for the farm. Stockbriar Farms requested that Mashomack be evicted, and its property returned. One lawsuit was filed in county court, and the other three were filed in

2523: 1564:, in 1954. The only remaining feature of the Pocantico Lodge building is a stone retaining wall in front of the current building on the site, built in 1925 by Oscar Vatet for Rufus P. Johnston (pastor of 289:

that no chemicals were added. Photographs by the US government of Briarcliff Farms' barns, farmland, Law's mottoes and employees were displayed in the exposition's Palace of Social Economy and Congress.

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cattle farm. After Thorne's death in 1948, the farm changed hands several times; in 1968 it became Stockbriar Farm, a beef feeding operation. Stockbriar sold the farmland to its current owners in 1979.

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still stand at the polo club, and have been used since the 1980s for stables, farm-equipment storage and the raising of sporting birds. The barns also housed the Triangle Arts Association (part of the

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application of this rule to cows ought to create a moral evolution in the stablemen, so that by and by it could be applied to human folk as well, and thoroughly believed in as a workable law of life.

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roofs and open porches using some of the first-floor space. Of the cottages still standing, six are on Dalmeny Road and three are on Old Briarcliff Road. The farm also owned and operated a farm in

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for supplies, including feed for the farm. Each barn had an ice shed to cool milk; ice was harvested primarily from Echo Lake (source of the Pocantico River), with Kinderogen Lake (now part of the

5359: 527:. The farm was enclosed, and its pastures were divided by stone walls from within the farm; the stones were also used for roadbeds, and for walls of the farm buildings, office, and Law's house. 1542: 1516:, with identical courses for men and women. Students were required to be proficient in English, provide good references, be at least 16 years of age, and be in good health. On January 1, 1902 649:

in the shallow Stissing Basin and 12 miles (20 km) from the Hudson River. The Pine Plains farm had three barns, each built at a cost of about $ 20,000 ($ 678,200 in 2023) and housing 200

1534: 1644: 192:; Law received half of the hay and straw from a 160-acre (60 ha) farm formerly owned by Jesse Bishop, and one-third of everything else. Law and Briarcliff Farms initially deepened the 829: 624:. Over a period of several months in 1909 the building was moved to the Briarcliff Lodge property, where it was adjacent to the Lodge's laundry building. When the Lodge was the campus of 382:

and several partners purchased the 4,200-acre (7 sq mi) Briarcliff Farms property, cattle and dairy buildings for $ 500,000 ($ 10.1 million in 2023). Thorne began breeding

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and butcher's shop were on-site. Barns B (housing 78 cattle) and C (housing 118 cattle) were at the south end of Dalmeny Road; Barn D (housing 116 cattle), between Beech Hill Road and

159: 1074:. The farm rotated its grain production to grow better vegetables. At one time the farm had 12 acres (0.02 sq mi) of asparagus, which sold for 35 to 50 cents per bunch. 4891: 4196: 3319: 1601:; the company also owns a nearby building which formerly housed the Briarcliff Manor Light and Power Company. The Plasmon Company of America's Woodside Avenue factory is now an 433:. Although Mashomack and CAPA won the first two, in 1984 a state supreme court justice ordered Mashomack and CAPA to vacate the property and Stockbriar Farms remained for sale. 5314: 1568:'s Fifth Avenue Baptist Church). The building, later occupied by Arthur O'Connor, Cognitronics, and Frank B. Hall, is currently an unused part of Briarcliff Corporate Campus. 4025: 66:. One of several enterprises established by Law at the turn of the 20th century, the farm was known for its milk, butter, and cream and also produced other dairy products, 2887:. Contributing Editor Elsie Smith; layout and typography by Lorraine Gelard; map, illustrations, and calligraphy by Allison Krasner. Briarcliff Manor Centennial Committee. 1656: 2531: 1253:

was processed into milk, cheese, butter or buttermilk at its Barn A creamery in Pine Plains, and packaged for its 101-mile (200 km) rail shipment to New York City.

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Jerseys and the other half high-grade Jerseys. In Pine Plains, many of Barn B's milkers were from the Netherlands because of that country's reputation for good milkers.

5683: 5668: 208:) and "ordinary milk", but after Law's development the farm had strong cattle, healthy calves and an abundance of rich milk. Law hired Leonard Pearson (a professor of 1616: 1178:

to New York City for delivery the next day; they were also sold in the farm's stores or from wagons. Briarcliff Farms had three stores in New York City and stores in

3572: 2282: 277:, pasteurized, and sterilized milk; however, according to the French, "There is no use sending these, for your fresh milk keeps fresh". The farm contributed to the 3565: 1026:) for 60 cents per quart, Jersey butter for 50 cents per pound and Normande or Simmental butter for 60 cents per pound. In 1909, half the farm's herd consisted of 519:) as a supplemental source. The farm had a large supply store, with feed and other items, southeast of the service station at North State and Pleasantville Roads. 166:

farmer) and a large party visited the farm on the afternoon of June 16; at that time, the farm had about 330 cattle and 100 sheep. The party went from New York to

4538: 4344: 4261: 3920: 3874: 3164: 2959: 2660: 1293:", Law spoke about the farm's improvements that year and awarded the prizes. The orchestra was made up of the farm's workers, and among its members was Law's son 1285:

garden truck" and "best-kept room in Dalmeny"; the farm emphasized the commercial value of such virtues. On Christmas Eve, after the Briarcliff Orchestra played

5673: 5653: 1093:

in 1908 (all edited by Arthur W. Emerson) and bottle caps for Briarcliff dairy products. The Briarcliff Table Water Company sold its products in New York City,

1042:

In 1901 the farm had 1,045 Jersey cattle, 4,000 chickens and ducks, 1,500 pigs, and 400 sheep. It grew, with 500 workers tending those animals in addition to

5678: 5658: 5441: 613:

and laundry. Law frequently joined the men at meals, lecturers visited the boarding house and the farm workers had a performing orchestra, brass band and

269:

horses, pheasants, peacocks and sheep at its peak. In 1900, when the US government asked Briarcliff Farms to exhibit its milk, butter and cream at Paris'

2125:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

524: 1063:. The lambs, which were dressed (their internal organs removed) on the farm, sold for $ 12 ($ 439 in 2023) or more apiece; demand also exceeded supply. 1365: 555:, running the Peekskill farm as a nursery for maples, oaks, lindens, hemlocks, spruces and other trees. During the early 1900s Law purchased farms in 294:

sterilization; by the afternoon, milk was processed as usual. A larger dairy building was planned closer to the railroad station for faster shipping.

5307: 4931: 2680: 200:

so the stream would flow and adjacent swamps would drain. Workers also cut rock and took out trees lining the swamps to reclaim land for farming.

302:, joined his father and brother Henry in managing the farm and realty company; he was the second village president, in office from 1905 to 1918. 5405: 5369: 1232:, advertised to wealthy residents). The farm's stores sold Briarcliff dairy products and table water. Milk was sent to the Hotel Lorraine, the 1241: 4059: 3949: 3263: 1841: 1697: 1668: 5648: 5395: 2160: 1548:

From 1903 to 1905 the original school building was known as Pocantico Lodge, a small year-round hotel. In 1905 Alice Knox, an employee at

1364: 1499:

arranged with the school for student access to its lectures, museums and conservatories. Tuition was $ 100 a year ($ 3,700 in 2023), and

5638: 5300: 1443: 251: 1447:

until the school earned a profit. With that and $ 30,000 from the trustees, the school opened; the committee focused the curriculum on

5643: 5517: 3817: 4054:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 1680: 5425: 2569: 2254: 1917: 1066:

The farm gardens grew a variety of crops, adapting to the market; in 1900 this included oats, rye, corn, wheat, buckwheat, carrots,

5380: 4017: 3753: 1022:

cattle, selling the breeds' milk for 10, 12 and 15 cents per quart respectively. Briarcliff Farms also sold cream (with 50 percent

2145:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

5420: 4406: 1736: 1707: 1114: 1010:

style. The farm's office building, Dysart House, the Briarcliff Lodge, and the railroad station shared that architectural style.

625: 499:, was later used as a boarding stable for horses. Barn E (housing 118 cattle) was on Pleasantville Road just east of the present 1002:, and harness shops on-site, in addition to a butcher shop and smokehouse. Buildings were centrally located around Walter Law's 5451: 5262: 1439: 1077:

Briarcliff Farms operated a printing press and office north of the farm office on Pleasantville Road. The print shop produced

5097: 1512:

faculty included a director, a horticulturalist, an agriculturalist and instructors in nature study and cold storage. It was

4073: 653:

bedded in sawdust or shavings. Barn B was in the Pine Plains hamlet of Bethel and Barn C was farther south, in the town of

5663: 5354: 5349: 2278: 270: 217: 1552:, opened Miss Knox's School in the building. Destroyed by fire in 1912, the school moved to nearby Tarrytown and then to 1070:, turnips, rutabagas, radishes, sugar beets, potatoes, apples, cabbages, rye, oat, and wheat straw, hay, corn stalks and 5339: 5205: 5157: 4013: 2152: 2132: 1175: 638: 516: 342: 79: 63: 1409:

signs. Although the Briarcliff Manor Garden Club also uses the Briarcliff Rose as its symbol, the variety is now lost.

5331: 1702: 1354: 646: 642: 5599: 5240: 3576: 576: 39: 5574: 5390: 5323: 5248: 4947: 4763: 4113: 3941: 2561: 2246: 1829: 396: 363: 309: 306: 213: 71: 1113:. The company owned 250-foot-deep (76 m) wells. Around 1901, the Briarcliff Steamer Company No. 1 (later the 5555: 4864: 1496: 1401:

his workers' houses. The other group, the Pierson commercial greenhouses, grew the American Beauty rose and rare

1110: 281: 17: 5559: 5472: 2634:

Report of the Commissioner-General for the United States to the International Universal Exposition, Paris, 1900

2055: 1726:

The title changed to President-Mayor during Henry Law's office (1918-36) and subsequently to Mayor around 1936.

508: 496: 2996:

Duel, Newton; Klare, Elizabeth; Mara, James; Netter, Helen; Wapnick, Dyan (1996). "5: Out of the Wilderness".

2059: 539:

mortgage, or allow them to rent a cottage. Law built several wood-framed cottages near the farms, with steep

491:. The farm's blacksmith, wheelwright, harness shops and other buildings were located around that barn, and a 5467: 5281: 2781: 2046: 1635: 1199: 512: 424: 370: 338: 5527: 5446: 5385: 4980: 4859: 3615: 2765: 1602: 1329: 1286: 1179: 1106: 825: 430: 4822: 4788: 4693: 4374: 2308: 2207: 70:, bottled water, and print media. At its height, the farm was one of the largest dairy operations in the 5512: 3413: 3289: 3178: 3003: 1909: 1517: 1216: 500: 167: 149: 4620: 3390:. USDA Soil Conservation Service; Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station: 18. December 1955 3213: 620:

Dalmeny opened on Christmas 1899 and closed in July 1908, in conjunction with the farm's relocation to

237: 139: 5286: 4660: 4142: 3255: 1549: 1245: 1094: 404: 98:

The farm combined a practical American business model with the concept of a European country seat or

67: 31: 1537:

to carry out the plan devised for the school in Poughkeepsie. In 1908, school funds were donated to

1459:. The school's progress was followed by members of the public interested in agricultural education. 523:

During the 1960s the building was redesigned, rebuilt and became a local union headquarters for the

5507: 5482: 3361: 2610: 2455: 1598: 1586: 1565: 1557: 1102: 415: 351: 209: 128: 5564: 5532: 5375: 5113: 4532: 4338: 4255: 3914: 3868: 3158: 3081:"Certified Milk in New York State: Answers to Questions Submitted to Producers of Certified Milk" 2953: 2654: 2370: 2215: 1833: 1538: 1521: 1294: 1248:, and kumyss was sent to seventeen New York City drugstores. Milk was sold to stores in New York 1210: 745: 654: 504: 299: 154: 55: 3409: 3246: 3106: 328: 2143: 2123: 1462: 1158: 5579: 5537: 5497: 4854: 4513: 4418: 4410: 4319: 4236: 4207: 4173: 4065: 4055: 3955: 3945: 3895: 3849: 3619: 3259: 3139: 2934: 2862: 2854: 2575: 2565: 2446: 2260: 2250: 2186: 1931: 1923: 1913: 1855: 1847: 1837: 605: 483:

in the hamlet of Whitson's Corners (present-day Briarcliff Manor), 27 miles (40 km) from

185: 5477: 5344: 5274: 5109: 4976: 4668: 4593: 4584: 2905: 2899: 2638: 2139: 2119: 1508: 1228: 1222: 1204: 1142: 1035: 1019: 641:, initially covered 3,249 acres (5 sq mi). The farm, 2 miles (3 km) from the 621: 540: 488: 228: 59: 44: 5006: 4789:"New Agricultural School.; Briar Cliff Farm Selected by Abram S. Hewitt and His Associates" 4507: 4313: 4230: 3889: 3843: 3133: 2928: 1133: 451: 3704: 3221: 1939: 1863: 1277: 1237: 1233: 1147: 480: 418:

realtor, who advertised the farm for $ 2.75 million ($ 8.68 million in 2023) in

392: 379: 197: 193: 87: 83: 4476:

American Gardening; A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and Gardeners' Chronicle

3794:(362). New York, New York: Illustrated American Publishing Company: 128. January 16, 1897 828:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

4664: 4557:. Vol. 2. New York, New York: New York State Medical Association. 1900. p. 697 1576: 5542: 5502: 2997: 1957: 1500: 1427: 1372: 1249: 1027: 995: 610: 601: 460: 383: 313: 103: 91: 4855:"Farming School to be Extended: Experimental Educational Station Proves a Big Success" 4722:

Marchant, Robert (June 29, 2006). "Historic Briarcliff rose adorns new street signs".

1392: 530: 316:

drove up from New York City and toured the farm as guests of Walter Law. According to

5632: 5584: 5569: 5492: 4293:(6). New York, New York: Municipal Journal & Engineer, Inc.: 132 February 7, 1906 1513: 1163: 1051: 1047: 1007: 650: 552: 548: 347: 189: 177: 115: 75: 4552: 1434:. George T. Powell, a "recognized authority on scientific agriculture" according to 216:) to check each cow every six months for tuberculosis and other diseases, exceeding 5522: 1452: 1448: 1431: 1290: 1195: 1191: 1067: 1043: 682: 476: 266: 205: 123: 1758:

Powell was a practical educator and lecturer with Cornell University and the USDA.

838: 5183: 5067: 5037: 4935: 4751: 4648: 4615: 4579: 4472: 4437: 4282: 4165: 4136: 4108: 3983: 3935: 3783: 3748: 3692: 3383: 3080: 2803: 2769: 2707: 2674: 2632: 2598: 2489: 2450: 2358: 2041: 1981: 1363: 5487: 4972:

Henry Francis Du Pont and the Early Development of Winterthur Gardens, 1800–1927

1650:

Pocantico Valley, with Barn A in the foreground and the school in the background

1561: 1553: 1488: 1472: 1303: 1183: 1060: 1003: 999: 560: 111: 107: 99: 4473:"The School of Practical Agriculture and Horticulture, Briarcliff Manor, N. Y." 4049: 2286: 2243:

Glory in Glass: A Celebration of The Briarcliff Congregational Church 1896–1996

585: 30:"Briarcliff Farm" redirects here. For the mansion in Druid Hills, Georgia, see 5036:

United States Department of Agriculture (September 1902). Allen, E. W. (ed.).

4672: 3813: 3644: 3087:. Albany, New York: State of New York Department of Agriculture: 35e–38e. 1911 2738: 1962:. Vol. 1. New York: American Jersey Cattle Club. January 1889. p. 17 1484: 1480: 1456: 1417: 1384: 1152: 492: 5614: 5601: 5292: 5209: 5161: 4517: 4323: 4240: 3899: 3853: 3143: 2938: 2264: 1592:

In Briarcliff Manor, part of the original Stillman farmhouse survives as the

1190:. The farm's first New York City store was in Manhattan's Windsor Arcade, at 4970: 4422: 2866: 2676:

Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for the Year 1900

2190: 1935: 1859: 1402: 1187: 1023: 614: 604:

on Dalmeny Road, for the farm's single men. The building, modeled after the

556: 544: 484: 359: 286: 173: 163: 4069: 3623: 2579: 1943: 1867: 5235: 5135: 4403:

A Century of Volunteer Service: Briarcliff Manor Fire Department 1901–2001

1146:

was cooled, strained five times and bottled. The bottles were sealed with

2524:"Briarcliff Manor – The Hudson River Town Six Degrees of Separation" 1015: 362:

on the Central New England Railway) at Barn A. During Briarcliff Manor's

274: 1580:

The original farmhouse, now the rectory of St. Theresa's Catholic Church

469:

1360 Pleasantville Road, Briarcliff Farms' dairy and office, around 1900

1993: 1593: 1492: 1098: 1055: 863: 698: 2718:(4). New York, New York: League for Social Service: 99–100. April 1901 387:

1955, about 95 percent of US Angus cattle were from Briarcliff stock.

2814:(4). New York, New York: League for Social Service: 128. October 1901 1476: 1122: 1071: 400: 5078:(14). New York, New York: E. L. Kellogg & Co.: 398 April 4, 1903 5005:

United States Department of Agriculture (1902). Allen, E. W. (ed.).

4170:

Annual Report, Nebraska State Board of Agriculture for the Year 1902

3994:(2). New York, New York: League for Social Service: 5. February 1900 4117:. Vol. 53, no. 2762. New York, New York. November 7, 1901 1324:

said it doubted that any other large New York-area dairy did this.

74:, operating about 8,000 acres (10 sq mi) with over 1,000 4628:(2). New York, New York: The Pearson Publishing Co.: 6 August 1911 3959: 1851: 1575: 1461: 1416: 1391: 1171: 1157: 1132: 994:

The farm utilized the concept of a European country seat, through

837: 694: 529: 369: 327: 172: 138: 122:

other agriculture-related skills. The school moved to a farm near

38: 2613:: The Co-operative Education Publishing Company: 15. January 1901 1906:

The Changing Landscape: A History of Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough

1194:

and 46th Street, and it had an office in the Seymour Building at

4414: 2858: 2500:(2). New York, New York: The Lakeside Publishing Co. August 1901 1927: 1541:

as the Agricultural Student Loan Fund for students in Cornell's

1166:

menu from 1917, with Briarcliff Farms milk offered by the bottle

278: 5296: 4482:(280). New York, New York: James W. Withers: 317–8. May 5, 1900 4448:(2). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Doubleday, Page & Co.: xxxiv 1735:

The Briarcliff Lodge's laundry building was built in 1909, was

721: 4554:

The Medical Directory of New York, New Jersey and Connecticut

110:, and harness shops on-site, was located around Walter Law's 3479:. Vol. 117, no. 33. Millbrook, New York. p. 1 1491:, land surveying and leveling, soils, drainage, irrigation, 1343: 1170:

The farm's products were packaged as milk, cream, butter or

143:

Illustration of James Stillman's Briarcliff Farm around 1886

1662:

The plasmon factory, now an automotive restoration facility

4740:. Briarcliff Manor Garden Club. September 2013. p. 2. 4018:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 2463:. New York, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.: 1625–1637 1535:

New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts

3085:

Eighteenth Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture

1046:

horses, pheasants and peacocks. The pigs (which included

5048:(1). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: 515–6 320:, they "expressed hearty approval of Briarcliff ways". 5017:(1). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: 1005 4138:

The Finance and Commerce of New York and United States

3761:(3). New York, New York: Frank Leslie Publishing House 5246: 4659:(10). New York, New York: Richard Elwood Dodge: 447. 2853:. Historical Committee of the Semi–Centennial. 1952. 2279:"Our Village: a family place for more than a century" 2040:

Bacon, Edgar Mayhew (May 1902). Bailey, L. H. (ed.).

2035: 2033: 2031: 1899: 1897: 1739:'s music building, and was demolished in summer 2002. 1622:

Section of the cow barns, with Law's mottoes overhead

1479:, chemistry, geology, physics, agricultural zoology, 1125:

on the interior walls of the Dalmeny boarding house.

4936:"A School of Practical Agriculture and Horticulture" 3214:"New York – The Mother Church of Angus History" 2558:

Ossining, New York: An Informal Bicentennial History

2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1634:

April 28, 1913 Dalmeny Road barn fire, next door to

5460: 5434: 5413: 5330: 4738:

The Briarcliff Manor Garden Club Yearbook 2013–2014

1141:At its peak, the farm delivered milk to areas from 797: 785: 742: 718: 693: 679: 670: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4783: 4781: 4051:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 3818:"If You're Thinking of Living in Briarcliff Manor" 3539:. Vol. 119, no. 14. Millbrook, New York 4574: 4572: 4501: 4499: 4497: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3258:: Kentucky State Fair Board. 2013. p. 139. 3212:Burke, Tom (August 2014). Shanahan, Mike (ed.). 3127: 3125: 3123: 2851:Our Village: Briarcliff Manor, N.Y. 1902 to 1952 551:, a militiaman who helped capture British major 184:In 1898 Law retired from the vice-presidency of 18:School of Practical Agriculture and Horticulture 3573:Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough Historical Society 2760: 2758: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2517: 2515: 2373:: League for Social Service: 8–22. January 1901 2283:Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough Historical Society 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 1299: 1261: 594:The Dalmeny boarding house and its reading room 5000: 4998: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 3888:Emerson, Arthur W., ed. (September 29, 1907). 3612:A Village Between Two Rivers: Briarcliff Manor 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3444:. Vol. 53, no. 36. September 6, 1934 2991: 2989: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2743:. New York, New York: The Social Service Press 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 671:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 5308: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3248:Saddle & Sirloin Club Portrait Collection 3006:: The Little Nine Partners Historical Society 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 1202:. The office produced advertisements for the 8: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3284: 3282: 2236: 2234: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1302:familiar to us that a store should have the 849: 665: 114:, and constructed numerous buildings in the 5442:Briarcliff Manor Union Free School District 5208:. Triangle Arts Association. Archived from 4901:. Yonkers, New York. May 8, 1901. p. 5 4512:. Vol. 3. Briarcliff Manor, New York. 4318:. Vol. 3. Briarcliff Manor, New York. 4235:. Vol. 4. Briarcliff Manor, New York. 3894:. Vol. 1. Briarcliff Manor, New York. 3848:. Vol. 4. Briarcliff Manor, New York. 3686: 3684: 3682: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3351:"Court Asked to Decide Who Owns Stockbriar" 3138:. Vol. 3. Briarcliff Manor, New York. 3132:Emerson, Arthur W., ed. (October 4, 1908). 3023: 3021: 2933:. Vol. 4. Briarcliff Manor, New York. 2878: 2876: 2353: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 813:Source: "The Inspiration of a Great Farm", 5315: 5301: 5293: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4537:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4343:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4260:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4229:Emerson, Arthur W., ed. (September 1905). 4014:United States Food and Drug Administration 3978: 3976: 3919:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3873:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3742: 3691:Baker, Caroline Sheridan (December 1900). 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3241: 3239: 3163:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3038:. Pine Plains, New York. September 2, 1915 2958:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2702: 2700: 2698: 2659:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2551: 2549: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 848: 759: 664: 637:Briarcliff Farms' second location, in the 525:International Union of Operating Engineers 86:, and it was purchased by New York banker 4849: 4847: 4195:Oliver, John W., ed. (February 8, 1897). 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3075: 3073: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 507:near the intersection of the Taconic and 503:, and Barn F (housing 118 cattle) was in 479:, was established between the Hudson and 312:and US Representative and farm architect 3778: 3776: 3500:"Stockbriar Case Will Go to Court March" 3435:"Honors Go To Briarcliff at County Fair" 3388:Soil Survey of Dutchess County, New York 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 2885:Explore Briarcliff Manor: A driving tour 2804:"Among and About our Commercial Members" 1543:College of Agriculture and Life Sciences 1006:, many of which were constructed in the 5684:1890 establishments in New York (state) 5669:Schools in Westchester County, New York 5253: 4932:United States Department of Agriculture 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4506:Emerson, Arthur W., ed. (August 1904). 4373:Reynolds, Minnie J. (August 18, 1901). 3325:. Rhinebeck Gazette. Taconic Newspapers 2681:United States Department of Agriculture 2161:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 1771: 1719: 1612: 180:, founder of Briarcliff Farms and Manor 43:Barn C on Dalmeny Road in front of the 4649:"The Function of the School Excursion" 4530: 4336: 4253: 4166:"The Tuberculin Test for Tuberculosis" 3912: 3866: 3697:The Puritan, A Journal for Gentlewomen 3530:"Court Evicts Mashomack; Deal Readied" 3156: 2951: 2927:Emerson, Arthur W., ed. (April 1906). 2652: 2202: 2200: 1959:Butter Tests of Registered Jersey Cows 1382: 1097:and the Westchester municipalities of 511:. The farm also had a large barn near 250:) and a company wagon in front of the 47:, one of four cattle barns on the farm 4312:Emerson, Arthur W., ed. (June 1904). 3842:Emerson, Arthur W., ed. (June 1905). 3575:. 2014. pp. 3, 5. Archived from 3207: 3205: 3203: 2494:The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review 2159:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 1698:History of Briarcliff Manor, New York 1686:Greenhouses near the Briarcliff Lodge 1396:The Briarcliff Rose on a village sign 1322:The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review 7: 5674:History of Dutchess County, New York 5654:Schools in Dutchess County, New York 5396:Trump National Golf Club Westchester 5102:Cornell University Register, 1924-25 4752:"Living Issues for Pulpit Treatment" 4287:Municipal Journal & Public Works 3747:Hendrick, Burton J. (January 1902). 2522:John Steiner, Henry (May 19, 2011). 1674:One of the 306-foot-long greenhouses 378:On October 9, 1918, New York banker 350:and other buildings. The barns used 196:for 2 miles (3 km), taking out 5679:Historic farms in the United States 5659:Defunct schools in New York (state) 4028:from the original on March 27, 2024 3944:: Arcadia Publishing. p. 103. 3934:Herr, Beth; Koehl, Maureen (2013). 3470:"Stockbriar Tries to Get Farm Back" 2359:"Christmas Eve at Briarcliff Farms" 1826:Images of America: Briarcliff Lodge 252:New York Public Library Main Branch 5518:Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt Shepard 5136:"A history worth reading ..." 5098:"Loan Funds: Other Pecuniary Aids" 4694:"Westchester Folk Hold Horse Show" 3384:"Livestock and Livestock Products" 1137:Bottling at Briarcliff Farms, 1906 337:Plains-Stanford Road (present-day 106:, established working blacksmith, 90:in 1918, who developed it into an 54:was a farm established in 1890 by 25: 3179:"Walter W. Law Dies in the South" 2908:: J. B. Lyon Company. p. 164 2042:"The Inspiration of a Great Farm" 374:Barn B in Pine Plains around 1910 332:Barn A in Pine Plains around 1910 5421:Briarcliff Manor Fire Department 5404: 5280: 5268: 5256: 5234: 5160:. Berkshire Stud. Archived from 4436:Bailey, L. H., ed. (June 1902). 4407:Briarcliff Manor Fire Department 4076:from the original on May 9, 2024 3509:. Millbrook, New York. p. 8 3412:. Department of Animal Science, 3320:"Pine Plains' Historical Houses" 2451:"The New Farming and a New Life" 1708:Agriculture in the United States 1679: 1667: 1655: 1643: 1627: 1615: 1383:Problems playing this file? See 1361: 1115:Briarcliff Manor Fire Department 850:Briarcliff Farms herd population 584: 575: 459: 450: 236: 227: 5452:Briarcliff Manor Public Library 3749:"An American Country Gentleman" 3528:Robinson, Tim (April 5, 1984). 3468:Loeb, Penny (August 19, 1982). 3410:"William Harper Pew: 1883–1935" 3349:Loeb, Penny (August 19, 1982). 1413:School of Practical Agriculture 600:Walter Law provided Dalmeny, a 246:Briarcliff Table Water bottle ( 5381:Dr. Holbrook's Military School 5068:"School of Agriculture Closed" 4283:"The Supply of Milk to Cities" 3754:Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly 3360:. Vol. 117, no. 33. 3290:"Thorne Buys Briarcliff Farms" 2249:: Caltone Color Graphics Inc. 1475:, horticulture, cold storage, 1466:The school's landscape gardens 1174:, and sent every night on the 858: 1: 5350:Scarborough Historic District 4969:Libby, Valencia (June 1984). 4647:Hine, L. W. (December 1905). 4375:"Training Scientific Farmers" 3984:"A Briar Cliff Communal Home" 3645:"Mashomack Barn Reservations" 3498:Loeb, Penny (March 9, 1983). 3107:"Central New England Railway" 2737:Tolman, William Howe (1900). 2183:A History of Briarcliff Manor 218:New York City Board of Health 78:. In 1907, the farm moved to 5360:All Saints' Episcopal Church 5184:"Berkshire Stud Real Estate" 4934:(1901). Allen, E. W. (ed.). 4210:: Yonkers Publishing Company 4176:: State Journal Company: 244 3937:Ward Pound Ridge Reservation 3029:"Briarcliff Farms Entertain" 2153:American Antiquarian Society 2133:American Antiquarian Society 1520:, then in his third year at 1226:(papers which, according to 1176:New York and Putnam Railroad 824:Percentages estimated using 517:Edith Macy Conference Center 395:, and was a director of the 64:Westchester County, New York 5649:History of New York (state) 4764:Funk & Wagnalls Company 3693:"Where Women Study Farming" 3618:: Monarch Publishing, Inc. 2768:, ed. (November 30, 1899). 2309:"Westchester Excels Nevada" 2208:"The Duke Christens a Bull" 1556:. The Knox School moved to 1421:The school's first building 1244:and Milhau's Drug Store on 647:Central New England Railway 5700: 5639:Briarcliff Manor, New York 5575:New York metropolitan area 5391:Sleepy Hollow Country Club 5324:Briarcliff Manor, New York 4948:Government Printing Office 3942:Charleston, South Carolina 3610:Bosak, Midge, ed. (1977). 2562:Croton-on-Hudson, New York 2247:Briarcliff Manor, New York 2241:Sharman, Karen M. (1996). 1830:Charleston, South Carolina 1091:The Briarcliff Once-a-Week 998:, established blacksmith, 475:The farm, overlooking the 397:American Angus Association 307:Governor General of Canada 214:University of Pennsylvania 72:Northeastern United States 29: 5644:Farms in New York (state) 5551: 5426:Scarborough train station 5402: 5042:Experiment Station Record 5011:Experiment Station Record 4940:Experiment Station Record 4865:San Francisco, California 4762:(1). New York, New York: 4673:10.1080/00221340508986073 4596:& Co.: 6 May 17, 1899 4592:(7). New York, New York: 3703:(3). New York, New York: 3318:Loeb, Penny (July 1982). 2898:Murlin, Edgar L. (1915). 2784:: Morton Print Company: 4 2770:"Millionaires as Farmers" 2490:"Nurses Visit Briarcliff" 2445:Blossom, Mary C. (1901). 2181:Pattison, Robert (1939). 2060:Doubleday, Page & Co. 1992:(6). New York, New York: 1824:Yasinsac, Robert (2004). 1497:New York Botanical Garden 1240:, Mendel's Lunch Room at 968: 876:— 823: 809: 805: 781: 773: 769: 762: 758: 738: 734: 714: 710: 675: 324:Relocation to Pine Plains 282:Bureau of Animal Industry 5473:William Woodward Baldwin 5263:Agriculture and Agronomy 5158:"Berkshire Stud History" 5116:: 107. September 1, 1925 4653:The Journal of Geography 3788:The Illustrated American 3566:"2014 Summer Newsletter" 3036:The Pine Plains Register 2603:The Co-operative Journal 2056:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 1986:American Agriculturalist 1982:"Stillman's Model Dairy" 534:Cottages on Dalmeny Road 509:New York State Route 100 497:New York State Route 117 5468:William Henry Aspinwall 4946:(4). Washington, D.C.: 4892:"School of Agriculture" 4823:"School of Agriculture" 4442:Country Life in America 2782:Nebraska City, Nebraska 2766:Morton, Julius Sterling 2683:. 1901. pp. 219–20 2556:Oechsner, Carl (1975). 2047:Country Life in America 1636:Briarcliff Fire Company 1129:Processing and delivery 826:US recommendations 815:Country Life in America 513:New York State Route 9A 425:The Wall Street Journal 339:New York State Route 82 27:Former farm in New York 5528:Narcissa Cox Vanderlip 5447:Briarcliff High School 5386:Scarborough Day School 5370:Briarcliff Trophy Race 4981:University of Delaware 4860:The San Francisco Call 4164:Salmon, D. E. (1903). 3891:Briarcliff Once-a-Week 3616:White Plains, New York 3224:: NY Angus Association 3135:Briarcliff Once-a-Week 2883:Gelard, Donna (2002). 1912:: Phoenix Publishing. 1904:Cheever, Mary (1990). 1749:Practical Agriculture. 1603:automotive restoration 1581: 1528:Relocation and closure 1467: 1422: 1397: 1348: 1330:Ethical Culture School 1309: 1287:George Frideric Handel 1266: 1180:Greenwich, Connecticut 1167: 1138: 846: 830:the National Academies 645:, was adjacent to the 535: 431:New York Supreme Court 375: 333: 271:Exposition Universelle 181: 144: 48: 5513:Elliott Fitch Shepard 5461:Influential residents 4899:The Yonkers Statesman 4438:"Briarcliff Products" 3647:. Mashomack Polo Club 3507:Millbrook Round Table 3414:Iowa State University 3004:Pine Plains, New York 2901:The New York Red Book 2740:Industrial Betterment 2564:: North River Press. 1910:West Kennebunk, Maine 1589:) from 1982 to 1993. 1579: 1518:Henry Francis du Pont 1465: 1420: 1395: 1347: 1242:Grand Central Station 1217:New York Evening Post 1161: 1136: 1085:in 1900, the monthly 841: 764:Vitamins and minerals 666:Briarcliff Farms milk 643:hamlet of Pine Plains 533: 501:Taconic State Parkway 414:In 1982 CAPA hired a 373: 364:first automobile race 331: 273:, the farm submitted 176: 150:Madison Square Garden 142: 118:architectural style. 68:American Beauty roses 42: 5664:Agricultural schools 5243:at Wikimedia Commons 4756:The Homiletic Review 4143:The New York Tribune 4109:"A Great Experiment" 3784:"A Model Dairy Farm" 3256:Louisville, Kentucky 2679:. Washington, D.C.: 2641:1901. pp. 300–1 1095:Lakewood, New Jersey 547:previously owned by 405:Dutchess County Fair 160:14th Duke of Veragua 32:Briarcliff (mansion) 5611: / 5508:William Rockefeller 5483:Carrie Chapman Catt 5164:on January 30, 2015 4665:1905JGeog...4..446H 4197:"Briar Cliff Farms" 4145:. 1909. p. 240 3537:The Register Herald 3477:The Register Herald 3442:The Register-Herald 3362:Millbrook, New York 3358:The Register Herald 2708:"Walter W. Law, Jr" 2611:Oakland, California 2534:on February 8, 2015 2318:. December 26, 1904 2185:. William Rayburn. 1703:History of New York 1599:Consolidated Edison 1587:Triangle Arts Trust 1566:John D. Rockefeller 1083:Briarcliff Bulletin 851: 667: 639:town of Pine Plains 352:Franklin Hiram King 210:veterinary medicine 129:St. James, New York 5565:Westchester County 5533:Frank A. Vanderlip 5376:Briarcliff College 5114:Cornell University 5072:The School Journal 4830:The New York Times 4796:The New York Times 4701:The New York Times 4621:Pearson's Magazine 4616:"Briarcliff Lodge" 4580:"Briarcliff Farms" 4509:Briarcliff Outlook 4382:The New York Times 4315:Briarcliff Outlook 4232:Briarcliff Outlook 3845:Briarcliff Outlook 3822:The New York Times 3299:. October 10, 1918 3297:The New York Times 3188:. January 19, 1924 3186:The New York Times 2930:Briarcliff Outlook 2447:Page, Walter Hines 2371:New York, New York 2316:The New York Times 2289:on August 12, 2014 2216:The New York Times 1996:Co.: 270 June 1887 1834:Arcadia Publishing 1737:The King's College 1582: 1539:Cornell University 1522:Harvard University 1468: 1436:The New York Times 1423: 1398: 1375:'s Briarcliff show 1349: 1257:Ethos and advances 1211:The New York Times 1168: 1139: 1087:Briarcliff Outlook 847: 843:Briarcliff Outlook 787:Other constituents 536: 420:The New York Times 376: 334: 318:Briarcliff Outlook 186:W. & J. Sloane 182: 158:reported that the 155:The New York Times 145: 56:Walter William Law 49: 5615:41.148°N 73.845°W 5593: 5592: 5580:State of New York 5538:Alexander S. Webb 5498:Walter W. Law Jr. 5239:Media related to 4208:Yonkers, New York 4174:Lincoln, Nebraska 4061:978-0-309-48834-1 3951:978-0-7385-9905-2 3265:978-0-9634756-4-0 1843:978-0-7385-3620-0 1550:Mrs. Dow's School 1366: 992: 991: 845:cover, April 1906 836: 835: 818: 777: 776: 16:(Redirected from 5691: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5478:William J. Burns 5408: 5365:Briarcliff Farms 5345:Briarcliff Lodge 5317: 5310: 5303: 5294: 5285: 5284: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5252: 5241:Briarcliff Farms 5238: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5212:on July 18, 2010 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5186:. Berkshire Stud 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5110:Ithaca, New York 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4977:Newark, Delaware 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4928: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4896: 4888: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4827: 4819: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4793: 4785: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4724:The Journal News 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4698: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4594:George P. Rowell 4576: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4536: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4503: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4469: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4349: 4348: 4342: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4279: 4266: 4265: 4259: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4201: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4105: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3872: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3744: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3688: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3641: 3628: 3627: 3607: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3582:on July 15, 2014 3581: 3570: 3562: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3534: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3504: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3474: 3465: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3355: 3346: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3324: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3294: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3253: 3243: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3209: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3129: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3077: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3033: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2993: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2906:Albany, New York 2895: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2871: 2870: 2847: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2774:The Conservative 2762: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2704: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2639:Washington, D.C. 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2595: 2584: 2583: 2553: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2530:. 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Archived from 2275: 2269: 2268: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2212: 2204: 2195: 2194: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2156: 2150: 2136: 2130: 2115: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2037: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1901: 1872: 1871: 1821: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1683: 1671: 1659: 1647: 1631: 1619: 1509:Colonial Revival 1455:, gardening and 1440:Briarcliff Manor 1368: 1367: 1346: 1315: 1272: 1223:Mail and Express 1205:New-York Tribune 1079:Briarcliff Farms 1036:cubic centimeter 865: 860: 852: 817:, page 13, 1902. 812: 760: 668: 622:Upstate New York 588: 579: 489:Briarcliff Lodge 481:Pocantico Rivers 463: 454: 442:Briarcliff Manor 240: 231: 60:Briarcliff Manor 52:Briarcliff Farms 45:Briarcliff Lodge 21: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5629: 5628: 5620:41.148; -73.845 5619: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5589: 5547: 5456: 5430: 5409: 5400: 5372: 5326: 5321: 5291: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5247: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5138:The Knox School 5134: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5004: 5003: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4930: 4929: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4853: 4852: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4832:. June 19, 1902 4825: 4821: 4820: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4766:: 83. July 1896 4750: 4749: 4745: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4703:. July 12, 1931 4696: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4578: 4577: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4529: 4522: 4520: 4505: 4504: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4471: 4470: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4352: 4335: 4328: 4326: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4269: 4252: 4245: 4243: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4199: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4114:The Independent 4107: 4106: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4062: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3952: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3911: 3904: 3902: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3865: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3816:(May 1, 1983). 3812: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3746: 3745: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3705:Frank A. Munsey 3690: 3689: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3631: 3609: 3608: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3222:Ghent, New York 3211: 3210: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3155: 3148: 3146: 3131: 3130: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2995: 2994: 2967: 2950: 2943: 2941: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2849: 2848: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2706: 2705: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2637:. Vol. 3. 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2597: 2596: 2587: 2572: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2521: 2520: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2488: 2487: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2444: 2443: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2357: 2356: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2257: 2240: 2239: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2219:. June 17, 1893 2210: 2206: 2205: 2198: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2158: 2148: 2140:McCusker, J. J. 2138: 2128: 2120:McCusker, J. J. 2118: 2116: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2039: 2038: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1920: 1903: 1902: 1875: 1844: 1823: 1822: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1675: 1672: 1663: 1660: 1651: 1648: 1639: 1632: 1623: 1620: 1611: 1574: 1530: 1415: 1390: 1389: 1381: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1369: 1362: 1359: 1356:Briarcliff Rose 1350: 1344: 1339: 1317: 1313:The Independent 1311: 1278:Andrew Carnegie 1274: 1270:The Independent 1268: 1259: 1238:Waldorf Astoria 1131: 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 978: 976: 974: 972: 819: 810: 765: 754: 749: 730: 725: 706: 701: 686: 663: 635: 598: 597: 596: 595: 591: 590: 589: 581: 580: 569: 473: 472: 471: 470: 466: 465: 464: 456: 455: 444: 439: 393:Dutchess County 380:Oakleigh Thorne 326: 305:In April 1906, 262: 261: 260: 259: 243: 242: 241: 233: 232: 194:Pocantico River 137: 88:Oakleigh Thorne 84:Dutchess County 62:, a village in 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5697: 5695: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5631: 5630: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5560:Mount Pleasant 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5543:H. Walter Webb 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5503:Carmino Ravosa 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5336: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5297: 5290: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5245: 5244: 5230: 5229:External links 5227: 5224: 5223: 5197: 5175: 5149: 5127: 5089: 5059: 5028: 4994: 4961: 4912: 4878: 4867:. June 9, 1902 4843: 4809: 4777: 4743: 4729: 4714: 4685: 4639: 4607: 4568: 4544: 4493: 4459: 4428: 4394: 4350: 4304: 4267: 4221: 4187: 4156: 4128: 4087: 4060: 4039: 4005: 3988:Social Service 3972: 3950: 3926: 3880: 3834: 3805: 3772: 3718: 3658: 3629: 3593: 3550: 3520: 3490: 3455: 3426: 3401: 3375: 3336: 3310: 3278: 3264: 3235: 3199: 3170: 3119: 3098: 3049: 3017: 2965: 2919: 2890: 2872: 2825: 2808:Social Service 2795: 2754: 2729: 2712:Social Service 2694: 2666: 2624: 2585: 2570: 2545: 2511: 2474: 2384: 2363:Social Service 2329: 2300: 2270: 2255: 2230: 2196: 2173: 2157:1800–present: 2073: 2007: 1973: 1949: 1918: 1873: 1842: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1751: 1741: 1728: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1642: 1640: 1633: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1573: 1570: 1529: 1526: 1428:V. Everit Macy 1414: 1411: 1380: 1373:Carmino Ravosa 1370: 1360: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1298: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1130: 1127: 1048:Chester Whites 996:tenant farming 990: 989: 970: 966: 965: 962: 959: 955: 954: 951: 948: 944: 943: 940: 937: 933: 932: 929: 926: 922: 921: 918: 915: 911: 910: 907: 904: 900: 899: 896: 893: 889: 888: 885: 882: 878: 877: 874: 871: 867: 866: 861: 856: 834: 833: 821: 820: 811: 807: 806: 803: 802: 799: 795: 794: 789: 783: 782: 779: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 763: 756: 755: 752: 750: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 732: 731: 728: 726: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 708: 707: 704: 702: 697: 691: 690: 687: 680: 677: 676: 673: 672: 662: 659: 634: 631: 626:King's College 602:boarding house 593: 592: 583: 582: 574: 573: 572: 571: 570: 568: 565: 468: 467: 458: 457: 449: 448: 447: 446: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 403:. At the 1934 384:Aberdeen Angus 325: 322: 314:Edward Burnett 245: 244: 235: 234: 226: 225: 224: 223: 222: 190:tenant farmers 136: 133: 104:tenant farming 92:Aberdeen Angus 82:in New York's 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5696: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5627: 5624: 5586: 5585:United States 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5570:Hudson Valley 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493:Walter W. Law 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5313: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5288: 5287:Hudson Valley 5283: 5278: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5142:September 12, 5137: 5131: 5128: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5029: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4965: 4962: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4900: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4798:. May 1, 1900 4797: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4725: 4718: 4715: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4640: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4585:Printers' Ink 4581: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4556: 4555: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4308: 4305: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4225: 4222: 4209: 4205: 4204:The Statesman 4198: 4191: 4188: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4157: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4132: 4129: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4043: 4040: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4006: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3930: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3835: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3521: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3491: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3443: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3249: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3037: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2923: 2920: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2742: 2741: 2733: 2730: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2571:0-88427-016-5 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2533: 2529: 2528:River Journal 2525: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2317: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2293:September 12, 2288: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2256:0-912882-96-4 2252: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2174: 2162: 2154: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2134: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2008: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1961: 1960: 1953: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1919:0-914659-49-9 1915: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1755: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1682: 1677: 1670: 1665: 1658: 1653: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1578: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514:coeducational 1510: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1444:Pleasantville 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1419: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1374: 1358: 1357: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1316: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1265: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1250:free on board 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1229:Printers' Ink 1225: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1164:Hotel McAlpin 1160: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1135: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1008:Tudor Revival 1005: 1001: 997: 967: 963: 960: 957: 956: 952: 949: 946: 945: 941: 938: 935: 934: 930: 927: 924: 923: 919: 916: 913: 912: 908: 905: 902: 901: 897: 894: 891: 890: 886: 883: 880: 879: 875: 872: 869: 868: 862: 857: 854: 853: 844: 840: 831: 827: 822: 816: 808: 804: 800: 796: 793: 790: 788: 784: 780: 772: 768: 761: 757: 751: 748: 747: 741: 737: 733: 727: 724: 723: 717: 713: 709: 703: 700: 696: 692: 688: 685: 684: 683:Carbohydrates 678: 674: 669: 660: 658: 656: 652: 651:Jersey cattle 648: 644: 640: 632: 630: 627: 623: 618: 616: 612: 607: 603: 587: 578: 566: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 549:John Paulding 546: 542: 532: 528: 526: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 462: 453: 441: 436: 434: 432: 427: 426: 421: 417: 412: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 388: 385: 381: 372: 368: 365: 361: 355: 353: 349: 348:power station 344: 340: 330: 323: 321: 319: 315: 311: 308: 303: 301: 295: 291: 288: 283: 280: 276: 272: 268: 257: 253: 249: 239: 230: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 179: 175: 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 156: 151: 141: 134: 132: 130: 125: 119: 117: 116:Tudor Revival 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 76:Jersey cattle 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5595: 5523:James Speyer 5364: 5214:. Retrieved 5210:the original 5200: 5188:. Retrieved 5178: 5166:. Retrieved 5162:the original 5152: 5140:. Retrieved 5130: 5118:. Retrieved 5105: 5101: 5092: 5082:February 22, 5080:. Retrieved 5075: 5071: 5062: 5052:February 27, 5050:. Retrieved 5045: 5041: 5031: 5021:February 28, 5019:. Retrieved 5014: 5010: 4985:. Retrieved 4983:. p. 28 4971: 4964: 4952:. Retrieved 4943: 4939: 4903:. Retrieved 4898: 4871:February 27, 4869:. Retrieved 4858: 4836:December 24, 4834:. Retrieved 4829: 4802:December 24, 4800:. Retrieved 4795: 4768:. Retrieved 4759: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4732: 4723: 4717: 4707:December 24, 4705:. Retrieved 4700: 4688: 4676:. Retrieved 4656: 4652: 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4625: 4619: 4610: 4598:. Retrieved 4589: 4583: 4561:February 28, 4559:. Retrieved 4553: 4547: 4523:February 16, 4521:. Retrieved 4508: 4484:. Retrieved 4479: 4475: 4452:February 28, 4450:. Retrieved 4445: 4441: 4431: 4402: 4397: 4387:December 24, 4385:. Retrieved 4381: 4329:February 16, 4327:. 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Retrieved 1958: 1952: 1905: 1825: 1754: 1744: 1731: 1722: 1638:headquarters 1591: 1583: 1547: 1531: 1505: 1469: 1453:floriculture 1449:horticulture 1435: 1432:James Speyer 1424: 1407: 1399: 1355: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1300: 1283: 1275: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1196:Fifth Avenue 1192:Fifth Avenue 1169: 1140: 1119: 1107:White Plains 1090: 1089:in 1903 and 1086: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1065: 1061:Dorset Horns 1044:Thoroughbred 1041: 1032: 1012: 993: 842: 814: 791: 786: 744: 720: 681: 636: 619: 606:Mills Houses 599: 537: 521: 477:Hudson River 474: 423: 419: 413: 409: 389: 377: 356: 335: 317: 304: 296: 292: 267:Thoroughbred 263: 255: 247: 206:tuberculosis 202: 183: 153: 146: 124:Poughkeepsie 120: 97: 51: 50: 36: 5618: / 5488:John Hersey 5216:January 25, 5190:January 25, 5168:January 25, 4954:February 6, 4121:January 29, 3814:Wade, Betsy 3586:January 27, 3419:February 6, 3364:. p. 3 3042:February 6, 3010:February 6, 2788:February 6, 2599:"The Dairy" 2538:January 27, 2137:1700–1799: 2117:1634–1699: 2066:February 7, 1572:Farm status 1562:Long Island 1554:Cooperstown 1489:meteorology 1473:agriculture 1337:Greenhouses 1304:Golden Rule 1200:42nd Street 1184:Dobbs Ferry 1182:, Yonkers, 1004:manor house 1000:wheelwright 633:Pine Plains 561:Pound Ridge 541:front-gable 358:Plains and 343:Pine Plains 310:Albert Grey 220:standards. 168:Scarborough 112:manor house 108:wheelwright 80:Pine Plains 5633:Categories 5606:73°50′42″W 5603:41°08′53″N 4975:(Thesis). 3960:2012951208 2999:The Record 1852:2004104493 1766:References 1605:facility. 1485:beekeeping 1481:entomology 1457:aviculture 1403:carnations 1385:media help 1295:Walter Jr. 1162:Part of a 1153:live steam 1052:Berkshires 1028:registered 661:Operations 553:John André 493:smokehouse 300:Walter Jr. 178:Walter Law 5435:Education 5355:Beechwood 5275:Companies 5206:"History" 5120:March 10, 4987:March 10, 4905:March 10, 4770:March 16, 4678:March 10, 4632:March 10, 4533:cite book 4518:679344578 4339:cite book 4324:679344578 4297:March 10, 4256:cite book 4241:679344578 4032:March 28, 3915:cite book 3900:679344578 3869:cite book 3854:679344578 3707:: 329–344 3543:March 19, 3513:March 10, 3483:March 10, 3394:March 10, 3368:March 10, 3159:cite book 3144:679344578 2954:cite book 2939:679344578 2912:March 19, 2818:March 10, 2747:March 13, 2655:cite book 2467:March 10, 2265:429606439 1558:St. James 1276:In 1906, 1234:St. Regis 1188:Tarrytown 1148:parchment 1103:Tarrytown 1024:butterfat 1020:Simmental 615:glee club 557:Lewisboro 545:Peekskill 485:Manhattan 437:Locations 416:Millbrook 360:Attlebury 287:affidavit 164:livestock 5556:Ossining 5414:Services 5340:Timeline 4600:March 8, 4486:March 6, 4423:48049424 4415:00093475 4409:. 2001. 4214:March 3, 4180:March 8, 4080:June 21, 4074:Archived 4070:30844154 4026:Archived 4016:(2024). 3998:March 6, 3965:March 9, 3798:March 6, 3765:March 7, 3711:March 9, 3651:April 1, 3329:March 7, 3271:March 6, 2867:24569093 2859:83238400 2191:39333547 2142:(1992). 2122:(1997). 2000:March 9, 1966:March 6, 1944:1884671M 1936:22274920 1928:90045613 1868:3314243M 1860:57480785 1692:See also 1246:Broadway 1220:and the 1111:Ossining 1068:mangolds 1056:broilers 1016:Normande 969:Sources: 792:Quantity 655:Stanford 505:Millwood 254:, 1908 ( 5332:History 5249:Portals 5038:"Notes" 5007:"Notes" 4950:: 301–2 4661:Bibcode 3624:6163930 2580:1324414 2449:(ed.). 2062:: 12–15 1994:O. 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