Controlled Substances Act - Knowledge (XXG)

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These debates, as well as the history that surrounds the adoption of the treaty provision in Article VI, make it clear that the reason treaties were not limited to those made in "pursuance" of the Constitution was so that agreements made by the United States under the Articles of Confederation, including the important peace treaties which concluded the Revolutionary War, would remain in effect. It would be manifestly contrary to the objectives of those who created the Constitution, as well as those who were responsible for the Bill of Rights—let alone alien to our entire constitutional history and tradition—to construe Article VI as permitting the United States to exercise power under an international agreement without observing constitutional prohibitions. In effect, such construction would permit amendment of that document in a manner not sanctioned by Article V. The prohibitions of the Constitution were designed to apply to all branches of the National Government, and they cannot be nullified by the Executive or by the Executive and the Senate combined.

1159: 2028:), may be dispensed without the written or electronically transmitted (21 CFR 1306.08) prescription of a practitioner, except that in emergency situations, as prescribed by the Secretary by regulation after consultation with the Attorney General, such drug may be dispensed upon oral prescription in accordance with section 503(b) of that Act (21 USC 353 (b)). With exceptions, an original prescription is always required even though faxing in a prescription in advance to a pharmacy by a prescriber is allowed. Prescriptions shall be retained in conformity with the requirements of section 827 of this title. No prescription for a controlled substance in Schedule II may be refilled. 3175:

presumably to make it harder to circumvent this rule, as it's not clear what is / is not controlled, thus placing an element of risk and deterrent in those performing the supply. It is up to the courts to then decide whether a specific chemical is an analogue, often via a 'battle of experts' for the defense and prosecution which can lead to extended and more uncertain prosecutions. The use of the 'analogue' definition also make it more difficult for companies involved in the legitimate supply of chemicals for research and industrial purposes to know whether a chemical is regulated under the CSA

40: 3487:"rug abuse may refer to any type of drug or chemical without regard to its pharmacologic actions. It is an eclectic concept having only one uniform connotation: societal disapproval. ... The Commission believes that the term drug abuse must be deleted from official pronouncements and public policy dialogue. The term has no functional utility and has become no more than an arbitrary codeword for that drug use which is presently considered wrong." – Second Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse; Drug Use In America: Problem In Perspective (March 1973), p.13 1352:, which also establishes mechanisms for amending international drug control regulations to correspond with HHS findings on scientific and medical issues. If control of a substance is mandated by the Single Convention, the Attorney General is required to "issue an order controlling such drug under the schedule he deems most appropriate to carry out such obligations," without regard to the normal scheduling procedure or the findings of the HHS Secretary. However, the Secretary has great influence over any drug scheduling proposal under the Single Convention, because 1315:"The treaty power, as expressed in the Constitution, is in terms unlimited except by those restraints which are found in that instrument against the action of the government or of its departments, and those arising from the nature of the government itself and of that of the States. It would not be contended that it extends so far as to authorize what the Constitution forbids, or a change in the character of the government, or in that of one of the States, or a cession of any portion of the territory of the latter, without its consent." 3230: 645: 3133:

microlitres of a controlled substance within larger chemical collections (often tens of thousands of chemicals) for in vitro screening or sale. Researchers often believe that there is some form of "research exemption" for such small amounts. This incorrect view may be further re-enforced by R&D chemical suppliers often stating and asking scientists to confirm that anything bought is for research use only.

1910:(PTSD). The medical community originally agreed upon placing it as a Schedule III substance, but the government denied this suggestion, despite two court rulings by the DEA's administrative law judge that placing MDMA in Schedule I was illegal. It was temporarily unscheduled after the first administrative hearing from December 22, 1987 – July 1, 1988. 2387:), may be dispensed without a written, electronically transmitted, or oral prescription in conformity with section 503(b) of that Act (21 USC 353 (b)). Such prescriptions may not be filled or refilled more than six months after the date thereof or be refilled more than five times after the date of the prescription unless renewed by the practitioner. 1175:(HHS), or by petition from any interested party, including the manufacturer of a drug, a medical society or association, a pharmacy association, a public interest group concerned with drug abuse, a state or local government agency, or an individual citizen. When a petition is received by the DEA, the agency begins its own investigation of the drug. 2391:

distribution is somewhat less stringent than Schedule II drugs. Provisions for emergency situations are less restrictive within the "closed system" of the Controlled Substances Act than for Schedule II though no schedule has provisions to address circumstances where the closed system is unavailable, nonfunctioning or otherwise inadequate.

1423:. Many articles in these treaties—such as Article 35 and Article 36 of the Single Convention—are prefaced with phrases such as "Having due regard to their constitutional, legal and administrative systems, the Parties shall . . ." or "Subject to its constitutional limitations, each Party shall . . ." According to former 1613:. Every schedule otherwise requires finding and specifying the "potential for abuse" before a substance can be placed in that schedule. The specific classification of any given drug or other substance is usually a source of controversy, as is the purpose and effectiveness of the entire regulatory scheme. 3165:

research, even if the core focus of the company is not narcotic or psychotropic drugs. These may not have been controlled when created, but they have subsequently been declared controlled, or fall within chemical space close to known controlled substances, or are used as tool compounds, precursors or

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This Court has repeatedly taken the position that an Act of Congress, which must comply with the Constitution, is on a full parity with a treaty, and that, when a statute which is subsequent in time is inconsistent with a treaty, the statute to the extent of conflict renders the treaty null. It would

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An Act to amend the Public Health Service Act and other laws to provide increased research into, and prevention of, drug abuse and drug dependence; to provide for treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers and drug dependent persons; and to strengthen existing law enforcement authority in the field

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have made recreational and medical use of marijuana legal, while other states have decriminalized possession of small amounts. Such measures operate only on state laws, and have no effect on federal law. Whether such users would actually be prosecuted under federal law is a separate question with no

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adds or transfers a substance to a schedule established by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, so that current U.S. regulations on the drug do not meet the treaty's requirements, the Secretary is required to issue a recommendation on how the substance should be scheduled under the CSA. If the

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There is nothing in this language which intimates that treaties and laws enacted pursuant to them do not have to comply with the provisions of the Constitution. Nor is there anything in the debates which accompanied the drafting and ratification of the Constitution which even suggests such a result.

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The CSA creates a closed system of distribution for those authorized to handle controlled substances. The cornerstone of this system is the registration of all those authorized by the DEA to handle controlled substances. All individuals and firms that are registered are required to maintain complete

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These have the advantage of clearly defining what is controlled, making prosecutions easier and compliance by legitimate companies simpler. However the downside is that these tend to be harder to understand for non-chemists and also give those wishing to supply for illegitimate reasons something to

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Rohypnol is not approved or available for medical use in the United States, but it is temporarily controlled in Schedule IV pursuant to a treaty obligation under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. At the time flunitrazepam was placed temporarily in Schedule IV (November 5, 1984), there

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If the HHS Secretary disagrees with the UN controls, the Attorney General must temporarily place the drug in Schedule IV or V (whichever meets the minimum requirements of the treaty) and exclude the substance from any regulations not mandated by the treaty. The Secretary is required to request that

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The 2017 Protecting Patient Access to Emergency Medications Act (PPAEMA) amended Section 33 of the CSA to include DEA registration for Emergency Medical Service (EMS) agencies, approved uses of standing orders, and requirements for the maintenance and administration of controlled substances used by

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A further misconception is that the Controlled Substances Act simply lists a few hundred substances (e.g. MDMA, Fentanyl, Amphetamine, etc.) and compliance can be achieved via checking a CAS number, chemical name or similar identifier. However, the reality is that in most cases all ethers, esters,

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Control measures are similar to Schedule III. Prescriptions for Schedule IV drugs may be refilled up to five times within a six-month period. A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, electronically

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allows the Attorney General to temporarily place a substance in Schedule I "to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety". Thirty days' notice is required before the order can be issued, and the scheduling expires after a year. The period may be extended six months if rulemaking proceedings to

4815:"An Act To amend the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 to require States to use at least 8 per centum of their highway safety apportionments for developing and implementing comprehensive programs concerning the use of child restraint sys- tems in motor vehicles, and for other purposes" 3119:

Additionally, the law restricts an individual to the retail purchase of no more than three packages or 3.6 grams of such product per day per purchase – and no more than 9 grams in a single month. A violation of this statute constitutes a misdemeanor. Retailers now commonly require PSE-containing

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The term "controlled substance" means a drug or other substance, or immediate precursor, included in schedule I, II, III, IV, or V of part B of this subchapter. The term does not include distilled spirits, wine, absinthe, malt beverages, nicotine or tobacco, as those terms are defined or used in

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The HHS recommendation on scheduling is binding to the extent that if HHS recommends, based on its medical and scientific evaluation, that the substance not be controlled, then the DEA may not control the substance. Once the DEA has received the scientific and medical evaluation from HHS, the DEA

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The DEA may begin an investigation of a drug at any time based upon information received from laboratories, state and local law enforcement and regulatory agencies, or other sources of information. Once the DEA has collected the necessary data, the Deputy Administrator of DEA, requests from HHS a

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An Act to amend the Public Health Service Act and other laws to provide increased research, into, and prevention of, drug abuse and drug dependence; to provide for treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers and drug dependent persons; and to strengthen existing law enforcement authority in the

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A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, electronically transmitted or by facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in. Control of wholesale

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The CSA does not include a definition of "drug abuse". In addition, research shows certain substances on Schedule I, for drugs which have no accepted medical uses and high potential for abuse, actually have accepted medical uses, have low potential for abuse, or both. One of those substances is

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and, on occasion, from the scientific and medical community at large. The Assistant Secretary, by authority of the Secretary, compiles the information and transmits back to the DEA a medical and scientific evaluation regarding the drug or other substance, a recommendation as to whether the drug

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when he consolidated the previous anti-drug treaties into the Single Convention and took the opportunity to add new provisions that otherwise might have been unpalatable to the international community. According to David T. Courtwright, "the Act was part of an omnibus reform package designed to

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Historically, in an attempt to prevent psychoactive chemicals which are chemically similar to controlled substance, but not specifically controlled by it, the CSA also controls "analogues" of many listed controlled substances. The definition of what 'analogue' means is kept deliberately vague,

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No controlled substance in Schedule V which is a drug may be distributed or dispensed other than for a medical purpose. A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, electronically transmitted or by

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Administrator evaluates all available data and makes a final decision whether to propose that a drug or other substance be controlled and into which schedule it should be placed. Under certain circumstances, the Government may temporarily schedule a drug without following the normal procedure.

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that exerts its effects after being converted into the major active metabolite morphine, and the minor metabolite 6-MAM - which itself is also rapidly converted to morphine. Some European countries still use it as a potent pain reliever in terminal cancer patients, and as second option, after

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The Controlled Substances Act consists of two subchapters. Subchapter I defines Schedules I–V, lists chemicals used in the manufacture of controlled substances, and differentiates lawful and unlawful manufacturing, distribution, and possession of controlled substances, including possession of

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he criminal law is too harsh a tool to apply to personal possession even in the effort to discourage use. It implies an overwhelming indictment of the behavior which we believe is not appropriate. The actual and potential harm of use of the drug is not great enough to justify intrusion by the

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A common misunderstanding amongst researchers is that most national laws (including the Controlled Substance Act) allows the supply/use of small amounts of a controlled substance for non-clinical / non-in vivo research without licenses. A typical use case might be having a few milligrams or

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Schedule I drugs for personal use; this subchapter also specifies the dollar amounts of fines and durations of prison terms for violations. Subchapter II describes the laws for exportation and importation of controlled substances, again specifying fines and prison terms for violations.

1690:, the drug must remain in schedule I. In such circumstances, placement of the drug in schedules II through V would conflict with the CSA since such drug would not meet the criterion of "a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States." 21 USC 812(b). (emphasis added) 828: 1880:

definitive answer. Given the widespread medicinal use of cannabis, the maintenance of its Schedule I classification has been controversial, with many calling for a reclassification or holistic federal decriminalization. As of April 30, 2024, cannabis was set to be reclassified by the

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salts and stereoisomers are also controlled and it is impossible to simply list all of these. The act contains several "generic statements" or "chemical space" laws, which aim to control all chemicals similar to the "named" substance, these provide detailed descriptions similar to

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hen it comes to a drug that is currently listed in schedule I, if it is undisputed that such drug has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and it is further undisputed that the drug has

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descriptions to clearly define what analogues or chemical space is controlled. These chemical space, chemical family, generic statements or markush statements (depending on the legislation terminology) have been used for many years by other countries, notably the UK in the

1836:, a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae. Some countries in North America use ibogaine as an alternative medicine treatment for opioid drug addiction. Ibogaine is also used for medicinal and ritual purposes within 1830:; it is about twice as potent, by weight, as morphine and, indeed, becomes morphine upon injection into the bloodstream. The two acetyl groups attached to the morphine make a prodrug which delivers morphine to the opioid receptors twice as fast as morphine can. 1251:. The CSA bears many resemblances to these Conventions. Both the CSA and the treaties set out a system for classifying controlled substances in several schedules in accordance with the binding scientific and medical findings of a public health authority. Under 3115:

renewal and included wider and more comprehensive restrictions on the sale of PSE-containing products. This law requires customer signature of a "log-book" and presentation of valid photo ID in order to purchase PSE-containing products from all retailers.

1799:-cataplexy and alcohol withdrawal with a limited safe dosage range and poor ability to control pain when used as an anesthetic (severely limiting its usefulness). It was placed in Schedule I in March 2000 after widespread recreational use led to increased 1118:- synthetic drugs, added several Markush like statements that describes synthetic cannabinoid chemical space that are also controlled as Schedule 1 substances. However, since then many new synthetic cannabinoids not covered by this act have emerged 3152:

Due to this complexity in legislation, the identification of controlled chemicals in research or chemical supply is often carried out computationally on the chemical structure, either by in-house systems maintained a company or by the use of commercial

3037:, and drinks cannot contain more than 200 parts per million (0.02%) of caffeine. There is no federal age restriction for caffeine-containing products. Also available medically in some pain medications (usually in combination with other drugs, like in 1362:

requires the Secretary the power to "evaluate the proposal and furnish a recommendation to the Secretary of State which shall be binding on the representative of the United States in discussions and negotiations relating to the proposal."

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in many of its forms (Androderm, AndroGel, Testosterone Cypionate, and Testosterone Enanthate) are labeled as Schedule III while low-dose testosterone when compounded with estrogen derivatives have been exempted (from scheduling) by the

904: 603:(FDA), determine which substances are added to or removed from the various schedules, although the statute passed by Congress created the initial listing. Congress has sometimes scheduled other substances through legislation such as the 2023:

Except when dispensed directly to an ultimate user by a practitioner other than a pharmacist, no controlled substance in Schedule II, which is a prescription drug as determined under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 USC 301

1745:. It has been shown to be associated with an increase in seizures if taken alone. Although the effects of BZP are not as potent as MDMA, it can produce neuroadaptations that can cause an increase in the potential for abuse of this drug. 1301:"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; . . ." 1390:) in Schedule IV. The drug did not then meet the Controlled Substances Act's criteria for scheduling; however, control was required by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In 1999, an FDA official explained to Congress: 1170:

was established in 1973, combining the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) and Customs' drug agents. Proceedings to add, delete, or change the schedule of a drug or other substance may be initiated by the DEA, the

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permanently schedule the drug are in progress. In any case, once these proceedings are complete, the temporary order is automatically vacated. Unlike ordinary scheduling proceedings, such temporary orders are not subject to

1383:, to remove the drug from international control or transfer it to a different schedule under the convention. The temporary scheduling expires as soon as control is no longer needed to meet international treaty obligations. 2046:

Because refills of prescriptions for Schedule II substances are not allowed, it can be burdensome to both the practitioner and the patient if the substances are to be used on a long-term basis. To provide relief, in 2007,

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The Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prevention Act of 2000 placed gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in Schedule I and sodium oxybate (the isolated sodium salt in GHB) in Schedule III when used under an FDA NDA or

1431:, "This has been used by the USA not to implement part of article 3 of the 1988 Convention, which prevents inciting others to use narcotic or psychotropic drugs, on the basis that this would be in contravention of 951:, was preparing a comprehensive new measure to more effectively meet the narcotic and dangerous drug problems at the federal level by combining all existing federal laws into a single new statute. With the help of 6012: 5986: 3208: 1016:, but instead repressionistic to the point of tyrannical in its intent; a cruel and/or arbitrary exercise of power). It eliminated mandatory minimum sentences and provided support for drug treatment and research. 627:(IND). Classification decisions are required to be made on criteria including potential for abuse (an undefined term), currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and international treaties. 604: 252: 897: 4022:

by section 201(a) of the CSA (21 USC 811(a)), and delegated to the Administrator of DEA by Department of Justice regulations (28 CFR 0.100), and redelegated to the Deputy Administrator pursuant to 28 CFR

1960:), a cactus growing in nature primarily in northeastern Mexico; one of the few plants specifically scheduled, with a narrow exception to its legal status for religious use in Native American churches. 5852: 1989:

In addition to the named substance, usually all possible ethers, esters, salts and stereoisomers of these substances are also controlled and also 'analogues', which are chemically similar chemicals.

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Brennan, K.; Johnstone, A.; Fitzmaurice, P.; Lea, R.; Schenk, S. (2007). "Chronic Benzylpiperazine (BZP) Exposure Produces Behavioral Sensitization and Cross-sensitization to Methamphetamine (MA)".

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Except when dispensed directly by a practitioner, other than a pharmacist, to an ultimate user, no controlled substance in Schedule III or IV, which is a prescription drug as determined under the

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According to the Cato Institute, these treaties only bind (legally obligate) the United States to comply with them as long as that nation agrees to remain a state party to these treaties. The

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Drug Enforcement Administration (August 21, 2009). "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine Into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act".

3312: 3008: 271: 5415: 3199:'aim' for in terms of non-controlled chemical space. For both Markush and analogue type approaches, typically computational systems are used to flag likely regulated chemicals. 6032: 5506: 3004: 1062: 876: 690: 6073: 4720:

Exempt Anabolic Steroids (21 CFR § 1308.33 and 21 CFR § 1308.34) 05 February 2015 Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Diversion Control Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section

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Under the DEA's interpretation of the CSA, a drug does not necessarily have to have the same "high potential for abuse" as heroin, for example, to merit placement in Schedule I:

720: 376: 356: 333: 314: 295: 276: 5092:

Nutt, David J.; King, Leslie A.; Phillips, Lawrence D.; Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (November 6, 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: A multicriteria decision analysis".

4511: 3800:"S.510 - An Act to amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to provide for the safety and effectiveness of medical devices intended for human use, and for other purposes" 189: 6083: 2996: 1319:

be completely anomalous to say that a treaty need not comply with the Constitution when such an agreement can be overridden by a statute that must conform to that instrument.

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There is nothing new or unique about what we say here. This Court has regularly and uniformly recognized the supremacy of the Constitution over a treaty. For example, in

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products to be sold behind the pharmacy or service counter. This affects many preparations which were previously available over-the-counter without restriction, such as

1432: 2572:(Nembutal), when combined with one or more additional active ingredient(s) not in Schedule II (e.g., Carbrital (no longer marketed), a combination of pentobarbital and 5290: 5282: 2063:) to allow practitioners to write up to three prescriptions at once, to provide up to a 90-day supply, specifying on each the earliest date on which it may be filled. 5294: 5278: 3658: 983: 193: 6002: 5432: 4792: 4367:

Gee, Paul; Gilbert, Mark; Richardson, Sandra; Moore, Grant; Paterson, Sharon; Graham, Patrick (2008). "Toxicity from the Recreational Use of 1-benzylpiperazine".

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Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.

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Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III

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o agreement with a foreign nation can confer power on the Congress, or on any other branch of Government, which is free from the restraints of the Constitution.

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King notes that the rehabilitation clauses were added as a compromise to Senator Jim Hughes, who favored a moderate approach. The bill, as introduced by Senator

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The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions

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Secretary agrees with the commission's scheduling decision, he can recommend that the Attorney General initiate proceedings to reschedule the drug accordingly.

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formulation since October 2014 (examples include Vicodin, Norco, Tussionex). Prior to October 2014, formulations containing hydrocodone and over-the-counter

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and accurate inventories and records of all transactions involving controlled substances, as well as security for the storage of controlled substances.

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The CSA not only combined existing federal drug laws and expanded their scope, but it also changed the nature of federal drug law policies and expanded

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The legislation created five schedules (classifications), with varying qualifications for a substance to be included in each. Two federal agencies, the

5600: 3215: 2474: 1876: 2332:(PCP) - Formerly used as veterinary anesthetic under the trade name Sernylan and before then as an injectable anesthetic under the trade name Sernyl. 6068: 6017: 5744: 5464: 3269: 6022: 5326: 2582:(lysergic acid amide), listed as a sedative but also has psychedelic effects such as visual and auditory effects. An inefficient precursor to its 1172: 570: 4256: 5401: 5361: 4608: 3445: 1803:

visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. A specific formulation of this drug is also listed in Schedule III for limited uses, under the trademark

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There are five different schedules of controlled substances, numbered I–V. The CSA describes the different schedules based on three factors:

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The Controlled Substances Act also provides for federal regulation of precursors used to manufacture some of the controlled substances. The

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scientific and medical evaluation and recommendation as to whether the drug or other substance should be controlled or removed from control.

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prior to repealing the Controlled Substances Act. The exception would be if the U.S. were to claim that the treaty obligations violate the

926: 670: 4943: 3699:(March 1973). Drug Use In America: Problem In Perspective, Second Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse (Report). 994:

abuse in the United States. During his presentation of the commission's First Report to Congress, Sonnenreich and Shafer recommended the

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under which the manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of certain substances is regulated. It was passed by the

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is roughly two times as potent). More significantly, they vary in nature. Pharmacology and CSA scheduling have a weak relationship.

1336: 1024: 616: 5458: 4658: 4192: 2995:(which is voluntarily abided by all 50 U.S. states), sale is limited to persons 21-years-old and above only. Sale regulated by the 1162:

U.S. Food and Drug Administration agents inspect packages for illegal drug shipments at an international mail facility in New York.

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that is widespread throughout the plant kingdom and endogenous to the human body. DMT is the main psychoactive constituent in the

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Basis for the Recommendation to Control 5-Methoxy-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act

4345: 3676: 3416: 3291: 3249: 2356: 1950:(Quaalude, Sopor, Mandrax), a sedative that was previously used for similar purposes as barbiturates, until it was rescheduled. 1881: 1695: 1167: 735: 685: 596: 493: 111: 103: 5476: 3764:

Courtwright, David T. (October 5, 2004). "The Controlled Substances Act: how a "big tent" reform became a punitive drug law".

3067:. The minimum purchasing age of tobacco and e-cigarettes in the United States is 21-years-old, per the Synar amendment to the 1182:

This request is sent to the Assistant Secretary of Health of HHS. Then, HHS solicits information from the Commissioner of the

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solutions. Automated systems are often required as many research operations can have collections of 10,000–100,000 different

3085: 2963:. Other CBD formulations remain Schedule I, except for those derived from hemp which are unscheduled but still FDA-regulated. 2828: 2633: 2000: 1907: 1380: 1328: 944: 937: 918: 4480:

Okun, M. S.; Boothy, L. A.; Bartfield, R. B.; Doering, P. L. (2001). "GHB: An important pharmacologic and clinical update".

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The domestic and international legal nature of these treaty obligations must be considered in light of the supremacy of the

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state that a major purpose of the CSA is to "enable the United States to meet all of its obligations" under international

1044: 3472:"William J. Clinton: Statement on Signing the Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Drug Prohibition Act of 2000" 5754: 5189: 4707: 3602: 3064: 3038: 3000: 1367: 1183: 866: 725: 600: 5163: 3107:

which places restrictions on the sale of any medicine containing pseudoephedrine. That bill was then superseded by the

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transmitted or by facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in.

3921:"CDC - The Protecting Patient Access to Emergency Medications Act of 2017 - Publications by Topic - Public Health Law" 3718: 3635: 3497: 2373:

Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.

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Placing a drug or other substance in a certain schedule or removing it from a certain schedule is primarily based on

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The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in Schedules I and II.

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rationalize, and in some respects to liberalize, American drug policy." (Courtwright noted that the Act became, not

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The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III

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Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 163 / Pgs. 49661 - 49682 / Aug 22, 2014 DEA-Final Rule, Effective October 6, 2014

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The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV

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The 2010 Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act (effective on October 12, 2010), to allow pharmacies to operate

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Tunnicliff, G. (1997). "Sites of action of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB)—A neuroactive drug with abuse potential".

3068: 2466: 2420: 1792: 1264: 1087: 930: 838: 833: 702: 445: 347: 4917: 1263:(HHS). Under Article 3 of the Single Convention and Article 2 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the 39: 6027: 5981: 5890: 5827: 5822: 5812: 5719: 5366: 3341: 3192: 773: 624: 328: 3146: 1871:. Pure (–)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol is also listed in Schedule III for limited uses, under the trademark 1115: 2638:

Placement on schedules; findings required Schedule IV substances are those that have the following findings:

2405:(mainly for use as a human anesthetic) but has since become popular as a veterinary and pediatric anesthetic; 925:(1906) was the beginning of over 200 laws concerning public health and consumer protections. Others were the 5870: 5842: 5802: 5639: 5341: 5185: 4220: 2101:(lisdexamfetamine only). Originally placed in Schedule III, but moved to Schedule II in 1978 as part of the 1789:, a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 1,000–3,000 times that of morphine. 5699: 5694: 5629: 5536: 5101: 5022: 4814: 3286: 1709: 922: 695: 405: 3872: 971:, John Ingersoll creating and writing the legislation, Mitchell was able to present Nixon with the bill. 5946: 5936: 5865: 5797: 5674: 5488: 3081: 2973: 2945:

with atropine (Motofen) has been moved to Schedule IV. Without atropine, these drugs are in Schedule II.

2098: 1899: 656: 608: 534: 380: 367: 360: 337: 318: 299: 280: 5194: 4575: 1335:

right to withdraw from or abrogate at any time these two instruments, in accordance with said nation's

1140:

using Markush like notation, the first time Markush like statement were directly used in the act itself

5198: 4953:. Florida Department of Health, Division of Medical Quality Assurance. October 5, 2006. Archived from 4730:

Halpern, J.H. (2004). "Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States".

4264: 5875: 5817: 5792: 5777: 5729: 5704: 5679: 5669: 5659: 5649: 5644: 5634: 5576: 5321: 5145: 4612: 3235: 3060: 2923: 2867:

facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in.

2492: 2484: 2480: 1982: 1937: 1003:

criminal law into private behavior, a step which our society takes only with the greatest reluctance.

768: 620: 397: 96: 5106: 5053: 4050: 3920: 3558: 3449: 1668:

There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.

1665:

The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

1407:

calls for repealing the CSA, an action that would likely bring the United States into conflict with

5951: 5916: 5782: 5772: 5724: 5684: 5624: 3528:. Canadian Senate Special Committee on Illegal Drugs. Vol. 3. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. 3264: 3162: 2972:

These psychoactive drugs are not controlled by the act, and are also allowed for sale intended for

2370:

The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

1975: 1929: 1903: 1780: 964: 952: 4692: 2857:

The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States

2647:

The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States

1411:, were the United States not to exercise its sovereign right to withdraw from and/or abrogate the 1097:

The 1993 Domestic Chemical Diversion and Control Act (effective on April 16, 1994) in response to

6037: 5926: 5860: 5787: 5714: 5689: 5619: 5127: 4755: 4695: 4392: 3161:

at the 1–5 milligram scale, which are likely to include controlled substances, especially within

3158: 2977: 2956: 2508: 2227: 2121: 1764: 1069: 309: 171: 141: 17: 3894: 3825: 3799: 3576: 1081:

United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

5941: 5911: 5654: 5568: 5552: 5119: 4954: 4899: 4891: 4843: 4747: 4550:"US drug control agency will move to reclassify marijuana in a historic shift, AP sources say" 4489: 4462: 4427: 4384: 4081: 4073: 3855: 3781: 3696: 3652: 3608: 3275: 3187: 3138: 2719: 2596: 2078: 2017:

Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.

1674:

No prescriptions may be written for Schedule I substances, and such substances are subject to

1408: 1091: 995: 987: 960: 795: 652: 290: 5049: 2797:

drug, when combined with atropine (such as Motofen) (difenoxin is 2–3 times more potent than

2707:(Rohypnol) (flunitrazepam is not FDA approved making it an illegal drug in the United States) 2344:(Nucynta) – A drug with mixed opioid agonist and norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor activity. 5921: 5832: 5739: 5709: 5500: 5111: 4881: 4739: 4454: 4419: 4376: 4027: 4008: 3773: 3306: 3254: 2988: 2672: 2608: 2602: 2408: 2309: 2141:

administration containing the equivalent of more than 90 mg of codeine per dosage unit;

2125: 2082: 2057: 1971: 1917: 1895: 1854: 1772: 1768: 1738: 1713: 1675: 1295: 948: 805: 763: 4868:

Rosenfeld, Leah S.; Mihalov, Jeremy J.; Carlson, Susan J.; Mattia, Antonia (October 2014).

1339:, at which point these treaties will cease to bind that nation in any way, shape, or form. 644: 372: 5470: 4196: 4178: 3748: 3100: 3092: 2744: 2544: 2416: 2223: 2209: 1864: 1448: 1210: 1126: 1098: 1020: 1008: 991: 500:

Regulated the growth of the opium poppy and prohibited private cultivation in most states.

453: 352: 5152:. National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. July 2015. 4670: 1461:: Is this drug safe? How likely is this drug to cause addiction? What kinds of addiction? 4189: 3744: 3471: 151: 5544: 5214: 4147: 4030: 3895:"S.3397 - 111th Congress (2009-2010): Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act of 2010" 3540: 3345: 2984: 2889: 2664: 2619: 2462: 2455: 2060: 1851: 1800: 1783:

are granted exemption from DMT's schedule I status on the grounds of religious freedom.

1637: 1458: 1400: 1358: 1276: 1013: 778: 753: 612: 340: 321: 283: 5115: 5069:. Drug Enforcement Administration, United States Department of Justice. Archived from 4983: 1656:

Schedule I substances are described as those that have all of the following findings:

212: 202: 6057: 4743: 4423: 3871: 3777: 3640:"Part F—Advisory Commission: Establishment of Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse" 3302: 2934: 2882: 2798: 2794: 2755: 2704: 2569: 2554: 2522: 2441: 2402: 2329: 2297: 2268: 2185: 2144: 2112: 2052: 1742: 1387: 1138:

amended to describe and control all chemical space related to Fentanyl like chemicals

940: 810: 585: 302: 236: 179: 4759: 4396: 1243: 1237: 5202: 5131: 5008: 3984: 3672: 3448:. US Department of Justice via the Federal Register. March 13, 2000. Archived from 3412: 3318: 2915: 2901: 2875: 2814: 2751: 2565: 2526: 2504: 2335: 2108: 1947: 1753: 1628: 1529:

Abusing the drug can cause severe mental addiction, or moderate physical addiction

1348: 1231: 1204: 461: 5219: 4640: 4282: 4238: 3954: 1579: 4793:"FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products: Questions and Answers" 4316: 4207: 4043:"Final Order: Temporary Placement of Five Synthetic Cannabinoids Into Schedule I" 3432: 1981:

Controlled substance analogues intended for human consumption, as defined by the

1609: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1573: 1256: 5393: 4171: 3112: 2948: 2927: 2824: 2784: 2765: 2734: 2428: 2301: 2291: 2250: 2175: 2163: 2158: 2138: 2070: 1868: 1428: 1332: 758: 4108: 5482: 4982:. Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control. Archived from 4458: 4380: 3880: 3225: 3030: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2820: 2676: 2668: 2615: 2558: 2548: 2470: 2436: 2412: 2341: 2313: 2305: 2254: 2235: 2090: 1963: 1796: 1728: 1721: 1274:

over treaties or acts and the equality of treaties and Congressional acts. In

477: 4895: 4525:"Biden administration plans to drastically change federal rules on marijuana" 2458:

when compounded with other substances, to a certain dosage and concentration.

1688:

at least some potential for abuse sufficient to warrant control under the CSA

1079:(implemented August 1, 1989 as Article 12) added provisions implementing the 5215:

The Controlled Substances Act (CSA): A Legal Overview for the 116th Congress

4980:"General Information Regarding the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act 2005" 3505: 3096: 3052: 3022: 2942: 2909: 2790: 2776: 2730: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2684: 2573: 2518: 2319: 2281: 2273: 2199: 2193: 2179: 2171: 2129: 1913: 1891: 1786: 1776: 1748: 1717: 1454:

Accepted medical use: Is this drug used as a treatment in the United States?

956: 5123: 4903: 4751: 4493: 4431: 4388: 3785: 3541:"History of Legislative Control Over Opium, Cocaine, and Their Derivatives" 4659:"Issuance of Multiple Prescriptions for Schedule II Controlled Substances" 4466: 1198:

An example is when international treaties require control of a substance.

5311: 4144:

Cato Handbook for Congress: Policy Recommendations for the 108th Congress

3604:

Strength of the Pack: The Personalities, Politics and Espionage Intrigues

3154: 3044: 3014: 2952: 2938: 2808: 2772: 2738: 2726: 2710: 2680: 2538: 2500: 2445: 2432: 2401:, a drug originally developed as a safer, shorter-acting replacement for 2398: 2285: 2277: 2264: 2246: 2240: 2189: 2150: 2074: 2036: 2032: 1967: 1833: 1827: 1395:

was no evidence of abuse or trafficking of the drug in the United States.

1342:

A provision for automatic compliance with treaty obligations is found at

5070: 3680: 3420: 1640:

and tobacco are two of the most widely used drugs in the United States.

115: 4886: 4869: 3121: 3048: 2919: 2802: 2761: 2534: 2449: 2217: 2134: 2117: 2094: 1872: 1822: 1731:

class that was originally developed as an antidepressant by workers at

1072:

for chemicals "substantially similar" in Schedule I and II to be listed

588:. The Act also served as the national implementing legislation for the 437: 413: 56: 1039:

Since its enactment in 1970, the Act has been amended numerous times:

5209: 3335: 3018: 2722: 2579: 2496: 2203: 2154: 2040: 1953: 1921: 1837: 1810: 1732: 1568: 1248: 1226: 917:

The nation first outlawed addictive drugs in the early 1900s and the

433: 417: 3209:

Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act

2980:, but not specifically regulated or intended for recreational use): 2594:, ergine occurs naturally in the seeds of the common garden flowers 2361:

Schedule III substances are those that have the following findings:

1795:(gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid), a general anesthetic and treatment for 1111:

The 2010 Electronic Prescriptions for Controlled Substances (EPCS) .

1027:, to be passed by state legislatures, was also being drafted by the 605:

Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prevention Act of 2000

253:

Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prevention Act of 2000

2005:

Schedule II substances are those that have the following findings:

1545:

Abusing the drug may lead to moderate mental or physical addiction

3056: 2848:

Schedule V substances are those that have the following findings:

2697:(Restoril) (some states require specially coded prescriptions for 2530: 2260: 1841: 1804: 1157: 412:

Regulates labeling of products containing certain drugs including

1007:

Rufus King notes that this stratagem was similar to that used by

2817:(Soma) has become a Schedule IV medication as of 11 January 2012 2512: 2231: 2213: 2086: 1887: 1758: 1724: 1513:

Abusing the drug can cause severe physical and mental addiction

1465:

The following table gives a summary of the different schedules.

1191:

should be controlled, and in what schedule it should be placed.

968: 5397: 5223: 2941:(to make it poisonous, if taken at euphoria-inducing dosages). 1561:

Abusing the drug may lead to mild mental or physical addiction

3088:

determines that illegal manufacturing processes have changed.

3026: 2874:

Cough suppressants containing small amounts of codeine (e.g.,

2741:(Sonata) (zopiclone is not commercially available in the U.S.) 1031:; its wording closely mirrored the Controlled Substances Act. 4221:"21 U.S. Code Chapter 13 - Drug Abuse Prevention and Control" 3947:"Title 21 United States Code (USC) Controlled Substances Act" 1698:, Notice of denial of petition to reschedule marijuana (2001) 1433:

their constitutional amendment guaranteeing freedom of speech

978:

pertaining to controlled substances. Title II, Part F of the

5585:

Americans for Safe Access v. Drug Enforcement Administration

4579: 4047:

Drug Enforcement Administration: Office of Diversion Control

3951:

Drug Enforcement Administration: Office of Diversion Control

3446:"2000 - Addition of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid to Schedule I" 1636:

Some have argued that this is an important exemption, since

1108:

The 2008 Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act

3874:

Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008

3852:

Pathology, Toxicogenetics, and Criminalistics of Drug Abuse

2968:

Controlled by other federal laws for legal recreational use

2477:. All other forms or preparations of GHB are in Schedule I. 1662:

The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.

1125:

for controlled substance medications in response to the US

980:

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970

921:

helped lead international agreements regulating trade. The

582:

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970

2011:

The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse

1284:

addressed both these issues directly and clearly holding:

5037:"An overview of chemical space laws and controlled drugs" 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4263:. SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies. 2000. Archived from 3214:

cannabis, which is either decriminalized or legalized in

1741:(benzylpiperazine), a synthetic stimulant once sold as a 5519:

Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act

4146:. Cato Institute. 2003. pp. 171–178. Archived from 4074:"The Closed System of Controlled Substance Distribution" 3647:, U.S. Government Publishing Office, pp. 1280–1281. 2465:

products (e.g. Xyrem, Xywav and Lumryz)—preparations of

1495:

Drug is not safe to use, even under medical supervision

4334:"Notice of denial of petition to reschedule marijuana" 3483: 3481: 1386:

This provision was invoked in 1984 to place Rohypnol (

1086:

1990 The Anabolic Steroids Act, passed as part of the

1063:

Controlled Substances Penalties Amendments Act of 1984

5561:

United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative

4049:. United States Department of Justice. Archived from 3983:. United States Department of Justice. Archived from 3953:. United States Department of Justice. Archived from 3313:

United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative

2976:

at the federal level (others are allowed for sale as

272:

United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative

4870:"Regulatory status of caffeine in the United States" 4208:

21 U.S.C. § 812 – Schedules of controlled substances

998:

of marijuana in small amounts, with Shafer stating,

986:—known as the Shafer Commission after its chairman, 638:

Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States

5995: 5969: 5899: 5851: 5763: 5610: 5599: 5528: 5440: 5431: 5375: 5304: 5257: 4279:"InfoFacts – Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products" 3166:synthetic intermediates to a controlled substance. 2997:

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

2294:(semi-synthetic opioid; active ingredient in Opana) 1751:, an amphetamine-like stimulant found in the shrub 1116:

2012 Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act Subtitle D

1023:, ran to 91 pages. While it was being drafted, the 258: 246: 158: 140: 130: 125: 102: 92: 87: 79: 68: 55: 46: 5977:List of United States cannabis regulatory agencies 3664: 3404: 2881:Preparations containing small amounts of opium or 4482:Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 3365:Less than the drugs in Schedule I and Schedule II 3326:Similar legislation outside of the United States: 2713:(Serax, Serepax, Seresta, Alepam, Opamox, Oxamin) 2557:HCl (Didrex), a stimulant designed for use as an 4795:. US Food and Drug Administration. April 2, 2019 3745:"The 1970 Act: Don't Sit There, Amend Something" 2955:-derived pharmaceutical formulation marketed by 2547:Tartrate, a stimulant synthesized for use as an 2473:. These products are in Schedule III but with a 1618:subtitle E of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. 484:Alcohol prohibition repealed via 21st Amendment 468:Implemented 18th Amendment establishing alcohol 3697:National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse 3520:"The 1912 Hague International Opium Convention" 2850: 2640: 2363: 2007: 1683: 1658: 1615: 1392: 1286: 1000: 984:National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse 4514:2006) (55 years for three sales of marijuana). 3003:(FDA). Alcohol was formerly illegal under the 2933:Some centrally-acting antidiarrheals, such as 2779:(sold in the U.S. as Provigil) as well as its 1704:Drugs listed in this control schedule include: 5409: 5235: 4609:"Manuals – Practitioner's Manual – SECTION V" 2276:(semi-synthetic opioid; active ingredient in 2188:(semi-synthetic opioid; active ingredient in 1312:, 133 U. S. 258, 133 U. S. 267, it declared: 1186:and evaluations and recommendations from the 898: 542: 225:on October 14, 1970 (passed) and by the 8: 6074:History of drug control in the United States 3750:The Drug Hang Up, America's Fifty-Year Folly 3498:"Illegal Drugs in America: A Modern History" 3374:When compared with the drugs in Schedule III 3260:Drug Trafficking Safe Harbor Elimination Act 3182:, and later an amendment to the CSA in 2018 1767:(dimethyltryptamine), a naturally occurring 32: 5513:Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act 5056:The term "abuse" is not defined in the CSA. 4708:"Details for Phencyclidine-type substances" 4635: 4633: 4631: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4131: 4129: 3657:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3383:When compared with the drugs in Schedule IV 3109:Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 1902:drug which initially garnered attention in 1379:take action, through the commission or the 6084:United States federal criminal legislation 5607: 5437: 5416: 5402: 5394: 5242: 5228: 5220: 4774:The botany and chemistry of hallucinogens, 3738: 3736: 3711:"NORML - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws" 3111:, which was passed as an amendment to the 2537:(which makes it less addiction-prone than 2220:(limited use) under the brandname Desoxyn. 1974:and the main psychoactive constituents of 1083:that went into force on November 11, 1990. 1054:of 1978 added provisions implementing the 905: 891: 643: 634: 549: 535: 486:Repeal of Prohibition in the United States 391: 219:Reported by the joint conference committee 5105: 4885: 4327: 4325: 4109:"Reid v. Covert, 354 U. S. 1 at pp 17–19" 3071:. Sales are regulated by the ATF and FDA. 2243:: a pain medication of the opiate family. 2031:These drugs vary in potency: for example 1920:and the main psychoactive constituent of 190:Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee 6018:Cannabis on American Indian reservations 5465:Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act 5184:Full text of Controlled Substances Act: 3832:. Library of Congress. November 10, 1978 3607:. Douglas Valentine. November 15, 2010. 3270:Federal drug policy of the United States 3099:being widely used in the manufacture of 3005:Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution 1467: 4261:National Household Survey on Drug Abuse 4072:Abood, Richard R. (November 21, 2012). 3901:. Library of Congress. October 12, 2010 3396: 3358: 3033:. It is regulated by the FDA under the 2257:(Marinol) which is a Schedule III drug. 2097:(limited use, dextroamphetamine only), 1884:as a Schedule III controlled substance. 1451:: How likely is this drug to be abused? 1173:Department of Health and Human Services 721:Department of Health and Human Services 637: 517: 504: 491: 475: 459: 443: 423: 403: 394: 4844:"Amendment XXI. Repeal of Prohibition" 4772:Schultes, R.E. and Hofmann, A., 1980. 3826:"S.2399 - Psychotropic Substances Act" 3650: 1875:. As a result of ballot initiatives, 1261:Secretary of Health and Human Services 1077:Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act 31: 5495:Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act 5003: 5001: 4080:. Jones & Bartlett. p. 184. 3245:Convention on Psychotropic Substances 3105:Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act 1425:United Nations Drug Control Programme 1417:Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1056:Convention on Psychotropic Substances 615:(the isolated sodium salt in GHB) in 7: 4822:Public Law, United States Government 4641:"21 U.S. Code § 829 - Prescriptions" 4319:– Schedules of controlled substances 3035:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 2381:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 2304:medication originally developed for 927:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 671:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 5146:"DrugFacts: Is Marijuana Medicine?" 4776:Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL. 4332:Marshall, Donnie (March 20, 2001). 3806:. Library of Congress. May 28, 1976 3332:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 3297:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 3180:Synthetic drug abuse prevention act 1413:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 849:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 590:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 170:in the House as H.R. 18583 by 5164:"State Marijuana Laws in 2018 Map" 4239:"21 U.S. Code § 802 - Definitions" 4018:Under the authority vested in the 3753:. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. 3669:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3409:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2444:(semi-synthetic opioid; active in 1857:famous for its involvement in the 1439:Schedules of controlled substances 1282:Supreme Court of the United States 1259:of the CSA, that authority is the 25: 6094:Cannabis law in the United States 6013:Politicians who have admitted use 4848:LII / Legal Information Institute 4645:LII / Legal Information Institute 4243:LII / Legal Information Institute 4225:LII / Legal Information Institute 3563:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 3170:Analogues vs Markush descriptions 2993:National Minimum Drinking Age Act 2564:Fast-acting barbiturates such as 1366:Similarly, if the United Nations 1025:Uniform Controlled Substances Act 584:and signed into law by President 229:on October 14, 1970 (passed) 27:United States drug-regulating law 18:Schedule III controlled substance 5150:National Institute on Drug Abuse 5023:"Controlled Drugs and analogues" 4744:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.003 4424:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.016 3778:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.012 3502:DEA Museum & Visitors Center 3282:List of pharmaceutical companies 3228: 3184:defining fentanyl chemical space 2870:Drugs in this schedule include: 2660:Drugs in this schedule include: 2394:Drugs in this schedule include: 2066:Drugs in this schedule include: 1850:(lysergic acid diethylamide), a 1188:National Institute on Drug Abuse 959:; the executive director of the 801:Abbreviated New Drug Application 470:prohibition in the United States 38: 6069:Drug Enforcement Administration 5251:Regulation of therapeutic goods 5210:Statute Compilations collection 5009:"Controlled Substances Squared" 4732:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 4669:. November 2007. Archived from 4346:Drug Enforcement Administration 3981:Drug Enforcement Administration 3545:Schaffer Library of Drug Policy 3292:Regulation of therapeutic goods 3250:Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 3103:, the U.S. Congress passed the 3091:In addition to the CSA, due to 2987:(ethanol), a sedative found in 2487:(officially referred to by its 2357:List of Schedule III drugs (US) 2206:addiction, extreme chronic pain 2035:is about 80 times as potent as 1696:Drug Enforcement Administration 1510:only with "severe restrictions" 1298:of the Constitution, declares: 1168:Drug Enforcement Administration 686:Prescription Drug Marketing Act 597:Drug Enforcement Administration 6023:Cannabis and the U.S. military 3086:United States Attorney General 3084:is actually modified when the 3039:aspirin/acetaminophen/caffeine 2634:List of Schedule IV drugs (US) 2475:restricted distribution system 2001:List of Schedule II drugs (US) 1908:post-traumatic stress disorder 1381:UN Economic and Social Council 1329:President of the United States 1225:The Congressional findings in 919:International Opium Convention 861:Non-governmental organizations 569:) is the statute establishing 1: 6008:Congressional Cannabis Caucus 5425:Cannabis in the United States 5116:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 4944:"Federal Pseudoephedrine Law" 4078:Pharmacy Practice and the Law 3977:"State and Local Task Forces" 3124:and its generic equivalents. 2844:List of Schedule V drugs (US) 2811:(Ultram), an opioid analgesic 2787:(sold in the U.S. as Nuvigil) 2419:); the specific end molecule 1652:List of Schedule I drugs (US) 1045:Medical Device Regulation Act 5459:Solomon–Lautenberg amendment 5052:Docket ID: DEA-2009-0013 in 4576:"MAPS Legal History of MDMA" 3065:nicotine replacement therapy 3001:Food and Drug Administration 2999:(ATF) and less commonly the 2137:(pure) and any drug for non- 1840:spiritual traditions of the 1712:(alpha-methyltryptamine), a 1368:Commission on Narcotic Drugs 1184:Food and Drug Administration 867:National Academy of Medicine 726:Food and Drug Administration 601:Food and Drug Administration 201:on September 24, 1970 ( 4412:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 4190:fuoriluogo.it – aprile 2003 3766:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 3636:91st United States Congress 3577:"Medical Device Amendments" 3178:Starting in 2012, with the 2801:, the active ingredient in 2764:opioid analgesics, such as 2541:, which is in Schedule II). 2308:; primarily used today for 2153:and most other strong pure 2103:Psychotropic Substances Act 1859:counterculture of the 1960s 1052:Psychotropic Substances Act 791:Randomized controlled trial 578:91st United States Congress 513:Treaty to control marijuana 395:Major United States federal 260:United States Supreme Court 74:91st United States Congress 6110: 5477:Rohrabacher–Farr amendment 3206: 2937:(Lomotil) when mixed with 2841: 2631: 2354: 2310:physician assisted suicide 1998: 1890:("ecstasy" or "molly"), a 1649: 1427:Chief of Demand Reduction 1421:United States Constitution 1272:United States Constitution 967:; and the Director of the 823:International coordination 426:Harrison Narcotics Tax Act 194:Senate Judiciary Committee 6079:1970 in American politics 6064:Controlled Substances Act 5453:Controlled Substances Act 5448:Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 5195:Controlled Substances Act 4508:United States v. Angelos, 4459:10.3109/15563659709001236 4381:10.1080/15563650802307602 3186:, the CSA started to use 3141:, these include ones for 3069:Public Health Service Act 3063:. Also used medically in 2885:(used to treat diarrhea); 2805:, which is in Schedule V) 2483:, synthetically prepared 1478: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1457:Safety and potential for 1265:World Health Organization 1136:In 2018 the act was also 1088:Crime Control Act of 1990 931:Kefauver Harris Amendment 834:Uppsala Monitoring Centre 703:Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 681:Controlled Substances Act 563:Controlled Substances Act 526:Scheduling list for drugs 520:Controlled Substances Act 348:McFadden v. United States 266: 251: 211:on October 7, 1970 ( 163: 135:21 U.S.C.: Food and Drugs 37: 6028:Marijuana Policy Project 5982:Cannabis product testing 5745:Northern Mariana Islands 3583:. Parsons Printing Press 3342:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 3076:Regulation of precursors 2298:Nembutal (Pentobarbital) 2249:(Cesamet) – A synthetic 2230:(Focalin): treatment of 2111:(short-acting), such as 2085:(Vyvanse): treatment of 1916:, a naturally occurring 1479:Potential for Addiction 774:Investigational New Drug 625:Investigational New Drug 611:(GHB) in Schedule I and 329:Burrage v. United States 4824:. 98–363. July 17, 1984 4195:April 23, 2015, at the 3047:, a stimulant found in 3017:, a stimulant found in 1821:, which is an inactive 1678:which the DEA imposes. 976:federal law enforcement 619:when used under an FDA 507:Convention on Narcotics 494:Opium Poppy Control Act 186:Committee consideration 182:) on September 10, 1970 5537:Leary v. United States 5277:(substance schedules: 5050:Government Regulations 3287:Medical amnesty policy 3218:of the United States. 3147:synthetic cannabinoids 3009:Twenty-first Amendment 2864: 2852: 2691:(Ativan), as well as: 2654: 2642: 2377: 2365: 2326:: Meperidine; Demerol) 2021: 2009: 1970:, naturally occurring 1813:is the brand name for 1701: 1672: 1660: 1634: 1508:Yes; sometimes allowed 1476:Accepted Medical Use? 1397: 1321: 1163: 1005: 923:Pure Food and Drug Act 657:Over-the-counter drugs 406:Pure Food and Drug Act 223:agreed to by the House 5489:Marijuana Justice Act 4285:on September 22, 2006 4267:on February 21, 2013. 3525:Public Policy Options 3207:Further information: 3082:DEA list of chemicals 3061:electronic cigarettes 3007:from 1919, until the 2747:, a sedative-hypnotic 2226:(Ritalin, Concerta), 2099:binge eating disorder 1958:Lophophora williamsii 1938:Peruvian torch cactus 1926:Lophophora williamsii 1775:South American brew, 1405:Handbook for Congress 1161: 1154:Enforcement authority 1035:Amendments, 1970–2018 1029:Department of Justice 731:Department of Justice 609:gamma hydroxybutyrate 452:Required taxation of 368:Ruan v. United States 221:on October 13, 1970; 33:Controlled Substances 5755:District of Columbia 5577:Moncrieffe v. Holder 5205:) as amended in the 4924:. September 26, 2022 4625:Retrieved 2014-01-07 4016:(161): 42217–42220. 3508:on December 4, 2004. 3474:. February 18, 2000. 3236:United States portal 3011:repealed it in 1933. 2924:appetite suppressant 2485:tetrahydrocannabinol 2427:Intermediate-acting 1983:Federal Analogue Act 1976:psilocybin mushrooms 1942:Echinopsis peruviana 1473:Potential for Abuse 769:New Drug Application 621:New Drug Application 5750:U.S. Virgin Islands 5170:. November 7, 2012. 5100:(9752): 1558–1565. 4986:on October 16, 2012 4673:on October 16, 2012 4447:Clinical Toxicology 4369:Clinical Toxicology 3987:on November 4, 2014 3927:. February 22, 2019 3879:. 2009 – via 3645:field of drug abuse 3265:Fair Sentencing Act 3193:Misuse of Drugs Act 3163:medicinal chemistry 3128:Research exemptions 2978:dietary supplements 2912:) (Potiga/Trobalt); 2720:benzodiazepine-like 2590:-diethyl analogue, 2128:and to stop severe 2056:was amended (at 72 1934:Echinopsis pachanoi 1906:as a treatment for 1904:psychedelic therapy 1359:§ 811(d)(2)(B) 1267:is that authority. 965:Michael Sonnenreich 953:White House Counsel 943:announced that the 806:Fast track approval 715:Government agencies 580:as Title II of the 239:on October 27, 1970 159:Legislative history 34: 6038:Harry J. Anslinger 4887:10.1111/nure.12136 4880:(Suppl 1): 23–33. 4615:on January 7, 2014 4177:2006-05-16 at the 4153:on October 7, 2012 4137:"The War on Drugs" 3854:. CRC Press, 2007 2957:GW Pharmaceuticals 2228:Dexmethylphenidate 2182:were Schedule III. 2122:topical anesthetic 1819:morphine diacetate 1377:Secretary of State 1331:have the absolute 1221:Treaty obligations 1164: 1123:take-back programs 1070:Federal Analog Act 653:Prescription drugs 310:Gonzales v. Oregon 172:Harley O. Staggers 6051: 6050: 5965: 5964: 5595: 5594: 5569:Gonzales v. Raich 5553:Conant v. Walters 5391: 5390: 5168:www.governing.com 5073:on August 9, 2017 5067:"Drug Scheduling" 4874:Nutrition Reviews 4582:on August 5, 2007 4172:"Date Rape" Drugs 4087:978-1-4496-8691-8 3850:Steven B. Karch. 3276:Gonzales v. Raich 2597:Turbina corymbosa 2529:, which contains 2409:Anabolic steroids 2253:. An analogue to 2079:Dextroamphetamine 1972:psychedelic drugs 1676:production quotas 1565: 1564: 1409:international law 1094:into Schedule III 1092:anabolic steroids 996:decriminalization 988:Raymond P. Shafer 961:Shafer Commission 915: 914: 796:Pharmacovigilance 559: 558: 446:Marihuana Tax Act 398:drug control laws 390: 389: 291:Gonzales v. Raich 209:Passed the Senate 105:Statutes at Large 16:(Redirected from 6101: 6089:1970 in cannabis 5612:Recreational use 5608: 5501:SAFE Banking Act 5438: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5395: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5221: 5172: 5171: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5109: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5063: 5057: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4960:on July 30, 2012 4959: 4948: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4889: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4819: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4704: 4698: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4637: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4611:. Archived from 4605: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4578:. Archived from 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4556:. April 30, 2024 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4521: 4515: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4338:Federal Register 4329: 4320: 4310: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4281:. Archived from 4275: 4269: 4268: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4187: 4181: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4152: 4141: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4053:on April 9, 2016 4039: 4033: 4025: 4020:Attorney General 4009:Federal Register 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3957:on June 27, 2015 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3878: 3868: 3862: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3717:. Archived from 3707: 3701: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3685:October 27, 1970 3670: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3648: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3539:Musto, David F. 3536: 3530: 3529: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3504:. Archived from 3494: 3488: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3442: 3436: 3426: 3425:October 27, 1970 3410: 3406: 3401: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3307:Head Money Cases 3255:Drug prohibition 3238: 3233: 3232: 3231: 2989:alcoholic drinks 2974:recreational use 2904:(Briviact), and 2673:chlordiazepoxide 2609:Argyreia nervosa 2603:Ipomoea tricolor 2495:) used to treat 2126:local anesthetic 2083:Lisdexamfetamine 2073:drugs including 2055: 1930:San Pedro cactus 1918:psychedelic drug 1855:psychedelic drug 1828:morphine sulfate 1815:diacetylmorphine 1779:, for which the 1769:psychedelic drug 1699: 1632: 1631: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1468: 1415:and/or the 1971 1361: 1351: 1310:Geofroy v. Riggs 1296:Supremacy Clause 1246: 1240: 1234: 1207: 982:established the 949:John N. Mitchell 945:Attorney General 929:(1938), and the 907: 900: 893: 764:Drug development 691:Hatch-Waxman Act 647: 635: 574:U.S. drug policy 551: 544: 537: 392: 247:Major amendments 199:Passed the House 144:sections created 106: 61: 42: 35: 21: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6047: 5991: 5961: 5895: 5847: 5759: 5602: 5591: 5524: 5471:Cole Memorandum 5427: 5422: 5392: 5387: 5371: 5300: 5253: 5248: 5190:Current version 5181: 5176: 5175: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5107:10.1.1.690.1283 5091: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5048: 5044: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5007: 5006: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4951:doh.state.fl.us 4946: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4771: 4767: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4639: 4638: 4629: 4618: 4616: 4607: 4606: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4505: 4501: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4418:(2–3): 204–13. 4409: 4408: 4404: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4311: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4197:Wayback Machine 4188: 4184: 4179:Wayback Machine 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3721:on May 15, 2018 3709: 3708: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3668: 3649: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3565:. July 2, 2015. 3557: 3556: 3552: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3424: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3323: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3211: 3205: 3172: 3130: 3101:methamphetamine 3093:pseudoephedrine 3078: 2970: 2920:chronic fatigue 2918:(used to treat 2890:anticonvulsants 2863: 2846: 2840: 2745:Chloral hydrate 2737:(Lunesta), and 2665:Benzodiazepines 2653: 2636: 2630: 2545:Phendimetrazine 2417:androstenedione 2376: 2359: 2353: 2224:Methylphenidate 2216:(rare), severe 2212:: treatment of 2210:Methamphetamine 2202:: treatment of 2157:agonists, e.g. 2048: 2020: 2003: 1997: 1700: 1694: 1671: 1654: 1648: 1633: 1623: 1622: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1509: 1441: 1353: 1343: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1223: 1211:judicial review 1199: 1156: 1147: 1145:Statute content 1127:opioid epidemic 1099:methamphetamine 1090:, which placed 1037: 1021:Everett Dirksen 1009:Harry Anslinger 911: 882: 881: 862: 854: 853: 824: 816: 815: 749: 741: 740: 716: 708: 707: 666: 655: 633: 607:, which placed 555: 396: 386: 242: 233:Signed into law 104: 69:Enacted by 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6107: 6105: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6056: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5957:American Samoa 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5932:South Carolina 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5886:North Carolina 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5853:Decriminalized 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5605: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5581: 5573: 5565: 5557: 5549: 5545:Ravin v. State 5541: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5442: 5441:Laws and bills 5435: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5367:United Kingdom 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5312:European Union 5308: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5192: 5180: 5179:External links 5177: 5174: 5173: 5155: 5137: 5084: 5058: 5042: 5028: 5014: 4997: 4971: 4935: 4909: 4860: 4835: 4806: 4784: 4778: 4765: 4738:(2): 131–138. 4722: 4713: 4699: 4684: 4650: 4627: 4593: 4567: 4541: 4516: 4510:433 F.3d 738 ( 4499: 4488:(2): 167–175. 4472: 4453:(6): 581–590. 4437: 4402: 4359: 4321: 4313:21 U.S.C. 4296: 4270: 4248: 4230: 4212: 4200: 4182: 4164: 4125: 4100: 4086: 4064: 4034: 3998: 3968: 3938: 3912: 3886: 3863: 3843: 3817: 3791: 3756: 3732: 3702: 3688: 3627: 3613: 3594: 3568: 3550: 3531: 3511: 3489: 3477: 3463: 3452:on May 1, 2021 3437: 3429:21 U.S.C. 3427:, codified at 3395: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3346:United Kingdom 3339: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3300: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3223: 3220: 3204: 3201: 3171: 3168: 3129: 3126: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3042: 3012: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2946: 2931: 2913: 2886: 2879: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2842:Main article: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2788: 2769: 2758: 2748: 2742: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2687:(Versed), and 2652: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2632:Main article: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2620:anticonvulsant 2618:(Fycompa), an 2613: 2577: 2568:(Seconal) and 2562: 2552: 2542: 2533:combined with 2516: 2478: 2469:used to treat 2463:sodium oxybate 2459: 2456:Dihydrocodeine 2453: 2439: 2425: 2406: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2355:Main article: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2317: 2295: 2289: 2271: 2258: 2244: 2238: 2221: 2207: 2197: 2183: 2161: 2148: 2142: 2132: 2115: 2106: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2008: 1999:Main article: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1961: 1951: 1945: 1911: 1885: 1862: 1852:semi-synthetic 1845: 1831: 1808: 1801:emergency room 1790: 1784: 1762: 1746: 1736: 1692: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1650:Main article: 1647: 1644: 1620: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1452: 1447:Potential for 1440: 1437: 1401:Cato Institute 1277:Reid v. Covert 1253:21 U.S.C. 1222: 1219: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1134: 1130: 1119: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1095: 1084: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1048: 1036: 1033: 913: 912: 910: 909: 902: 895: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 874: 869: 863: 860: 859: 856: 855: 852: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 825: 822: 821: 818: 817: 814: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 787: 786: 779:Clinical trial 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 754:Drug discovery 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 739: 738: 733: 728: 723: 717: 714: 713: 710: 709: 706: 705: 700: 699: 698: 688: 683: 678: 673: 667: 664: 663: 660: 659: 649: 648: 640: 639: 632: 629: 613:sodium oxybate 599:(DEA) and the 557: 556: 554: 553: 546: 539: 531: 528: 527: 523: 522: 515: 514: 510: 509: 502: 501: 497: 496: 489: 488: 481: 480: 473: 472: 465: 464: 457: 456: 449: 448: 441: 440: 429: 428: 421: 420: 409: 408: 401: 400: 388: 387: 385: 384: 383:___ (2022) 364: 363:___ (2015) 344: 325: 306: 287: 267: 264: 263: 256: 255: 249: 248: 244: 243: 241: 240: 230: 216: 206: 196: 183: 164: 161: 160: 156: 155: 145: 138: 137: 132: 131:Titles amended 128: 127: 123: 122: 108: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 70: 66: 65: 62: 53: 52: 51:of drug abuse. 48: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6106: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5881:New Hampshire 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:West Virginia 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808:New Hampshire 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 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5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5275:United States 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5240: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5085: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4861: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4823: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4693:Text (162 KB) 4688: 4685: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4530: 4526: 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3752: 3751: 3746: 3743:King, Rufus. 3739: 3737: 3733: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3616: 3614:9781936296910 3610: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3559:"Legislation" 3554: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3397: 3390: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3303:Treaty Clause 3301: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2935:diphenoxylate 2932: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2883:diphenoxylate 2880: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2799:diphenoxylate 2796: 2795:antidiarrheal 2792: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2760:Some partial 2759: 2757: 2756:phenobarbital 2753: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705:flunitrazepam 2703: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2570:pentobarbital 2567: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2555:Benzphetamine 2553: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2523:antidiarrheal 2520: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2509:appetite loss 2507:, as well as 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2461:FDA-approved 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2442:Buprenorphine 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2330:Phencyclidine 2328: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2269:antidiarrheal 2266: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186:Hydromorphone 2184: 2181: 2177: 2176:Acetaminophen 2173: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2145:Diphenoxylate 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2113:pentobarbital 2110: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2081:(Dexedrine), 2080: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743:designer drug 1740: 1737: 1735:in the 1960s. 1734: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1630: 1629:§ 802(6) 1626: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1570: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1536: 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942: 941:Richard Nixon 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 908: 903: 901: 896: 894: 889: 888: 886: 885: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 864: 858: 857: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 826: 820: 819: 812: 811:Off-label use 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 785: 782: 781: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 745: 744: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 712: 711: 704: 701: 697: 694: 693: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 662: 661: 658: 654: 651: 650: 646: 642: 641: 636: 630: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 586:Richard Nixon 583: 579: 575: 572: 568: 564: 552: 547: 545: 540: 538: 533: 532: 530: 529: 525: 524: 521: 516: 512: 511: 508: 503: 499: 498: 495: 490: 487: 483: 482: 479: 474: 471: 467: 466: 463: 458: 455: 451: 450: 447: 442: 439: 435: 431: 430: 427: 422: 419: 415: 411: 410: 407: 402: 399: 393: 382: 378: 374: 370: 369: 365: 362: 358: 354: 350: 349: 345: 342: 339: 335: 331: 330: 326: 323: 320: 316: 312: 311: 307: 304: 301: 297: 293: 292: 288: 285: 282: 278: 274: 273: 269: 268: 265: 261: 257: 254: 250: 245: 238: 237:Richard Nixon 235:by President 234: 231: 228: 224: 220: 217: 214: 210: 207: 204: 200: 197: 195: 191: 187: 184: 181: 177: 173: 169: 166: 165: 162: 157: 154:§ 801 et seq. 153: 149: 146: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 124: 121:84 Stat. 1242 120: 117: 113: 109: 107: 101: 98: 95: 91: 86: 82: 78: 75: 71: 67: 63: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 6043:Dispensaries 5987:Rescheduling 5891:North Dakota 5828:South Dakota 5823:Pennsylvania 5813:North Dakota 5720:Rhode Island 5603:jurisdiction 5583: 5575: 5567: 5559: 5551: 5543: 5535: 5452: 5352:Soviet Union 5274: 5186:1970 version 5167: 5158: 5149: 5140: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5075:. 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Retrieved 3450:the original 3440: 3399: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3325: 3324: 3319:War on drugs 3311: 3274: 3212: 3197: 3177: 3173: 3151: 3135: 3131: 3118: 3090: 3079: 2971: 2960: 2951:, only in a 2916:Pyrovalerone 2902:brivaracetam 2876:promethazine 2869: 2865: 2847: 2834: 2815:Carisoprodol 2783:-enantiomer 2780: 2752:barbiturates 2750:Long-acting 2679:(Klonopin), 2659: 2655: 2637: 2624: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2566:secobarbital 2527:anti-tussive 2505:chemotherapy 2429:barbiturates 2421:testosterone 2393: 2389: 2384: 2383:(21 USC 301 2378: 2360: 2351:Schedule III 2347: 2336:Secobarbital 2267:): a potent 2167: 2120:: used as a 2109:Barbiturates 2065: 2045: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2004: 1991: 1988: 1957: 1948:Methaqualone 1941: 1933: 1925: 1900:entactogenic 1869:cannabinoids 1818: 1814: 1754:Catha edulis 1752: 1703: 1702: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1655: 1642: 1635: 1616: 1566: 1550: 1534: 1519:Schedule III 1518: 1500: 1484: 1464: 1442: 1404: 1398: 1393: 1385: 1373: 1365: 1341: 1337:Constitution 1322: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1290: 1287: 1275: 1269: 1224: 1215: 1197: 1193: 1181: 1177: 1165: 1148: 1101:trafficking. 1038: 1018: 1006: 1001: 973: 935: 916: 680: 617:Schedule III 594: 566: 562: 560: 519: 462:Volstead Act 366: 346: 327: 308: 289: 270: 232: 226: 222: 218: 208: 198: 185: 167: 126:Codification 118: 60:(colloquial) 29: 5871:Mississippi 5843:Puerto Rico 5803:Mississippi 5765:Medical use 5640:Connecticut 5601:Legality by 5529:Court cases 5433:Federal law 5357:Switzerland 5332:Netherlands 4990:October 20, 4964:October 20, 4586:October 30, 4289:October 30, 4157:October 20, 4118:October 30, 3925:www.cdc.gov 3772:(1): 9–15. 3113:Patriot Act 3051:(including 3031:soft drinks 3025:; and some 2949:Cannabidiol 2928:weight loss 2829:orexinergic 2825:Lemborexant 2785:armodafinil 2766:pentazocine 2735:eszopiclone 2733:(Imovane), 2675:(Librium), 2628:Schedule IV 2413:prohormones 2411:(including 2316:of animals. 2302:barbiturate 2292:Oxymorphone 2251:cannabinoid 2164:Hydrocodone 2159:levorphanol 2071:Amphetamine 2050:21 CFR 1995:Schedule II 1896:psychedelic 1877:many states 1773:psychedelic 1714:psychedelic 1535:Schedule IV 1501:Schedule II 1429:Cindy Fazey 1014:libertarian 759:Drug design 343: (2014) 324: (2006) 305: (2005) 286: (2001) 83:May 1, 1971 6058:Categories 5970:Regulation 5735:Washington 5700:New Mexico 5695:New Jersey 5630:California 5483:STATES Act 5094:The Lancet 5077:August 18, 4619:January 7, 4317:§ 812 4113:Justia Law 3881:Wikisource 3836:August 31, 3810:August 31, 3683:, enacted 3675:, 84 3433:§ 801 3423:, enacted 3415:, 84 3391:References 3159:substances 3095:(PSE) and 3053:cigarettes 2991:. 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