1305:
These debates, as well as the history that surrounds the adoption of the treaty provision in
Article VI, make it clear that the reason treaties were not limited to those made in "pursuance" of the Constitution was so that agreements made by the United States under the Articles of Confederation, including the important peace treaties which concluded the Revolutionary War, would remain in effect. It would be manifestly contrary to the objectives of those who created the Constitution, as well as those who were responsible for the Bill of Rights—let alone alien to our entire constitutional history and tradition—to construe Article VI as permitting the United States to exercise power under an international agreement without observing constitutional prohibitions. In effect, such construction would permit amendment of that document in a manner not sanctioned by Article V. The prohibitions of the Constitution were designed to apply to all branches of the National Government, and they cannot be nullified by the Executive or by the Executive and the Senate combined.
1159:
2028:), may be dispensed without the written or electronically transmitted (21 CFR 1306.08) prescription of a practitioner, except that in emergency situations, as prescribed by the Secretary by regulation after consultation with the Attorney General, such drug may be dispensed upon oral prescription in accordance with section 503(b) of that Act (21 USC 353 (b)). With exceptions, an original prescription is always required even though faxing in a prescription in advance to a pharmacy by a prescriber is allowed. Prescriptions shall be retained in conformity with the requirements of section 827 of this title. No prescription for a controlled substance in Schedule II may be refilled.
3175:
presumably to make it harder to circumvent this rule, as it's not clear what is / is not controlled, thus placing an element of risk and deterrent in those performing the supply. It is up to the courts to then decide whether a specific chemical is an analogue, often via a 'battle of experts' for the defense and prosecution which can lead to extended and more uncertain prosecutions. The use of the 'analogue' definition also make it more difficult for companies involved in the legitimate supply of chemicals for research and industrial purposes to know whether a chemical is regulated under the CSA
40:
3487:"rug abuse may refer to any type of drug or chemical without regard to its pharmacologic actions. It is an eclectic concept having only one uniform connotation: societal disapproval. ... The Commission believes that the term drug abuse must be deleted from official pronouncements and public policy dialogue. The term has no functional utility and has become no more than an arbitrary codeword for that drug use which is presently considered wrong." – Second Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse; Drug Use In America: Problem In Perspective (March 1973), p.13
1352:, which also establishes mechanisms for amending international drug control regulations to correspond with HHS findings on scientific and medical issues. If control of a substance is mandated by the Single Convention, the Attorney General is required to "issue an order controlling such drug under the schedule he deems most appropriate to carry out such obligations," without regard to the normal scheduling procedure or the findings of the HHS Secretary. However, the Secretary has great influence over any drug scheduling proposal under the Single Convention, because
1315:"The treaty power, as expressed in the Constitution, is in terms unlimited except by those restraints which are found in that instrument against the action of the government or of its departments, and those arising from the nature of the government itself and of that of the States. It would not be contended that it extends so far as to authorize what the Constitution forbids, or a change in the character of the government, or in that of one of the States, or a cession of any portion of the territory of the latter, without its consent."
3230:
645:
3133:
microlitres of a controlled substance within larger chemical collections (often tens of thousands of chemicals) for in vitro screening or sale. Researchers often believe that there is some form of "research exemption" for such small amounts. This incorrect view may be further re-enforced by R&D chemical suppliers often stating and asking scientists to confirm that anything bought is for research use only.
1910:(PTSD). The medical community originally agreed upon placing it as a Schedule III substance, but the government denied this suggestion, despite two court rulings by the DEA's administrative law judge that placing MDMA in Schedule I was illegal. It was temporarily unscheduled after the first administrative hearing from December 22, 1987 – July 1, 1988.
2387:), may be dispensed without a written, electronically transmitted, or oral prescription in conformity with section 503(b) of that Act (21 USC 353 (b)). Such prescriptions may not be filled or refilled more than six months after the date thereof or be refilled more than five times after the date of the prescription unless renewed by the practitioner.
1175:(HHS), or by petition from any interested party, including the manufacturer of a drug, a medical society or association, a pharmacy association, a public interest group concerned with drug abuse, a state or local government agency, or an individual citizen. When a petition is received by the DEA, the agency begins its own investigation of the drug.
2391:
distribution is somewhat less stringent than
Schedule II drugs. Provisions for emergency situations are less restrictive within the "closed system" of the Controlled Substances Act than for Schedule II though no schedule has provisions to address circumstances where the closed system is unavailable, nonfunctioning or otherwise inadequate.
1423:. Many articles in these treaties—such as Article 35 and Article 36 of the Single Convention—are prefaced with phrases such as "Having due regard to their constitutional, legal and administrative systems, the Parties shall . . ." or "Subject to its constitutional limitations, each Party shall . . ." According to former
1613:. Every schedule otherwise requires finding and specifying the "potential for abuse" before a substance can be placed in that schedule. The specific classification of any given drug or other substance is usually a source of controversy, as is the purpose and effectiveness of the entire regulatory scheme.
3165:
research, even if the core focus of the company is not narcotic or psychotropic drugs. These may not have been controlled when created, but they have subsequently been declared controlled, or fall within chemical space close to known controlled substances, or are used as tool compounds, precursors or
1318:
This Court has repeatedly taken the position that an Act of
Congress, which must comply with the Constitution, is on a full parity with a treaty, and that, when a statute which is subsequent in time is inconsistent with a treaty, the statute to the extent of conflict renders the treaty null. It would
50:
An Act to amend the Public Health
Service Act and other laws to provide increased research into, and prevention of, drug abuse and drug dependence; to provide for treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers and drug dependent persons; and to strengthen existing law enforcement authority in the field
1879:
have made recreational and medical use of marijuana legal, while other states have decriminalized possession of small amounts. Such measures operate only on state laws, and have no effect on federal law. Whether such users would actually be prosecuted under federal law is a separate question with no
1370:
adds or transfers a substance to a schedule established by the
Convention on Psychotropic Substances, so that current U.S. regulations on the drug do not meet the treaty's requirements, the Secretary is required to issue a recommendation on how the substance should be scheduled under the CSA. If the
1304:
There is nothing in this language which intimates that treaties and laws enacted pursuant to them do not have to comply with the provisions of the
Constitution. Nor is there anything in the debates which accompanied the drafting and ratification of the Constitution which even suggests such a result.
1216:
The CSA creates a closed system of distribution for those authorized to handle controlled substances. The cornerstone of this system is the registration of all those authorized by the DEA to handle controlled substances. All individuals and firms that are registered are required to maintain complete
3198:
These have the advantage of clearly defining what is controlled, making prosecutions easier and compliance by legitimate companies simpler. However the downside is that these tend to be harder to understand for non-chemists and also give those wishing to supply for illegitimate reasons something to
1394:
Rohypnol is not approved or available for medical use in the United States, but it is temporarily controlled in
Schedule IV pursuant to a treaty obligation under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. At the time flunitrazepam was placed temporarily in Schedule IV (November 5, 1984), there
1374:
If the HHS Secretary disagrees with the UN controls, the
Attorney General must temporarily place the drug in Schedule IV or V (whichever meets the minimum requirements of the treaty) and exclude the substance from any regulations not mandated by the treaty. The Secretary is required to request that
1132:
The 2017 Protecting
Patient Access to Emergency Medications Act (PPAEMA) amended Section 33 of the CSA to include DEA registration for Emergency Medical Service (EMS) agencies, approved uses of standing orders, and requirements for the maintenance and administration of controlled substances used by
3136:
A further misconception is that the
Controlled Substances Act simply lists a few hundred substances (e.g. MDMA, Fentanyl, Amphetamine, etc.) and compliance can be achieved via checking a CAS number, chemical name or similar identifier. However, the reality is that in most cases all ethers, esters,
2656:
Control measures are similar to Schedule III. Prescriptions for Schedule IV drugs may be refilled up to five times within a six-month period. A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, electronically
1208:
allows the Attorney General to temporarily place a substance in Schedule I "to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety". Thirty days' notice is required before the order can be issued, and the scheduling expires after a year. The period may be extended six months if rulemaking proceedings to
4815:"An Act To amend the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 to require States to use at least 8 per centum of their highway safety apportionments for developing and implementing comprehensive programs concerning the use of child restraint sys- tems in motor vehicles, and for other purposes"
3119:
Additionally, the law restricts an individual to the retail purchase of no more than three packages or 3.6 grams of such product per day per purchase – and no more than 9 grams in a single month. A violation of this statute constitutes a misdemeanor. Retailers now commonly require PSE-containing
1617:
The term "controlled substance" means a drug or other substance, or immediate precursor, included in schedule I, II, III, IV, or V of part B of this subchapter. The term does not include distilled spirits, wine, absinthe, malt beverages, nicotine or tobacco, as those terms are defined or used in
1194:
The HHS recommendation on scheduling is binding to the extent that if HHS recommends, based on its medical and scientific evaluation, that the substance not be controlled, then the DEA may not control the substance. Once the DEA has received the scientific and medical evaluation from HHS, the DEA
1178:
The DEA may begin an investigation of a drug at any time based upon information received from laboratories, state and local law enforcement and regulatory agencies, or other sources of information. Once the DEA has collected the necessary data, the Deputy Administrator of DEA, requests from HHS a
3644:
An Act to amend the Public Health Service Act and other laws to provide increased research, into, and prevention of, drug abuse and drug dependence; to provide for treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers and drug dependent persons; and to strengthen existing law enforcement authority in the
2390:
A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, electronically transmitted or by facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in. Control of wholesale
3213:
The CSA does not include a definition of "drug abuse". In addition, research shows certain substances on Schedule I, for drugs which have no accepted medical uses and high potential for abuse, actually have accepted medical uses, have low potential for abuse, or both. One of those substances is
1190:
and, on occasion, from the scientific and medical community at large. The Assistant Secretary, by authority of the Secretary, compiles the information and transmits back to the DEA a medical and scientific evaluation regarding the drug or other substance, a recommendation as to whether the drug
1011:
when he consolidated the previous anti-drug treaties into the Single Convention and took the opportunity to add new provisions that otherwise might have been unpalatable to the international community. According to David T. Courtwright, "the Act was part of an omnibus reform package designed to
3174:
Historically, in an attempt to prevent psychoactive chemicals which are chemically similar to controlled substance, but not specifically controlled by it, the CSA also controls "analogues" of many listed controlled substances. The definition of what 'analogue' means is kept deliberately vague,
2866:
No controlled substance in Schedule V which is a drug may be distributed or dispensed other than for a medical purpose. A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, electronically transmitted or by
1195:
Administrator evaluates all available data and makes a final decision whether to propose that a drug or other substance be controlled and into which schedule it should be placed. Under certain circumstances, the Government may temporarily schedule a drug without following the normal procedure.
1825:
that exerts its effects after being converted into the major active metabolite morphine, and the minor metabolite 6-MAM - which itself is also rapidly converted to morphine. Some European countries still use it as a potent pain reliever in terminal cancer patients, and as second option, after
1149:
The Controlled Substances Act consists of two subchapters. Subchapter I defines Schedules I–V, lists chemicals used in the manufacture of controlled substances, and differentiates lawful and unlawful manufacturing, distribution, and possession of controlled substances, including possession of
1002:
he criminal law is too harsh a tool to apply to personal possession even in the effort to discourage use. It implies an overwhelming indictment of the behavior which we believe is not appropriate. The actual and potential harm of use of the drug is not great enough to justify intrusion by the
3132:
A common misunderstanding amongst researchers is that most national laws (including the Controlled Substance Act) allows the supply/use of small amounts of a controlled substance for non-clinical / non-in vivo research without licenses. A typical use case might be having a few milligrams or
1150:
Schedule I drugs for personal use; this subchapter also specifies the dollar amounts of fines and durations of prison terms for violations. Subchapter II describes the laws for exportation and importation of controlled substances, again specifying fines and prison terms for violations.
1690:, the drug must remain in schedule I. In such circumstances, placement of the drug in schedules II through V would conflict with the CSA since such drug would not meet the criterion of "a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States." 21 USC 812(b). (emphasis added)
828:
1880:
definitive answer. Given the widespread medicinal use of cannabis, the maintenance of its Schedule I classification has been controversial, with many calling for a reclassification or holistic federal decriminalization. As of April 30, 2024, cannabis was set to be reclassified by the
3137:
salts and stereoisomers are also controlled and it is impossible to simply list all of these. The act contains several "generic statements" or "chemical space" laws, which aim to control all chemicals similar to the "named" substance, these provide detailed descriptions similar to
1685:
hen it comes to a drug that is currently listed in schedule I, if it is undisputed that such drug has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and it is further undisputed that the drug has
1080:
3190:
descriptions to clearly define what analogues or chemical space is controlled. These chemical space, chemical family, generic statements or markush statements (depending on the legislation terminology) have been used for many years by other countries, notably the UK in the
1836:, a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae. Some countries in North America use ibogaine as an alternative medicine treatment for opioid drug addiction. Ibogaine is also used for medicinal and ritual purposes within
1830:; it is about twice as potent, by weight, as morphine and, indeed, becomes morphine upon injection into the bloodstream. The two acetyl groups attached to the morphine make a prodrug which delivers morphine to the opioid receptors twice as fast as morphine can.
1251:. The CSA bears many resemblances to these Conventions. Both the CSA and the treaties set out a system for classifying controlled substances in several schedules in accordance with the binding scientific and medical findings of a public health authority. Under
3115:
renewal and included wider and more comprehensive restrictions on the sale of PSE-containing products. This law requires customer signature of a "log-book" and presentation of valid photo ID in order to purchase PSE-containing products from all retailers.
1799:-cataplexy and alcohol withdrawal with a limited safe dosage range and poor ability to control pain when used as an anesthetic (severely limiting its usefulness). It was placed in Schedule I in March 2000 after widespread recreational use led to increased
1118:- synthetic drugs, added several Markush like statements that describes synthetic cannabinoid chemical space that are also controlled as Schedule 1 substances. However, since then many new synthetic cannabinoids not covered by this act have emerged
3152:
Due to this complexity in legislation, the identification of controlled chemicals in research or chemical supply is often carried out computationally on the chemical structure, either by in-house systems maintained a company or by the use of commercial
3037:, and drinks cannot contain more than 200 parts per million (0.02%) of caffeine. There is no federal age restriction for caffeine-containing products. Also available medically in some pain medications (usually in combination with other drugs, like in
1362:
requires the Secretary the power to "evaluate the proposal and furnish a recommendation to the Secretary of State which shall be binding on the representative of the United States in discussions and negotiations relating to the proposal."
2423:
in many of its forms (Androderm, AndroGel, Testosterone Cypionate, and Testosterone Enanthate) are labeled as Schedule III while low-dose testosterone when compounded with estrogen derivatives have been exempted (from scheduling) by the
904:
603:(FDA), determine which substances are added to or removed from the various schedules, although the statute passed by Congress created the initial listing. Congress has sometimes scheduled other substances through legislation such as the
2023:
Except when dispensed directly to an ultimate user by a practitioner other than a pharmacist, no controlled substance in Schedule II, which is a prescription drug as determined under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 USC 301
1745:. It has been shown to be associated with an increase in seizures if taken alone. Although the effects of BZP are not as potent as MDMA, it can produce neuroadaptations that can cause an increase in the potential for abuse of this drug.
1301:"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; . . ."
1390:) in Schedule IV. The drug did not then meet the Controlled Substances Act's criteria for scheduling; however, control was required by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In 1999, an FDA official explained to Congress:
1170:
was established in 1973, combining the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) and Customs' drug agents. Proceedings to add, delete, or change the schedule of a drug or other substance may be initiated by the DEA, the
1209:
permanently schedule the drug are in progress. In any case, once these proceedings are complete, the temporary order is automatically vacated. Unlike ordinary scheduling proceedings, such temporary orders are not subject to
1383:, to remove the drug from international control or transfer it to a different schedule under the convention. The temporary scheduling expires as soon as control is no longer needed to meet international treaty obligations.
2046:
Because refills of prescriptions for Schedule II substances are not allowed, it can be burdensome to both the practitioner and the patient if the substances are to be used on a long-term basis. To provide relief, in 2007,
1104:
The Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prevention Act of 2000 placed gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in Schedule I and sodium oxybate (the isolated sodium salt in GHB) in Schedule III when used under an FDA NDA or
1431:, "This has been used by the USA not to implement part of article 3 of the 1988 Convention, which prevents inciting others to use narcotic or psychotropic drugs, on the basis that this would be in contravention of
951:, was preparing a comprehensive new measure to more effectively meet the narcotic and dangerous drug problems at the federal level by combining all existing federal laws into a single new statute. With the help of
6012:
5986:
3208:
1016:, but instead repressionistic to the point of tyrannical in its intent; a cruel and/or arbitrary exercise of power). It eliminated mandatory minimum sentences and provided support for drug treatment and research.
627:(IND). Classification decisions are required to be made on criteria including potential for abuse (an undefined term), currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and international treaties.
604:
252:
897:
4022:
by section 201(a) of the CSA (21 USC 811(a)), and delegated to the Administrator of DEA by Department of Justice regulations (28 CFR 0.100), and redelegated to the Deputy Administrator pursuant to 28 CFR
1960:), a cactus growing in nature primarily in northeastern Mexico; one of the few plants specifically scheduled, with a narrow exception to its legal status for religious use in Native American churches.
5852:
1989:
In addition to the named substance, usually all possible ethers, esters, salts and stereoisomers of these substances are also controlled and also 'analogues', which are chemically similar chemicals.
4410:
Brennan, K.; Johnstone, A.; Fitzmaurice, P.; Lea, R.; Schenk, S. (2007). "Chronic Benzylpiperazine (BZP) Exposure Produces Behavioral Sensitization and Cross-sensitization to Methamphetamine (MA)".
890:
2379:
Except when dispensed directly by a practitioner, other than a pharmacist, to an ultimate user, no controlled substance in Schedule III or IV, which is a prescription drug as determined under the
5584:
1323:
According to the Cato Institute, these treaties only bind (legally obligate) the United States to comply with them as long as that nation agrees to remain a state party to these treaties. The
979:
843:
675:
581:
5611:
5560:
5518:
5316:
4006:
Drug Enforcement Administration (August 21, 2009). "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine Into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act".
3312:
3008:
271:
5415:
3199:'aim' for in terms of non-controlled chemical space. For both Markush and analogue type approaches, typically computational systems are used to flag likely regulated chemicals.
6032:
5506:
3004:
1062:
876:
690:
6073:
4720:
Exempt Anabolic Steroids (21 CFR § 1308.33 and 21 CFR § 1308.34) 05 February 2015 Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Diversion Control Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section
1681:
Under the DEA's interpretation of the CSA, a drug does not necessarily have to have the same "high potential for abuse" as heroin, for example, to merit placement in Schedule I:
720:
376:
356:
333:
314:
295:
276:
5092:
Nutt, David J.; King, Leslie A.; Phillips, Lawrence D.; Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (November 6, 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: A multicriteria decision analysis".
4511:
3800:"S.510 - An Act to amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to provide for the safety and effectiveness of medical devices intended for human use, and for other purposes"
189:
6083:
2996:
1319:
be completely anomalous to say that a treaty need not comply with the Constitution when such an agreement can be overridden by a statute that must conform to that instrument.
5976:
1308:
There is nothing new or unique about what we say here. This Court has regularly and uniformly recognized the supremacy of the Constitution over a treaty. For example, in
5286:
3120:
products to be sold behind the pharmacy or service counter. This affects many preparations which were previously available over-the-counter without restriction, such as
1432:
2572:(Nembutal), when combined with one or more additional active ingredient(s) not in Schedule II (e.g., Carbrital (no longer marketed), a combination of pentobarbital and
5290:
5282:
2063:) to allow practitioners to write up to three prescriptions at once, to provide up to a 90-day supply, specifying on each the earliest date on which it may be filled.
5294:
5278:
3658:
983:
193:
6002:
5432:
4792:
4367:
Gee, Paul; Gilbert, Mark; Richardson, Sandra; Moore, Grant; Paterson, Sharon; Graham, Patrick (2008). "Toxicity from the Recreational Use of 1-benzylpiperazine".
2860:
Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.
2650:
Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III
3710:
1288:
o agreement with a foreign nation can confer power on the Congress, or on any other branch of Government, which is free from the restraints of the Constitution.
1019:
King notes that the rehabilitation clauses were added as a compromise to Senator Jim Hughes, who favored a moderate approach. The bill, as introduced by Senator
4662:
2014:
The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions
1371:
Secretary agrees with the commission's scheduling decision, he can recommend that the Attorney General initiate proceedings to reschedule the drug accordingly.
1291:
3183:
3142:
1137:
5749:
3259:
2170:
formulation since October 2014 (examples include Vicodin, Norco, Tussionex). Prior to October 2014, formulations containing hydrocodone and over-the-counter
975:
5512:
5408:
5241:
3108:
2102:
2049:
1051:
871:
6093:
6042:
5206:
485:
1217:
and accurate inventories and records of all transactions involving controlled substances, as well as security for the storage of controlled substances.
974:
The CSA not only combined existing federal drug laws and expanded their scope, but it also changed the nature of federal drug law policies and expanded
595:
The legislation created five schedules (classifications), with varying qualifications for a substance to be included in each. Two federal agencies, the
5600:
3215:
2474:
1876:
2332:(PCP) - Formerly used as veterinary anesthetic under the trade name Sernylan and before then as an injectable anesthetic under the trade name Sernyl.
6068:
6017:
5744:
5464:
3269:
6022:
5326:
2582:(lysergic acid amide), listed as a sedative but also has psychedelic effects such as visual and auditory effects. An inefficient precursor to its
1172:
570:
4256:
5401:
5361:
4608:
3445:
1803:
visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. A specific formulation of this drug is also listed in Schedule III for limited uses, under the trademark
1260:
1076:
548:
4042:
1443:
There are five different schedules of controlled substances, numbered I–V. The CSA describes the different schedules based on three factors:
5764:
5494:
4085:
3244:
3104:
3080:
The Controlled Substances Act also provides for federal regulation of precursors used to manufacture some of the controlled substances. The
1424:
1416:
1179:
scientific and medical evaluation and recommendation as to whether the drug or other substance should be controlled or removed from control.
1055:
1158:
3034:
2380:
1419:
prior to repealing the Controlled Substances Act. The exception would be if the U.S. were to claim that the treaty obligations violate the
926:
670:
4943:
3699:(March 1973). Drug Use In America: Problem In Perspective, Second Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse (Report).
994:
abuse in the United States. During his presentation of the commission's First Report to Congress, Sonnenreich and Shafer recommended the
5269:
4666:
4524:
3331:
3296:
3179:
1412:
1028:
848:
730:
589:
506:
4549:
4257:"Appendix C: Measurement of Dependence, Abuse, Treatment, and Treatment Need – 2000 NHSDA – Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment"
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6063:
4312:
3428:
1624:
1354:
1344:
1281:
1252:
1200:
259:
147:
134:
576:
under which the manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of certain substances is regulated. It was passed by the
3859:
3612:
2992:
2488:
2043:
is roughly two times as potent). More significantly, they vary in nature. Pharmacology and CSA scheduling have a weak relationship.
1336:
1024:
616:
5458:
4658:
4192:
2995:(which is voluntarily abided by all 50 U.S. states), sale is limited to persons 21-years-old and above only. Sale regulated by the
1162:
U.S. Food and Drug Administration agents inspect packages for illegal drug shipments at an international mail facility in New York.
4136:
1771:
that is widespread throughout the plant kingdom and endogenous to the human body. DMT is the main psychoactive constituent in the
5906:
3281:
1376:
1187:
800:
573:
469:
175:
4979:
3523:
5382:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5264:
5250:
5234:
5054:
Basis for the Recommendation to Control 5-Methoxy-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act
4345:
3676:
3416:
3291:
3249:
2356:
1950:(Quaalude, Sopor, Mandrax), a sedative that was previously used for similar purposes as barbiturates, until it was rescheduled.
1881:
1695:
1167:
735:
685:
596:
493:
111:
103:
5476:
3764:
Courtwright, David T. (October 5, 2004). "The Controlled Substances Act: how a "big tent" reform became a punitive drug law".
3067:. The minimum purchasing age of tobacco and e-cigarettes in the United States is 21-years-old, per the Synar amendment to the
1182:
This request is sent to the Assistant Secretary of Health of HHS. Then, HHS solicits information from the Commissioner of the
5734:
5331:
4278:
4019:
3976:
3157:
solutions. Automated systems are often required as many research operations can have collections of 10,000–100,000 different
3085:
2963:. Other CBD formulations remain Schedule I, except for those derived from hemp which are unscheduled but still FDA-regulated.
2828:
2633:
2000:
1907:
1380:
1328:
944:
937:
918:
4480:
Okun, M. S.; Boothy, L. A.; Bartfield, R. B.; Doering, P. L. (2001). "GHB: An important pharmacologic and clinical update".
4333:
3946:
3519:
1270:
The domestic and international legal nature of these treaty obligations must be considered in light of the supremacy of the
6007:
5424:
4174:
2843:
1651:
1324:
1247:
state that a major purpose of the CSA is to "enable the United States to meet all of its obligations" under international
1044:
3472:"William J. Clinton: Statement on Signing the Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Drug Prohibition Act of 2000"
5754:
5189:
4707:
3602:
3064:
3038:
3000:
1367:
1183:
866:
725:
600:
5163:
3107:
which places restrictions on the sale of any medicine containing pseudoephedrine. That bill was then superseded by the
2657:
transmitted or by facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in.
3921:"CDC - The Protecting Patient Access to Emergency Medications Act of 2017 - Publications by Topic - Public Health Law"
3718:
3635:
3497:
2373:
Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.
1858:
790:
783:
577:
73:
5036:
3639:
1567:
Placing a drug or other substance in a certain schedule or removing it from a certain schedule is primarily based on
2367:
The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in Schedules I and II.
1012:
rationalize, and in some respects to liberalize, American drug policy." (Courtwright noted that the Act became, not
5956:
5931:
5885:
5227:
5066:
3663:
3403:
2644:
The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III
2591:
2323:
1847:
1420:
1271:
1122:
541:
425:
4691:
Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 163 / Pgs. 49661 - 49682 / Aug 22, 2014 DEA-Final Rule, Effective October 6, 2014
2854:
The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV
1121:
The 2010 Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act (effective on October 12, 2010), to allow pharmacies to operate
6088:
5880:
5837:
5807:
5664:
5447:
4445:
Tunnicliff, G. (1997). "Sites of action of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB)—A neuroactive drug with abuse potential".
3068:
2466:
2420:
1792:
1264:
1087:
930:
838:
833:
702:
445:
347:
4917:
1263:(HHS). Under Article 3 of the Single Convention and Article 2 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the
39:
6027:
5981:
5890:
5827:
5822:
5812:
5719:
5366:
3341:
3192:
773:
624:
328:
3146:
1871:. Pure (–)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol is also listed in Schedule III for limited uses, under the trademark
1115:
2638:
Placement on schedules; findings required Schedule IV substances are those that have the following findings:
2405:(mainly for use as a human anesthetic) but has since become popular as a veterinary and pediatric anesthetic;
925:(1906) was the beginning of over 200 laws concerning public health and consumer protections. Others were the
5870:
5842:
5802:
5639:
5341:
5185:
4220:
2101:(lisdexamfetamine only). Originally placed in Schedule III, but moved to Schedule II in 1978 as part of the
1789:, a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 1,000–3,000 times that of morphine.
5699:
5694:
5629:
5536:
5101:
5022:
4814:
3286:
1709:
922:
695:
405:
3872:
971:, John Ingersoll creating and writing the legislation, Mitchell was able to present Nixon with the bill.
5946:
5936:
5865:
5797:
5674:
5488:
3081:
2973:
2945:
with atropine (Motofen) has been moved to Schedule IV. Without atropine, these drugs are in Schedule II.
2098:
1899:
656:
608:
534:
380:
367:
360:
337:
318:
299:
280:
5194:
4575:
1335:
right to withdraw from or abrogate at any time these two instruments, in accordance with said nation's
1140:
using Markush like notation, the first time Markush like statement were directly used in the act itself
5198:
4953:. Florida Department of Health, Division of Medical Quality Assurance. October 5, 2006. Archived from
4730:
Halpern, J.H. (2004). "Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States".
4264:
5875:
5817:
5792:
5777:
5729:
5704:
5679:
5669:
5659:
5649:
5644:
5634:
5576:
5321:
5145:
4612:
3235:
3060:
2923:
2867:
facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in.
2492:
2484:
2480:
1982:
1937:
1003:
criminal law into private behavior, a step which our society takes only with the greatest reluctance.
768:
620:
397:
96:
5106:
5053:
4050:
3920:
3558:
3449:
1668:
There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.
1665:
The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
1407:
calls for repealing the CSA, an action that would likely bring the United States into conflict with
5951:
5916:
5782:
5772:
5724:
5684:
5624:
3528:. Canadian Senate Special Committee on Illegal Drugs. Vol. 3. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy.
3264:
3162:
2972:
These psychoactive drugs are not controlled by the act, and are also allowed for sale intended for
2370:
The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
1975:
1929:
1903:
1780:
964:
952:
4692:
2857:
The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States
2647:
The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States
1411:, were the United States not to exercise its sovereign right to withdraw from and/or abrogate the
1097:
The 1993 Domestic Chemical Diversion and Control Act (effective on April 16, 1994) in response to
6037:
5926:
5860:
5787:
5714:
5689:
5619:
5127:
4755:
4695:
4392:
3161:
at the 1–5 milligram scale, which are likely to include controlled substances, especially within
3158:
2977:
2956:
2508:
2227:
2121:
1764:
1069:
309:
171:
141:
3894:
3825:
17:
3799:
3576:
1081:
United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
5941:
5911:
5654:
5568:
5552:
5119:
4954:
4899:
4891:
4843:
4747:
4550:"US drug control agency will move to reclassify marijuana in a historic shift, AP sources say"
4489:
4462:
4427:
4384:
4081:
4073:
3855:
3781:
3696:
3652:
3608:
3275:
3187:
3138:
2719:
2596:
2078:
2017:
Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.
1674:
No prescriptions may be written for Schedule I substances, and such substances are subject to
1408:
1091:
995:
987:
960:
795:
652:
290:
5049:
2797:
drug, when combined with atropine (such as Motofen) (difenoxin is 2–3 times more potent than
2707:(Rohypnol) (flunitrazepam is not FDA approved making it an illegal drug in the United States)
2344:(Nucynta) – A drug with mixed opioid agonist and norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor activity.
5921:
5832:
5739:
5709:
5500:
5111:
4881:
4739:
4454:
4419:
4376:
4027:
4008:
3773:
3306:
3254:
2988:
2672:
2608:
2602:
2408:
2309:
2141:
administration containing the equivalent of more than 90 mg of codeine per dosage unit;
2125:
2082:
2057:
1971:
1917:
1895:
1854:
1772:
1768:
1738:
1713:
1675:
1295:
948:
805:
763:
4868:
Rosenfeld, Leah S.; Mihalov, Jeremy J.; Carlson, Susan J.; Mattia, Antonia (October 2014).
1339:, at which point these treaties will cease to bind that nation in any way, shape, or form.
644:
372:
5470:
4196:
4178:
3748:
3100:
3092:
2744:
2544:
2416:
2223:
2209:
1864:
1448:
1210:
1126:
1098:
1020:
1008:
991:
500:
Regulated the growth of the opium poppy and prohibited private cultivation in most states.
453:
352:
5152:. National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. July 2015.
4670:
1461:: Is this drug safe? How likely is this drug to cause addiction? What kinds of addiction?
4189:
3744:
3471:
151:
5544:
5214:
4147:
4030:
3895:"S.3397 - 111th Congress (2009-2010): Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act of 2010"
3540:
3345:
2984:
2889:
2664:
2619:
2462:
2455:
2060:
1851:
1800:
1783:
are granted exemption from DMT's schedule I status on the grounds of religious freedom.
1637:
1458:
1400:
1358:
1276:
1013:
778:
753:
612:
340:
321:
283:
5115:
5069:. Drug Enforcement Administration, United States Department of Justice. Archived from
4983:
1656:
Schedule I substances are described as those that have all of the following findings:
212:
202:
6057:
4743:
4423:
3871:
3777:
3640:"Part F—Advisory Commission: Establishment of Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse"
3302:
2934:
2882:
2798:
2794:
2755:
2704:
2569:
2554:
2522:
2441:
2402:
2329:
2297:
2268:
2185:
2144:
2112:
2052:
1742:
1387:
1138:
amended to describe and control all chemical space related to Fentanyl like chemicals
940:
810:
585:
302:
236:
179:
4759:
4396:
1243:
1237:
5202:
5131:
5008:
3984:
3672:
3448:. US Department of Justice via the Federal Register. March 13, 2000. Archived from
3412:
3318:
2915:
2901:
2875:
2814:
2751:
2565:
2526:
2504:
2335:
2108:
1947:
1753:
1628:
1529:
Abusing the drug can cause severe mental addiction, or moderate physical addiction
1348:
1231:
1204:
461:
5219:
4640:
4282:
4238:
3954:
1579:
4793:"FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products: Questions and Answers"
4316:
4207:
4043:"Final Order: Temporary Placement of Five Synthetic Cannabinoids Into Schedule I"
3432:
1981:
Controlled substance analogues intended for human consumption, as defined by the
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1573:
1256:
5393:
4171:
3112:
2948:
2927:
2824:
2784:
2765:
2734:
2428:
2301:
2291:
2250:
2175:
2163:
2158:
2138:
2070:
1868:
1428:
1332:
758:
4108:
5482:
4982:. Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control. Archived from
4458:
4380:
3880:
3225:
3030:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2820:
2676:
2668:
2615:
2558:
2548:
2470:
2436:
2412:
2341:
2313:
2305:
2254:
2235:
2090:
1963:
1796:
1728:
1721:
1274:
over treaties or acts and the equality of treaties and Congressional acts. In
477:
4895:
4525:"Biden administration plans to drastically change federal rules on marijuana"
2458:
when compounded with other substances, to a certain dosage and concentration.
1688:
at least some potential for abuse sufficient to warrant control under the CSA
1079:(implemented August 1, 1989 as Article 12) added provisions implementing the
5215:
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA): A Legal Overview for the 116th Congress
4980:"General Information Regarding the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act 2005"
3096:
3052:
3022:
2942:
2909:
2790:
2776:
2730:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2573:
2518:
2319:
2281:
2273:
2199:
2193:
2179:
2171:
2129:
1913:
1891:
1786:
1776:
1748:
1717:
1454:
Accepted medical use: Is this drug used as a treatment in the United States?
956:
5123:
4903:
4751:
4493:
4431:
4388:
3785:
3541:"History of Legislative Control Over Opium, Cocaine, and Their Derivatives"
3505:
4659:"Issuance of Multiple Prescriptions for Schedule II Controlled Substances"
4466:
1198:
An example is when international treaties require control of a substance.
5311:
4144:
Cato Handbook for Congress: Policy Recommendations for the 108th Congress
3604:
Strength of the Pack: The Personalities, Politics and Espionage Intrigues
3154:
3044:
3014:
2952:
2938:
2808:
2772:
2738:
2726:
2710:
2680:
2538:
2500:
2445:
2432:
2401:, a drug originally developed as a safer, shorter-acting replacement for
2398:
2285:
2277:
2264:
2246:
2240:
2189:
2150:
2074:
2036:
2032:
1967:
1833:
1827:
1395:
was no evidence of abuse or trafficking of the drug in the United States.
1342:
A provision for automatic compliance with treaty obligations is found at
5070:
3680:
3420:
1640:
and tobacco are two of the most widely used drugs in the United States.
115:
4886:
4869:
3121:
3048:
2919:
2802:
2761:
2534:
2449:
2217:
2134:
2117:
2094:
1872:
1822:
1731:
class that was originally developed as an antidepressant by workers at
1072:
for chemicals "substantially similar" in Schedule I and II to be listed
588:. The Act also served as the national implementing legislation for the
437:
413:
56:
1039:
Since its enactment in 1970, the Act has been amended numerous times:
5209:
3335:
3018:
2722:
2579:
2496:
2203:
2154:
2040:
1953:
1921:
1837:
1810:
1732:
1568:
1248:
1226:
917:
The nation first outlawed addictive drugs in the early 1900s and the
433:
417:
3209:
Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act
2980:, but not specifically regulated or intended for recreational use):
2594:, ergine occurs naturally in the seeds of the common garden flowers
2361:
Schedule III substances are those that have the following findings:
1795:(gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid), a general anesthetic and treatment for
1111:
The 2010 Electronic Prescriptions for Controlled Substances (EPCS) .
1027:, to be passed by state legislatures, was also being drafted by the
605:
Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prevention Act of 2000
253:
Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prevention Act of 2000
2005:
Schedule II substances are those that have the following findings:
1545:
Abusing the drug may lead to moderate mental or physical addiction
3056:
2848:
Schedule V substances are those that have the following findings:
2697:(Restoril) (some states require specially coded prescriptions for
2530:
2260:
1841:
1804:
1157:
412:
Regulates labeling of products containing certain drugs including
1007:
Rufus King notes that this stratagem was similar to that used by
2817:(Soma) has become a Schedule IV medication as of 11 January 2012
2512:
2231:
2213:
2086:
1887:
1758:
1724:
1513:
Abusing the drug can cause severe physical and mental addiction
1465:
The following table gives a summary of the different schedules.
1191:
should be controlled, and in what schedule it should be placed.
968:
5397:
5223:
2941:(to make it poisonous, if taken at euphoria-inducing dosages).
1561:
Abusing the drug may lead to mild mental or physical addiction
3088:
determines that illegal manufacturing processes have changed.
3026:
2874:
Cough suppressants containing small amounts of codeine (e.g.,
2741:(Sonata) (zopiclone is not commercially available in the U.S.)
1031:; its wording closely mirrored the Controlled Substances Act.
4221:"21 U.S. Code Chapter 13 - Drug Abuse Prevention and Control"
3947:"Title 21 United States Code (USC) Controlled Substances Act"
1698:, Notice of denial of petition to reschedule marijuana (2001)
1433:
their constitutional amendment guaranteeing freedom of speech
978:
pertaining to controlled substances. Title II, Part F of the
5585:
Americans for Safe Access v. Drug Enforcement Administration
4579:
4047:
Drug Enforcement Administration: Office of Diversion Control
3951:
Drug Enforcement Administration: Office of Diversion Control
3446:"2000 - Addition of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid to Schedule I"
1636:
Some have argued that this is an important exemption, since
1108:
The 2008 Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act
3874:
Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008
3852:
Pathology, Toxicogenetics, and Criminalistics of Drug Abuse
2968:
Controlled by other federal laws for legal recreational use
2477:. All other forms or preparations of GHB are in Schedule I.
1662:
The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
1125:
for controlled substance medications in response to the US
980:
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
921:
helped lead international agreements regulating trade. The
582:
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
2011:
The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse
1284:
addressed both these issues directly and clearly holding:
5037:"An overview of chemical space laws and controlled drugs"
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4263:. SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies. 2000. Archived from
3214:
cannabis, which is either decriminalized or legalized in
1741:(benzylpiperazine), a synthetic stimulant once sold as a
5519:
Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act
4146:. Cato Institute. 2003. pp. 171–178. Archived from
4074:"The Closed System of Controlled Substance Distribution"
3647:, U.S. Government Publishing Office, pp. 1280–1281.
2465:
products (e.g. Xyrem, Xywav and Lumryz)—preparations of
1495:
Drug is not safe to use, even under medical supervision
4334:"Notice of denial of petition to reschedule marijuana"
3483:
3481:
1386:
This provision was invoked in 1984 to place Rohypnol (
1086:
1990 The Anabolic Steroids Act, passed as part of the
1063:
Controlled Substances Penalties Amendments Act of 1984
5561:
United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative
4049:. United States Department of Justice. Archived from
3983:. United States Department of Justice. Archived from
3953:. United States Department of Justice. Archived from
3313:
United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative
2976:
at the federal level (others are allowed for sale as
272:
United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative
4870:"Regulatory status of caffeine in the United States"
4208:
21 U.S.C. § 812 – Schedules of controlled substances
998:
of marijuana in small amounts, with Shafer stating,
986:—known as the Shafer Commission after its chairman,
638:
Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States
5995:
5969:
5899:
5851:
5763:
5610:
5599:
5528:
5440:
5431:
5375:
5304:
5257:
4279:"InfoFacts – Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products"
3166:synthetic intermediates to a controlled substance.
2997:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
2294:(semi-synthetic opioid; active ingredient in Opana)
1751:, an amphetamine-like stimulant found in the shrub
1116:
2012 Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act Subtitle D
1023:, ran to 91 pages. While it was being drafted, the
258:
246:
158:
140:
130:
125:
102:
92:
87:
79:
68:
55:
46:
5977:List of United States cannabis regulatory agencies
3664:
3404:
2881:Preparations containing small amounts of opium or
4482:Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
3365:Less than the drugs in Schedule I and Schedule II
3326:Similar legislation outside of the United States:
2713:(Serax, Serepax, Seresta, Alepam, Opamox, Oxamin)
2557:HCl (Didrex), a stimulant designed for use as an
4795:. US Food and Drug Administration. April 2, 2019
3745:"The 1970 Act: Don't Sit There, Amend Something"
2955:-derived pharmaceutical formulation marketed by
2547:Tartrate, a stimulant synthesized for use as an
2473:. These products are in Schedule III but with a
1618:subtitle E of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
484:Alcohol prohibition repealed via 21st Amendment
468:Implemented 18th Amendment establishing alcohol
3697:National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
3520:"The 1912 Hague International Opium Convention"
2850:
2640:
2363:
2007:
1683:
1658:
1615:
1392:
1286:
1000:
984:National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse
4514:2006) (55 years for three sales of marijuana).
3003:(FDA). Alcohol was formerly illegal under the
2933:Some centrally-acting antidiarrheals, such as
2779:(sold in the U.S. as Provigil) as well as its
1704:Drugs listed in this control schedule include:
5409:
5235:
4609:"Manuals – Practitioner's Manual – SECTION V"
2276:(semi-synthetic opioid; active ingredient in
2188:(semi-synthetic opioid; active ingredient in
1312:, 133 U. S. 258, 133 U. S. 267, it declared:
1186:and evaluations and recommendations from the
898:
542:
225:on October 14, 1970 (passed) and by the
8:
6074:History of drug control in the United States
3750:The Drug Hang Up, America's Fifty-Year Folly
3498:"Illegal Drugs in America: A Modern History"
3374:When compared with the drugs in Schedule III
3260:Drug Trafficking Safe Harbor Elimination Act
3182:, and later an amendment to the CSA in 2018
1767:(dimethyltryptamine), a naturally occurring
32:
5513:Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act
5056:The term "abuse" is not defined in the CSA.
4708:"Details for Phencyclidine-type substances"
4635:
4633:
4631:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4131:
4129:
3657:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3383:When compared with the drugs in Schedule IV
3109:Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005
1902:drug which initially garnered attention in
1379:take action, through the commission or the
6084:United States federal criminal legislation
5607:
5437:
5416:
5402:
5394:
5242:
5228:
5220:
4774:The botany and chemistry of hallucinogens,
3738:
3736:
3711:"NORML - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws"
3111:, which was passed as an amendment to the
2537:(which makes it less addiction-prone than
2220:(limited use) under the brandname Desoxyn.
1974:and the main psychoactive constituents of
1083:that went into force on November 11, 1990.
1054:of 1978 added provisions implementing the
905:
891:
643:
634:
549:
535:
486:Repeal of Prohibition in the United States
391:
219:Reported by the joint conference committee
5105:
4885:
4327:
4325:
4109:"Reid v. Covert, 354 U. S. 1 at pp 17–19"
3071:. Sales are regulated by the ATF and FDA.
2243:: a pain medication of the opiate family.
2031:These drugs vary in potency: for example
1920:and the main psychoactive constituent of
190:Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee
6018:Cannabis on American Indian reservations
5465:Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act
5184:Full text of Controlled Substances Act:
3832:. Library of Congress. November 10, 1978
3607:. Douglas Valentine. November 15, 2010.
3270:Federal drug policy of the United States
3099:being widely used in the manufacture of
3005:Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution
1467:
4261:National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
4072:Abood, Richard R. (November 21, 2012).
3901:. Library of Congress. October 12, 2010
3396:
3358:
3033:. It is regulated by the FDA under the
2257:(Marinol) which is a Schedule III drug.
2097:(limited use, dextroamphetamine only),
1884:as a Schedule III controlled substance.
1451:: How likely is this drug to be abused?
1173:Department of Health and Human Services
721:Department of Health and Human Services
637:
517:
504:
491:
475:
459:
443:
423:
403:
394:
4844:"Amendment XXI. Repeal of Prohibition"
4772:Schultes, R.E. and Hofmann, A., 1980.
3826:"S.2399 - Psychotropic Substances Act"
3650:
1875:. As a result of ballot initiatives,
1261:Secretary of Health and Human Services
1077:Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act
31:
5495:Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act
5003:
5001:
4080:. Jones & Bartlett. p. 184.
3245:Convention on Psychotropic Substances
3105:Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act
1425:United Nations Drug Control Programme
1417:Convention on Psychotropic Substances
1056:Convention on Psychotropic Substances
615:(the isolated sodium salt in GHB) in
7:
4822:Public Law, United States Government
4641:"21 U.S. Code § 829 - Prescriptions"
4319:– Schedules of controlled substances
3035:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
2381:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
2304:medication originally developed for
927:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
671:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
5146:"DrugFacts: Is Marijuana Medicine?"
4776:Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
4332:Marshall, Donnie (March 20, 2001).
3806:. Library of Congress. May 28, 1976
3332:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
3297:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
3180:Synthetic drug abuse prevention act
1413:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
849:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
590:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
170:in the House as H.R. 18583 by
5164:"State Marijuana Laws in 2018 Map"
4239:"21 U.S. Code § 802 - Definitions"
4018:Under the authority vested in the
3753:. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy.
3669:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
3409:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2444:(semi-synthetic opioid; active in
1857:famous for its involvement in the
1439:Schedules of controlled substances
1282:Supreme Court of the United States
1259:of the CSA, that authority is the
25:
6094:Cannabis law in the United States
6013:Politicians who have admitted use
4848:LII / Legal Information Institute
4645:LII / Legal Information Institute
4243:LII / Legal Information Institute
4225:LII / Legal Information Institute
3563:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3170:Analogues vs Markush descriptions
2993:National Minimum Drinking Age Act
2564:Fast-acting barbiturates such as
1366:Similarly, if the United Nations
1025:Uniform Controlled Substances Act
584:and signed into law by President
229:on October 14, 1970 (passed)
27:United States drug-regulating law
5150:National Institute on Drug Abuse
5023:"Controlled Drugs and analogues"
4744:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.003
4424:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.016
3778:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.012
3502:DEA Museum & Visitors Center
3282:List of pharmaceutical companies
3228:
3184:defining fentanyl chemical space
2870:Drugs in this schedule include:
2660:Drugs in this schedule include:
2394:Drugs in this schedule include:
2066:Drugs in this schedule include:
1850:(lysergic acid diethylamide), a
1188:National Institute on Drug Abuse
959:; the executive director of the
801:Abbreviated New Drug Application
470:prohibition in the United States
38:
18:Schedule II controlled substance
6069:Drug Enforcement Administration
5251:Regulation of therapeutic goods
5210:Statute Compilations collection
5009:"Controlled Substances Squared"
4732:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
4669:. November 2007. Archived from
4346:Drug Enforcement Administration
3981:Drug Enforcement Administration
3545:Schaffer Library of Drug Policy
3292:Regulation of therapeutic goods
3250:Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988
3103:, the U.S. Congress passed the
3091:In addition to the CSA, due to
2987:(ethanol), a sedative found in
2487:(officially referred to by its
2357:List of Schedule III drugs (US)
2206:addiction, extreme chronic pain
2035:is about 80 times as potent as
1696:Drug Enforcement Administration
1510:only with "severe restrictions"
1298:of the Constitution, declares:
1168:Drug Enforcement Administration
686:Prescription Drug Marketing Act
597:Drug Enforcement Administration
6023:Cannabis and the U.S. military
3086:United States Attorney General
3084:is actually modified when the
3039:aspirin/acetaminophen/caffeine
2634:List of Schedule IV drugs (US)
2475:restricted distribution system
2001:List of Schedule II drugs (US)
1908:post-traumatic stress disorder
1381:UN Economic and Social Council
1329:President of the United States
1225:The Congressional findings in
919:International Opium Convention
861:Non-governmental organizations
569:) is the statute establishing
1:
6008:Congressional Cannabis Caucus
5425:Cannabis in the United States
5116:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6
4944:"Federal Pseudoephedrine Law"
4078:Pharmacy Practice and the Law
3977:"State and Local Task Forces"
3124:and its generic equivalents.
2844:List of Schedule V drugs (US)
2811:(Ultram), an opioid analgesic
2787:(sold in the U.S. as Nuvigil)
2419:); the specific end molecule
1652:List of Schedule I drugs (US)
1045:Medical Device Regulation Act
5459:Solomon–Lautenberg amendment
5052:Docket ID: DEA-2009-0013 in
4576:"MAPS Legal History of MDMA"
3065:nicotine replacement therapy
3001:Food and Drug Administration
2999:(ATF) and less commonly the
2137:(pure) and any drug for non-
1840:spiritual traditions of the
1712:(alpha-methyltryptamine), a
1368:Commission on Narcotic Drugs
1184:Food and Drug Administration
867:National Academy of Medicine
726:Food and Drug Administration
601:Food and Drug Administration
201:on September 24, 1970 (
4412:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
4190:fuoriluogo.it – aprile 2003
3766:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
3636:91st United States Congress
3577:"Medical Device Amendments"
3178:Starting in 2012, with the
2801:, the active ingredient in
2764:opioid analgesics, such as
2541:, which is in Schedule II).
2308:; primarily used today for
2153:and most other strong pure
2103:Psychotropic Substances Act
1859:counterculture of the 1960s
1052:Psychotropic Substances Act
791:Randomized controlled trial
578:91st United States Congress
513:Treaty to control marijuana
395:Major United States federal
260:United States Supreme Court
74:91st United States Congress
6110:
5477:Rohrabacher–Farr amendment
3206:
2937:(Lomotil) when mixed with
2841:
2631:
2354:
2310:physician assisted suicide
1998:
1890:("ecstasy" or "molly"), a
1649:
1427:Chief of Demand Reduction
1421:United States Constitution
1272:United States Constitution
967:; and the Director of the
823:International coordination
426:Harrison Narcotics Tax Act
194:Senate Judiciary Committee
6079:1970 in American politics
6064:Controlled Substances Act
5453:Controlled Substances Act
5448:Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
5195:Controlled Substances Act
4508:United States v. Angelos,
4459:10.3109/15563659709001236
4381:10.1080/15563650802307602
3186:, the CSA started to use
3141:, these include ones for
3069:Public Health Service Act
3063:. Also used medically in
2885:(used to treat diarrhea);
2805:, which is in Schedule V)
2483:, synthetically prepared
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1457:Safety and potential for
1265:World Health Organization
1136:In 2018 the act was also
1088:Crime Control Act of 1990
931:Kefauver Harris Amendment
834:Uppsala Monitoring Centre
703:Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
681:Controlled Substances Act
563:Controlled Substances Act
526:Scheduling list for drugs
520:Controlled Substances Act
348:McFadden v. United States
266:
251:
211:on October 7, 1970 (
163:
135:21 U.S.C.: Food and Drugs
37:
6028:Marijuana Policy Project
5982:Cannabis product testing
5745:Northern Mariana Islands
3583:. Parsons Printing Press
3342:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
3076:Regulation of precursors
2298:Nembutal (Pentobarbital)
2249:(Cesamet) – A synthetic
2230:(Focalin): treatment of
2111:(short-acting), such as
2085:(Vyvanse): treatment of
1916:, a naturally occurring
1479:Potential for Addiction
774:Investigational New Drug
625:Investigational New Drug
611:(GHB) in Schedule I and
329:Burrage v. United States
4824:. 98–363. July 17, 1984
4195:April 23, 2015, at the
3047:, a stimulant found in
3017:, a stimulant found in
1821:, which is an inactive
1678:which the DEA imposes.
976:federal law enforcement
619:when used under an FDA
507:Convention on Narcotics
494:Opium Poppy Control Act
186:Committee consideration
182:) on September 10, 1970
5537:Leary v. United States
5277:(substance schedules:
5050:Government Regulations
3287:Medical amnesty policy
3218:of the United States.
3147:synthetic cannabinoids
3009:Twenty-first Amendment
2864:
2852:
2691:(Ativan), as well as:
2654:
2642:
2377:
2365:
2326:: Meperidine; Demerol)
2021:
2009:
1970:, naturally occurring
1813:is the brand name for
1701:
1672:
1660:
1634:
1508:Yes; sometimes allowed
1476:Accepted Medical Use?
1397:
1321:
1163:
1005:
923:Pure Food and Drug Act
657:Over-the-counter drugs
406:Pure Food and Drug Act
223:agreed to by the House
5489:Marijuana Justice Act
4285:on September 22, 2006
4267:on February 21, 2013.
3525:Public Policy Options
3207:Further information:
3082:DEA list of chemicals
3061:electronic cigarettes
3007:from 1919, until the
2747:, a sedative-hypnotic
2226:(Ritalin, Concerta),
2099:binge eating disorder
1958:Lophophora williamsii
1938:Peruvian torch cactus
1926:Lophophora williamsii
1775:South American brew,
1405:Handbook for Congress
1161:
1154:Enforcement authority
1035:Amendments, 1970–2018
1029:Department of Justice
731:Department of Justice
609:gamma hydroxybutyrate
452:Required taxation of
368:Ruan v. United States
221:on October 13, 1970;
33:Controlled Substances
5755:District of Columbia
5577:Moncrieffe v. Holder
5205:) as amended in the
4924:. September 26, 2022
4625:Retrieved 2014-01-07
4016:(161): 42217–42220.
3508:on December 4, 2004.
3474:. February 18, 2000.
3236:United States portal
3011:repealed it in 1933.
2924:appetite suppressant
2485:tetrahydrocannabinol
2427:Intermediate-acting
1983:Federal Analogue Act
1976:psilocybin mushrooms
1942:Echinopsis peruviana
1473:Potential for Abuse
769:New Drug Application
621:New Drug Application
5750:U.S. Virgin Islands
5170:. November 7, 2012.
5100:(9752): 1558–1565.
4986:on October 16, 2012
4673:on October 16, 2012
4447:Clinical Toxicology
4369:Clinical Toxicology
3987:on November 4, 2014
3927:. February 22, 2019
3879:. 2009 – via
3645:field of drug abuse
3265:Fair Sentencing Act
3193:Misuse of Drugs Act
3163:medicinal chemistry
3128:Research exemptions
2978:dietary supplements
2912:) (Potiga/Trobalt);
2720:benzodiazepine-like
2590:-diethyl analogue,
2128:and to stop severe
2056:was amended (at 72
1934:Echinopsis pachanoi
1906:as a treatment for
1904:psychedelic therapy
1359:§ 811(d)(2)(B)
1267:is that authority.
965:Michael Sonnenreich
953:White House Counsel
943:announced that the
806:Fast track approval
715:Government agencies
580:as Title II of the
239:on October 27, 1970
159:Legislative history
34:
6038:Harry J. Anslinger
4887:10.1111/nure.12136
4880:(Suppl 1): 23–33.
4615:on January 7, 2014
4177:2006-05-16 at the
4153:on October 7, 2012
4137:"The War on Drugs"
3854:. CRC Press, 2007
2957:GW Pharmaceuticals
2228:Dexmethylphenidate
2182:were Schedule III.
2122:topical anesthetic
1819:morphine diacetate
1377:Secretary of State
1331:have the absolute
1221:Treaty obligations
1164:
1123:take-back programs
1070:Federal Analog Act
653:Prescription drugs
310:Gonzales v. Oregon
172:Harley O. Staggers
6051:
6050:
5965:
5964:
5595:
5594:
5569:Gonzales v. Raich
5553:Conant v. Walters
5391:
5390:
5168:www.governing.com
5073:on August 9, 2017
5067:"Drug Scheduling"
4874:Nutrition Reviews
4582:on August 5, 2007
4172:"Date Rape" Drugs
4087:978-1-4496-8691-8
3850:Steven B. Karch.
3276:Gonzales v. Raich
2597:Turbina corymbosa
2529:, which contains
2409:Anabolic steroids
2253:. An analogue to
2079:Dextroamphetamine
1972:psychedelic drugs
1676:production quotas
1565:
1564:
1409:international law
1094:into Schedule III
1092:anabolic steroids
996:decriminalization
988:Raymond P. Shafer
961:Shafer Commission
915:
914:
796:Pharmacovigilance
559:
558:
446:Marihuana Tax Act
398:drug control laws
390:
389:
291:Gonzales v. Raich
209:Passed the Senate
105:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
6101:
6089:1970 in cannabis
5612:Recreational use
5608:
5501:SAFE Banking Act
5438:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5395:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5221:
5172:
5171:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5109:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5063:
5057:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5005:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4960:on July 30, 2012
4959:
4948:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4889:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4819:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4704:
4698:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4637:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4611:. Archived from
4605:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4578:. Archived from
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4556:. April 30, 2024
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4521:
4515:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4338:Federal Register
4329:
4320:
4310:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4281:. Archived from
4275:
4269:
4268:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4187:
4181:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4141:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4053:on April 9, 2016
4039:
4033:
4025:
4020:Attorney General
4009:Federal Register
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3957:on June 27, 2015
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3868:
3862:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3717:. Archived from
3707:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3685:October 27, 1970
3670:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3648:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3539:Musto, David F.
3536:
3530:
3529:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3504:. Archived from
3494:
3488:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3442:
3436:
3426:
3425:October 27, 1970
3410:
3406:
3401:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3307:Head Money Cases
3255:Drug prohibition
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
2989:alcoholic drinks
2974:recreational use
2904:(Briviact), and
2673:chlordiazepoxide
2609:Argyreia nervosa
2603:Ipomoea tricolor
2495:) used to treat
2126:local anesthetic
2083:Lisdexamfetamine
2073:drugs including
2055:
1930:San Pedro cactus
1918:psychedelic drug
1855:psychedelic drug
1828:morphine sulfate
1815:diacetylmorphine
1779:, for which the
1769:psychedelic drug
1699:
1632:
1631:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1468:
1415:and/or the 1971
1361:
1351:
1310:Geofroy v. Riggs
1296:Supremacy Clause
1246:
1240:
1234:
1207:
982:established the
949:John N. Mitchell
945:Attorney General
929:(1938), and the
907:
900:
893:
764:Drug development
691:Hatch-Waxman Act
647:
635:
574:U.S. drug policy
551:
544:
537:
392:
247:Major amendments
199:Passed the House
144:sections created
106:
61:
42:
35:
21:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6047:
5991:
5961:
5895:
5847:
5759:
5602:
5591:
5524:
5471:Cole Memorandum
5427:
5422:
5392:
5387:
5371:
5300:
5253:
5248:
5190:Current version
5181:
5176:
5175:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5107:10.1.1.690.1283
5091:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5074:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5048:
5044:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4951:doh.state.fl.us
4946:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4927:
4925:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4850:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4798:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4771:
4767:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4639:
4638:
4629:
4618:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4505:
4501:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4418:(2–3): 204–13.
4409:
4408:
4404:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4311:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4197:Wayback Machine
4188:
4184:
4179:Wayback Machine
4170:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3721:on May 15, 2018
3709:
3708:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3668:
3649:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3565:. July 2, 2015.
3557:
3556:
3552:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3424:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3323:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3211:
3205:
3172:
3130:
3101:methamphetamine
3093:pseudoephedrine
3078:
2970:
2920:chronic fatigue
2918:(used to treat
2890:anticonvulsants
2863:
2846:
2840:
2745:Chloral hydrate
2737:(Lunesta), and
2665:Benzodiazepines
2653:
2636:
2630:
2545:Phendimetrazine
2417:androstenedione
2376:
2359:
2353:
2224:Methylphenidate
2216:(rare), severe
2212:: treatment of
2210:Methamphetamine
2202:: treatment of
2157:agonists, e.g.
2048:
2020:
2003:
1997:
1700:
1694:
1671:
1654:
1648:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1509:
1441:
1353:
1343:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1211:judicial review
1199:
1156:
1147:
1145:Statute content
1127:opioid epidemic
1099:methamphetamine
1090:, which placed
1037:
1021:Everett Dirksen
1009:Harry Anslinger
911:
882:
881:
862:
854:
853:
824:
816:
815:
749:
741:
740:
716:
708:
707:
666:
655:
633:
607:, which placed
555:
396:
386:
242:
233:Signed into law
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2620:anticonvulsant
2618:(Fycompa), an
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2568:(Seconal) and
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2533:combined with
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2469:used to treat
2463:sodium oxybate
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2456:Dihydrocodeine
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2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2570:pentobarbital
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2555:Benzphetamine
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:antidiarrheal
2520:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2509:appetite loss
2507:, as well as
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:FDA-approved
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2442:Buprenorphine
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2330:Phencyclidine
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:antidiarrheal
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:Hydromorphone
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:Acetaminophen
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2145:Diphenoxylate
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:pentobarbital
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:(Dexedrine),
2080:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:designer drug
1740:
1737:
1735:in the 1960s.
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1629:§ 802(6)
1626:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1388:flunitrazepam
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1349:§ 811(d)
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:U.S. Congress
1320:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1205:§ 811(h)
1202:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1133:EMS agencies.
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:Richard Nixon
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
888:
886:
885:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
858:
857:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
820:
819:
812:
811:Off-label use
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
745:
744:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
712:
711:
704:
701:
697:
694:
693:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
662:
661:
658:
654:
651:
650:
646:
642:
641:
636:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
586:Richard Nixon
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
564:
552:
547:
545:
540:
538:
533:
532:
530:
529:
525:
524:
521:
516:
512:
511:
508:
503:
499:
498:
495:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:
474:
471:
467:
466:
463:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
442:
439:
435:
431:
430:
427:
422:
419:
415:
411:
410:
407:
402:
399:
393:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
345:
342:
339:
335:
331:
330:
326:
323:
320:
316:
312:
311:
307:
304:
301:
297:
293:
292:
288:
285:
282:
278:
274:
273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
245:
238:
237:Richard Nixon
235:by President
234:
231:
228:
224:
220:
217:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
197:
195:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
165:
162:
157:
154:§ 801 et seq.
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
124:
121:84 Stat. 1242
120:
117:
113:
109:
107:
101:
98:
95:
91:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
6043:Dispensaries
5987:Rescheduling
5891:North Dakota
5828:South Dakota
5823:Pennsylvania
5813:North Dakota
5720:Rhode Island
5603:jurisdiction
5583:
5575:
5567:
5559:
5551:
5543:
5535:
5452:
5352:Soviet Union
5274:
5186:1970 version
5167:
5158:
5149:
5140:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5075:. Retrieved
5071:the original
5061:
5045:
5031:
5017:
4988:. Retrieved
4984:the original
4974:
4962:. Retrieved
4955:the original
4950:
4938:
4926:. Retrieved
4921:
4918:"Tobacco 21"
4912:
4877:
4873:
4863:
4853:December 10,
4851:. Retrieved
4847:
4838:
4828:December 10,
4826:. Retrieved
4821:
4809:
4797:. Retrieved
4787:
4781:
4773:
4768:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4716:
4702:
4696:PDF (242 KB)
4687:
4677:September 3,
4675:. Retrieved
4671:the original
4653:
4644:
4617:. Retrieved
4613:the original
4584:. Retrieved
4580:the original
4570:
4558:. Retrieved
4553:
4544:
4532:. Retrieved
4528:
4519:
4507:
4502:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4350:. Retrieved
4341:
4337:
4287:. Retrieved
4283:the original
4273:
4265:the original
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4203:
4185:
4167:
4155:. Retrieved
4148:the original
4143:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:
4103:
4093:December 30,
4091:. Retrieved
4077:
4067:
4057:December 30,
4055:. Retrieved
4051:the original
4046:
4037:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3991:December 30,
3989:. Retrieved
3985:the original
3980:
3971:
3959:. Retrieved
3955:the original
3950:
3941:
3929:. Retrieved
3924:
3915:
3903:. Retrieved
3899:Congress.Gov
3898:
3889:
3873:
3866:
3851:
3846:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:Congress.Gov
3829:
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3804:Congress.Gov
3803:
3794:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3749:
3723:. Retrieved
3719:the original
3714:
3705:
3691:
3643:
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3603:
3597:
3587:December 30,
3585:. Retrieved
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3534:
3524:
3514:
3506:the original
3501:
3492:
3466:
3454:. Retrieved
3450:the original
3440:
3399:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3325:
3324:
3319:War on drugs
3311:
3274:
3212:
3197:
3177:
3173:
3151:
3135:
3131:
3118:
3090:
3079:
2971:
2960:
2951:, only in a
2916:Pyrovalerone
2902:brivaracetam
2876:promethazine
2869:
2865:
2847:
2834:
2815:Carisoprodol
2783:-enantiomer
2780:
2752:barbiturates
2750:Long-acting
2679:(Klonopin),
2659:
2655:
2637:
2624:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2566:secobarbital
2527:anti-tussive
2505:chemotherapy
2429:barbiturates
2421:testosterone
2393:
2389:
2384:
2383:(21 USC 301
2378:
2360:
2351:Schedule III
2347:
2336:Secobarbital
2267:): a potent
2167:
2120:: used as a
2109:Barbiturates
2065:
2045:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2004:
1991:
1988:
1957:
1948:Methaqualone
1941:
1933:
1925:
1900:entactogenic
1869:cannabinoids
1818:
1814:
1754:Catha edulis
1752:
1703:
1702:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1655:
1642:
1635:
1616:
1566:
1550:
1534:
1519:Schedule III
1518:
1500:
1484:
1464:
1442:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1373:
1365:
1341:
1337:Constitution
1322:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1290:
1287:
1275:
1269:
1224:
1215:
1197:
1193:
1181:
1177:
1165:
1148:
1101:trafficking.
1038:
1018:
1006:
1001:
973:
935:
916:
680:
617:Schedule III
594:
566:
562:
560:
519:
462:Volstead Act
366:
346:
327:
308:
289:
270:
232:
226:
222:
218:
208:
198:
185:
167:
126:Codification
118:
60:(colloquial)
29:
5871:Mississippi
5843:Puerto Rico
5803:Mississippi
5765:Medical use
5640:Connecticut
5601:Legality by
5529:Court cases
5433:Federal law
5357:Switzerland
5332:Netherlands
4990:October 20,
4964:October 20,
4586:October 30,
4289:October 30,
4157:October 20,
4118:October 30,
3925:www.cdc.gov
3772:(1): 9–15.
3113:Patriot Act
3051:(including
3031:soft drinks
3025:; and some
2949:Cannabidiol
2928:weight loss
2829:orexinergic
2825:Lemborexant
2785:armodafinil
2766:pentazocine
2735:eszopiclone
2733:(Imovane),
2675:(Librium),
2628:Schedule IV
2413:prohormones
2411:(including
2316:of animals.
2302:barbiturate
2292:Oxymorphone
2251:cannabinoid
2164:Hydrocodone
2159:levorphanol
2071:Amphetamine
2050:21 CFR
1995:Schedule II
1896:psychedelic
1877:many states
1773:psychedelic
1714:psychedelic
1535:Schedule IV
1501:Schedule II
1429:Cindy Fazey
1014:libertarian
759:Drug design
343: (2014)
324: (2006)
305: (2005)
286: (2001)
83:May 1, 1971
6058:Categories
5970:Regulation
5735:Washington
5700:New Mexico
5695:New Jersey
5630:California
5483:STATES Act
5094:The Lancet
5077:August 18,
4619:January 7,
4317:§ 812
4113:Justia Law
3881:Wikisource
3836:August 31,
3810:August 31,
3683:, enacted
3675:, 84
3433:§ 801
3423:, enacted
3415:, 84
3391:References
3159:substances
3095:(PSE) and
3053:cigarettes
2991:. Per the
2922:and as an
2906:retigabine
2900:(Vimpat),
2898:lacosamide
2896:(Lyrica),
2894:pregabalin
2892:, such as
2878:+codeine);
2838:Schedule V
2821:Suvorexant
2729:(Ambien),
2683:(Valium),
2677:clonazepam
2669:alprazolam
2667:, such as
2616:Perampanel
2559:anorexiant
2549:anorexiant
2511:caused by
2503:caused by
2493:dronabinol
2471:narcolepsy
2437:butalbital
2431:, such as
2342:Tapentadol
2314:euthanasia
2306:narcolepsy
2263:tincture (
2255:dronabinol
2236:narcolepsy
2172:analgesics
2139:parenteral
2091:narcolepsy
1964:Psilocybin
1797:narcolepsy
1729:tryptamine
1722:entactogen
1646:Schedule I
1551:Schedule V
1485:Schedule I
1292:Article VI
1257:§ 811
990:—to study
696:exemptions
478:Blaine Act
432:Regulates
168:Introduced
93:Public law
47:Long title
5947:Wisconsin
5937:Tennessee
5866:Louisiana
5798:Louisiana
5675:Minnesota
5383:Australia
5347:Singapore
5102:CiteSeerX
4896:1753-4887
4560:April 30,
4534:April 30,
4529:USA TODAY
4512:10th Cir.
3931:April 24,
3905:March 26,
3715:norml.org
3456:April 16,
3216:33 states
3203:Criticism
3195:.
3145:and also
3139:Markushes
3097:ephedrine
3023:chocolate
2961:Epidiolex
2943:Difenoxin
2910:ezogabine
2831:sedatives
2791:Difenoxin
2777:modafinil
2731:zopiclone
2699:temazepam
2695:temazepam
2689:Lorazepam
2685:midazolam
2671:(Xanax),
2574:carbromal
2519:Paregoric
2338:(Seconal)
2320:Pethidine
2282:OxyContin
2274:Oxycodone
2200:Methadone
2194:Palladone
2180:Ibuprofen
2130:epistaxis
2093:, severe
1914:Mescaline
1892:stimulant
1865:Marijuana
1787:Etorphine
1777:ayahuasca
1749:Cathinone
1718:stimulant
1625:21 U.S.C.
1459:addiction
1355:21 U.S.C.
1345:21 U.S.C.
1333:sovereign
1201:21 U.S.C.
1075:The 1988
1068:The 1986
1043:The 1976
957:John Dean
938:President
936:In 1969,
933:of 1962.
623:(NDA) or
454:marijuana
148:21 U.S.C.
88:Citations
80:Effective
6003:Timeline
5876:Nebraska
5818:Oklahoma
5793:Kentucky
5778:Arkansas
5730:Virginia
5705:New York
5680:Missouri
5670:Michigan
5660:Maryland
5650:Illinois
5645:Delaware
5635:Colorado
5507:MORE Act
5362:Thailand
5342:Portugal
5258:Americas
5124:21036393
4928:June 20,
4904:25293541
4760:30734515
4752:15163594
4667:U.S. DOJ
4663:U.S. DEA
4494:11466174
4432:17125936
4397:12227038
4389:18821145
4352:June 13,
4193:Archived
4175:Archived
3961:July 12,
3786:15380284
3653:citation
3638:(1970),
3435:et. seq.
3222:See also
3155:software
3143:Fentanyl
3045:Nicotine
3015:Caffeine
2953:cannabis
2939:atropine
2809:Tramadol
2773:eugeroic
2768:(Talwin)
2754:such as
2739:zaleplon
2727:zolpidem
2711:oxazepam
2681:diazepam
2539:laudanum
2501:vomiting
2446:Suboxone
2433:talbutal
2415:such as
2399:Ketamine
2286:Percodan
2278:Percocet
2265:Laudanum
2247:Nabilone
2241:Morphine
2190:Dilaudid
2174:such as
2151:Fentanyl
2075:Adderall
2037:morphine
2033:fentanyl
1968:psilocin
1867:and its
1834:Ibogaine
1693:—
1621:—
1539:Moderate
1327:and the
1249:treaties
992:cannabis
110:84
57:Acronyms
5996:Related
5952:Wyoming
5917:Indiana
5907:Georgia
5900:Illegal
5783:Florida
5773:Alabama
5725:Vermont
5685:Montana
5625:Arizona
5376:Oceania
5317:Germany
5305:Eurasia
5203:details
5132:5667719
4799:May 18,
4554:AP News
4467:9365423
3725:May 15,
3665:Pub. L.
3620:May 13,
3581:Rx-wiki
3405:Pub. L.
3188:Markush
3122:Actifed
3049:tobacco
2985:Alcohol
2803:Lomotil
2762:agonist
2723:Z-drugs
2535:camphor
2481:Marinol
2450:Subutex
2385:et seq.
2218:obesity
2135:Codeine
2118:Cocaine
2095:obesity
2053:1306.12
2026:et seq.
1936:), and
1873:Marinol
1838:African
1823:prodrug
1727:of the
1638:alcohol
1244:801a(3)
1238:801a(2)
748:Process
631:History
571:federal
438:cocaine
434:opiates
414:cocaine
373:20-1410
5927:Kansas
5861:Hawaii
5788:Hawaii
5715:Oregon
5690:Nevada
5620:Alaska
5588:(2013)
5580:(2013)
5572:(2005)
5564:(2001)
5556:(2000)
5548:(1975)
5540:(1969)
5521:(2022)
5515:(2022)
5509:(2019)
5503:(2019)
5497:(2019)
5491:(2019)
5485:(2018)
5479:(2014)
5473:(2013)
5467:(2011)
5461:(1990)
5455:(1970)
5337:Norway
5270:Canada
5265:Brazil
5130:
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3411:
3336:Canada
3299:(1961)
3059:) and
3057:cigars
3019:coffee
2606:, and
2580:Ergine
2497:nausea
2284:, and
2204:heroin
2155:opioid
2147:(pure)
2041:heroin
1954:Peyote
1922:peyote
1898:, and
1811:Heroin
1733:Upjohn
1720:, and
1627:
1607:, and
1569:21 USC
1555:Lowest
1523:Medium
1357:
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1294:, the
1255:
1241:, and
1232:801(7)
1227:21 USC
1203:
955:head,
784:phases
676:CDAPCA
418:heroin
375:,
371:, No.
355:,
353:14-378
351:, No.
227:Senate
152:ch. 13
142:U.S.C.
119:a.k.a.
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6033:NORML
5942:Texas
5912:Idaho
5655:Maine
5327:Japan
5322:India
5128:S2CID
4958:(PDF)
4947:(PDF)
4818:(PDF)
4756:S2CID
4393:S2CID
4151:(PDF)
4140:(PDF)
4031:42217
3677:Stat.
3417:Stat.
3353:Notes
2888:Some
2793:, an
2775:drug
2531:opium
2521:, an
2261:Opium
2061:64921
1842:Bwiti
1805:Xyrem
1449:abuse
877:NORML
872:RADAR
844:CIOMS
518:1970
505:1961
492:1942
476:1933
460:1919
444:1937
424:1914
404:1906
379:
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262:cases
203:341–6
150:
112:Stat.
5922:Iowa
5833:Utah
5740:Guam
5710:Ohio
5120:PMID
5079:2016
4992:2012
4966:2012
4930:2023
4900:PMID
4892:ISSN
4855:2022
4830:2022
4801:2019
4748:PMID
4679:2014
4621:2014
4588:2014
4562:2024
4536:2024
4506:See
4490:PMID
4463:PMID
4428:PMID
4385:PMID
4354:2013
4291:2014
4159:2012
4120:2014
4095:2012
4082:ISBN
4059:2012
3993:2012
3963:2015
3933:2019
3907:2019
3856:ISBN
3838:2016
3812:2016
3782:PMID
3727:2018
3681:1236
3659:link
3622:2018
3609:ISBN
3589:2012
3458:2018
3421:1236
3305:and
3055:and
3029:and
3027:teas
2926:for
2823:and
2771:The
2718:The
2525:and
2513:AIDS
2499:and
2324:USAN
2312:and
2232:ADHD
2214:ADHD
2178:and
2087:ADHD
1966:and
1888:MDMA
1759:khat
1725:drug
1580:801a
1505:High
1492:None
1489:High
1399:The
1375:the
1280:the
1166:The
1114:The
1105:IND.
1061:The
1050:The
969:BNDD
561:The
436:and
416:and
381:U.S.
361:U.S.
338:U.S.
319:U.S.
300:U.S.
281:U.S.
213:54–0
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72:the
5287:III
5207:GPO
5199:PDF
5112:doi
5098:376
4922:FDA
4882:doi
4740:doi
4736:102
4455:doi
4420:doi
4377:doi
4026:74
3774:doi
2959:as
2781:(R)
2592:LSD
2489:INN
2467:GHB
2435:or
2424:FDA
2403:PCP
2168:any
2166:in
2124:or
1928:),
1882:DEA
1848:LSD
1817:or
1793:GHB
1781:UDV
1765:DMT
1739:BZP
1710:αMT
1610:814
1604:813
1598:812
1592:811
1586:802
1574:801
1571:§§
1558:Yes
1542:Yes
1526:Yes
1435:".
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567:CSA
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