519:. From 1925 onwards, he complemented these with other levels of representation, corresponding to the successive steps leading to the fundamental structure. At first, he mainly relied on the size of the note shapes to denote their hierarchic level, but later abandoned this system as it proved too complex for contemporary techniques of musical engraving. Allen Cadwallader and David Gagné propose a description of Schenker's system of graphic notation which, they say, "is flexible, enabling musicians to express in subtle (and sometimes different) ways what they hear and how they interpret a composition". They discuss open noteheads, usually indicating the highest structural level, and filled-in noteheads for tones of lower levels; slurs, grouping tones in an arpeggio or in linear motions with passing or neighbor tones; beams, for linear motions of higher structural level or for the arpeggiation of the bass; broken ties, for repeated or sustained tones; diagonal lines to realign displaced notes; diagonal beams, connecting successive notes that belong to the same chord ("unfolding"); etc.
462:, claimed that "the presentation in graphic form has now been developed to a point that makes an explanatory text unnecessary". Even so, Schenkerian graphs represent a change of semiotic system, a shift from music itself to its graphical representation, akin to the more usual change from music to verbal (analytic) commentary; but this shift already exists in the score itself, and Schenker rightly noted the analogy between music notation and analysis. One aspect of graphic analyses that may not have been enough stressed is the desire to abolish time, to represent the musical work as something that could be apprehended at a glance or, at least, in a way that would replace a "linear" reading by a "tabular" one.
194:(scale degree, scale-step), i.e. a chord having gained structural significance. Chords arise from within chords, as the result of the combination of passing notes and arpeggiations: they are at first mere embellishments, mere voice-leading constructions, but they become tonal spaces open for further elaboration and, once elaborated, can be considered structurally significant: they become scale-steps properly speaking. Schenker recognizes that "there are no rules which could be laid down once and for all" for recognizing scale-steps, but from his examples one may deduce that a triad cannot be recognized as a scale-step as long as it can be explained by passing or neighboring voice-leading.
674:) is the stepwise filling of some consonant interval. It usually is underlined in graphic analyses with a slur from the first note of the progression to the last. The most elementary linear progressions are determined by the tonal space that they elaborate: they span from the prime to the third, from the third to the fifth or from the fifth to the octave of the triad, in ascending or descending direction. Schenker writes: "there are no other tonal spaces than those of 1–3, 3–5, and 5–8. There is no origin for passing-tone- progressions, or for melody" Linear progressions, in other words, may be either third progressions (
370:, the "fundamental line", as a kind of motivic line characterized by its fluency, repeated under different guises throughout the work and ensuring its homogeneity. He later imagined that a musical work should have only one fundamental line, unifying it from beginning to end. The realization that such fundamental lines usually were descending led him to formulate the canonical definition of the fundamental line as necessarily descending. It is not that he rejected ascending lines, but that he came to consider them hierarchically less important. "The fundamental line begins with
1319:
their system ... In reality music serves only to furnish grist for the mill of their insatiable theoretical mind, not for their heart or imagination. There is no art, no poetry, in this remarkable system which deals with the raw materials of music with a virtuoso hand. Schenker and his disciples play with music as others play chess, not even suspecting what fantasy, what sentimental whirlpools lie at the bottom of every composition. They see lines only, no colors, and their ideas are cold and orderly. But music is color and warmth, which are the values of a concrete art.
4523:
2709:, A. Cadwallader ed., New York, Schirmer, 1990, pp. 87–113. Rothstein's idea is that ornamentations such as retardations or syncopations result from displacements with respect to a "normal" rhythm; other diminutions (e.g. neighbor notes) also displace the tones that they ornate and usually shorten them. Removing these displacements and restoring the shortened note values operates a "rhythmic normalization" that "reflects an unconscious process used by every experienced listener" (p. 109).
1171:, before it reaches its goal. As a result, the bass arpeggiation itself is also interrupted at the divider at the fifth (V). Both the fundamental line and the bass arpeggiation are bound to return to their starting point and the fundamental structure repeats itself, eventually reaching its goal. The interruption is the main form-generating elaboration: it often is used in binary forms (when the first part ends on the dominant) or, if the elaboration of the "dividing dominant",
1142:
of lower rank than I and V, notated as half notes. Here there is an unexpected link between
Schenkerian theory and Riemann's theory of tonal functions, a fact that might explain Schenker's reluctance to be more explicit about it. In modern Schenkerian analysis, the chord of IV or II is often dubbed the "predominant" chord, as the chord that prepares the dominant one, and the progression may be labelled "T–P–D–T", for tonic–predominant–dominant–tonic.
651:), ornamenting one single note of the triad by being adjacent to it. These are sometimes referred to generically as "adjacencies"; 2) passing notes, which pass by means of stepwise motion from one note to another and fill the space in between, and are thus sometimes referred to as "connectives". Both neighbor notes and passing notes are dissonances. They may be made consonant by their coinciding with other notes (as in the
449:
It would appear that the difference between the divider at the fifth and the dominant chord properly speaking really depends on the level at which the matter is considered: the notion of the divider at the fifth views it as an elaboration of the initial tonal space, while the notion of dominant chord conceives it as a new tonal space created within the first. But the opinions of modern
Schenkerians diverge on this point.
279:
3674:. A thorough documentation of Schenker-related research and analysis. The largest Schenkerian reference work ever published, it has 3600 entries (2200 principal, 1400 secondary) representing the work of 1475 authors. It is organized topically: fifteen broad groupings encompass seventy topical headings, many of which are divided and subdivided again, resulting in a total of 271 headings under which entries are collected.
466:
2768:, Appendix, Introduction to Graphic Notation, pp. 384-402: "We discuss the symbols in the following categories, which are not mutually exclusive: 1. Open noteheads ; 2. Slurs and filled-in noteheads ; 3. Beams ; 4. Broken ties ; 5. Stem with flags ; 6. Diagonal lines ; 7. Diagonal lines and beams ; 8. Rhytmic notation at lower levels ; 9. Roman numerals " They conclude with sample graphic analyses for study
503:
simplified notation of some
Baroque works, e.g. the Prelude to Händel's Suite in A major, HWV 426, or early versions of Bach's C major Prelude of Book I of the Well Tempered Keyboard. One indirect advantage of rhythmic reduction is that it helps reading the voice leading: Czerny's example hereby transforms Chopin's arpeggios into a composition in four (or five) voices. Edward Aldwell and
332:, the "arpeggiation of the bass". The fundamental structure is a two-voice counterpoint and as such belongs to strict composition. In conformity with the theory of the tonal space, the fundamental line is a line starting from any note of the triad and descending to the tonic itself. The arpeggiation is an arpeggiation through the fifth, ascending from I to V and descending back to I. The
1175:
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969:). Register transfers are particularly striking in piano music (and that for other keyboard instruments), where contrasts of register (and the distance between the two hands) may have a striking, quasi orchestral effect. "Coupling" is when the transferred parts retain a link with their original register. The work, in this case, appears to unfold in two registers in parallel.
918:
769:
3278:, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1945. The book is divided in nine chapters, the first describing "The Concept of Tonality", the eight following devoted to J. S. Bach, Ph. E. Bach, Haydn, Beethoven, Wagner, Debussy, Stravinsky and Schoenberg respectively. On Adele Katz, see David Carson Berry, "The Role of Adele T. Katz in the Early Expansion of the New York 'Schenker School,'"
626:
549:
596:
1200:
fundamental structure. Many classical themes (e.g. the theme to the set of variations in Mozart's K. 331 piano sonata) form self-contained structure of this type. This resemblance of local middleground structures to background structures is part of the beauty and appeal of
Schenkerian analysis, giving it the appearance of a recursive construction.
1121:
1276:, in 1945, in which she applied Schenkerian analytical concepts not only to some of Schenker's favorite composers, Johann Sebastian and Philipp Emmanuel Bach, Haydn and Beethoven, but also to Wagner, Debussy, Stravinsky and Schoenberg: this certainly represents one of the earliest attempts to widen the corpus of Schenkerian analysis.
613:
be considered organicist. The example shown here may at first be considered a mere elaboration of an F major chord, an arpeggiation in three voices, with passing notes (shown here in black notes without stem) in the two higher voices: it is an exemplification of the tonal space of F major. The chord labelled (V) at first merely is a "
2295:, pp. xxi–xxii. The steps of this plan are: "Instruction in strict writing (according to Fux-Schenker), in thorough-bass (according to J.S. and C.P.E. Bach) and in free writing (according to Schenker), that finally combines all studies and places them in the service of the law of organic coherence as it reveals itself in the
1018:) or an initial arpeggiation, which may take more extension than the descending fundamental line itself. This results in melodies in arch form. Schenker decided only in 1930 that the fundamental line should be descending: in his earlier analyses, initial ascending lines often are described as being part of the
1292:(which he admits is not yet available in the US) and concludes that "It is precisely when Schenker's teachings leave the domain of exact description and enter that of dogmatic and speculative analysis that they become essentially sterile". The most raging attack against Schenker came in the "Editorial" that
41:. This primal structure is roughly the same for any tonal work, but a Schenkerian analysis shows how, in each individual case, that structure develops into a unique work at the foreground. A key theoretical concept is "tonal space". The intervals between the notes of the tonic triad in the background form a
1141:
properly speaking is complete if it does not include IV or II at the background level. Schenker uses a special sign to denote this situation, the double curve shown in the example hereby, crossing the slur that links IV (or II) to V. That IV (here, F) is written as a quarter note indicates that it is
185:
Any attempt to derive even as much as the first foundation of this system, i.e., the minor triad itself, from Nature, i.e., from the overtone series, would be more than futile. ... The explanation becomes much easier if artistic intention rather than Nature herself is credited with the origin of the
152:
Because the first principle of the elaboration is the filling in of the tonal space by passing notes, an essential goal of the analysis is to show linear connections between notes which, filling a single triad at a given level, remain closely related to each other but which, at subsequent levels, may
67:
Schenkerian analysis is an abstract, complex, and difficult method, not always clearly expressed by
Schenker himself and not always clearly understood. It mainly aims to reveal the internal coherence of the work – a coherence that ultimately resides in its being tonal. In some respects, a Schenkerian
621:
with the passing notes may also be understood as producing a dominant chord, V, arising from within the tonic chord I. This is the situation found at the beginning of Haydn's Sonata in F major, Hob. XVI:29, where the (incomplete) dominant chord appears at the very end of bar 3, while the rest of the
612:
One aspect of
Schenkerian analysis is that it does not view the work as built from a succession of events, but as the growth of new events from within events of higher level, much as a tree develops twigs from its branches and branches from its trunk: it is in this sense that Schenkerian theory must
1240:
World War II brought
European studies to a halt. Schenker's publications were placed under Nazi ban and some were confiscated by the Gestapo. It is in the United States that Schenkerian analysis knew its first important developments. This history has been contextualized by comments on both sides of
1213:
Schenker himself mentioned in a letter of 1927 to his student Felix-Eberhard von Cube that his ideas continued "to be felt more widely: Edinburgh , (also New York ), Leipzig , Stuttgart , Vienna (myself and Weisse), Vrieslander in Munich , yourself in
Duisburg, and Halm ." Von Cube, with Moritz
448:
of the fundamental line. This at first produces a mere "divider at the fifth", a complex filling in of the tonal space. However, as a consonant combination, it defines at a further level a new tonal space, that of the dominant chord, and so doing opens the path for further developments of the work.
343:
The theory of the fundamental structure is the most criticized aspect of
Schenkerian theory: it has seemed unacceptable to reduce all tonal works to one of a few almost identical background structures. This is a misunderstanding: Schenkerian analysis is not about demonstrating that all compositions
2439:, vol. I, p. 12: "In the present day, when it is necessary to distinguish clearly between composition and that preliminary school represented by strict counterpoint, we must use the eternally valid of those rules for strict counterpoint, even if we no longer view them as applicable to composition".
1318:
Schenker's and his disciples' musical theory and philosophy is not art, its whole outlook – at least as expressed in their writings – lacks feeling. There was seldom a colder spirit than theirs; the only warmth one feels is the warmth of dogmatism. Music interests them only insofar as it fits into
646:
Arpeggiation is the simplest form of elaboration. It delimits a tonal space for elaboration, but lacks the melodic dimension that would allow further developments: it "remains a harmonic phenomenon". From the very structure of triads (chords), it follows that arpeggiations remain disjunct and that
502:
The first step of the analytic rewriting often takes the form of a "rhythmic" reduction, that is one that preserves the score, but "normalizes" its rhythm and its voice-leading content. This type of reduction has a long tradition, not only in counterpoint treatises or theory books, but also in the
809:
Passing tones filling the intervals of a chord may be considered forming lines between the voices of this chord. At the same time, if the chord tones themselves are involved in lines from one chord to another (as usually is the case), lines of lower level unfurl between lines of higher level. The
252:, even in free composition. It avoids successive leaps and produces "a kind of wave-like melodic line which as a whole represents an animated entity, and which, with its ascending and descending curves, appears balanced in all its individual component parts". This idea is at the origin of that of
1199:
The forms of the fundamental structure may be repeated at any level of the work. "Every transferred form has the effect of a self-contained structure within which the upper and lower voices delimit a single tonal space". That is to say that any phrase in a work could take the form of a complete
682:); larger progressions result from a combination of these. Linear progressions may be incomplete (deceptive) when one of their tones is replaced by another, but nevertheless suggested by the harmony. In the example below, the first bars of Beethoven's Sonata Op. 109, the bass line descends from E
590:, replacing the total duration of the elaborated event by shorter events in larger number. By this, notes are displaced both in pitch and in rhythmic position. The analysis to some extent aims at restoring displaced notes to their "normal" position and explaining how and why they were displaced.
457:
Graphic representations form an important part of
Schenkerian analyses: "the use of music notation to represent musical relationships is a unique feature of Schenker's work". Schenkerian graphs are based on a "hierarchic" notation, where the size of the notes, their rhythmic values and/or other
1257:
George Wedge taught some of Schenker's ideas as early as 1925 in the Institute of Musical Arts, New York. Victor Vaughn Lytle, who had studied with Hans Weisse in Vienna, wrote what may be the earliest English-language essay dealing with Schenkerian concepts, "Music Composition of the Present"
765:, and the tenor voice alternatively doubles the soprano and the bass, as indicated by the dotted slurs. It is the bass line that governs the passage as a whole: it is the "leading progression", on which all the other voices depend and which best expresses the elaboration of the E major chord.
1111:
This is the complete arpeggiation of the triad. Once elaborated, it may consist in a succession of three tonalities, especially in pieces in minor. In these cases, III stands for a tonicisation of the major relative. This often occurs in Sonata forms in minor, where the first thematic group
948:
In his later writings (from 1930 onwards), Schenker sometimes used a special sign to denote the unfolding, an oblique beam connecting notes of the different voices that are conceptually simultaneous, even if they are presented in succession in the single line performing the unfolding.
1030:
Schenker stresses that the head note of the fundamental line often is decorated by a neighbor note "of the first order", which must be an upper neighbor because "the lower neighboring note would give the impression of the interruption". The neighbor note of the first order is
236:
remains for Schenker the model of strict writing. Free composition is a freer usage of the laws of strict counterpoint. One of the aims of the analysis is to trace how the work remains subject to these laws at the deepest level, despite the freedom taken at subsequent levels.
868:) is an elaboration by which several voices of a chord or of a succession of chords are combined in one single line "in such a manner that a tone of the upper voice is connected to a tone of the inner voice and then moves back, or the reverse". At the end of Schubert's
810:
most interesting case is when the lines link an inner voice to the upper voice. This may happen not only in ascending (a case usually described as a "line from an inner voice"), but also in descending, if the inner voice has been displaced above the upper line by a
220:, as the diatonic unfolding of the tonic triad, by definition cannot include modulation. Local "tonicisation" may arise when a scale-step is elaborated to the point of becoming a local tonic, but the work as a whole projects a single key and ultimately a single
1191:) the change of mode of the tonic, i.e. the replacement of its major third by the minor one, or of its minor third by the major one. The elaboration of the resulting chord may give rise to a section in minor within a work in major, or the reverse.
125:. This led him to seek the key to an understanding of music in the traditional disciplines of counterpoint and figured bass, which was central to the compositional training of these composers. Schenker's project was to show that free composition (
983:
Voice exchange is a common device in counterpoint theory. Schenkerians view it as a means of elaborating a chord by modifying its position. Two voices exchange their notes, often with passing notes in between. At the end of the example of
2203:
and the foreground, between the diatony and the tonality, the spatial depth of a musical work expresses itself, the distant origin in the utter simple, the transformation through subsequent stages, and the diversity in the foreground"
439:
The arpeggiation through the fifth is an imitation of the overtone series, adapted to man "who within his own capacities can experience sound only in a succession". The fifth of the arpeggiation coincides with the last passing note
324:(usually translated as "fundamental structure") is the name given by Schenker to the underlying structure in its simplest form, that from which the work as a whole originates. In the canonical form of the theory, it consists of the
1150:
The dominant chord may be linked to the tonic by a stepwise linear progression. In such case, one of the chords in the progression, II, III or IV, usually takes preeminence, reducing the case to one or the other described above.
2426:, Rochester, University of Rochester Press, 2005, p. 69, reproduces a chart showing that the "tonality of a given foreground can be generated from the diatony of the given background through various levels of the middleground".
655:
example above) and, once consonant, may delimit further tonal spaces open to further elaborations. Insofar as chords consist of several voices, arpeggiations and passing notes always involve passing from one voice to another.
533:
The meat of a Schenkerian analysis is in showing how a background structure expands until it results in the succession of musical events on the surface of the composition itself. Schenker refers to this process under the term
2472:, vol. I, p. 74. J. Rothgeb and J. Thym, the translators, quote Cherubini from the original French, which merely says that "conjunct motion better suits strict counterpoint than disjunct motion", but Schenker had written:
512:", stressing the link between the rhythmic reduction and a notation as a melody with figured bass. Basically, it consists in imagining a figured bass line for the work analyzed, and writing a chordal realization of it.
2206:
Im Abstand von der Urlinie zum Vordergrund, von der Diatonie zur Tonalität, drückt sich die Raumtiefe eines Musikwerkes aus, die ferne Herkunft vom Allereinfachsten, der Wandel im späteren Verlauf und der Reichtum im
177:... is transformed into a succession, a horizontal arpeggiation, which has the added advantage of lying within the range of the human voice. Thus the harmonic series is condensed, abbreviated for the purposes of art".
957:"Register transfer" is the motion of one or several voices into a different octave (i.e. into a different register). Schenker considers that music normally unfolds in one register, the "obligatory register" (Ger.
344:
can be reduced to the same background, but about showing how each work elaborates the background in a unique, individual manner, determining both its identity and its "meaning". Schenker has made this his motto:
507:
write that the first rewriting should "produce a setting that is reasonably close to note-against-note." Allen Cadwallader and David Gagné suggest a special type of rhythmic reduction that they call "imaginary
1287:
12 (May–June 1935) an obituary article under the title "Heinrich Schenker's Contribution" where, after having recognized some of Schenker's achievements, he criticizes the development of the last years, until
800:
Schenker describes lines covering a seventh or a ninth as "illusory", considering that they stand for a second (with a register transfer): they do not fill a tonal space, they pass from one chord to another.
1264:, 1931), without however really crediting Schenker for them. Weisse himself, who had studied with Schenker at least from 1912, immigrated to the United States and began teaching Schenkerian analysis at the
538:, literally "composing out", but more often translated as "elaboration". Modern Schenkerians usually prefer the term "prolongation", stressing that elaborations develop the events along the time axis.
181:
Linking the (major) triad to the harmonic series, Schenker merely pays lip service to an idea common in the early 20th century. He confirms that the same derivation cannot be made for the minor triad:
479:
64:
exercise. Even at intermediate levels of reduction, rhythmic signs (open and closed noteheads, beams and flags) display not rhythm but the hierarchical relationships between the pitch-events.
569:
2484:
not only appears in several 19th-century German translations of Cherubini, but is common in German counterpoint theory from the 18th century and might go back to Fux' description of the
45:
that is filled with passing and neighbour tones, producing new triads and new tonal spaces that are open for further elaborations until the "surface" of the work (the score) is reached.
248:, who would have written that "fluent melody is always preferable in strict counterpoint." Melodic fluency, the preference for conjunct (stepwise) motion, is one of the main rules of
491:
1103:
the perfect authentic cadence and is not susceptible of elaboration at the background level. The first span, I–V, on the other hand, usually is elaborated. The main cases include:
937:
789:
1333:
Schenker left about 4000 pages of printed text, of which the translations at first were astonishingly slow. Nearly all have been translated into English, and the project
48:
The analysis uses a specialized symbolic form of musical notation. Although Schenker himself usually presents his analyses in the generative direction, starting from the
56:, the practice of Schenkerian analysis more often is reductive, starting from the score and showing how it can be reduced to its fundamental structure. The graph of the
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4034:. New York: Charles Boni. "The first book to present a reorganization (as well as modification and expansion) of Schenker's writings from a pedagogical standpoint." (
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557:
137:), by which he meant species counterpoint, particularly two-voice counterpoint. He did this by developing a theory of hierarchically organized levels of elaboration (
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and bass arpeggiation) as background, in the voice-leading transformations as middelground and ultimately through the foreground." (Translation modified following
1137:
Even though he never discussed them at length, these elaborations occupy a very special place in Schenker's theory. One might even argue that no description of an
4407:
3218:
570:
3113:
Benjamin Ayotte, "The Reception of Heinrich Schenker's Concepts Outside the United States as Indicated by Publications Based on His Works: A Preliminary Study",
1112:
elaborates degree I, the second thematic group is in the major relative, degree III, and the development leads to V before the recapitulation in the tonic key.
604:
3031:
The cases described in the following paragraphs are discussed in Heinrich Schenker, "Further Consideration of the Urlinie: II", translated by John Rothgeb,
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33:(1868–1935). The goal is to demonstrate the organic coherence of the work by showing how the "foreground" (all notes in the score) relates to an abstracted
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790:
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362:
The idea of the fundamental line comes quite early in the development of Schenker's theory. Its first printed mention dates from 1920, in the edition of
1609:
Beethovens V. Sinfonie. Darstellung des musikalischen Inhaltes nach der Handschrift unter fortlaufender BerĂĽcksichtigung des Vortrages und der Literatur
313:
545:
In practical art the main problem is how to realize the concept of harmony in a live content. In Chopin's Prelude, Op. 28, No 6, thus, it is the motif
421:". The head note may be elaborated by an upper neighbour note, but not a lower one. In many cases, the head note is reached through an ascending line (
240:
One aspect of strict, two-voice writing that appears to span Schenker's theory throughout the years of its elaboration is the rule of "fluent melody" (
153:
become separated by many measures or many pages as new triads are embedded in the first one. The analyst is expected to develop a "distance hearing" (
4173:
197:
Schenkerian analyses label scale-steps with Roman numerals, a practice common in 19th- and 20th-century Vienna, developed by the theoretic work of
469:
Rhythmic reduction of the first measures of Chopin's Etude, Op. 10, no. 1. Simplified version of the analysis of the "ground-harmony" in Czerny's
1002:
The elaborations of the fundamental structure deserve a specific discussion because they may determine the form of the work in which they occur.
586:
The elaboration of the triad, here mainly in the form of an arpeggio, loads it with "live content", with meaning. Elaborations take the form of
994:
is transferred from bass to soprano, while E is transferred from soprano to bass. The exchange is marked by crossed lines between these notes.
926:
778:
747:, in bar 3, after a descending arpeggio of the E major chord. The bass line is doubled in parallel tenths by the alto voice, descending from G
3802:
3386:
Ein Beitrag zur Ornamentik, als EinfĂĽhrung zu Ph. Em. Bachs Klavierwerken, mitumfassend auch die Ornamentik Haydns, Mozarts und Beethoven etc
2978:
2901:
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in order to mark the cadence, but it remains implicit in the B chord. In addition, the top voice answers the bass line by a voice exchange, E
634:
558:
81:
Schenker intended his theory as an exegesis of musical "genius" or the "masterwork", ideas that were closely tied to German nationalism and
3248:(Hillsdale, New York, Pendragon Press, 2004), section XIV.c.ii., "Reception through English Language Writings, Prior to 1954", pp. 437–443.
3096:. See David Carson Berry, "Schenker's First 'Americanization': George Wedge, The Institute of Musical Art, and the 'Appreciation Racket'",
1233:
in 1935, both based on Schenkerian concepts. Oswald Jonas and Felix Salzer founded and edited together the short-lived Schenkerian journal
2113:(in French), 2013; several earlier versions archived on the same page. Albanian translation by Sokol Shupo, available on the same webpage.
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4046:
3962:
647:
any filling of their space involves conjunct motion. Schenker distinguishes two types of filling of the tonal space: 1) neighbor notes (
4597:
4400:
605:
149:), the idea being that each of the successive levels represents a new freedom taken with respect to the rules of strict composition.
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2174:, especially §13 where Schenker writes: "By the concept of tonal space, I understand the space of the horizontal fulfillment of the
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10/1-2 (1985) published for the 50th anniversary of Schenker's death other early American texts, including an unsigned obituary in
2166:, vol. 2, pp. 117–118 (the translation, although made from vols. 8–9 of the German original, gives as original pagination that of
1130:
477:
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1079:: the harmony supporting it often is the IVth or VIth degree, which may give rise to a section of the work at the subdominant.
961:), but at times is displaced to higher or lower registers. These are called, respectively, "ascending register transfer" (Ger.
567:
363:
314:
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3188:
1420:
Beethoven's Ninth Symphony: a Portrayal of its Musical Content, with Running Commentary on Performance and Literature as well
1337:
is busy with the edition and translation of more than 100 000 manuscript pages. Translations in other languages remain slow.
489:
935:
787:
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478:
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3952:
Thirteen Essays from The Three Yearbooks “Das Meisterwerk in Der Musik,” by Heinrich Schenker: An Annotated Translation.
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2883:
1859:
1926 "Das Organische der Fuge, aufgezeigt an der I. C-Moll-Fuge aus dem Wohltemperierten Klavier von Joh. Seb. Bach",
568:
425:, "initial ascent") or an ascending arpeggiation, which do not belong to the fundamental structure properly speaking.
923:
775:
555:
4331:
3914:
Schenker never presented a pedagogical presentation of his theories, this being the first according to its authors.
2096:
490:
3093:
936:
788:
4627:
4296:
4096:
4017:
94:
3771:"Schenkerian Theory in the United States: A Review of Its Establishment and a Survey of Current Research Topics"
3725:, translated by John Rothgeb. New York and London: Longman. "Most complete discussion of Schenker's theories." (
4348:
2864:
The matter of the elaboration of seventh chords remains ambiguous in Schenkerian theory. See Yosef Goldenberg,
1314:, also published in 1945; his attacks also target Schenker's followers, probably the American ones. He writes:
4212:(2001), "Elephants, Crocodiles, and Beethoven: Schenker's Politics and the Pedagogy of Schenkerian Analysis",
366:, but the idea obviously links with that of "fluent melody", ten years earlier. Schenker first conceived the
4684:
4540:
4282:
4073:
3873:
2643:
2267:, opposed Schenker's musical conservatism and expanded the analytical method to more modern repertoire. See
1923:"Ein Gegenbeispiel: Max Reger, op. 81. Variationen und Fuge ĂĽber ein Thema von Joh. Seb. Bach fĂĽr Klavier",
1394:
924:
776:
102:
632:
556:
85:. The canon represented in his analytical work therefore is almost entirely made up of German music of the
4590:
4354:
3428:
1374:
1265:
86:
2449:
4522:
4442:
4437:
4374:
3824:
3359:
3354:
3317:
3258:
3240:
1298:
1260:
603:
90:
34:
3918:
Snarrenberg, Robert (1997). "Schenker's Interpretive Practice." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2722:, p. 287, quotes Czerny's representation of the "ground-harmony" of Chopin's Study op. 10 n. 1 (in his
2323:, English translation, vol. I, pp. 22, 77 and 82. The term has been taken over by Wilhelm Furtwängler,
2032:, transl. J. Rothgeb, New York and London, Longman, 1982; 2 edition, Ann Arbor, Musicalia Press, 2005.
3186:
David Carson Berry, "Victor Vaughn Lytle and the Early Proselytism of Schenkerian Ideas in the U.S.",
2855:, literally "apparent linear progressions"; Oster's translation as "illusory" may overstate the point.
1128:
4699:
3230:
I/2 (1946); Arthur Waldeck and Nathan Broder, "Musical Synthesis as Expounded by Heinrich Schenker",
2970:
2893:
2074:, Boston, Schirmer, Cengage Learning, 4th edition (with Allen Cadwallader), 2011 (1st edition, 2003).
106:
2259:, New York, Pendragon, 1978. Influential early exponents of Schenker's theory in the United states,
312:
4462:
2369:
198:
1272:, devoted an article to "Heinrich Schenker's Method of Analysis" in 1935, then an important book,
4669:
4554:
4452:
4221:
4113:
4082:
3882:
3841:
3198:
1361:
665:
253:
2493:
2480:, vol. I, p. 104) ("the fluent melody is always better in strict style than the disjunct one").
2689:
On this most interesting topic, see Kofi Agawu, "Schenkerian Notation in Theory and Practice",
1174:
1166:
1098:
1090:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
443:
408:
400:
390:
381:
373:
303:
296:
289:
169:, that from which the work as a whole arises, takes its model in the harmonic series. However,
4583:
4534:
4502:
4482:
4427:
4359:
4244:
4041:
4000:
3985:
3967:
3957:
3934:
3919:
3905:
3857:
3798:
3718:
3700:
3682:
3667:
3650:
3635:
3600:
3592:
3580:
3564:
3552:
3536:
3524:
3510:
3498:
3490:
3476:
3458:
3446:
3436:
3416:
3398:
3390:
3380:
3340:
2974:
2897:
2042:, 2 vols., New York, Charles Boni, 1952. Reprint, 2 vols. bound as one, New York, Dover, 1982.
1378:
859:
618:
434:
30:
3791:
Schenker-Traditionen: Eine Wiener Schule der Musiktheorie und ihre internationale Verbreitung
3697:
Schenkerian traditions. A Viennese school of music theory and its international dissemination
2089:
4714:
4637:
4622:
4547:
4492:
4319:
4276:
4105:
3833:
3368:
3209:
3162:
1991:
1163:) is an elaboration of the fundamental line, which is interrupted at its last passing note,
872:
op. 4 no. 3, the vocal melody unfolds two voices of the succession I–V–I; the lower voice, B
357:
23:
4285:, on the website of the European Network for Theory & Analysis of Music (EuroT&AM).
4664:
4654:
4642:
3795:
Schenker Traditions: A Viennese School of Music Theory and Its International Dissemination
3204:
2790:
1293:
1087:
The canonic form of the bass arpeggiation is I–V–I. The second interval, V–I, forms under
245:
202:
174:
173:
the mere duplication of nature cannot be the object of human endeavour. Therefore ... the
122:
114:
3216:
XI/1, November–December 1933); Frank Knight Dale, "Heinrich Schenker and Musical Form",
4632:
4507:
4209:
4199:
Heinrich Schenker. Nach TagebĂĽchern und Briefen in der Oswald Jonas Memorial Collection
3977:
3503:
2994:
See David Gagné, "The Compositional Use of Register in Three Piano Sonatas by Mozart",
2736:
2067:
1280:
978:
504:
458:
devices indicate their structural importance. Schenker himself, in the foreword to his
278:
210:
110:
3733:
Essays on the dissemination of Schenkerian thought in the U.S. by David Carson Berry:
3715:
Introduction to the theory of Heinrich Schenker: the nature of the musical work of art
2030:
Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker: The Nature of the Musical Work of Art
1599:
1584:
465:
4739:
4724:
4512:
4477:
4457:
4447:
4369:
4342:
3819:
3739:
3480:
3462:
3402:
3384:
3235:
2956:
2879:
2260:
1269:
515:
Schenker himself usually began his analyses with a rhythmic reduction that he termed
249:
206:
166:
61:
1569:
1334:
1179:
above V, takes some importance, it may produce ternary form, typically sonata form.
1014:), may be reached only after an ascending motion, either an initial ascending line (
16:
Method of musical analysis of tonal music based on the theories of Heinrich Schenker
4719:
4694:
4689:
4649:
4472:
4467:
4142:
4053:
4027:
3947:
3710:
3604:
3584:
3420:
3202:(February 3, 1935); Arthur Plettner, "Heinrich Schenker's Contribution to Theory" (
3154:
2336:
2264:
2035:
2026:
EinfĂĽhrung in die Lehre Heinrich Schenkers. Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerkes
1970:
1844:
1307:
1246:
1227:
1219:
528:
509:
418:
233:
130:
98:
4192:
Ideologie und Methode. Zum ideengeschichtlichen Kontext von Schenkers Musiktheorie
3770:
3143:
Ideologie und Methode. Zum ideengeschichtlichen Kontext von Schenkers Musiktheorie
3755:"Victor Vaughn Lytle and the Early Proselytism of Schenkerian Ideas in the U.S".
3663:
A Topical Guide to Schenkerian Literature: An Annotated Bibliography with Indices
3246:
A Topical Guide to Schenkerian Literature: An Annotated Bibliography with Indices
2909:
1127:
631:
602:
311:
117:), and he used his methods to oppose more modern styles of music such as that of
4709:
4674:
4659:
4497:
4187:
3868:
3786:
3692:
3612:
3177:
David Carson Berry, "Schenker's First 'Americanization'", op. cit., pp. 143–144.
3138:
2124:
2045:
1242:
26:
2008:
2004 Russian transl. by B. Plotnikov, Krasnoyarsk Academy of Music and Theatre.
2005:
1997 Chinese translation by Chen Shi-Ben, Beijing, People's Music Publications.
4487:
4432:
3271:
1804:
82:
4182:
The Schenker Project: Culture, Race, and Music Theory in Fin-de-siècle Vienna
3679:
The Schenker Project: Culture, Race, and Music Theory in Fin-de-siècle Vienna
3509:. Translated by John Rothgeb; JĂĽrgen Thym. New York, London: Schirmer Books.
3372:
2255:
For a complete list of the works discussed by Schenker, see Larry Laskowski,
1939:
1930 "Rameau oder Beethoven? Erstarrung oder geistiges Leben in der Musik?",
213:, the classes of whom Schenker had followed in the Konservatorium in Vienna.
1618:, partial transl. by E. Forbes and F. J. Adams jr., New York, Norton, 1971 (
917:
768:
118:
4269:
4135:. Princeton: Princeton University Press/Austin, Texas: Peer Publications. (
3837:
2474:
der fliessende Gesang ist im strengen Stile immer besser as der sprungweise
2063:, New York, Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 2011 (1st edition, 1998).
1719:
1704:
625:
548:
3450:
1554:
1539:
52:
to reach the score and showing how the work is somehow generated from the
4679:
4606:
4133:
Theory of Suspensions: A Study of Metrical Pitch Relations in Tonal Music
3572:
3544:
2824:
2807:
2566:
Schenker himself mentioned and refuted the criticism, in § 29 (p. 18) of
2492:, Liber secundus, Exercitii I, Lectio quinta) or even earlier. N. MeeĂąs,
2170:
1; the text is the same). The concept of tonal space is still present in
4225:
3166:
2411:
Viennese Harmonic Theory from Albrechtsberger to Schenker and Schoenberg
1875:
1926 "Joh. Seb. Bach: Suite III C-Dur fĂĽr Violoncello-Solo, Sarabande",
4617:
4385:
3616:
3226:(1935); William J. Mitchell, "Heinrich Schenker's Approach to Detail",
2705:
William Rothstein, "Rhythmic Displacement and Rhythmic Normalization",
2154:(“Elucidations”), which he published four times between 1924 and 1926:
2106:, Portuguese (Brasil) translation from the French by L. Beduschi, 2008.
1577:
1924 "Schumann: Kinderszenen Nr. 1, Von fremden Ländern und Menschen",
595:
413:". The initial note of the fundamental line is called its "head tone" (
4117:
4086:
3886:
3845:
2257:
Heinrich Schenker. An Annotated Index to his Analyses of Musical Works
914:, is doubled one octave lower in the right hand of the accompaniment:
4272:
on the Schenkerian site of Luciane Beduschi and Nicolas MeeĂąs (Paris)
3997:
SchenkerGUIDE: A Brief Handbook and Web Site for Schenkerian Analysis
2914:
Gamut: Online Journal of the Music Theory Society of the Mid-Atlantic
2537:, vol. III (1930), pp. 20–21 (English translation, p. 7-8). The word
2291:
See Schenker's "instructional plan" described in his Introduction to
2103:
2028:, Wien, Universal, 1972. English translation of the revised edition,
622:
fragment consists of arpeggios (with neighbor notes) of the F chord:
273:
2079:
Schenkerguide. A Brief Handbook and Website for Schenkerian Analysis
1946:
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks
1930:
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks
1914:
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks
1898:
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks
1866:
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks
1850:
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks
1819:
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks
1790:
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks
1766:
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks
1681:
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks
1665:
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks
1649:
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks
1120:
581:
that gives life to the abstract concept of the triad, B, D, F-sharp.
68:
analysis can reflect the perceptions and intuitions of the analyst.
4288:
4163:
Clark, Suzannah (2007). "The Politics of the Urlinie in Schenker's
4109:
3943:
The second major English-language textbook on Schenkerian analysis"
2635:
William Rothstein, "Articles on Schenker and Schenkerian Theory in
1674:
1925 "Joh. S. Bach: Sechs Sonaten fĂĽr Violine. Sonata III, Largo",
3984:. Schirmer. 2nd ed. 2008; 3rd ed. (with Allen Cadwallader), 2011.
933:
921:
916:
773:
767:
624:
594:
553:
547:
487:
475:
464:
277:
3035:, vol. II, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 1–22.
4264:
2110:
2082:
1950:: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1934:: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1918:: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1902:: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1870:: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1854:: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1823:: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1794:: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1770:: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1685:: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1669:: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1653:: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1452:
2013 Japanese transl. by M. Yamada, H. Nishida and T. Numaguchi.
1437:
2012 Japanese transl. by M. Yamada, H. Nishida and T. Numaguchi.
1302:
32/2 (April 1946) to the recently published book by Adele Katz,
4579:
4389:
4292:
4241:
Beyond Schenkerism: The Need for Alternatives in Music Analysis
4094:
Travis, R. (1966). "Directed Motion in Schoenberg and Webern".
3789:; Fink-Mennel, Evelyn, eds. (2006). "Hans Weisse (1892–1940)".
3471:] (in German). Vol. I. Stuttgart, Berlin: J. G. Cotta.
1611:, Vienne, Tonwille Verlag and Universal Edition. Reprint 1970.
1279:
The opinions of the critics were not always positive, however.
3222:
7, October 1943); Hans Weisse, "The Music Teacher's Dilemma",
2680:, New York, Dover, 1969. The Foreword is dated 30 August 1932.
1562:
1924 "Mendelssohn: Venetianisches Gondellied, op. 30, Nr. 6",
2282:, vol. II, pp. 17–18, 192 (English translation, p. 1–22, 117)
2178:. ... The tonal space is only to be understood horizontally."
1083:
Articulation of the span from I to V in the bass arpeggiation
1010:
The starting point of the fundamental line, its "head note" (
3357:(2003). "Hans Weisse and the Dawn of American Schenkerism".
2945:, PhD Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2012.
2162:, vol. 1, pp. 201–205; 2, pp. 193–197. English translation,
2054:
Instructor's Manual for Introduction to Schenkerian Analysis
850:
at the end of the first bar may be read as a reaching over.
4575:
3742:
in the Early Expansion of the New York 'Schenker School'".
2718:
Kofi Agawu, "Schenkerian Notation in Theory and Practice",
260:) and, more specifically, of that of the Fundamental Line (
4270:
List of Schenker's writings concerning theory and analysis
4007:– an introduction for those completely new to the subject.
2937:
For a detailed study of "unfolding", see Rodney Garrison,
2806:
8–9, English translation, vol. II, p. 117 (translation by
2726:, 1848), reproduced here in a somewhat simplified version.
2230:, Cambridge Studies in Music Theory and Analysis 11, 1997.
336:
unfolds the tonal space in a melodic dimension, while the
4277:
provides an introduction to primary and secondary sources
4071:
Travis, R. (1959). "Towards a New Concept of Tonality?".
3854:
Challenge to Musical Tradition. A New Concept of Tonality
3276:
Challenge to Musical Tradition. A New Concept of Tonality
2823:
8–9, English translation, vol. I, p. 117 (translation by
1743:
1925 "Domenico Scarlatti: Keyboard Sonata in G major, ",
1727:
1925 "Domenico Scarlatti: Keyboard Sonata in D minor, ",
244:), or "melodic fluency". Schenker attributes the rule to
2998:
A. Cadwallader ed., New York, Schirmer, 1990, pp. 23–39.
2743:, 4th edition, Schirmer, Cengage Learning, 2011, p. 692.
1592:
1924 "Schumann: Kinderszenen op. 15, Nr. 9, Träumerei",
3559:(in German). Vol. 1–3. Münich: Drei Masken Verlag.
2791:
http://nicolas.meeus.free.fr/Cours/2012Elaborations.pdf
2659:, ch. "Schenker's Theories: A Pedagogical View", p. 27.
2128:(1967–1987), music theory and analysis academic journal
2002:, French transl. by N. Meeùs, Liège-Bruxelles, Mardaga.
141:), called prolongational levels, voice-leading levels (
3871:(1959). "Schenker's Conception of Musical Structure".
3224:
Proceedings or the Music Teachers National Association
3084:, Rochester, University of Rochester Press, pp. 96–98.
1712:
1925 "Joh. S. Bach: Zwölf kleine Präludien, Nr. 12 ",
3531:(in German). Vol. 1–10. Vienna: Tonwille Verlag.
1697:
1925 "Joh. S. Bach: Zwölf kleine Präludien, Nr. 6 ",
1425:
2010 Japanese transl. by H. Nishida and T. Numaguchi.
1355:
1979 Japanese translation by A. Noro and A. Tamemoto.
429:
Arpeggiation of the bass and the divider at the fifth
3954:(Vols. I–III). Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University.
1637:
1998 transl. under the direction of William Drabkin.
1214:
Violin, another of Schenker's students, founded the
2851:, pp. 74–75, §§ 205–207. Schenker's German term is
2413:, Ann Arbor, London, UMI Research Press, 1982/1985.
1907:"Haydn: Die Schöpfung. Die Vorstellung des Chaos",
1231:
Sinn und Wesen des Abendländischen Mehrstimmigkeits
988:
above, the bass and soprano exchange their notes: G
348:, "always the same, but never in the same manner".
4058:Readings in Schenker Analysis and Other Approaches
3822:(1935). "Heinrich Schenker's Method of Analysis".
3647:Explaining Tonality: Schenkerian Theory and Beyond
3632:Schenker's Argument and the Claims of Music Theory
3502:
3489:] (in German). Vol. II. Vienna, Leipzig:
3411:] (in German). Stuttgart, Berlin: J. G. Cotta.
3082:Explaining Tonality. Schenkerian Theory and Beyond
2610:
2608:
2424:Explaining Tonality. Schenkerian Theory and Beyond
1841:Readings in Schenker Analysis and Other Approaches
1547:1923 "J. S. Bach: Zwölf kleine Präludien Nr. 5 ",
1532:1923 "J. S. Bach: Zwölf kleine Präludien Nr. 2 ",
190:The basic component of Schenkerian harmony is the
2955:Drabkin, William (2001). "Register transfer". In
2541:already appeared in Schenker's writings in 1923 (
2150:Schenker described the concept in a paper titled
1495:, transl. under the direction of William Drabkin.
3244:XXI/3, July 1935). See also David Carson Berry,
1385:(with editorial cuts in text and music examples)
617:". However, the meeting of the fifth (C) in the
3931:Analysis of Tonal Music: A Schenkerian Approach
3797:]. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag. pp. 91–103.
2966:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2889:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2754:Analysis of Tonal Music: A Schenkerian Approach
2638:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2545:5, p. 45; English translation, vol. I, p. 212).
2061:Analysis of Tonal Music. A Schenkerian Approach
890:, is the main one, expressing the tonality of G
3219:Bulletin of the American Musicological Society
2268:
2199:Schenker writes: "In the distance between the
1812:1926 "Fortsetzung der Urlinie-Betrachtungen",
1616:Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony N. 5 in C minor
4591:
4401:
4304:
4022:Beyond Orpheus – Studies in Musical Structure
3775:Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fĂĽr Musiktheorie
3157:, "Music Theory and the White Racial Frame",
2943:Unfolded: Notation, Terminology, and Practice
2878:Drabkin, William (2001). "Reaching over". In
2866:Prolongation of Seventh Chords in Tonal Music
8:
4032:Structural Hearing: Tonal Coherence in Music
3929:Cadwallader, Allen and Gagné, David (1998).
3900:Forte, Allen and Gilbert, Steven E. (1982).
3238:, "Heinrich Schenker's Method of Analysis" (
2040:Structural Hearing: Tonal Coherence in Music
1759:1925 "Chopin: Etude Ges-Dur op. 10, Nr. 5",
3575:e.a. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
965:) and "descending register transfer" (Ger.
328:, the "fundamental line", supported by the
60:is arrhythmic, as is a strict-counterpoint
4598:
4584:
4576:
4408:
4394:
4386:
4311:
4297:
4289:
4283:Schenker's Writings on Theory and Analysis
3547:e.a. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press.
2868:, Lewinston, The Edwin Mellen Press, 2008.
2327:, Wiesbaden, Brockhaus, 1954, pp. 201–202.
2319:1 (1921), p. 23; 2 (1922), pp. 31 and 35;
2024:, Wien, Universal, 1934; revised edition,
1268:in New York in 1931. One of his students,
642:Arpeggiation, neighbour note, passing note
3634:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
2533:, §§ 1–44, but it was first described in
2158:vol. 8–9, pp. 49–51, vol. 10, pp. 40–42;
1986:. Translations of the 2nd edition, 1956.
1195:Transference of the fundamental structure
4275:Yale University's Gilmore Music Library
4243:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4174:Journal of the Royal Musical Association
3666:. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press;
2676:), New York, Mannes Music School, 1933;
2368:The same link is made, for instance, in
1828:1926 "Vom Organischen der Sonatenform",
1779:I, pp. 201–205. (Also published in
1119:
998:Elaboration of the fundamental structure
785:
565:
308:supported by an arpeggiation of the bass
4197:Federhofer, Hellmut Federhofer (1985).
2701:
2699:
2376:, Wien, Universal, 1911, 7/1966, p. 16.
2143:
2081:, New York and London, Routledge, 2008
1460:1915 Beethoven, Sonate C moll op. 111 (
1445:1914 Beethoven, Sonate As dur op. 110 (
1377:, edited and annotated by Oswald Jonas
1224:Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerkes
4024:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
3695:and Fink-Mennel, Evelyn, eds. (2006).
3431:. Annotated by Oswald Jonas. Chicago:
2780:, p. 281; English translation, p. 211.
2022:Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerks
1658:1925 "Weg mit dem Phrasierungsbogen",
1511:II, transl. by J. Rothgeb and J. Thym.
1472:1920 Beethoven, Sonate A dur op. 101 (
1430:1913 Beethoven, Sonate E dur op. 109 (
4150:
4149:. New Haven: Yale University Press. (
4136:
4035:
3726:
3567:(1995–1997) . William Drabkin (ed.).
3126:
3104:III, particularly p. 157 and note 43.
2656:
1406:I, transl. by J. Rothgeb and J. Thym.
7:
4147:The Stratification of Musical Rhythm
3902:Introduction to Schenkerian Analysis
3339:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2109:Luciane Beduschi and Nicolas MeeĂąs,
2050:Introduction to Schenkerian Analysis
1969:1969 New version with a glossary by
1642:1925 "Die Kunst der Improvisation",
1625:2000 Japanese transl. by T. Noguchi.
1006:Initial ascent, initial arpeggiation
216:Schenker's theory is monotonal: the
4060:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
3933:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
3699:. Vienna, Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau.
3212:, "The Role of Heinrich Schenker" (
2802:Heinrich Schenker, "Elucidations",
2756:, New York, OUP, 3/2011, pp. 66–68.
2752:Allen Cadwallader and David Gagné,
2059:Allen Cadwallader and David Gagné,
1966:, New York, D. Mannes Music School.
1479:2015 English transl. by J. Rothgeb.
1467:2015 English transl. by J. Rothgeb.
1455:2015 English transl. by J. Rothgeb.
1440:2015 English transl. by J. Rothgeb.
985:
828:
814:, a case known as "reaching over" (
805:Lines between voices, reaching over
2793:, examples 5 a and b, pp. 3 and 4.
2498:and the Concept of Melodic Fluency
2488:, the "flexible ease of motions" (
2454:and the Concept of Melodic Fluency
2246:, English translation, Vol. I, 17.
2088:William Renwick and David Walker,
826:). In the example from Schubert's
340:expresses its harmonic dimension.
14:
3649:. University of Rochester Press.
1388:1990 Spanish transl. by R. Barce.
4521:
4205:. Hildesheim, Olms, pp. 324–330.
3543:. Vol. 1–10. Translated by
3539:(2004) . William Drabkin (ed.).
2269:§ Early reception in the US
2228:Schenker's Interpretive Practice
2132:Glossary of Schenkerian analysis
2056:, New York, London, Dover, 1982.
1847:ed., New Haven, 1977, pp. 38–53.
1173:
1165:
1125:
1097:
1089:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
652:
629:
600:
599:Elaboration of the F major chord
442:
407:
405:via the descending leading tone
399:
389:
380:
372:
309:
302:
295:
288:
4265:Schenker Guide by Tom Pankhurst
4047:An Introduction to Tonal Theory
3963:An Introduction to Tonal Theory
3571:. Vol. 1–3. Translated by
3295:2/1 (Autumn 1975), pp. 113–119.
2996:Trends in Schenkerian Research,
2724:School of Practical Composition
1839:12, pp. 164–183, reproduced in
471:School of Practical Composition
346:Semper idem, sed non eodem modo
3904:. W. W. Norton & Company.
3758:Journal of Schenkerian Studies
3262:21/3 (July 1935), pp. 311–329.
3189:Journal of Schenkerian Studies
3159:MTO: A Journal of Music Theory
3102:Essays in Honor of Allen Forte
2707:Trends in Schenkerian Research
2217:, p. 5 (translation modified).
1422:, transl. by J. Rothgeb, 1992.
1304:Challenge to Musical Tradition
1274:Challenge to Musical Tradition
1:
3856:, New York, Alfred A. Knopf.
3337:Aspects of Schenkerian Theory
2581:, vol. I, 1910, quoted above.
2090:Schenkerian Analysis Glossary
1835:1968 Transl. by O. Grossman,
1516:1922 "Haydn: Sonate Es-Dur",
811:
3557:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
2916:, vol. 8, iss. 1, article 6.
2908:‎. See also Nicolas Meeùs, "
2535:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
2280:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
2160:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1995:, transl. by E. Oster, 1979.
1964:Five Analyses in Sketch Form
1948:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1941:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1932:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1925:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1916:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1909:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1900:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1893:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1877:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1868:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1861:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1852:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1830:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1821:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1814:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1792:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1785:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1777:Das Meisterwerk in der Music
1768:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1761:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1745:Das Meisterwerk in der Music
1729:Das Meisterwerk in der Music
1714:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1699:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1688:1976 Transl. by J. Rothgeb,
1683:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1676:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1667:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1660:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1651:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1644:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
1632:Das Meisterwerk in der Musik
832:below, the descending line G
614:
4131:Komar, Arthur (1971/1980).
3681:. Oxford University Press.
3660:Berry, David Carson(2004).
3630:Blasius, Leslie D. (1996).
3433:University of Chicago Press
2674:Five Analyses in Sketchform
2486:flexibili motuum facilitate
1975:Five Graphic Music Analyses
1891:"Mozart: Sinfonie G-Moll",
1882:1970 Transl. by H. Siegel,
1879:II, 1926, pp. 97–104.
1716:I, 1925, pp. 115–123.
1348:1976 Transl. by H. Siegel,
953:Register transfer, coupling
228:Counterpoint, voice-leading
157:), a "structural hearing".
4762:
4332:Essays in Musical Analysis
4194:. Tutzing, Hans Schneider.
4184:. Oxford University Press.
3335:Beach, David, ed. (1983).
3234:XI/4 (December 1935); and
3208:VI/3, February 10, 1936);
1805:French transl. by N. MeeĂąs
1720:French transl. by N. MeeĂąs
1705:French transl. by N. MeeĂąs
1600:French transl. by N. MeeĂąs
1585:French transl. by N. MeeĂąs
1570:French transl. by N. MeeĂąs
1555:French transl. by N. MeeĂąs
1540:French transl. by N. MeeĂąs
1523:1988 Transl. by W. Petty,
1413:Beethovens neunte Sinfonie
1343:Ein Beitrag zur Ornamentik
1209:Europe before World War II
1187:Schenker calls "mixture" (
976:
857:
678:) or fourth progressions (
663:
526:
523:Techniques of prolongation
432:
364:Beethoven's Sonata Op. 101
355:
271:
133:", of strict composition (
4628:Consonance and dissonance
4613:
4564:
4530:
4519:
4423:
4326:
4097:Perspectives of New Music
3982:Harmony and Voice Leading
3966:. New York: W.W. Norton.
2741:Harmony and Voice Leading
2647:45/1 (2001), pp. 218–219.
2242:, pp. xxi–xxiv, 158–162.
2072:Harmony and Voice Leading
1797:1986 Transl. by J. Bent,
1750:1986 Transl. by J. Bent,
1734:1986 Transl. by J. Bent,
1335:Schenker Documents Online
1253:Early reception in the US
1241:the Atlantic, notably by
1124:Bass elaboration I–IV–V–I
1026:First-order neighbor note
896:major; the upper voice, D
129:) was an elaboration, a "
95:Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
29:based on the theories of
4239:Narmour, Eugene (1977).
4203:Schenkers Weltanschauung
4050:. New York: W.W. Norton.
3373:10.1525/jm.2003.20.1.104
2969:(2nd ed.). London:
2892:(2nd ed.). London:
2693:8/3 (1989), pp. 275–301.
2602:Free Composition, § 106.
4685:Otonality and utonality
4180:Cook, Nicholas (2007).
4074:Journal of Music Theory
3999:, New York: Routledge.
3995:Pankhurst, Tom (2008),
3874:Journal of Music Theory
3852:Katz, Adele T. (1945).
3677:Cook, Nicholas (2007).
3645:Brown, Matthew (2005).
3569:The Masterwork in Music
3282:74 (2002), pp. 103–151.
3161:26/2, September, 2020.
3145:. Hans Schneider, 1995.
3033:The Masterwork in Music
2739:and Allen Cadwallader,
2644:Journal of Music Theory
2626:Free Composition, § 16.
2504:2/1 (2017), pp. 162–63.
2460:2/1, 2017, pp. 160–170.
2343:, New York, Boni, 1952.
2048:and Steven E. Gilbert,
1837:Journal of Music Theory
145:), or transformations (
103:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
4355:Roman numeral analysis
3429:Elisabeth Mann Borgese
3094:Letter of June 1, 1927
1927:II, pp. 171–192.
1911:II, pp. 159–170.
1895:II, pp. 105–157.
1775:1925 "Erläuterungen",
1375:Elisabeth Mann Borgese
1321:
1306:, which he opposed to
1266:Mannes School of Music
1134:
945:
943:
931:
797:
795:
783:
670:A linear progression (
638:
609:
584:
577:
575:
563:
499:
497:
485:
318:
188:
179:
143:StimmfĂĽhrungsschichten
87:common practice period
4443:Fundamental structure
4065:Post-tonal expansions
3976:Aldwell, Edward, and
3825:The Musical Quarterly
3781:(2–3): 101–137. 2005.
3591:(in German). Vienna:
3389:(in German). Vienna:
3360:Journal of Musicology
3318:The Musical Quarterly
3259:The Musical Quarterly
3241:The Musical Quarterly
3192:1 (2005), pp. 98–99.
2678:Five Graphic Analyses
2111:Analyse schenkérienne
2083:Schenkerguide website
1763:I, pp. 161–173.
1747:I, pp. 137–144.
1731:I, pp. 125–135.
1620:Norton Critical Score
1536:IV, 1923, p. 7.
1316:
1299:The Musical Quarterly
1261:The American Organist
1237:(Vienna, 1937–1938).
1123:
941:
929:
920:
818:, also translated as
793:
781:
771:
628:
598:
573:
561:
551:
543:
495:
483:
468:
460:Five Graphic Analyses
281:
183:
171:
91:Johann Sebastian Bach
4746:Schenkerian analysis
4705:Schenkerian analysis
4700:Progressive tonality
4417:Schenkerian analysis
4365:Schenkerian analysis
3838:10.1093/mq/XXI.3.311
3615:. New York, London:
3117:(CZ), 2004 (online).
2971:Macmillan Publishers
2894:Macmillan Publishers
2226:Robert Snarrenberg,
2104:Análise schenkeriana
2097:A Schenkerian Primer
1943:III, pp. 9–24.
1832:II, pp. 43–54.
1701:I, pp. 99–105.
1520:III, pp. 3–21.
1218:in Hamburg in 1931.
1204:Legacy and responses
615:divider at the fifth
453:Schenkerian notation
107:Ludwig van Beethoven
89:(especially that of
20:Schenkerian analysis
4463:Obligatory register
4338:Functional analysis
4214:Theory and Practice
4177:132/1, pp. 141–164.
4126:Rhythmic expansions
3355:Berry, David Carson
3232:The Musical Mercury
3194:Theory and Practice
3167:10.30535/mto.26.2.4
2928:, p. 50, §140.
2670:FĂĽnf Urlinie-Tafeln
2435:Heinrich Schenker,
2066:Edward Aldwell and
1957:FĂĽnf Urlinie-Tafeln
1863:II, pp. 55–95
1816:II, pp. 9–42.
1801:5/2-3, pp. 187–191.
1754:5/2-3, pp. 171–179.
1738:5/2-3, pp. 153–164.
1678:I, pp. 61–73.
1662:I, pp. 41–60.
1596:X, pp. 36–39.
1581:X, pp. 34–35.
1566:X, pp. 25–29.
1474:Erläuterungsausgabe
1462:Erläuterungsausgabe
1447:Erläuterungsausgabe
1432:Erläuterungsausgabe
986:Beethoven's Op. 109
870:Wanderers Nachtlied
829:Wanderers Nachtlied
199:Georg Joseph Vogler
4643:Secondary function
4453:Linear progression
4042:Westergaard, Peter
3958:Westergaard, Peter
3744:Current Musicology
3601:Schenker, Heinrich
3581:Schenker, Heinrich
3565:Schenker, Heinrich
3553:Schenker, Heinrich
3537:Schenker, Heinrich
3525:Schenker, Heinrich
3499:Schenker, Heinrich
3477:Schenker, Heinrich
3459:Schenker, Heinrich
3417:Schenker, Heinrich
3399:Schenker, Heinrich
3381:Schenker, Heinrich
3321:32/2, pp. 301–302.
3280:Current Musicology
3199:The New York Times
2496:Fliessender Gesang
2482:Fliessender Gesang
2341:Structural Hearing
2095:Larry J. Solomon,
1977:, New York, Dover.
1646:I, pp. 9–40.
1324:After World War II
1159:The interruption (
1135:
946:
944:
932:
798:
796:
784:
666:Linear progression
660:Linear progression
639:
610:
578:
576:
564:
500:
498:
486:
319:
254:linear progression
4733:
4732:
4638:Diatonic function
4573:
4572:
4535:Heinrich Schenker
4483:Register transfer
4428:Bass arpeggiation
4383:
4382:
3895:Pedagogical works
3804:978-3-205-77494-5
3593:Universal Edition
3491:Universal Edition
3391:Universal Edition
3115:Acta musicologica
2980:978-1-56159-239-5
2903:978-1-56159-239-5
2819:"Erläuterungen",
2452:flieĂźender Gesang
2409:Robert E. Wason,
1551:V, pp. 8–9.
1216:Schenker Institut
1131:
939:
927:
860:Unfolding (music)
812:register transfer
791:
779:
635:
619:bass arpeggiation
606:
571:
559:
541:Schenker writes:
493:
481:
435:Bass arpeggiation
315:
242:flieĂźender Gesang
209:and his disciple
205:, transmitted by
31:Heinrich Schenker
4753:
4715:Tonality diamond
4623:Circle of fifths
4600:
4593:
4586:
4577:
4548:Free Composition
4525:
4493:Structural level
4438:Fundamental line
4410:
4403:
4396:
4387:
4320:Musical analysis
4313:
4306:
4299:
4290:
4254:
4228:
4158:Political issues
4121:
4090:
3890:
3849:
3808:
3782:
3766:
3751:
3750:: 103–151. 2002.
3620:
3611:. Translated by
3609:Free Composition
3596:
3576:
3560:
3548:
3532:
3520:
3508:
3494:
3472:
3454:
3427:. Translated by
3412:
3394:
3376:
3350:
3322:
3314:
3308:
3305:Critical Inquiry
3302:
3296:
3293:Critical Inquiry
3289:
3283:
3269:
3263:
3255:
3249:
3210:Israel Citkowitz
3184:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3152:
3146:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3111:
3105:
3091:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3069:Free Composition
3066:
3060:
3057:Free Composition
3054:
3048:
3045:Free Composition
3042:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3020:Free Composition
3017:
3011:
3008:Free Composition
3005:
2999:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2952:
2946:
2935:
2929:
2926:Free composition
2923:
2917:
2907:
2875:
2869:
2862:
2856:
2849:Free Composition
2846:
2840:
2837:Free composition
2834:
2828:
2817:
2811:
2800:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2735:Edward Aldwell,
2733:
2727:
2716:
2710:
2703:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2641:, 2nd edition,"
2633:
2627:
2624:
2618:
2615:Free Composition
2612:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:Free Composition
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2568:Free Composition
2564:
2558:
2555:Free Composition
2552:
2546:
2531:Free Composition
2529:is discussed in
2523:
2517:
2516:, vol. I, p. 94.
2511:
2505:
2467:
2461:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2355:, § 1. See also
2353:Free Composition
2350:
2344:
2334:
2328:
2314:
2308:
2293:Free Composition
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2253:
2247:
2240:Free Composition
2237:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2215:Free Composition
2197:
2191:
2188:Free Composition
2185:
2179:
2172:Free Composition
2148:
2000:L'Écriture libre
1992:Free Composition
1783:9 and 10 and in
1622:9), pp. 164–182.
1178:
1177:
1170:
1169:
1133:
1132:
1116:I–IV–V or I–II–V
1102:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1037:
993:
992:
940:
928:
913:
912:
907:
906:
901:
900:
895:
894:
889:
888:
883:
882:
877:
876:
849:
848:
843:
842:
837:
836:
792:
780:
761:
760:
752:
751:
739:
738:
730:
729:
721:
720:
712:
711:
699:is replaced by B
695:
694:
637:
636:
608:
607:
572:
560:
494:
482:
447:
446:
412:
411:
404:
403:
396:
394:
393:
385:
384:
377:
376:
358:Fundamental line
352:Fundamental line
317:
316:
307:
306:
300:
299:
293:
292:
201:and his student
4761:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4665:Major and minor
4655:Just intonation
4609:
4604:
4574:
4569:
4560:
4526:
4517:
4419:
4414:
4384:
4379:
4322:
4317:
4261:
4251:
4238:
4235:
4210:Schachter, Carl
4208:
4160:
4128:
4093:
4070:
4067:
4014:
3978:Schachter, Carl
3897:
3867:
3818:
3815:
3805:
3785:
3769:
3765:: 92–117. 2005.
3754:
3737:
3627:
3625:Further reading
3599:
3579:
3563:
3551:
3535:
3523:
3517:
3497:
3475:
3457:
3443:
3415:
3397:
3379:
3353:
3347:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3290:
3286:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3252:
3205:Musical America
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3155:Philip A. Ewell
3153:
3149:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3092:
3088:
3080:Matthew Brown,
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2904:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2863:
2859:
2853:scheinbare ZĂĽge
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2818:
2814:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2734:
2730:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2684:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2468:
2464:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2422:Matthew Brown,
2421:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2367:
2363:
2351:
2347:
2335:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2254:
2250:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2213:, 1935, p. 17;
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2168:Das Meisterwerk
2149:
2145:
2140:
2120:
2102:Nicolas MeeĂąs,
2077:Tom Pankhurst,
2017:
1886:2, pp. 274–282.
1884:The Music Forum
1692:4, pp. 141–159.
1690:The Music Forum
1527:3, pp. 105–160.
1331:
1326:
1294:Paul Henry Lang
1255:
1247:Philip A. Ewell
1211:
1206:
1197:
1185:
1172:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1126:
1118:
1109:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1008:
1000:
990:
989:
981:
975:
955:
934:
922:
910:
909:
904:
903:
898:
897:
892:
891:
886:
885:
880:
879:
874:
873:
862:
856:
846:
845:
840:
839:
834:
833:
807:
786:
774:
772:
764:
758:
757:
755:
749:
748:
746:
742:
736:
735:
733:
727:
726:
724:
718:
717:
715:
709:
708:
706:
702:
698:
692:
691:
689:
685:
668:
662:
644:
630:
601:
566:
554:
552:
536:Auskomponierung
531:
525:
488:
476:
474:
455:
441:
437:
431:
406:
398:
388:
387:
379:
371:
360:
354:
310:
301:
294:
287:
276:
270:
246:Luigi Cherubini
230:
203:Gottfried Weber
175:overtone series
163:
139:Auskomponierung
123:Igor Stravinsky
115:Johannes Brahms
79:
74:
22:is a method of
17:
12:
11:
5:
4759:
4757:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4633:Diatonic scale
4630:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4580:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4508:Voice exchange
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4349:Music Analysis
4345:
4340:
4335:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4260:
4259:External links
4257:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4206:
4195:
4185:
4178:
4169:Der freie Satz
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4140:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4110:10.2307/832217
4091:
4081:(2): 257–284.
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4056:, ed. (1977).
4051:
4039:
4025:
4018:Epstein, David
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3993:
3974:
3955:
3945:
3927:
3916:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3865:
3864:(2011 reprint)
3850:
3832:(3): 311–329.
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3783:
3767:
3752:
3731:
3730:
3708:
3690:
3675:
3658:
3643:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3597:
3589:Der freie Satz
3577:
3561:
3549:
3533:
3521:
3515:
3495:
3473:
3455:
3441:
3413:
3395:
3377:
3367:(1): 104–156.
3351:
3345:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3309:
3297:
3291:Reproduced in
3284:
3264:
3250:
3179:
3170:
3147:
3131:
3129:, p. 104.
3119:
3106:
3086:
3073:
3071:, p. 87, §242.
3061:
3049:
3037:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2987:
2979:
2957:Sadie, Stanley
2947:
2930:
2918:
2902:
2880:Sadie, Stanley
2870:
2857:
2841:
2839:, p. 78, §221.
2829:
2812:
2795:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2745:
2737:Carl Schachter
2728:
2711:
2695:
2691:Music Analysis
2682:
2661:
2649:
2628:
2619:
2604:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2525:The canonical
2518:
2506:
2462:
2441:
2428:
2415:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2361:
2345:
2329:
2309:
2307:, 1935, p. 2.)
2305:Der freie Satz
2284:
2272:
2248:
2232:
2219:
2211:Der freie Satz
2192:
2180:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2075:
2068:Carl Schachter
2064:
2057:
2043:
2033:
2020:Oswald Jonas,
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1984:Der freie Satz
1980:
1979:
1978:
1967:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1799:Music Analysis
1795:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:Music Analysis
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:Music Analysis
1725:
1724:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1290:Der freie Satz
1281:Roger Sessions
1254:
1251:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1084:
1081:
1027:
1024:
1007:
1004:
999:
996:
979:Voice exchange
977:Main article:
974:
973:Voice exchange
971:
954:
951:
858:Main article:
855:
852:
806:
803:
762:
753:
744:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
700:
696:
687:
683:
664:Main article:
661:
658:
643:
640:
583:
582:
527:Main article:
524:
521:
505:Carl Schachter
454:
451:
433:Main article:
430:
427:
356:Main article:
353:
350:
272:Main article:
269:
266:
229:
226:
211:Anton Bruckner
162:
159:
111:Franz Schubert
78:
75:
73:
70:
35:deep structure
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4758:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4726:
4725:Voice leading
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4589:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4524:
4514:
4513:Voice leading
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4478:Reaching over
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:Neighbor note
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4376:
4375:Transcription
4373:
4371:
4370:Sonata theory
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:Chord letters
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4250:9780226568478
4246:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4201:, Chapter V,
4200:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4143:Yeston, Maury
4141:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4054:Yeston, Maury
4052:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4028:Salzer, Felix
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4005:0-415-97398-8
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:0-495-18975-8
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:9780393093421
3969:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3948:Kalib, Sylvan
3946:
3944:
3940:
3939:0-19-510232-0
3936:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:0-521-49726-4
3921:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3910:0-393-95192-8
3907:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:9781174860447
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3740:Adele T. Katz
3738:"The Role of
3736:
3735:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3723:9780967809939
3720:
3716:
3712:
3711:Jonas, Oswald
3709:
3706:
3705:3-205-77494-9
3702:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3687:0-19-974429-7
3684:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3672:9781576470954
3669:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3655:1-58046-160-3
3652:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:0-521-55085-8
3637:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3555:(1925–1930).
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3527:(1921–1924).
3526:
3522:
3518:
3516:0-02-873220-0
3512:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3442:0-226-73734-9
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3404:Harmonielehre
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3346:9780300028003
3342:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3236:Adele T. Katz
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3010:, §§ 236–237.
3009:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2961:Tyrrell, John
2958:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2884:Tyrrell, John
2881:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2778:Harmonielehre
2774:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:H. Schenker,
2665:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2374:Harmonielehre
2371:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:Adele T. Katz
2258:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:Erläuterungen
2147:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1383:9780226737348
1380:
1376:
1373:, transl. by
1372:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1363:Harmonielehre
1359:
1354:
1352:4, pp. 1–139.
1351:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:published in
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:Adele T. Katz
1267:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1235:Der Dreiklang
1232:
1229:
1226:in 1932, and
1225:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1161:Unterbrechung
1154:
1152:
1146:I–II–III–IV–V
1145:
1143:
1140:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1003:
997:
995:
987:
980:
972:
970:
968:
964:
960:
959:Obligate Lage
952:
950:
919:
915:
871:
867:
861:
853:
851:
831:
830:
825:
821:
820:superposition
817:
813:
804:
802:
770:
766:
681:
677:
673:
667:
659:
657:
654:
650:
641:
627:
623:
620:
616:
597:
593:
591:
589:
580:
579:
550:
546:
542:
539:
537:
530:
522:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
472:
467:
463:
461:
452:
450:
445:
436:
428:
426:
424:
420:
416:
410:
402:
397:and moves to
392:
383:
375:
369:
365:
359:
351:
349:
347:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
305:
298:
291:
285:
280:
275:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:voice leading
247:
243:
238:
235:
227:
225:
224:(the tonic).
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
207:Simon Sechter
204:
200:
195:
193:
187:
186:minor mode.".
182:
178:
176:
170:
168:
160:
158:
156:
150:
148:
147:Verwandlungen
144:
140:
136:
135:strenger Satz
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
76:
71:
69:
65:
63:
62:cantus firmus
59:
55:
51:
46:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
25:
21:
4720:Tonicization
4704:
4695:Polytonality
4690:Parallel key
4650:Figured bass
4553:
4546:
4541:Counterpoint
4539:
4473:Prolongation
4468:Primary tone
4416:
4364:
4347:
4330:
4240:
4217:
4213:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4188:Eybl, Martin
4181:
4172:
4168:
4165:Der Tonwille
4164:
4146:
4132:
4104:(2): 85–89.
4101:
4095:
4078:
4072:
4057:
4045:
4031:
4021:
3996:
3981:
3961:
3951:
3942:
3930:
3913:
3901:
3878:
3872:
3853:
3829:
3823:
3794:
3790:
3787:Eybl, Martin
3778:
3774:
3762:
3756:
3747:
3743:
3732:
3714:
3696:
3693:Eybl, Martin
3678:
3662:
3646:
3631:
3608:
3605:Oswald Jonas
3588:
3585:Oswald Jonas
3568:
3556:
3541:Der Tonwille
3540:
3529:Der Tonwille
3528:
3505:Counterpoint
3504:
3487:Counterpoint
3486:
3481:
3469:Counterpoint
3468:
3463:
3424:
3421:Oswald Jonas
3408:
3403:
3385:
3364:
3358:
3336:
3316:
3312:
3307:2/1, p. 118.
3304:
3300:
3292:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:Modern Music
3213:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3173:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3100:4/1 (2011),
3097:
3089:
3081:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3047:, §§ 87–101.
3044:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2964:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2887:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2821:Der Tonwille
2820:
2815:
2804:Der Tonwille
2803:
2798:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2652:
2642:
2636:
2631:
2622:
2614:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2579:Counterpoint
2578:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2543:Der Tonwille
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2514:Counterpoint
2513:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:Counterpoint
2469:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2444:
2437:Counterpoint
2436:
2431:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2337:Felix Salzer
2332:
2325:Wort und Ton
2324:
2321:Der Tonwille
2320:
2317:Der Tonwille
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2265:Felix Salzer
2256:
2251:
2244:Der Tonwille
2243:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2207:Vordergrund.
2205:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:Der Tonwille
2163:
2159:
2156:Der Tonwille
2155:
2151:
2146:
2123:
2078:
2071:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2036:Felix Salzer
2029:
2025:
2021:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1908:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1813:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1781:Der Tonwille
1780:
1776:
1767:
1760:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1728:
1713:
1698:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1659:
1650:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1594:Der Tonwille
1593:
1579:Der Tonwille
1578:
1564:Der Tonwille
1563:
1549:Der Tonwille
1548:
1534:Der Tonwille
1533:
1524:
1518:Der Tonwille
1517:
1509:Counterpoint
1508:
1501:
1493:Der Tonwille
1492:
1486:Der Tonwille
1485:
1473:
1461:
1446:
1431:
1419:
1412:
1404:Counterpoint
1403:
1395:
1370:
1362:
1349:
1342:
1332:
1329:Translations
1317:
1311:
1308:Donald Tovey
1303:
1297:
1289:
1285:Modern Music
1284:
1278:
1273:
1259:
1256:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1228:Felix Salzer
1223:
1220:Oswald Jonas
1215:
1212:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1160:
1158:
1155:Interruption
1149:
1138:
1136:
1110:
1086:
1029:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1001:
982:
967:Tieferlegung
966:
962:
958:
956:
947:
869:
865:
863:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
799:
679:
675:
671:
669:
648:
645:
611:
592:
587:
585:
544:
540:
535:
532:
529:Prolongation
517:Urlinietafel
516:
514:
501:
470:
459:
456:
438:
422:
419:primary tone
414:
367:
361:
345:
342:
338:Bassbrechung
337:
333:
330:Bassbrechung
329:
325:
321:
320:
283:
261:
257:
241:
239:
234:counterpoint
231:
221:
217:
215:
196:
191:
189:
184:
180:
172:
164:
154:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:prolongation
126:
99:Joseph Haydn
80:
72:Fundamentals
66:
57:
53:
49:
47:
42:
38:
19:
18:
4710:Sonata form
4675:Neotonality
4498:Tonal space
3881:(1): 1–30.
3820:Katz, A. T.
3613:Ernst Oster
3482:Kontrapunkt
3464:Kontrapunkt
3139:Martin Eybl
2939:Schenker's
2910:Ăśbergreifen
2494:Schenker's
2478:Kontrapunkt
2450:Schenker's
2448:N. MeeĂąs, "
2125:Music Forum
2046:Allen Forte
1502:Kontrapunkt
1488:(10 vols.)
1396:Kontrapunkt
1350:Music Forum
1296:devoted in
1243:Martin Eybl
963:Höherlegung
864:Unfolding (
824:overlapping
816:Ăśbergreifen
588:diminutions
167:tonic triad
127:freier Satz
43:tonal space
27:tonal music
4670:Modulation
4488:Scale-step
4433:Diminution
4281:N. MeeĂąs,
4233:Criticisms
4151:Beach 1983
4137:Beach 1983
4036:Beach 1983
4012:Expansions
3727:Beach 1983
3329:References
3272:Adele Katz
3228:Musicology
3127:Berry 2003
2941:Ausfaltung
2657:Beach 1983
2557:, pp. 4–5.
2370:Schoenberg
1982:1935/1956
1634:, 3 vols.
1630:1925–1930
1491:2004–2005
1484:1921–1924
1222:published
866:Ausfaltung
649:Nebennoten
232:Two-voice
83:monarchism
4503:Unfolding
4360:Reduction
3869:Forte, A.
3813:Summaries
3603:(1979) .
3583:(1956) .
3501:(1989) .
3419:(1954) .
3383:(1908) .
2015:Textbooks
1971:F. Salzer
1845:M. Yeston
1312:Beethoven
930:Reduction
854:Unfolding
782:Reduction
680:QuartzĂĽge
496:Reduction
286:: a line
155:Fernhören
119:Max Reger
24:analyzing
4740:Category
4680:Ostinato
4607:Tonality
4567:Glossary
4226:41054326
4220:: 1–20,
4190:(1995).
4145:(1976).
4044:(1975).
4030:(1952).
4020:(1979).
3980:(2003).
3960:(1975).
3950:(1973).
3713:(1982).
3573:Ian Bent
3545:Ian Bent
3479:(1922).
3461:(1910).
3401:(1906).
3059:, § 193.
2963:(eds.).
2886:(eds.).
2825:Ian Bent
2808:Ian Bent
2766:Op. cit.
2720:op. cit.
2617:, § 120.
2118:See also
1189:Mischung
1022:itself.
991:♯
942:Original
911:♭
905:♭
899:♭
893:♭
887:♭
881:♭
875:♭
847:♭
841:♭
835:♭
794:Original
759:♯
750:♯
737:♯
728:♯
719:♯
710:♯
693:♯
676:TerzzĂĽge
574:Arpeggio
510:continuo
484:Original
282:Minimal
4618:Cadence
4555:Harmony
3617:Longman
3607:(ed.).
3587:(ed.).
3425:Harmony
3423:(ed.).
3409:Harmony
3022:, §106.
2593:, § 10.
2400:, § 79.
2398:Harmony
2386:Harmony
2359:, § 13.
2357:Harmony
2301:Urlinie
2201:Urlinie
2190:, § 21.
2176:Urlinie
1525:Theoria
1415:, 1912
1371:Harmony
1183:Mixture
1107:I–III–V
1020:Urlinie
1016:Anstieg
1012:Kopfton
725:above G
423:Anstieg
415:Kopfton
368:Urlinie
334:Urlinie
326:Urlinie
262:Urlinie
161:Harmony
4247:
4224:
4118:832217
4116:
4087:842853
4085:
4003:
3988:
3970:
3937:
3922:
3908:
3887:842996
3885:
3860:
3846:739052
3844:
3801:
3721:
3703:
3685:
3670:
3653:
3638:
3513:
3451:280916
3449:
3439:
3343:
2977:
2900:
2539:Ursatz
2527:Ursatz
2490:Gradus
2388:, § 23
2297:Ursatz
1381:
1139:Ursatz
473:, 1848
417:) or "
322:Ursatz
284:Ursatz
274:Ursatz
268:Ursatz
218:Ursatz
113:, and
58:Ursatz
54:Ursatz
50:Ursatz
39:Ursatz
37:, the
4448:Klang
4222:JSTOR
4114:JSTOR
4083:JSTOR
3883:JSTOR
3842:JSTOR
3793:[
3485:[
3467:[
3407:[
3098:Gamut
2502:Orfeu
2458:Orfeu
2138:Notes
1998:1993
1989:1979
1962:1933
1955:1932
1787:II.)
1614:1971
1607:1925
1507:1987
1500:1922
1418:1992
1411:1912
1402:1987
1393:1910
1369:1954
1360:1906
1341:1904
653:Haydn
562:Chord
222:Stufe
192:Stufe
77:Goals
4245:ISBN
4167:and
4001:ISBN
3986:ISBN
3968:ISBN
3935:ISBN
3920:ISBN
3906:ISBN
3858:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3719:ISBN
3701:ISBN
3683:ISBN
3668:ISBN
3651:ISBN
3636:ISBN
3511:ISBN
3447:OCLC
3437:ISBN
3341:ISBN
2975:ISBN
2898:ISBN
2789:See
2263:and
2052:and
1504:II.
1379:ISBN
1245:and
838:–F–E
756:to G
686:to E
165:The
121:and
4660:Key
4171:",
4106:doi
3834:doi
3369:doi
3163:doi
2912:,"
2456:",
2372:'s
2209:).
1476:).
1464:).
1449:).
1434:).
1399:I.
1310:'s
1055:or
822:or
743:)–E
734:–(F
690:. F
672:Zug
386:or
264:).
258:Zug
4742::
4218:26
4216:,
4112:.
4100:.
4077:.
3941:.
3912:.
3877:.
3840:.
3830:21
3828:.
3777:.
3773:.
3761:.
3748:74
3746:.
3717:.
3445:.
3435:.
3365:20
3363:.
3274:,
3141:,
2973:.
2959:;
2896:.
2882:;
2827:).
2698:^
2607:^
2500:,
2339:,
2070:,
2038:,
1973::
1959:.
1843:,
1366:.
1345:.
1249:.
908:–B
902:–C
884:–G
878:–A
844:–D
716:–G
707:–F
378:,
109:,
105:,
101:,
97:,
93:,
4599:e
4592:t
4585:v
4409:e
4402:t
4395:v
4312:e
4305:t
4298:v
4253:.
4153:)
4139:)
4120:.
4108::
4102:4
4089:.
4079:3
4038:)
3992:.
3926:.
3889:.
3879:3
3848:.
3836::
3807:.
3779:2
3763:1
3729:)
3707:.
3689:.
3657:.
3642:.
3619:.
3595:.
3519:.
3493:.
3453:.
3393:.
3375:.
3371::
3349:.
3165::
2985:‎
2983:.
2906:.
2810:)
2672:(
2476:(
2299:(
2204:(
2099:.
2092:.
2085:.
1807:.
1722:.
1707:.
1602:.
1587:.
1572:.
1557:.
1542:.
1258:(
1095:–
1071:–
1063:–
1047:–
1039:–
763:3
754:4
745:2
741:2
732:2
723:4
714:4
705:4
701:1
697:2
688:2
684:3
395:,
256:(
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