347:
increased risk of infection in Europe and North
America, and shallow inshore waters may harbour higher densities of cercariae than open waters offshore. Onshore winds are thought to cause cercariae to accumulate along shorelines. Studies of infested lakes and outbreaks in Europe and North America have found cases where infection risk appears to be evenly distributed around the margins of water bodies as well as instances where risk increases in endemic swimmer's itch "hotspots". Children may become infected more frequently and more intensely than adults but this probably reflects their tendency to swim for longer periods inshore, where cercariae also concentrate.
83:
53:
339:
298:
356:
346:
Humans usually become infected after swimming in slow-moving rivers, lakes or ponds. Some laboratory evidence indicates snails shed cercariae most intensely in the morning and on sunny days, and exposure to water in these conditions may therefore increase risk. Duration of swimming is correlated with
142:
in about half an hour. Within 10–12 hours these turn into very itchy papules that reach their worst by the second or third day. The papules disappear in 1–2 weeks but secondary effects from scratching can continue longer. The intense itching, which peaks after 48–72 hours, is associated with pain and
286:
causing swimmer's itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and
316:) to the final location (veins feeding the gastrointestinal tract) within the host body. There they lay eggs in the small veins in the intestinal mucosa from which the eggs make their way into the lumen of the gut, and are dumped into the water when the bird defecates. One European species,
1142:
1127:
898:
Leighton BJ, Zervos S, Webster JM (2000). "Ecological factors in schistosome transmission, and an environmentally benign method for controlling snails in a recreational lake with a record of schistosome dermatitis".
429:
prevented schistosomes from penetrating the skin of mice. Public education of risk factors, a good alternative to the aforementioned interventionist strategies, can also reduce human exposure to cercariae.
2272:
576:
Macháček T, Turjanicová L, Bulantová J, Hrdý J, Horák P, Mikeš L (2018-10-09). "Cercarial dermatitis: a systematic follow-up study of human cases with implications for diagnostics".
306:
After locating a bird, the parasite penetrates through the skin (usually the feet), dropping the forked tail in the process. Inside the circulatory system, the immature worms (
389:
as a molluscicide to reduce snail host populations and thereby the incidence of swimmer's itch. The results with this agent have been inconclusive, possibly because:
295:
spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.
123:
of this condition may be increasing, although this may be attributed to better monitoring and reporting. Nevertheless, the condition is considered to be an
850:
Lindblade KA (1998). "The epidemiology of cercarial dermatitis and its association with limnological characteristics of a northern
Michigan lake".
1196:
76:
1045:"Development and evaluation of LIPODEET, a new long-acting formulation of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) for the prevention of schistosomiasis"
557:
413:
Another method targeting the snail host, mechanical disturbance of snail habitat, has been also tried in some areas of North
America and
381:
of schistosomes have been used by lakeside residents in recreational areas of North
America to deal with outbreaks of swimmer's itch. In
803:"Public health importance and risk factors for cercarial dermatitis associated with swimming in Lake Leman at Geneva, Switzerland"
310:) develop into mature male and female worms, mate and migrate through the host's circulatory system (or nervous system in case of
260:
to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a
540:
Bonamonte D, Romita P, Vestita M, Angelini G (2016). "Dermatitis Caused by
Aquatic Worms". In Bonamonte D, Angelini G (eds.).
934:
Verbrugge LM, Rainey JJ, Reimink RL, Blankespoor HD (2004). "Prospective study of swimmer's itch incidence and severity".
174:
Swimmer's itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the
1655:
751:
268:
1992:
1641:
1548:
1189:
124:
104:
275:, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the
143:
swelling of the affected areas. People repeatedly exposed to cercariae develop heavier symptoms with faster onset.
2292:
2232:
2155:
2126:
154:, is sometimes prescribed to treat swimmer's itch and similar dermal allergic reactions. In addition, bathing in
1013:
2297:
2238:
1333:
1277:
120:
406:
More importantly, perhaps, copper sulfate is toxic to more than just molluscs, and the effects of its use on
2175:
1970:
1959:
1543:
1483:
1469:
1292:
1271:
676:
318:
312:
977:
Blankespoor HD, Reimink RL (1991). "The control of swimmer's itch in
Michigan: Past, present, and future".
2282:
2277:
2073:
1868:
1721:
1411:
1406:
1397:
1373:
1182:
1954:
1497:
1378:
1259:
241:
2206:
2033:
1873:
1847:
1829:
1599:
1090:
272:
1489:
329:
and larvae hatch from the eggs directly in the tissue during drinking/feeding of the infected birds.
2245:
2220:
2147:
1814:
1763:
1338:
1319:
1265:
1254:
1146:
82:
52:
1044:
2106:
2092:
1998:
1978:
1948:
1808:
1783:
1683:
1633:
1524:
1455:
1358:
1072:
1025:
959:
867:
609:
17:
2287:
1353:
1205:
1157:
1064:
1017:
951:
916:
875:
832:
780:
732:
601:
593:
553:
522:
504:
407:
326:
71:
2139:
2132:
2012:
1626:
1594:
1174:
1056:
1009:
997:
943:
908:
859:
822:
814:
770:
722:
714:
585:
545:
512:
496:
261:
233:
201:
186:
112:
1966:
1880:
1618:
1568:
1563:
1461:
1446:
1385:
1284:
998:"Efficacy of praziquantel in treating natural schistosome infections in common mergansers"
422:
195:
2098:
2061:
2006:
1821:
1800:
1769:
1727:
1606:
1555:
1534:
1503:
1475:
1418:
1345:
827:
802:
727:
702:
651:
517:
484:
386:
378:
307:
226:
139:
1151:
912:
338:
2266:
2085:
2066:
1840:
1835:
1586:
1574:
1325:
1209:
417:
in France, with promising results. Some work in
Michigan suggests that administering
151:
1076:
1029:
963:
613:
287:
dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an
2225:
2181:
2077:
1984:
1859:
1430:
483:
Horák P, Mikeš L, Lichtenbergová L, Skála V, Soldánová M, Brant SV (January 2015).
418:
297:
288:
205:. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as
775:
146:
There are no permanent effects to people from this condition. Orally administered
627:
2212:
2197:
2053:
1934:
1915:
1906:
1894:
1748:
1712:
1694:
1661:
1647:
1439:
1365:
1310:
1245:
756:
n. sp. (Schistosomatidae, Bilharziellinae), a new nasal schistosome from Europe"
549:
425:
showed that water-resistant topical applications of the common insect repellent
421:
to hatchling waterfowl can reduce local swimmer's itch rates in humans. Work on
414:
360:
237:
159:
147:
1162:
2117:
2039:
2024:
1794:
1753:
1136:
1060:
818:
589:
253:
175:
163:
108:
63:
597:
508:
229:
environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer's itch can occur as well.
1739:
1582:
1235:
1230:
459:
439:
116:
60:
1068:
1021:
955:
920:
736:
718:
605:
526:
879:
836:
784:
119:. It is common in freshwater, brackish and marine habitats worldwide. The
2166:
2047:
1939:
1888:
1703:
1217:
500:
382:
276:
182:
179:
134:(raised skin) that commonly occur within 2 days of infection. Initially,
355:
1777:
1519:
871:
371:
155:
131:
66:
on lower legs, four days after spending a day in the shallows of a lake
1119:
27:
Itchy skin lesions due to infection by water-borne parasitic flatworms
1131:
364:
257:
210:
135:
947:
863:
354:
337:
296:
283:
249:
214:
190:
1043:
Salafsky B, Ramaswamy K, He YX, Li J, Shibuya T (November 1999).
426:
375:
323:
292:
1178:
252:, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the
1014:
10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0424:EOPITN]2.0.CO;2
193:
most commonly associated with swimmer's itch in humans are
628:"With warm weather, Swimmers Itch makes annual appearance"
485:"Avian schistosomes and outbreaks of cercarial dermatitis"
703:"Cercarial Dermatitis Transmitted by Exotic Marine Snail"
701:
Brant S, Cohen A, James D, Hui L, Hom A, Loker E (2010).
396:
Local water chemistry reduces the molluscicide's efficacy
291:
immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly
2273:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
282:
Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in
1109:
996:
Blankespoor CL, Reimink RL, Blankespoor, HD (2001).
402:
Adjacent snail populations repopulate a treated area
2196:
2165:
2116:
2023:
1933:
1905:
1858:
1747:
1738:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1680:
1617:
1533:
1518:
1429:
1396:
1309:
1244:
1229:
1216:
1113:
267:After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother
70:
42:
37:
111:of humans that have been infected by water-borne
1190:
178:was caused by the larval stage of a group of
8:
893:
891:
889:
1744:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1530:
1241:
1226:
1197:
1183:
1175:
1110:
81:
51:
34:
826:
801:Chamot E, Toscani L, Rougemont A (1998).
796:
794:
774:
750:Horák P., Kolářová L., Dvořák J. (1998).
726:
516:
451:
217:reported to cause the reaction include
248:Once a schistosome egg is immersed in
166:can also provide relief of symptoms.
7:
571:
569:
1091:"Swimmer's Itch Reported at Lakes"
322:, instead infects the bird host's
25:
370:Various strategies targeting the
460:"Avian Schistosome Biodiversity"
385:, for decades, authorities used
359:Mechanical removal of snails in
138:develop quickly, then turn into
18:Schistosome cercarial dermatitis
1:
913:10.1016/S1383-5769(99)00034-3
489:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
342:Image of infectious cercariae
256:emerges. The miracidium uses
1656:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
707:Emerging Infectious Diseases
677:"Swimmer's Itch in Michigan"
1993:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
1642:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
776:10.1051/parasite/1998054349
550:10.1007/978-3-319-40615-2_9
301:Life-cycle of swimmers itch
209:, which infects snails and
125:emerging infectious disease
105:allergic contact dermatitis
2314:
271:, which in turn undergoes
130:The main symptom is itchy
2233:Capillaria philippinensis
2156:Halicephalobus gingivalis
2127:Strongyloides stercoralis
1095:Bureau of Land Management
1061:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.743
819:10.1017/S0950268898008826
682:. State of Michigan. 2014
590:10.1007/s00436-018-6095-0
544:. Springer. p. 142.
410:are not well understood.
399:Local currents diffuse it
232:These parasites use both
207:Schistosomatium douthitti
59:
50:
2239:Intestinal capillariasis
1334:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
2226:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
2176:Enterobius vermicularis
1971:Cutaneous larva migrans
1544:Echinococcus granulosus
1484:Heterophyes heterophyes
1470:Gastrodiscoides hominis
1293:Trichobilharzia regenti
1002:Journal of Parasitology
754:Trichobilharzia regenti
319:Trichobilharzia regenti
2074:Visceral larva migrans
1869:Gnathostoma spinigerum
1722:Dracunculus medinensis
1628:Diphyllobothrium latum
1407:Paragonimus westermani
1374:Opisthorchis viverrini
719:10.3201/eid1609.091664
393:Snails become tolerant
367:
343:
302:
101:schistosome dermatitis
46:Schistosome dermatitis
1955:Ancylostoma duodenale
1498:Metagonimus yokogawai
1049:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg
578:Parasitology Research
358:
341:
300:
242:parasitic life cycles
219:Bilharziella polonica
2207:Trichinella spiralis
2034:Ascaris lumbricoides
1848:Lymphatic filariasis
1830:Wuchereria bancrofti
979:Michigan Academician
652:"Swimmers Itch FAQS"
501:10.1128/CMR.00043-14
464:www.schistosomes.net
273:asexual reproduction
97:cercarial dermatitis
2221:Trichuris trichiura
2148:Trichostrongyliasis
1764:Onchocerca volvulus
1320:Clonorchis sinensis
1255:Schistosoma mansoni
1236:Trematode infection
542:Aquatic Dermatology
77:Infectious diseases
2107:Parascaris equorum
2093:Dioctophyme renale
1999:Angiostrongyliasis
1979:Necator americanus
1949:Hookworm infection
1809:Dirofilaria repens
1634:Diphyllobothriasis
1525:Tapeworm infection
1456:Fasciolopsis buski
408:aquatic ecosystems
368:
344:
303:
240:as hosts in their
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2192:
2191:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1550:E. multilocularis
1514:
1513:
1354:Fasciola hepatica
1206:Parasitic disease
1172:
1171:
807:Epidemiol. Infect
584:(12): 3881–3895.
559:978-3-319-40615-2
234:freshwater snails
223:Schistosoma bovis
107:occurring in the
90:
89:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2305:
2293:Swimming culture
2141:Trichostrongylus
2133:Strongyloidiasis
2013:Metastrongylosis
1745:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1595:Hymenolepis nana
1531:
1431:Intestinal fluke
1242:
1227:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1111:
1099:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1040:
1034:
1033:
993:
987:
986:
974:
968:
967:
931:
925:
924:
895:
884:
883:
847:
841:
840:
830:
798:
789:
788:
778:
760:
747:
741:
740:
730:
698:
692:
691:
689:
687:
681:
673:
667:
666:
664:
662:
648:
642:
641:
639:
638:
624:
618:
617:
573:
564:
563:
537:
531:
530:
520:
480:
474:
473:
471:
470:
456:
262:freshwater snail
202:Gigantobilharzia
187:Schistosomatidae
103:is a short-term
86:
85:
55:
35:
21:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2298:Sports injuries
2263:
2262:
2261:
2252:
2188:
2161:
2112:
2019:
1967:Ancylostomiasis
1937:
1921:
1901:
1881:Gnathostomiasis
1854:
1751:
1734:
1685:
1682:
1668:
1619:Pseudophyllidea
1613:
1564:Taenia saginata
1522:
1510:
1462:Fasciolopsiasis
1447:Echinostomiasis
1425:
1392:
1386:Opisthorchiasis
1305:
1285:Schistosomiasis
1279:S. intercalatum
1233:
1231:Fluke/trematode
1222:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1122:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1042:
1041:
1037:
995:
994:
990:
976:
975:
971:
948:10.1645/GE-237R
933:
932:
928:
897:
896:
887:
864:10.2307/3284521
849:
848:
844:
800:
799:
792:
758:
749:
748:
744:
700:
699:
695:
685:
683:
679:
675:
674:
670:
660:
658:
650:
649:
645:
636:
634:
626:
625:
621:
575:
574:
567:
560:
539:
538:
534:
482:
481:
477:
468:
466:
458:
457:
453:
448:
436:
423:schistosomiasis
353:
336:
196:Trichobilharzia
172:
80:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2099:Dioctophymosis
2089:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2062:Toxocara canis
2058:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2007:Metastrongylus
2003:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1961:A. braziliense
1951:
1945:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1822:Dirofilariasis
1812:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1801:Mansonelliasis
1791:
1790:
1789:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1770:Onchocerciasis
1759:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:Dracunculiasis
1717:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1607:Hymenolepiasis
1591:
1590:
1589:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:Echinococcosis
1539:
1537:
1535:Cyclophyllidea
1528:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1504:Metagonimiasis
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:Heterophyiasis
1480:
1479:
1478:
1476:Amphistomiasis
1466:
1465:
1464:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1419:Paragonimiasis
1402:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1346:Dicrocoeliasis
1330:
1329:
1328:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:Swimmer's itch
1289:
1288:
1287:
1273:S. haematobium
1250:
1248:
1239:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1139:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:Classification
1107:
1106:External links
1104:
1101:
1100:
1082:
1035:
988:
969:
942:(4): 697–704.
926:
901:Parasitol. Int
885:
842:
790:
769:(4): 349–357.
742:
713:(9): 1357–65.
693:
668:
643:
619:
565:
558:
532:
495:(1): 165–190.
475:
450:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
435:
432:
404:
403:
400:
397:
394:
387:copper sulfate
352:
349:
335:
332:
331:
330:
304:
280:
265:
185:in the family
171:
168:
93:Swimmer's itch
88:
87:
74:
68:
67:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
38:Swimmer's itch
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2310:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Helminthiases
2281:
2279:
2278:Inflammations
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2086:Baylisascaris
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:Brugia malayi
1832:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:Cysticercosis
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:P. kellicotti
1409:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:Clonorchiasis
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:platyhelminth
1215:
1211:
1210:helminthiases
1207:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:(5): 743–50.
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
989:
984:
980:
973:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
894:
892:
890:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
843:
838:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
813:(3): 305–14.
812:
808:
804:
797:
795:
791:
786:
782:
777:
772:
768:
764:
757:
755:
746:
743:
738:
734:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
697:
694:
678:
672:
669:
657:
653:
647:
644:
633:
629:
623:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
572:
570:
566:
561:
555:
551:
547:
543:
536:
533:
528:
524:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
476:
465:
461:
455:
452:
445:
441:
438:
437:
433:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
401:
398:
395:
392:
391:
390:
388:
384:
380:
377:
373:
366:
362:
357:
350:
348:
340:
333:
328:
325:
321:
320:
315:
314:
309:
308:schistosomula
305:
299:
294:
290:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:
198:
197:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:antihistamine
149:
144:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
84:
78:
75:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2246:
2231:
2219:
2205:
2182:Enterobiasis
2174:
2154:
2140:
2125:
2105:
2091:
2084:
2078:Toxocariasis
2067:
2060:
2046:
2032:
2005:
1991:
1985:Necatoriasis
1977:
1960:
1953:
1914:
1887:
1874:
1867:
1860:Thelazioidea
1841:
1834:
1828:
1815:
1807:
1793:
1784:
1776:
1762:
1720:
1654:
1640:
1627:
1600:
1593:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1549:
1542:
1496:
1482:
1468:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1412:
1405:
1379:
1372:
1360:F. gigantica
1359:
1352:
1339:
1332:
1318:
1298:
1291:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1261:S. japonicum
1260:
1253:
1156:
1141:
1126:
1094:
1085:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1008:(2): 424–6.
1005:
1001:
991:
982:
978:
972:
939:
936:J. Parasitol
935:
929:
904:
900:
858:(1): 19–23.
855:
852:J. Parasitol
851:
845:
810:
806:
766:
762:
753:
745:
710:
706:
696:
684:. Retrieved
671:
659:. Retrieved
655:
646:
635:. Retrieved
631:
622:
581:
577:
541:
535:
492:
488:
478:
467:. Retrieved
463:
454:
419:praziquantel
412:
405:
369:
345:
334:Risk factors
317:
311:
289:inflammatory
244:as follows:
231:
222:
218:
206:
200:
194:
173:
145:
129:
115:, a type of
113:schistosomes
100:
96:
92:
91:
29:
2247:C. hepatica
2213:Trichinosis
2198:Adenophorea
2054:Anisakiasis
1935:Strongylida
1916:Gongylonema
1907:Spiruroidea
1895:Thelaziasis
1875:G. hispidum
1749:Filarioidea
1713:Camallanida
1695:Secernentea
1662:Sparganosis
1648:Sparganosis
1601:H. diminuta
1570:T. asiatica
1440:Echinostoma
1380:O. felineus
1366:Fasciolosis
1311:Liver fluke
1246:Blood fluke
907:(1): 9–17.
415:Lake Annecy
361:Lake Annecy
238:vertebrates
164:Epsom salts
160:baking soda
148:hydroxyzine
43:Other names
2267:Categories
2118:Rhabditida
2040:Ascariasis
2025:Ascaridida
1816:D. immitis
1795:Mansonella
1787:filariasis
1754:Filariasis
1681:Roundworm/
1398:Lung fluke
1267:S. mekongi
1208:caused by
1158:DiseasesDB
985:(1): 7–23.
637:2016-03-07
632:dnr.wi.gov
469:2016-03-07
446:References
313:T. regenti
254:miracidium
176:dermatitis
64:dermatitis
1842:B. timori
1740:Spirurida
1686:infection
1583:Taeniasis
1576:T. solium
1340:D. hospes
1223:infection
1218:Flatworm/
598:0932-0113
509:1098-6618
440:Sea louse
269:sporocyst
183:parasites
121:incidence
72:Specialty
61:Cercarial
2288:Zoonoses
2167:Oxyurida
2048:Anisakis
1940:hookworm
1889:Thelazia
1704:Spiruria
1684:Nematode
1077:25327748
1069:10586906
1030:45216385
1022:11318576
964:43205388
956:15357056
921:10729712
763:Parasite
737:20735918
614:52945883
606:30302587
527:25567226
434:See also
383:Michigan
277:cercaria
213:. Other
180:flatworm
117:flatworm
2068:T. cati
1785:Loa loa
1778:Loa loa
1520:Cestoda
880:9488332
872:3284521
837:9692609
828:2809408
785:9879557
728:3294964
686:5 March
518:4284296
372:mollusc
351:Control
327:tissues
211:rodents
156:oatmeal
140:maculae
132:papules
1578:(pork)
1075:
1067:
1028:
1020:
962:
954:
919:
878:
870:
835:
825:
783:
735:
725:
661:12 May
612:
604:
596:
556:
525:
515:
507:
365:France
284:genera
227:marine
191:genera
189:. The
136:wheals
79:
1163:32723
1152:120.3
1137:B65.3
1073:S2CID
1026:S2CID
960:S2CID
868:JSTOR
759:(PDF)
680:(PDF)
610:S2CID
379:hosts
376:avian
324:nasal
293:itchy
258:cilia
250:water
225:. In
170:Cause
162:, or
150:, an
2143:spp.
1147:9-CM
1065:PMID
1018:PMID
952:PMID
917:PMID
876:PMID
833:PMID
781:PMID
733:PMID
688:2015
663:2014
602:PMID
594:ISSN
554:ISBN
523:PMID
505:ISSN
427:DEET
374:and
236:and
221:and
215:taxa
199:and
109:skin
1143:ICD
1128:ICD
1057:doi
1010:doi
944:doi
909:doi
860:doi
823:PMC
815:doi
811:120
771:doi
723:PMC
715:doi
656:CDC
586:doi
582:117
546:doi
513:PMC
497:doi
99:or
2269::
2076:/
2065:/
1969:/
1958:/
1872:/
1839:/
1833:/
1598:/
1585:/
1573:/
1567:/
1547:/
1410:/
1377:/
1357:/
1337:/
1276:/
1270:/
1264:/
1258:/
1161::
1150::
1135::
1132:10
1093:.
1071:.
1063:.
1053:61
1051:.
1047:.
1024:.
1016:.
1006:87
1004:.
1000:.
983:24
981:.
958:.
950:.
940:90
938:.
915:.
905:49
903:.
888:^
874:.
866:.
856:84
854:.
831:.
821:.
809:.
805:.
793:^
779:.
765:.
761:.
731:.
721:.
711:16
709:.
705:.
654:.
630:.
608:.
600:.
592:.
580:.
568:^
552:.
521:.
511:.
503:.
493:28
491:.
487:.
462:.
363:,
158:,
127:.
95:,
2228:)
2224:(
1942:)
1938:(
1756:)
1752:(
1527:)
1523:(
1238:)
1234:(
1198:e
1191:t
1184:v
1145:-
1130:-
1120:D
1097:.
1079:.
1059::
1032:.
1012::
966:.
946::
923:.
911::
882:.
862::
839:.
817::
787:.
773::
767:5
752:"
739:.
717::
690:.
665:.
640:.
616:.
588::
562:.
548::
529:.
499::
472:.
279:.
264:.
20:)
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