406:
354:
273:
458:. From this point on, the Schleswig–Holstein question was subsumed by the larger issue of Austro-Prussian relations, which the 1866 war deeply influenced. It survived, however, as between Danes and Germans, though narrowed to the question of the fate of the Danish population of Schleswig. This question is of great interest to students of international law and as illustrating the practical problems involved in asserting the modern principle of
22:
342:, would have been to partition Schleswig on the lines of nationality, assigning the Danish part to Denmark, the German to Holstein. This idea, which afterwards had supporters among both Danes and Germans, proved impracticable at the time owing to the intractable disposition of the majority on both sides. This solution was subsequently implemented by plebiscites in 1920 as a condition of the
34:
1347:
260:, the palace and most of the administration supported a strict adherence to the status quo. The same applied to foreign powers such as the United Kingdom, France and Russia, who would not accept a weakened Denmark in favour of a German power, such as Austria or Prussia, acquiring Holstein with the important naval harbour of
385:
In
Denmark it was granted less significance, and the citing widely regarded to be out of context, as it could either hint at the duchies not being separated from each other, or their not being partitioned into smaller shares of inheritance. This had happened many times anyway, leaving a confusing
446:
signed on 30 October 1864, a period of six years was allowed during which the inhabitants of the duchies might opt for Danish nationality and transfer themselves and their goods to
Denmark; and the rights pertaining to birth in the provinces were guaranteed to all, whether in the kingdom or the
241:
was still the system of
Schleswig and Holstein, with advisory assemblies based on the estates system which gave more power to the most affluent members of society. The three units were governed by one cabinet, consisting of liberal ministers of Denmark who urged economic and social reforms, and
316:, Low German had come to dominate in Southern Schleswig, which had originally been predominantly Danish-speaking. The Danish language still dominated in Northern Schleswig. Around 1800, German and Danish were spoken in approximately equal proportions throughout what is now Central Schleswig.
174:; differing laws in the Kingdom of Denmark with Schleswig permitted male heirs to inherit through a female line. Under these varying laws, the childless King Frederik VII of Denmark would have different heirs in Denmark and in Holstein. But when Frederik died in 1863, his Danish heir,
197:, who is dead – a German professor, who has gone mad – and I, who have forgotten all about it." Nevertheless, the Schleswig–Holstein question gave rise to conflicts between major powers for much of the 19th century. Following the defeat of the
492:. In Central Schleswig, the situation was reversed with 80% voting for Germany and 20% for Denmark. No vote ever took place in the southern third of Schleswig or in Holstein, as the result was considered a foregone conclusion. Today, they form the
290:
Lastly, there was the international question: the rival ambitions of the German powers involved, and beyond them the interests of other
European states, notably that of the United Kingdom in preventing the rise of a German sea-power in the north.
127:
The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806. The German
Confederation, formed in 1815, included Holstein. By the early 19th century, the population of Holstein, as well as that of much of Southern Schleswig, was almost entirely ethnically German.
334:
immigrants constantly arrived, and previously Danish-speaking families often came to find it convenient to change languages. The Low German language, rather than Danish, had become typical of
Holstein and much of south Schleswig.
253:) feared that Holstein's presence in the government and, at the same time, Holstein's membership of the German Confederation would lead to increased German interference with Holstein, or even into purely Danish affairs.
242:
conservative ministers from the
Holstein nobility who opposed political reform. After the uprising in Holstein and Schleswig, the Danish monarch had no interest in sharing rule with the people, many formerly rebellious.
329:
It was clear that Danish dominance in
Schleswig was vulnerable and weakening. Through its vigorous economic activity, the ethnically German area to the south expanded its geographic domain. Linguistically
29:
peninsula showing the modern border between
Denmark and Germany. Holstein is shown in yellow, southern Schleswig in orange, northern Schleswig in red, and the other Danish parts of Jutland in dark red.
390:. Danes also brought forward rulings of a Danish clerical court and a German Emperor, of 1424 and 1421 respectively, stating that Schleswig rightfully belonged to Denmark, because it was a Danish
124:, agreed to by the Danish King in order to gain control of both states, seemed to indicate that Schleswig and Holstein were to remain united, though that interpretation was later challenged.
484:
in
Northern and Central Schleswig on 10 February and 14 March 1920, respectively. In Northern Schleswig, 75% voted for reunification with Denmark and 25% for remaining in Germany. It became
287:: both Germany and Denmark wished, characteristically of the nineteenth century, to create and consolidate nationalities from a background of fragmented cultural practices and dialects.
249:
This caused a deadlock for practical lawmaking, hardened by ethnic tensions, and a complete inability to govern was imminent. Moreover, Danish opponents of this so-called Unitary State (
843:
755:
189:
The underlying legal dispute over the duchies was seen as complex and somewhat obscure by contemporaries, as evidenced by a quip attributed to British statesman
108:
repeatedly tried to reintegrate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom. Holstein, just on the other side of the Danish border from Schleswig, was in the
302:, while the Danish king and partly the Gottorf dukes ruled, and had been a language of government of the kingdom of Denmark in several eras. Since the Lutheran
178:, claimed to have inherited the Duchy of Holstein as well, and attempted to reintegrate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom by signing the so-called
139:
of a liberal constitution under which the duchy, while preserving its local autonomy, would become an integral part of Denmark. This led to an open uprising by
397:
The major powers appear to have given the Treaty of Ribe little notice in comparison to the ethnic conflict and worries about the European balance of power.
306:, German had been dominant in church and schools in the southern parts of Schleswig, and Danish was the dominant language among the peasantry in Schleswig.
779:
303:
319:
The German language had been slowly spreading at the expense of Danish in previous centuries: for example, Danish was still spoken on the peninsula of
1133:
1380:
655:"Only Three People Understood It: The Prince Consort Who is Dead, a German Professor Who Has Gone Mad, and I Who Have Forgotten All About It"
378:) obtained proverbial status during the German nationalist awakening, both among those wishing an independent Schleswig-Holstein, and in the
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1027:
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separated)". Although this treaty played a minor role at the more formal level of the conflict, its proclamation "Forever Inseparable" (
1395:
1390:
903:
585:
regarding Strodtmann's participation in the conflict (see Chapter 5, pp. 130–132, and Chapter 6, pp. 141–143).
131:
Both Schleswig and Holstein had been ruled through institutions separate from the rest of the Kingdom of Denmark. On 27 March 1848,
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The language border in the nineteenth century conformed approximately to the current border between Denmark and Germany .
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A second crisis emerged due to a succession dispute. The dukedoms of Holstein and Lauenburg were legally inherited under
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61:) was a complex set of diplomatic and other issues arising in the 19th century from the relations of two duchies,
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Since 1849, disparate systems of government had co-existed within the Danish state. Denmark proper had become a
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Great Britain and the Schleswig–Holstein question, 1848-64: a study in diplomacy, politics, and public opinion
627:
Great Britain and the Schleswig–Holstein question, 1848–64: a study in diplomacy, politics, and public opinion
451:
394:
and Holstein was a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, wanting Schleswig and Holstein to separate from each other.
750:. Vol. 32 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. pp. 375–376.
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duchies, who had been entitled to those rights at the time of the exchange of ratifications of the treaty.
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Its potential solution (or lack thereof) also forms part of the solution to the mystery at the centre of
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around 1780 (the last known use of Danish was in the villages near the Schlei), but then became extinct.
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193:: "Only three people have ever really understood the Schleswig-Holstein business – the
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143:'s large German majority in support of independence from Denmark and of close association with the
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in "Last Essays by the Right Hon. Professor F. Max Müller", 1881, (accessed on-line August 2017).
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of 1460, stating that Schleswig and Holstein should "always be together and never partitioned (
246:, with their fear of being replaced by democratic institutions, were easier to be compromised.
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of 1866, Prussia took Holstein from Austria and the two duchies subsequently merged into the
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Of Mind and Matter: The Duality of National Identity in the German-Danish Borderlands
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in the 19th century in Southern Schleswig, showing a Danish and a German language map
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of 1864 and ultimately to the Duchies' absorption into the German Confederation.
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783:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 335–340.
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to renounce (on 1 August 1864) all his rights in the duchies in favour of
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182:. This was seen as a violation of the London Protocol, and it led to the
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was the language of all of Holstein. During the centuries following the
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For the effect on the Danes of Schleswig and events afterwards, see
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Elements of the Schleswig–Holstein question were fictionalised in
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drove Denmark's troops from Schleswig and Holstein, beginning the
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20:
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resolved the Schleswig–Holstein Question violently, by forcing
167:, the international community agreed on the duchies' status.
366:
German Schleswig-Holsteiners often cited a clause from the
704:
702:
757:
The Schleswig–Holstein Question and Its Place in History
581:, and also as the farcical recollections of his friend
560:
refers to this as "The farce in Schleswig–Holstein" in
37:
Schleswig and Holstein before the Second Schleswig War
409:
The Province of Schleswig–Holstein (red), within the
120:, who in practice was also the King of Denmark. The
1252:
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960:
912:
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338:One solution, which afterwards had the support of
815:(West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2009).
569:The question appears in the first volume of the
159:(1848–1851), which ended in a Danish victory at
294:German had been the language of government in
837:
8:
724:(3 vols.), New York: McClure Publ. Co., 1907
695:Historique de l'idée d'un partage du Slesvig
76:
66:
264:or controlling the entrance to the Baltic.
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830:
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806:The Schleswig–Holstein Question. 1863-1864
172:the German Salic law which ignored females
16:19th century European geopolitical dispute
135:announced to the people of Schleswig the
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678:
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357:Schleswig / Slesvig Partition Plans 1864
209:organised by the Allied powers. A small
787:Price, Arnold. "Schleswig–Holstein" in
606:
59:Spørgsmålet om Sønderjylland og Holsten
7:
801:(University of Toronto Press, 1975).
629:(University of Toronto Press, 1975).
770:"Schleswig-Holstein Question"
442:. By Article XIX of the definitive
147:. The military intervention of the
904:States of the German Confederation
14:
116:. From 1460 on, the two had been
1345:
789:Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
531:'s short story "Tomorrow Town".
538:wrote of life on the island of
118:ruled together by a common Duke
577:as an issue of concern in the
480:, the Allied powers organised
456:Province of Schleswig-Holstein
440:King Wilhelm I of Prussia
436:Franz Joseph I of Austria
1:
1179:Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
595:History of Schleswig-Holstein
467:History of Schleswig-Holstein
51:Schleswig-Holsteinische Frage
488:in Denmark, now part of the
472:Following the defeat of the
427:King Christian IX of Denmark
151:supported the uprising: the
133:King Frederik VII of Denmark
1327:Schleswig–Holstein question
1174:Friedrich Daniel Bassermann
744:. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
43:Schleswig–Holstein question
1414:
1209:Karl August von Hardenberg
947:North German Confederation
920:Confederation of the Rhine
490:Region of Southern Denmark
211:minority of ethnic Germans
1396:Franz Joseph I of Austria
1391:William I, German Emperor
1381:Denmark–Germany relations
1342:
937:German Empire (1848–1849)
350:was returned to Denmark.
1322:Greater Austria proposal
542:in the aftermath of the
268:Language and nationality
235:constitutional democracy
1265:Austro-Prussian rivalry
1078:"Blood and Iron" speech
1049:Greater Poland uprising
1020:Frankfurter Wachensturm
780:Encyclopædia Britannica
765:Phillips, Walter Alison
754:Müller, Friedrich Max.
747:Encyclopædia Britannica
625:Keith A. P. Sandiford,
548:Second War of Schleswig
516:George MacDonald Fraser
1278:Das Lied der Deutschen
1214:Klemens von Metternich
1189:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
899:Kingdom of Württemberg
853:Unification of Germany
738:Karsten, Carl (1922).
691:La Question de Slesvig
563:Notes from Underground
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229:Constitutional problem
100:, and became a Danish
92:Schleswig was part of
89:, and to each other.
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1194:Johann Gustav Droysen
1164:Frederick William III
804:Steefel, Lawrence D.
797:Sandiford, Keith AP.
554:, published in 1889.
408:
382:movement in general.
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275:
180:November Constitution
104:in the 12th century.
68:Sønderjylland/Slesvig
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24:
1317:German reunification
1239:Wilhelm von Humboldt
1204:John, King of Saxony
1169:Frederick William IV
1118:Treaty of Versailles
1087:Second Schleswig War
1058:Punctation of Olmütz
1040:Frankfurt Parliament
925:German Confederation
808:(Harvard U.P. 1923).
486:South Jutland County
423:Second Schleswig War
344:Treaty of Versailles
244:Estates of the realm
184:Second Schleswig War
145:German Confederation
87:German Confederation
1184:Heinrich von Gagern
1109:Franco-Prussian War
1096:Austro-Prussian War
579:Revolutions of 1848
521:The Flashman Papers
452:Austro–Prussian War
283:There was also the
157:First Schleswig War
1386:Duchy of Schleswig
1376:National questions
1352:Germany portal
1285:Die Wacht am Rhein
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972:Congress of Vienna
889:Kingdom of Prussia
884:Kingdom of Hanover
879:Kingdom of Bavaria
659:Quote Investigator
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741:"Schleswig"
638:Lytton Strachey,
376:Up ewig ungedeelt
285:national question
176:King Christian IX
114:Holy Roman Empire
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153:Prussian army
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1224:Napoleon III
1144:Christian IX
1098: /
1018:
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942:Erfurt Union
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662:. Retrieved
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494:German state
471:
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388:feudal units
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137:promulgation
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18:
1234:Robert Blum
1031:Revolutions
664:16 December
575:Carl Schurz
536:Herman Bang
511:Royal Flash
460:nationality
417:, 1866–1918
386:pattern of
314:Middle Ages
304:Reformation
237:. However,
221:remains in
207:plebiscites
203:World War I
163:; with the
110:Middle Ages
96:during the
1365:Categories
931:Zollverein
601:References
558:Dostoevsky
529:Kim Newman
504:Literature
401:Resolution
332:Low German
310:Low German
258:Copenhagen
239:absolutism
217:, while a
98:Viking Age
81:), to the
1333:Sonderweg
1244:Wilhelm I
1219:Ludwig II
1139:Charles I
1105:1870–1871
1065:1850-1851
1036:1848–1849
977:1815–1848
968:1814–1815
321:Schwansen
296:Schleswig
251:Helstaten
63:Schleswig
767:(1911).
589:See also
524:novels.
300:Holstein
73:Holstein
1253:Related
1154:Franz I
982:Vormärz
870:(later
791:(2005)
777:(ed.).
644:, 1921.
546:in the
476:in the
450:In the
161:Idstedt
106:Denmark
94:Denmark
78:Holsten
27:Jutland
1127:People
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346:, and
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102:duchy
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1054:1850
1045:1848
1029:1848
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1006:1832
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666:2018
552:Tine
438:and
421:The
392:fief
298:and
262:Kiel
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