Action film - Knowledge (XXG)

2298:(2011), Lisa Purse described the media response to female leads in action films reveal a discomfort about their presence and are often described with hesitant terms of women moving into territories that are perceived as masculine. Revealing woman in this form deconstructs the notion that traditional marks of masculinity are not exclusive to men and that musculature was not natural, but something to be achieved. Accusations of these muscular women of the era were levelled at that them by 1993 were that they were "men in drag" and that the films generally have to "explain" why their female leads displayed physical aggression and why they were "driven to do it." As the 1990s went on, Hollywood films began having more conventional looking women in their action films such as 363:

lacked the kind of dazzling action choreography as expected today and had crude and rudimentary special effects. These films came under increasing attack by both government officials and cultural elites for their allegedly superstitious and anarchistic tendencies, leading them to be banned in 1932. It was not until the base of Chinese commercial filmmaking was relocated from Shanghai to Hong Kong in the late 1940s that martial arts cinema was revived. These films contained much of the characteristics of the previous era. During this period, over 100 films were based on the adventures of real life Cantonese folk hero

442:(1956) which showed influence of the Shanghai martial arts films but also circulated from Hong Kong to Taiwan and Chinese communities overseas. This led to a growing demand in both local and regional markets in the early 1960s and saw a surge in production of Hong Kong martial arts films that went beyond the stories about Wong Fei-hung which were declining in popularity. These new martial arts films featured magical swordplay and higher production values and more sophisticated special effects than the previous films with 1094:, film, the focus on the kung fu film is on the martial arts over chivalry, The martial arts films was in decline by the mid-1970s in Hong Kong in relation to the stock market crash which went from over 150 films in 1972 to just over 80 in 1975, which led to a downfall in martial arts films produced. When the economy became to rebound, a new trend of martial arts films, the Shaolin kung fu films emerged and sparked a revival of the genre. Unlike the 260: 2145: 1404: 7697: 468: 7707: 673: 2476: 348:

action films developed into their own recognizable genre instead of being a collection of other types of films such as Westerns, swashbucklers or adventure films. Films have been described "action films" or "action-adventure film" as early as the 1910s. Only by the 1980s was the term action as its own unique genre used routinely in terms of promotion and reviewing practices.

422:(1961). By at least the 1950s, Japanese films were looked upon as a model to be emulated by Hong Kong film production, and Hong Kong film companies began actively enlisting professionals from Japan, such as cinematographer Tadashi Nishimoto to contribute to color and widescreen cinematography. New literary sources also developed in martial arts films of this period, with the 1199:. The term is used broadly. Baker described the style as Hong Kong action films which feature gangsters and gunplay and martial arts that were more violent than kung fu films and academic Kristof Van Den Troost described it a term used to distinguish Hong Kong gun-heavy action films from period martial arts films from the late 1980s and early 1990s. 31: 1347:, Amanda Howell suggested that this label was used to help distance Australian cinema from Hollywood films as it would be suggesting commerce over culture and that it would be "quite unacceptable to make Australian movies using conventions established in the U.S.A." Howell stated this to be the case with action films of the 1970s and 1980s with 2176: 156:, Lennart Soberson stated that the action film genre has been a subject of scholarly debate since the 1980s. Soberson wrote that repeated traits of the genre include chase sequences, fights, shootouts, explosions, and stunt work while other scholars asserted there were more underlying traits that define the genre. 2203:

In Hong Kong, the "new school" of martial arts films that Shaw Brothers brought in 1965 featured what featured what Yip described as "strong, active female characters as protagonists." These female-centered films were challenged with the rise of a new male heroic prototype marked by a strong sense of

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grew to become popular outside of Japan, and Kitamura said he was aiming for the foreign audience, as he was disappointed with the current state of Japanese films. Kitamura's characters have been described as "a careful combination of the maverick independence of 1980s Hollywood action heroes and the

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In transnational cinema, there are two major trends in action films: Hollywood action films and their style being imitated around the globe and the other being Chinese-language martial arts films. The roots of action films extend into the beginning of film but it was only in the mid-20th century when

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failing to reach the popularity Bachan had. These films predominantly earned their revenue through longer runs at B-grade theatres. A cycle of action films came from these films in the 1980s and 1990s called the Avenging Woman film, where female protagonists seek justice for a rape victim, where the

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France is a major European country for film production and has made co-production commitments with 44 countries around the world. Around beginning of the 21st century, France began producing a series of films explicitly intended for international markets, with action films representing a significant

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Anglophone action film scholarship has tended to emphasize bigger budget American action films, with academics tending to find films that fall out of Hollywood productions as not quite fitting definitions of the genre. By 2024, many national and regional industries were known for action films. These

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and Agnieszka Soltysik Monnet said that the difference between these concepts are elusive, but stated that genre could be defined as belonging to specific historical and cultural moments while "mode" and "form" can refer to a larger pattern that operates across a wider historical and cultural field.

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which had several genres attached to it, but featured several martial arts sequences. By the end of the 1970s, the style was an established genre in American cinema, often featuring tough heroic characters who would fight and not think about their actions until after a fight sequence. In the 1980s,

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series are permitted to visibly sweat, strain and be bloodied, Purse found a reluctance for filmmakers to have their female leads have any appearance warping injuries to ensure a perfectly made-up face. Comedy is often used in films of this period to place the female leads in implausible elements,

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The first Chinese-language martial arts films can be traced to Shanghai cinema of the late 1920s. These films were popular during the period, which comprised almost 60% of the total Chinese films. Man-Fung Yip stated that these film were "rather tame" by contemporary standards. He wrote that they

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discourse about choice, power and sexuality. Marc O'Day interprets the action heroine's dual status of an active subject and sexual object was overturning the traditional gender binary because the films "assume that women are powerful" without resorting to justify her physical aggression through

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allowed South Koreans to substitute deferred travel beyond the border through films with locations shot in Hong Kong. While melodrama and comedy were stapples in South Korean cinema, most action films were sporadic and tied to the use of locations such as Hong Kong. These films often featured

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series. Tasker wrote that despite the central characters in superhero cinema being extraordinary, occasionally even God-like, they often followed the traces of the central character becoming powerful of which is fundamental to action films, often dealt with origin stories in superhero films.

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A vibrant debate exists about whether hypersexualization is itself empowering and, if not, whether a hypersexualized female character can still represent strength and autonomy. Hypersexualized female action leads had tight fitting or revealing costumes that Tasker identified as "exaggerated

1765:(1997) involving men who gain confidence and achieve personal growth as they embark on journeys to protect national state and meet devastating ends. South Korean cinema only received international attention in both art film and blockbuster formats towards the end of the 1990s. Films such as 168:

echoed that these films were typified by "excessive spectacle" as a "desperate attempt to mask the lack of content." Geoff King argued that the spectacle can also be a vehicle for narrative, opposed to interfering with it. Soberson stated that Harvey O'Brien had "perhaps the most convincing

1789:(1999) received commercial releases in North America, Asia, and Europe. The success of the latter two films was unprecedented, and was followed by other South Korean action films in the early 2000s reaching the top of the local box office. These South Korean films mimic some traits of the 224:(2024), Tasker, Lisa Purse, and Chris Holmlund stated that thinking of action as a mode is more helpful than thinking of it as a genre. The three authors suggested that action frames a certain manner of filmmaking and viewing exceed genre without eclipsing it stating that websites such as 948:

Action films often interface with other genres. Tasker wrote that films are often labelled action thrillers, action-fantasy and action-adventure films with different nuances. Tasker later discussed that the term action film genre and adventure are often used in hybrid, and are even used

2452:(2005) did showcase women having expensive cars, clothing, travel, homes and often high-paying jobs, but that this was only shown as being applicable to white middle-class women. Purse found that these women were empowered at the price of women of other ethnicities. This is seen in 1082:

which has two meanings: the physical effort required to completing a task and the abilities and skills acquired over time. Films from the period reflected on the cultural and social climate from the period, as seen in invoking Japanese or Wester imperialist forces as foils.

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that Hollywood action films are both one of the most popular and popularly derided of contemporary cinema genres, stating that "in mainstream discourse, the genre is regularly lambasted for favoring spectacle over finely tuned narrative." Bordwell echoed this in his book,

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that action films are both one of the most popular and popularly derided of contemporary cinema genres, stating that "in mainstream discourse, the genre is regularly lambasted for favoring spectacle over finely tuned narrative." Bordwell echoed this in his book,

2185: 504:. The popularity of kung fu films and Bruce Lee led to attract a global audience of these films in the United States and Europe, but was cut short on Lee's death in 1973 leading the phases popularity to decline. Following a period of stagnation, Chang Cheh and 554:

which again revitalized the swordplay styled films. By the turn of the century Hollywood action films would look towards Hong Kong cinema and bringing some of their major actors and directors over to apply their style to their films, such as Chan, Woo, Li,

1716:("living theatre") was a term that indicated plays and films driven by action scenes, while this term has not been used regularly since the late 1970s, with "action movie" becoming the more familiar term. The Korean action films came from Japanese cinema, 7904: 1527:(1975). The box office success of these films made Bachchan a star and spawned the "angry young man" film in Bollywood cinema. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the action genre film declined considerably with new films predominantly featuring former 212:(2015), she found that the most broadly consistent themes tend to be a characters quest from freedom from oppression such as a hero overcoming enemies or obstacles and physical conflicts or challenge, usually battling other humans or alien opponents. 64:

suggested they were films that favor spectacle to storytelling, others such as Geoff King stated they allow the scenes of spectacle to be attuned to story telling. Action films are often hybrid with other genres, mixing into various forms ranging to

964:(2013) said that categorization of multiple generic genre labels was common in film reviews who are rarely concerned with succinct descriptions that evoke elements of the film's form, content and make no claims beyond on how these elements combine. 2308: 1157:

action films that first were made in the late 1980s in the United States were martial arts films. Towards the end of the 1990s, production of low-budget marital arts films declined as no new stars in the genre developed and older actors such as

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magazine conducted a poll with fifty experts in the field of action cinema, including actors, critics, filmmakers and stuntmen. Out of the 101 films ranked in the poll, the following films were voted the top ten best action films of all time.

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sub-genre at beginning of the decade and moved beyond the swordplay films with contemporary settings of late Qing or early Republican periods and had more hand-to-hand combat over supernatural swordplay and special effects. A new studio,

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In the 1990s, the country's national cinema was in decline leading to Hong Kong gangster films filled in this void leading to large commercial success at the national box office. Early Korean heirs to Hong Kong action films include

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briefly allowed an influx of Hong Kong films to Japan, but the trend did not last, with 28 Hong Kong films, mostly kung fu films, being released in 1974, and the number decreasing to five in 1975, four in 1977 and only two in 1978.

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Heroic Bloodshed is a that originates with English-language Hong Kong action and crime film fan communities in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Author Bey Logan stated that the term was coined by Rick Baker, in the British fanzine

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interchangeably. Along with Holmund and Purse, Tasker wrote that the action films expansiveness complicates easy categorization and though the genre is often spoken of as singular genre, it is rarely discussed as singular style.

741:(1971). O'Brien described these films as emphasizing "the fusion of man and machine" with the drivers and vehicles acting as one, concluding with what he described as "the ultimate in apocalyptic modernity and social erasure" in 169:

understanding of the genre", stating that the action film was "best understood as a fusion of form and content. It represents the idea and ethic of action through a form in which action, agitation and movement are paramount."

2385:. These series like their television series earlier, had their leads eroticized as active and physically capable while also being scantily-clad, hyper-feminized similar to the woman of exploitation films of the 1970s such as 1395:(2015) derived from Australia's long-standing cinematic fascination with the road and cars and a history of cultural anxiety towards a bleak and forbidding outback landscape opposed to the optimism of American action films. 1287:

Postcolonial Hong Kong cinema has struggled to maintain its international identity as a provider of these types action films because the talents involved had abandoned the Hong Kong film industry after the handover in 1997.

631:. Antong Chen, in his study on the Hong Kong action film, wrote that the influence of China and the amount of Chinese co-productions made with Hong Kong created a shift in these films, particularly following the release of 713:(1974) where the restoration of order is only possible by force and anti-social characters prepared to act when society does not. The vigilantism reappears in other films that were exploitative of southern society such as 697:(1968) where a tough police officer protects society by upholding the law against systematic corruption. This extended into films which O'Brien described as "knee-jerk responses" to perceived threats with rogue cop and 2181: 1329:

At the turn of the millennium, Australian genre films have gained increasing acceptance in the Australian feature film industry, while the action genre represented a small percentage of its output in the 21st century.

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due to the influx of Shanghai film talent in the postwar period. These films were targeted at the more educated and more refined middle-class audiences who saw themselves as above the contemporary martial arts films.

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that predominantly features chase sequences, fights, shootouts, explosions, and stunt work. The specifics of what constitutes an action film has been in scholarly debate since the 1980s. While some scholars such as

1624:(2022) was among the highest budgeted films made in India, and became a rare hit film outside of Indian diaspora, where it broke box office records in Japan and performed exceptionally well in American box office. 1179:

While the American styled-films were predominantly made in the United States, productions were also made in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong and South Africa, and were predominantly shot in the English-language.

1545:. Khan reinvented his screen persona with that of his image in the Bollywood press who reported on him in the headlines of Bollywood magazines for his public brawls and affairs with leading actresses. In 798:

and Westerns, and are built around a three-act structure centered on survival, resistance and revenge with narratives where the physical body of the hero is tested, traumatized and ultimately triumphant.

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By late 2010s studies of genre analysis, the term "genre" itself is often replaced or supplemented with the words "mode" and "narrative form" with all three terms often being used interchangeably.

1153:. The genre would shift from theatrical releases towards the end of the decade with the rise of home video, the lower box-office of American martial arts productions, and a significant portion of 834:(1998). Action films of mass destruction began requiring more overtly super heroic characters with further comic book adaptations being made with increased non-realistic settings with films like 806:

from the classical era, through the convention of the increasingly computer generated effects. This saw the decline of overt masculinity in the action film which corresponded with the end of the

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Scholars of Australian genre film generally used the term "action-adventure" which allows them to apply it to various forms of narratives such as tongue in cheek heroic posturing stories like

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that "the lines that separate on genre from another have continued to disintegrate." Tasker said that most post-classical action films are hybrids, drawing from genres as varied as war films,

104:. These genres were followed by what is referred to as the "classical period" in the 1980s. This was followed by the post-classical era where American action films were influenced by 1679:(2000), said in 2004 that he grew frustrated with the Japanese film industry as producers felt they couldn't make action films in competition with Hong Kong or American productions. 371:. Yip continued that these Hong Kong films were still lagging behind in aesthetic and technical standards that films from the United States, Europe and Japan had during this period. 786:(1987)). O'Brien noted that the formative trends at this point had become "identifiably generic" as film industries began to reproduced these films during the decade producers like 1098:, the kung fu film primarily focuses on fighting on the ground. While heroes in kung fu films often display chivalry, they generally hail from different fighting schools, namely 1031:

that there is no satisfactory English translation of the term, with it often being identified as "the swordplay film" in critical studies. It is derived from the Chinese words

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While the term "action film" or "action adventure film" has been used as early as the 1910s, the contemporary definition usually refers to a film that came with the arrival of

1206:, literally meaning "hero films". Academic Laikwan Pang asserts that these gangster films appeared at a time when Hong Kong citizens felt particularly powerless with the 794:

began to formulate production of these films with both high and low budgets. The action films of this era have roots in classical story telling, specifically rooted from

768:(1985)). Following the continuity of the car and man hybrid of the previous decade, the 1980s featured weaponized men with who were either also carrying weapons such as 1450:(2001) stated that "Hollywood ownership of certain elements must be challenged, in order to show that these elements have also long been present in European culture." 1126:(1967) which was predominantly a drama, interspersed with martial arts scenes. American martial arts films predominantly came into production following the release of 4205:

Bould, Mark (2013). "Genre, Hybridity, Heterogeneity or the Noir-SF-Vampire-Zombie-Splatter-Romance-Comedy-Action-Thriller Problem". In Spicer, A.; Hanson, H (eds.).

2179: 1369:(1979) when financial incentives were available for overtly commercial projects. She commented that action films did tell identifiably Australian stories such as the 960:/action" or an "action/crime" or other hybrids was "only a semantic exercise" as both genres are important in the construction phase of the narrative. Mark Bould in 1120:

films with more realism and are often low-budget productions. Martial arts began routinely appearing in fight scenes in American films in the 1960s with films like

4153: 2320:(2006) after the mid-90s as "exaggerated statements of sexuality" in the tradition of "fetishistic figure of fantasy" drawn from comics and softcore pornography. 4829:

Soberson, Lennart (Spring 2021). "The Ultimate Ride: A Comparative Narrative Analysis of Action Sequences in 1980s and Contemporary Hollywood Action Cinema".

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Shandilya, Krupa (2024). "Bollywood's New Action Cinema: The Woman-led Action Film and the Nation". In Holmlund, Chris; Purse, Lisa; Tasker, Yvonne (eds.).

188:(1988), that while both were mainstream Hollywood blockbusters with hero asserting masculinity and overcoming obstacles to a personal and social solution, 4946:

Van Den Troost, Kristof (Summer 2024). "Registers of the Melodramatic Mode: The 1980s Heroic Bloodshed Cycle in the History of the Hong Kong Crime Film".

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Srinivas, S.V. (2005). "Hong Kong Action Film and the Career of the Telugu Mass Hero". In Morris, Meaghan; Li, Siu Leung; Ching-kiu, Stephen Chan (eds.).

2418:(2006). The fighting styles of women also tend towards more traditionally feminine fluid movements of martial arts, over using guns or directly punching. 816:(1993). O'Brien described this era as being soft where the hard bodies of the classical era were replaced with computer generated imagery such as that of 1793:, such melodramatic male bonding and marginalized women characters, while the Korean films also have greater elements of tragedy and romance emphasized. 1586:

who stated he wanted to become an actor after watching his first Bruce Lee film. Several films in Telugu cinema were remakes of Hong Kong films, such as

1248:(1999). Korean media recognized the more fatalistic and pessimistic tone of these films, leading to Korean journalists to label the style as "Hong Kong 8102: 6263: 4844:

Soyoung, Kim (2005). "Genre as Contact Zone: Hong Kong Action and Korean Hwalkuk". In Morris, Meaghan; Li, Siu Leung; Ching-kiu, Stephen Chan (eds.).

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The third shift in action cinema, the postclassical, was defined by the predominance of Eastern cinema and its aesthetics, primarily the wire-work of

7743: 7051: 1170:(2000) had negligible effects in American productions in either the direct-to-video field, or in similarly low-budgeted theatrical releases such as 750:

O'Brien described the classical form of action cinema to be the 1980s. The decade continued the trends of formative period with heroes as avengers (

334: 1228:(1986) make a record-breaking HK$ 34.7 million at the Hong Kong box office. The style of these films would influence American productions, such as 8030: 6450: 3890: 47:(1988). The film was released in the decade where the term action became its own unique genre routinely in terms of promotion and film reviews. 5158: 5099: 5077: 5031: 5000: 4936: 4917: 4819: 4752: 4710: 4645: 4429: 4075: 8127: 8117: 8112: 8107: 5911: 5700: 904:

The most commercially successful action films and franchise of the 21st century have been comic book adaptations, which commenced with the

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Violent female characters have been part of cinema since its early inception, with characters such as Kate Kelly brandishing a shotgun in

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Martin, Daniel (2009). "Another Week, Another Johnnie To Film: The Marketing and Distribution of Postcolonial Hong Kong Action Cinema".

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Kelso-Marsh, Caleb (2020). "East Asian Noir: Transnational Film Noir in Japan, Korea and Hong Kong". In Feng, Lin; Aston, James (eds.).

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The action cinema of South Korea mostly existed on the margins of the film industry in South Korea. The genre was initially called the

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and kung fu are genre-specific terms, while martial arts is a generic term to refer to several types of films containing martial arts.

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Shandilya, Krupa (2014). "Of Enraged Shirts, Gyrating Gangsters and Farting Bullets: Salman Khan and the New Bollywood Action Film".

2294:(1990) who were physically muscular and or enacted more extreme violence that was usually reserve for male action leads. In her book 1136:(1974). Lott noted the two films would lead to the two subsequent styles of martial arts films in the United States, with films like 8166: 4981: 4895: 4876: 4857: 4800: 4729: 4687: 4546: 4527: 4474: 4410: 4391: 4372: 4217: 4195: 4120: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 1720:, and Hong Kong action cinema. As North Korea borders China, it block access to the continent from a South Korean perspective, the 691:

appears in cinema, featuring characters who act and transcend the law and social conventions. This appears initially in films like

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who first appeared in film in 1949. These films primarily on circuited within Hong Kong and Cantonese-speaking areas with Chinese

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quickly became one of independent filmmakers to grant creative freedom and pay and attracted new directors and actors, including

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re-actualization of the genre's conventions." The genre went into full circle resurrecting films from the classical period with

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Yip described Japanese cinema as the most advanced in Asia at the time. This was showcased by the international breakthrough of

7926: 7909: 7813: 6615: 5695: 4972:(2005). "Action Cinema, Labour Power and the Video Market". In Morris, Meaghan; Li, Siu Leung; Ching-kiu, Stephen Chan (eds.). 4227:

Chen, Antong (2022). "Hong Kong Action Films' Aesthetics of Violence: Its Social Environment and Decline in the 21st Century".

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American martial arts films feature what author M. Ray Lott described as a more realistic style of violence over the Hong Kong

822:(1991). This was displayed in corresponding with corresponded with millennial angst and apocalypticism showcased in films like 479:, however his career was cut short following his untimely death in 1973, which lead to a decline in popularity for the artform. 2349:(1995–2001)). These series popularity demonstrated a growing market for female action film heroes, in films of the 2000s like 8092: 8082: 7478: 5824: 5635: 4609: 4490: 4279: 4187: 569: 5117: 8154: 8072: 8037: 7234: 6961: 6578: 5886: 5430: 5253: 2494: 1268: 623: 847:

in 2001, which suggested an end to fantastical elements that defined the action hero and genre. Following the release of

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to suggest action films being unique and not just a series of action sequences, stating that that the difference between

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Kendrick, James (2019). "A Genre of Its Own: From Westerns, to Vigilantes, to Pure Action". In Kendric, James (ed.).

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calmness and acceptance of Japanese samurai, a consistent criticism of Japanese people today." Kitamura followed up

8193: 8188: 7823: 7818: 7774: 7389: 6996: 6839: 5484: 4849: 4702: 4679: 4334: 2489: 2408: 2284: 2092: 895:(2008) finding the characters navigating a contemporary world while also acknowledging their age, culminating into 818: 109: 8005: 208:

expanded on this topic, stating that action films have no clear and constant iconography or settings. In her book

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Higgins, Scott (Winter 2008). "Suspenseful Situations: Melodramatic Narrative and the Contemporary Action Film".

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narratives involving maternal drive, mental instability or trauma. Purse found that female leads in films like

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and horror films of the 1970s. Violent women were common in action films since the 1960s. These films featured

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and can be separated into four forms: the formative, the classical, the postclassical and neoclassical phases.

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statements of sexuality" and in the tradition of "fetishistic figure of fantasy" derives from comic books and

863:(2004) revisited the tropes of 1970s action films leading a renaissance of vengeance narratives in films like 627:

film series have their violence toned down, especially compared to the earlier work of directors like Woo and

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The Kung fu film emerged in the 1970s from the swordplay films. Its name is derived from the Cantonese term

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O'Day, Marc (2004). "Beauty in Motion: Gender, Spectacle and Action Babe Cinema". In Tasker, Yvonne (ed.).

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Purse wrote that the contemporary female action film lead's sexualized brand had her in close proximity of

1700:. Both released in 2003, the former was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year in Japan. Following 196:

repeatedly firing his automatic pistol while swinging from a high rise was not congruent with the image of

8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8183: 8171: 8052: 8020: 8015: 7953: 7921: 7884: 7163: 7111: 6976: 6697: 6489: 6298: 6170: 6003: 5906: 5891: 5685: 5573: 4158: 4112: 2414: 2345: 1551:(2010), Khan continued with this public persona, which was repeated in several of his later films such as 1314: 830: 791: 709: 536: 7384: 8216: 8067: 8042: 7993: 7933: 7916: 7855: 7850: 7769: 7347: 6906: 6548: 6438: 6095: 4364: 4263: 2514: 1658: 1610: 1605: 1436: 1348: 1280: 1207: 885: 727: 267: 165: 74: 645:

Harvey O'Brien wrote in 2012 that the contemporary action film emerged through other genres, primarily

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Tasker wrote that when action and adventure films secured awards, it is often in categories such as

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American martial arts films reflected the national move towards conservatism, reflected in films of

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in the United States. The most internationally known films of this era were the films Kurosawa with

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Japan was a difficult market for Hong Kong action cinema to break into. Prompted by the success of

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with an emphasis on sword fighting and action. It had a similar level of popularity to that of the

7706: 4332:; Soltysik Monnet, Agnieszka (December 2018). "Revisiting Adventure: Special Issue Introduction". 4291:""Hot, Black Leather, Whip": The (De)evolution of Female Protagonists in Action Cinema, 1960–2014" 4086: 2204:

youthful energy and defiance and by a propensity for violent action, identified with the films of

8144: 7607: 7527: 7451: 7337: 7327: 7121: 7101: 7001: 6981: 6749: 6677: 6583: 6568: 6499: 6204: 5998: 5978: 5869: 5519: 5440: 5374: 5364: 5327: 5051: 5023: 4779: 4580: 4091: 2363: 2316: 2191: 1717: 1675: 1644: 1537: 1424: 1391: 1302: 984: 912: 795: 460: 34: 7229: 6140: 4359:(2024). "Introduction: Action as Mode". In Holmlund, Chris; Purse, Lisa; Tasker, Yvonne (eds.). 2454: 204:

swinging his whip to fend off villains in the backstreets of Cairo. British author and academic

1828:, writing that the reception to the genre as being "the emblem of what Hollywood does worst." 1058:, the emphasis is on chivalry and righteousness and allows for phantasmagoric actions over the 609:(2005). Most Hong Kong action films in the first quarter of the 21st century, such as those in 142:, writing that the reception to the genre as being "the emblem of what Hollywood does worst." 7806: 7657: 7446: 7369: 7219: 7173: 7146: 7141: 7131: 7046: 7006: 6881: 6784: 6672: 6662: 6588: 6516: 6396: 6241: 6236: 6165: 6120: 6083: 6020: 6008: 5926: 5874: 5808: 5803: 5779: 5747: 5479: 5474: 5223: 5122: 5095: 5073: 5027: 4996: 4977: 4957: 4932: 4913: 4910: 4891: 4872: 4853: 4815: 4796: 4748: 4725: 4706: 4683: 4660: 4641: 4605: 4585: 4542: 4523: 4470: 4447: 4425: 4406: 4387: 4368: 4343: 4275: 4249: 4213: 4191: 4116: 4071: 2263: 1553: 1375: 1224: 1000: 891: 848: 617: 530: 4674:

Pang, Laikwan (2005). "Post-1997 Hong Kong Masculinity". In Pang, Laikwan; Wong, Day (eds.).

4382:

Howell, Amanda (2021). "The Action Genre and the 'International Turn' in Australian Cinema".

7677: 7667: 7577: 7505: 7488: 7483: 7404: 7332: 7198: 7193: 7183: 7178: 7126: 7066: 7036: 6991: 6854: 6754: 6667: 6630: 6335: 6283: 6209: 6150: 6063: 5859: 5852: 5742: 5615: 5467: 5452: 5416: 5401: 5334: 5305: 5285: 5194: 4948: 4771: 4499: 4300: 2369: 2290: 2124: 2010: 1810: 1806: 1767: 1755: 1634: 1504: 1463: 1335: 1306: 1298: 1258: 1189: 1172: 1159: 812: 731:(1977). This era also emphasizes the car chase scenes as moments of spectacle in films like 633: 579: 520:

as martial arts films flourished into the 1980s. Other films again modernized the form with

397: 573:(2000) led to a Global release status of Chinese-language martial arts films, most notably 164:

wrote that audiences are "told that spectacle over rides narrative" in action cinema while

17: 8176: 7627: 7552: 7542: 7537: 7522: 7431: 7374: 7168: 7086: 7081: 7011: 6946: 6866: 6739: 6734: 6707: 6603: 6401: 6364: 6310: 6303: 6256: 6130: 6100: 6013: 5973: 5968: 5901: 5847: 5832: 5752: 5727: 5722: 5660: 5578: 5568: 5529: 5445: 5369: 5295: 4444: 4210: 1947: 1725:

one-legged or otherwise handicapped action characters similar to those of Japanese films (

1670: 1441: 1318: 1310: 1154: 1122: 1105: 662: 467: 259: 7273: 7261: 4620: 810:

in 1991, while the rise of self-referential and parodies of this era grew in films like

8159: 7968: 7860: 7789: 7612: 7582: 7562: 7468: 7424: 7409: 7354: 7312: 7266: 7151: 7106: 7096: 7071: 7026: 7016: 6794: 6774: 6744: 6729: 6687: 6652: 6610: 6598: 6593: 6558: 6386: 6357: 6246: 6231: 6175: 6030: 5988: 5499: 5315: 5206: 4179: 3886: 1958: 1942: 1887: 1832: 1819: 1403: 1381: 776: 698: 646: 595: 386: 375: 157: 133: 101: 66: 61: 2458:(2005) where Sithandra dies protecting Aeon and Rain's death to make way for Alice in 2144: 1453:

The most significant producers of French action films with international ambitions is

8210: 7938: 7721: 7587: 7567: 7116: 7056: 7041: 6931: 6896: 6876: 6871: 6844: 6814: 6779: 6620: 6573: 6563: 6526: 6494: 6484: 6475: 6445: 6315: 6251: 6192: 6187: 6125: 6090: 6035: 5993: 5963: 5953: 5946: 5762: 5710: 5680: 5665: 5620: 5605: 5524: 5391: 5344: 5310: 5270: 5238: 5211: 5087: 4969: 4783: 4356: 4130: 2422: 2330: 2311: 2250: 2021: 1969: 1931: 1914: 1902: 1579: 1508: 1480: 1370: 1359: 1263: 1163: 943: 770: 752: 676: 666: 658: 560: 556: 521: 505: 476: 427: 406: 364: 205: 85: 7983: 7867: 7458: 7441: 7394: 7244: 7188: 6719: 6714: 6645: 6521: 6465: 6416: 6391: 6379: 6110: 5842: 5837: 5774: 5737: 5715: 5705: 5583: 5514: 5494: 5396: 5354: 5260: 5243: 4597: 2393: 2271: 2254: 2239: 2234: 2098: 2071: 2044: 2016: 1989: 1964: 1937: 1909: 1882: 1779: 1690: 1639: 1615: 1594: 1565: 1528: 1500: 1496: 1253: 1210:

from the United Kingdom to China set for 1997. The key directors of the genre were

1166:

started showing up in less and less films. Even internationally popular films like

1146: 1071: 1059: 988: 968: 937: 871: 590: 492: 401: 233: 189: 78: 2307: 672: 426:(or "new school martial arts fiction") coming into prominence with the success of 229: 4775: 483:

In the 1970s, the Hong Kong martial arts films began to grow under the format of

7710: 7672: 7652: 7647: 7632: 7622: 7602: 7532: 7510: 7436: 7342: 7283: 7278: 7136: 6941: 6921: 6886: 6635: 6531: 6288: 6273: 6214: 6180: 5958: 5931: 5896: 5767: 5757: 5630: 5590: 5558: 5509: 5425: 5406: 5379: 5275: 5233: 5047:: making women warriors – a transnational reading of Asian female action heroes" 2504: 2481: 2270:

In the 1980s, a new symbolically transgressive character emerged in the form of

2065: 1994: 1649: 1542: 1518: 1430: 1340: 1234: 1229: 1130:(1973), with the only higher-budgeted American film to follow in its wake being 980: 876: 787: 703: 650: 574: 517: 97: 70: 7988: 7943: 7877: 7757: 7662: 7642: 7592: 7572: 7557: 7547: 7463: 7414: 7224: 7031: 6971: 6789: 6682: 6625: 6553: 6511: 6342: 6160: 6145: 6115: 6073: 6042: 5732: 5595: 5359: 5300: 5280: 5170: 2509: 2471: 2387: 2205: 1761: 1653: 1458: 1454: 1408: 1385:(1979) derived from Australia's social and cultural realities, as well as how 1365: 1244: 1239: 1150: 1132: 1100: 957: 953: 836: 715: 628: 600: 488: 56: 38: 4961: 4589: 4347: 4305: 4290: 1027:

film is the oldest genre in Chinese cinema. Stephen Teo wrote in his book on

7473: 7419: 7317: 7256: 7249: 7091: 6986: 6936: 6657: 6543: 6406: 6352: 6155: 6078: 6068: 5941: 5936: 5551: 5546: 5536: 5462: 5435: 5411: 5349: 5322: 5265: 5069: 4562: 4466: 2258: 2245: 2038: 1802: 1571: 1535:

In 2009, the action genre was re-popularized with the box office success of

1274: 1219: 1215: 880: 743: 654: 541: 509: 501: 472: 392: 118: 93: 43: 6135: 2222:(1906). Women traditionally appear in action films as romantic interests, 1357:(1982) being the most notorious. Smith had previously released films like 1252:". The influence of these films was evident in early Korean films such as 8134: 7359: 7021: 6916: 6702: 6692: 6640: 6330: 5789: 5541: 5218: 4131:"Oscar Nominee RRR: Why the Indian Action Spectacle is Charming the West" 2227: 2076: 1876: 1721: 1211: 807: 758: 688: 687:

The formative films would be from the 1960s to the early 1980s where the

525: 435: 380: 368: 232:

rarely label films by a single genre and that streaming services such as

184: 89: 2656: 2654: 7682: 7364: 7307: 6325: 4503: 1583: 1547: 1523: 1140:

about people who reveled in combat, often in a tournament setting, and

782: 693: 564: 513: 455: 418: 237: 30: 7637: 6834: 6759: 6411: 6347: 6320: 5983: 5796: 5650: 4485: 2223: 1418: 551: 92:

appearing in American films of the late 1960s and 1970s drawing from

4289:

Heldman, Caroline; Frankel, Laura Lazarus; Holmes, Jennifer (2016).

3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 1440:(2005). Whan asked about the Americanization of these French films, 1039:

denoting chivalry, gallantry, and qualities of knighthood. The term

4087:"How the Indian Action Spectacular 'RRR' Became a Smash in America" 2671: 2669: 116:, a return to the early forms of the genre appeared in the wake of 8025: 7322: 6455: 6433: 6426: 6226: 2306: 2174: 1402: 1018: 671: 466: 29: 4974:

Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema

4869:

Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema

4846:

Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema

4154:"Heroic Bloodshed: How Hong Kong's Style Was Swiped By Hollywood" 2190:

Are female action heroes truly empowering? - Dan Hassler-Forest (

7753: 6374: 5167: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 2340: 1652:

as well as a spin-off with a female lead similar to Hong Kong's

225: 7725: 5140: 4602:

American Film Now: The People, The Power, The Money, the Movies

4463:

Spectacular Narratives: Hollywood in the Age of the Blockbuster

1407:

Luc Besson in 2014. Lisa Purse described Besson's France-based

973:

American Film Now: The People, The Power, The Money, the Movies

5136: 4135: 2139: 1620: 1483:

and made him an action film star, which led him to feature in

665:, saying that action films became a distinct genre during the 4229:

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research

1222:, with the starting point of the genre being traced to Woo's 967:

Film Studies began to engage generic hybridity in the 1970s.

390:

was at its height in Japan. The style was a sub-genre to the

4184:

The Way Hollywood Tells It: Story and Style in Modern Movies

2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2916: 2914: 2901: 2899: 5020:

Action chicks: new images of tough women in popular culture

3606: 3604: 3602: 3538: 3536: 1704:, Kitamura's next directing work was in the United States. 512:'s series of darker swordplay films based on the novels of 240:

similarly dilutes what is marketed and received as action.

5064:

Osgerby, Bill; Gough-Yates, Anna; Wells, Marianne (2001).

4422:

Renegotiating Film Genres in East Asian Cinemas and Beyond

4045: 4043: 3967: 3965: 1297:

include international films such as Hindi, Tamil, Telugu,

1202:

In the Chinese language, the term used for these films is

3807: 3805: 2571: 2569: 2567: 1642:

made their own Bruce Lee-styled martial arts films, with

5092:

Spectacular bodies: gender, genre, and the action cinema

3792: 3790: 3753: 3751: 3034: 3032: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2539: 2537: 2535: 5066:

Action TV: tough guys, smooth operators and foxy chicks

4018: 4016: 3928: 3926: 3577: 3575: 3415: 3413: 2554: 2552: 2156: 1801:

Most martial arts films made before the mid-1960s were

2660: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3319: 3317: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2641: 2639: 2329:. This originated in television with characters like 2314:

identified action film heroines, such as the lead in

1411:

the most significant producer of French action films.

1043:

entered into popular culture in the serialization of

879:

takes on the themes that rescinded irony to restore "

508:

revitalized the genre with shaolin kung fu films and

450:) martial arts swordplay films such as Xu Zenghong's 3917: 3442: 3440: 3268: 3266: 3181: 3179: 2253:

women exacting revenge. Films of the 1970s featured

487:("staunch masculinity") mostly through the films of 7294: 7212: 6805: 6051: 5177: 3846: 3844: 3494: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3062: 2826: 2824: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2725: 2723: 2710: 2708: 2675: 4558:"Ryuhei Kitamura Interview: Directing with Napalm" 1598:(1992). Other films such as the martial arts film 875:(2008). O'Brien found that Tarantino's films were 4109:Action/Spectacle Cinema: A Sight and Sound Reader 3875:Rothkopf, Joshua; Semlyen, Phil (21 March 2022). 2237:would appear in other genres as well such as the 1688:with two manga-inspired big-budget action films, 1503:action film consolidated with two films starring 4929:Chinese Martial Arts Cinema: The Wuxia Tradition 540:(1989)) and the Wong Fei Hung saga returning in 491:which were popular. This transition led to the 3404: 1604:(2001), borrows from American cinema with the 7737: 5152: 3506: 1582:have invoked Hong Kong action films, such as 1035:denoting militarist or martial qualities and 328: 8: 1532:protagonist seeks revenge through violence. 4993:Martial Arts Cinema and Hong Kong Modernity 4720:Ryan, Mark David; McWilliam, Kelly (2021). 3470: 3458: 2987: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2920: 2905: 2630: 1495:The action film genre has been a staple of 475:(pictured) attracted a global audience for 7744: 7730: 7722: 5159: 5145: 5137: 4931:(2 ed.). Edinburgh University Press. 4638:Action Movies: The Cinema of Striking Back 1851: 1379:(1974) and Miller's post-apocalyptic film 661:reiterated this in her book on action and 335: 321: 247: 174:Action Movies: The Cinema of Striking Back 4403:Hollywood Action Films and Spatial Theory 4304: 4034: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3593: 2500:List of female action heroes and villains 1578:From the 1980s, generations of actors in 4812:Historical Dictionary of Japanese Cinema 3877:"The 101 Best Action Movies of All Time" 3658: 3646: 2699: 2594: 2575: 2543: 956:expanded on this, describing a film as " 725:(1973) and "good ol' boy" comedies like 5052:Jump Cut:A Review of Contemporary Media 4907:The Hollywood Action and Adventure Film 3811: 3796: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3731:Directory of World Cinema: Japan 3 2015 3707:Directory of World Cinema: Japan 3 2015 2558: 2531: 2397:(1974). While characters like Frank in 843:The fourth phase arrived following the 266: 250: 210:The Hollywood Action and Adventure Film 3862: 3742: 3682: 3527: 3482: 3110: 3050: 3038: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2772: 2760: 2645: 1052: Legend of the Strange Swordsmen 516:. Kung Fu comedies appeared featuring 4049: 4022: 4007: 3995: 3983: 3971: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3581: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3446: 3419: 3098: 3086: 3074: 2606: 7: 4556:Macias, Patrick (January 30, 2008). 3850: 3835: 3431: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3257: 3245: 3233: 2890: 2878: 2618: 910:and is seen in other series such as 384:(1950). The film genre known as the 4296:Sexualization, Media, & Society 4268:Film Genre 2000:New Critical Essays 3823: 3718: 3694: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3170: 3153: 3141: 3129: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2815: 2796: 2784: 2748: 2729: 2714: 2687: 1343:or bush/outback films. In the book 1048: 780:(1985)) or imbued with technology ( 7499:List of American independent films 4676:Masculinities and Hong Kong Cinema 4272:State University of New York Press 4068:Directory of World Cinema: Japan 3 3918:Heldman, Frankel & Holmes 2016 2661:Höglund & Soltysik Monnet 2018 2288:(1991) and the title character in 172:O'Brien wrote further in his book 25: 4242:The South Korean Film Renaissance 3495:Holmlund, Purse & Tasker 2024 3063:Holmlund, Purse & Tasker 2024 2676:Holmlund, Purse & Tasker 2024 1733:). These included Im Kwon-taek's 1638:and the popularity of Bruce Lee, 1086:The kung fu film came out of the 7705: 7696: 7695: 4541:. McFarland & Company, Inc. 4085:Abrams, Simon (August 3, 2022). 2474: 2143: 1487:series by the end of the 2010s. 1479:franchise starred British actor 1005:In Chinese-language films, both 762:(1988)) and mercenary warriors ( 756:(1987)), rogue police officers ( 258: 4741:Film Genre for the Screenwriter 4657:The Action and Adventure Cinema 3893:from the original on 2020-08-28 1817:Scott Higgins wrote in 2008 in 1809:films were an integral part of 774:(1983), trained to be weapons ( 131:Scott Higgins wrote in 2008 in 5116:Taylor, John (April 1, 1991). 5094:. London New York: Routledge. 5045:Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 4995:. Hong Kong University Press. 4976:. Hong Kong University Press. 4871:. Hong Kong University Press. 4539:The American Martial Arts Film 4491:The Journal of Popular Culture 4441:A Companion to the Action Film 4355:Holmlund, Chris; Purse, Lisa; 4188:University of California Press 4152:Bitel, Anton (July 10, 2019). 1168:Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 790:and production companies like 570:Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 1: 5118:"Hollywood's New Action Toys" 5018:Inness, Sherrie, ed. (2004). 2495:List of action film directors 1648:and its two sequels starring 1416:portion. These films include 1090:films. In comparison to the 1062:'s more ground-based combat. 4886:Tasker, Yvonne, ed. (2004). 4776:10.1080/14746689.2014.937579 4484:Kwon, Jungmin (April 2023). 2520:List of female action heroes 1805:productions. In comparison, 1473:(2010). EuropaCorp produced 1262:(1990) and later films such 446:a campaign of "new school" ( 4911:John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4888:Action and Adventure Cinema 4764:South Asian Popular Culture 4604:. Oxford University Press. 4584:. Vol. 7, no. 4. 2219:The Story of the Kelly Gang 1112:American-styled productions 18:Science fiction action film 8268: 7390:Classical Hollywood cinema 6579:Commedia sexy all'italiana 5487:Exploitation film template 5431:Commedia sexy all'italiana 4850:Hong Kong University Press 4703:Edinburgh University Press 4699:Contemporary Action Cinema 4680:Hong Kong University Press 4335:Journal of Popular Culture 2490:List of action film actors 2296:Contemporary Action Cinema 2285:Terminator 2: Judgment Day 2093:Terminator 2: Judgment Day 1826:The Way Hollywood Tells It 1741:(1970) and Lee Doo-yong's 1461:, who released films like 1301:, South Korean, Japanese, 1187: 1069: 1016: 998: 952:Screenwriter and academic 941: 935: 819:Terminator 2: Judgment Day 355: 162:The Way Hollywood Tells It 140:The Way Hollywood Tells It 110:computer generated imagery 7765: 7691: 6957:German underground horror 6912:Documentary Film Movement 6820:American eccentric cinema 5041:Kim, L.S. (Winter 2006). 4832:Journal of Film and Video 4795:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4619:Mes, Tom (May 17, 2004). 4445:Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 4246:Wesleyan University Press 4211:Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 4070:. Intellect Books. 2015. 3730: 3706: 3507:Ryan & McWilliam 2021 1592:(1994) which is based on 1149:and other actors such as 547:Once Upon a Time in China 153:Journal of Film and Video 108:and the growing using of 4793:Action Cinema Since 2000 4636:O'Brien, Harvey (2012). 4361:Action Cinema Since 2000 4306:10.1177/2374623815627789 4207:A Companion to Film Noir 3670: 2336:Buffy the Vampire Slayer 1777:(2000) and action films 1735:Returned Left-Handed Man 962:A Companion to Film Noir 222:Action Cinema Since 2000 6892:Cinema of Transgression 6026:Cinema of Transgression 4905:Tasker, Yvonne (2015). 4810:Sharpe, Jasper (2011). 4520:Hong Kong Action Cinema 2373:(2010) and series like 2352:Lara Croft: Tomb Raider 2301:The Long Kiss Goodnight 2136:Gender in action cinema 2116:Raiders of the Lost Ark 1791:Hong Kong action cinema 1743:Returned One-Legged Man 1737:(1968), Aekkunun Bak's 1731:The One-Armed Swordsmen 1729:) and Hong Kong films ( 1447:Brotherhood of the Wolf 804:Hong Kong action cinema 586:House of Flying Daggers 452:Temple of the Red Lotus 358:Hong Kong action cinema 179:Raiders of the Lost Ark 112:in film. Following the 106:Hong Kong action cinema 6977:Hollywood on the Tiber 4991:Yip, Man-Fung (2017). 4522:. The Overlook Press. 4424:. Palgrave MacMillan. 4159:British Film Institute 4113:British Film Institute 2415:My Super Ex-Girlfriend 2346:Xena: Warrior Princess 2321: 2230:to male protagonists. 2195: 1839:Acclaimed action films 1412: 1292:Regional action cinema 792:The Cannon Group, Inc. 684: 641:Hollywood action films 480: 352:Hong Kong action films 48: 6967:Grupo Cine Liberación 6907:Czechoslovak New Wave 6902:Commedia all'italiana 5249:Commedia all'italiana 4927:Teo, Stephen (2016). 4722:Australian Genre Film 4537:Lott, M. Ray (2004). 4384:Australian Genre Film 4365:Bloomsbury Publishing 4240:Choi, Jinhee (2011). 4107:Arroyo, Jose (2000). 2515:Lists of action films 2310: 2189: 1811:Hong Kong cinema 1659:Sister Street Fighter 1606:Jean-Claude Van Damme 1406: 1349:Brian Trenchard-Smith 1345:Australian Genre Film 1208:handover of Hong Kong 886:Live Free or Die Hard 738:The French Connection 728:Smokey and the Bandit 675: 669:period of the 1970s. 470: 424:xinpai wuxia xiaoshuo 166:Wheeler Winston Dixon 75:science fiction films 33: 7494:Guerrilla filmmaking 7157:Kitchen sink realism 7112:Praška filmska škola 7042:New French Extremity 6952:German Expressionist 6860:Kitchen sink realism 6725:Contemporary Western 6505:Environmental issues 6036:New French Extremity 5994:New French Extremity 5819:Softcore pornography 5814:Hardcore pornography 5681:New French Extremity 4745:Taylor & Francis 4739:Selbo, Jule (2014). 4697:Purse, Lisa (2011). 4640:. Wallflower Press. 4461:King, Geoff (2000). 4401:Jones, Nick (2015). 2449:Mr. & Mrs. Smith 1499:. In the 1970s, the 1470:From Paris with Love 845:September 11 attacks 114:September 11 attacks 7230:Children and family 7204:Yugoslav Black Wave 7077:Nuevo Cine Mexicano 6962:Nigerian Golden Age 6927:European art cinema 6830:Australian New Wave 5068:. London New York: 4814:. Scarecrow Press. 4518:Logan, Bey (1995). 3625:, pp. 163–164. 3557:, pp. 172–173. 3545:, pp. 173–174. 3405:Van Den Troost 2024 3077:, pp. 229–232. 1835:and sound editing. 1045:Jinaghu qixia zhuan 860:Kill Bill: Volume 2 854:Kill Bill: Volume 1 413:The Hidden Fortress 7780:Mixed martial arts 7528:Major film studios 7122:Pure Film Movement 7102:Polish Film School 7002:Italian neorealist 6982:Hong Kong New Wave 6584:Mexican sex comedy 5641:German underground 5024:Palgrave Macmillan 4581:Film International 4504:10.1111/jpcu.13188 4166:on August 31, 2021 4139:. January 24, 2023 4092:The New York Times 3661:, p. 112-113. 2322: 2196: 2192:Utrecht University 2155:. You can help by 1803:Cantonese-language 1645:The Street Fighter 1425:Kiss of the Dragon 1413: 1392:Mad Max: Fury Road 796:martial arts films 685: 679:in 1968, the year 481: 471:The popularity of 461:Come Drink with Me 432:Longhu Dou Jinghua 49: 35:Sylvester Stallone 8204: 8203: 8103:Extraterrestrials 7927:Sword and sorcery 7719: 7718: 7658:Socialist realist 7370:Behind-the-scenes 7147:Socialist realist 7142:Spaghetti Western 7132:Romanian New Wave 7007:Japanese New Wave 6673:Sword and sorcery 6589:Nazi exploitation 6171:Mumbai underworld 5927:Planetary romance 5123:New York Magazine 5101:978-0-203-22184-6 5079:978-0-415-22621-9 5033:978-1-4039-6396-3 5002:978-988-8390-71-7 4938:978-1-4744-0386-3 4919:978-0-470-65924-3 4821:978-0-8108-7541-8 4754:978-1-317-69568-4 4712:978-0-7486-3817-8 4647:978-0-231-16331-6 4621:"Ryuhei Kitamura" 4431:978-3-030-55076-9 4264:Dixon, Wheeler W. 4077:978-1-78320-403-8 4052:, pp. 82–83. 3974:, pp. 78–79. 3434:, pp. 35–37. 2935:, pp. 13–14. 2339:(1997–2003)) and 2187: 2173: 2172: 2133: 2132: 1807:Mandarin-language 1751:Rules of The Game 1718:James Bond series 1662:. The success of 1269:A Better Tomorrow 1225:A Better Tomorrow 1001:Martial arts film 995:Martial arts film 971:wrote in 1979 in 849:Quentin Tarantino 563:. The release of 531:A Better Tomorrow 440:Shujian enchou lu 345: 344: 16:(Redirected from 8259: 7746: 7739: 7732: 7723: 7709: 7699: 7698: 7678:Vulgar auteurism 7506:Interstitial art 7484:Hyperlink cinema 7199:Vulgar auteurism 7194:Toronto New Wave 7184:Telefoni Bianchi 7179:Sword-and-sandal 6997:Italian futurist 6992:Iranian New Wave 6855:British New Wave 6668:Sword-and-sandal 6549:Rape and revenge 6490:Mouth of Garbage 6336:Tentacle erotica 6284:Goona-goona epic 6264:Extraterrestrial 6151:Heroic bloodshed 5785:Occult detective 5616:Christmas horror 5468:Sword-and-sandal 5200:Hong Kong action 5195:Heroic bloodshed 5161: 5154: 5147: 5138: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5105: 5083: 5060: 5037: 5006: 4987: 4965: 4942: 4923: 4901: 4882: 4863: 4840: 4825: 4806: 4787: 4758: 4735: 4716: 4693: 4670: 4651: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4615: 4593: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4552: 4533: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4480: 4457: 4435: 4416: 4397: 4378: 4351: 4325: 4310: 4308: 4285: 4259: 4236: 4223: 4201: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4162:. Archived from 4148: 4146: 4144: 4126: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4081: 4053: 4047: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3921: 3915: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3800: 3794: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3525: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3471:Kelso-Marsh 2020 3468: 3462: 3459:Kelso-Marsh 2020 3456: 3450: 3444: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3408: 3402: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3174: 3168: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2972: 2971:, p. 15-16. 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2909: 2903: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2819: 2813: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2733: 2727: 2718: 2712: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2664: 2658: 2649: 2643: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2579: 2573: 2562: 2556: 2547: 2541: 2484: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2444:Charlie's Angels 2404:Charlie's Angels 2358:Charlie's Angels 2327:soft pornography 2188: 2168: 2165: 2147: 2140: 2125:Steven Spielberg 2029:/ United States 2011:Enter the Dragon 1919:United States / 1852: 1664:Enter the Dragon 1635:Enter the Dragon 1541:(2009) starring 1505:Amitabh Bachchan 1497:Bollywood cinema 1457:'s France-based 1336:Crocodile Dundee 1190:Heroic bloodshed 1184:Heroic bloodshed 1173:Bulletproof Monk 1160:Cynthia Rothrock 1138:Enter the Dragon 1128:Enter the Dragon 1053: 1050: 825:Independence Day 813:Last Action Hero 634:Infernal Affairs 337: 330: 323: 262: 248: 88:and the rise of 21: 8267: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8083:Science fiction 8073:Romantic comedy 7761: 7750: 7720: 7715: 7687: 7628:Semidocumentary 7553:Minimalist film 7543:Message picture 7538:Maximalist film 7432:Database cinema 7415:Computer screen 7375:Black-and-white 7300: 7298: 7296: 7290: 7208: 7164:Soviet parallel 7087:Parallel cinema 7082:Pan-Indian film 7012:Kammerspielfilm 6947:French New Wave 6867:Budapest school 6850:Brighton School 6825:New Objectivity 6807: 6801: 6770:Science fiction 6402:Bruceploitation 6311:Girls with guns 6257:Turksploitation 6131:Gentleman thief 6047: 5882:Science fiction 5728:Minimalist film 5723:Maximalist film 5701:Science fiction 5661:Japanese horror 5458:Social guidance 5173: 5165: 5128: 5126: 5115: 5112: 5102: 5086: 5080: 5063: 5040: 5034: 5017: 5014: 5012:Further reading 5009: 5003: 4990: 4984: 4968: 4945: 4939: 4926: 4920: 4904: 4898: 4885: 4879: 4866: 4860: 4843: 4828: 4822: 4809: 4803: 4790: 4761: 4755: 4738: 4732: 4719: 4713: 4696: 4690: 4673: 4667: 4654: 4648: 4635: 4626: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4596: 4577: 4568: 4566: 4555: 4549: 4536: 4530: 4517: 4508: 4506: 4483: 4477: 4460: 4454: 4438: 4432: 4419: 4413: 4400: 4394: 4381: 4375: 4354: 4328: 4313: 4288: 4282: 4262: 4256: 4239: 4226: 4220: 4204: 4198: 4180:Bordwell, David 4178: 4169: 4167: 4151: 4142: 4140: 4129: 4123: 4106: 4097: 4095: 4084: 4078: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4056: 4048: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3905: 3896: 3894: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3803: 3795: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3236:, pp. 7–8. 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3212:, pp. 4–5. 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3041:, pp. 3–4. 3037: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2912: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2857:, pp. 8–9. 2853: 2849: 2845:, pp. 7–8. 2841: 2837: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2803: 2799:, pp. 6–7. 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2736: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2667: 2663:, p. 1302. 2659: 2652: 2644: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2582: 2574: 2565: 2557: 2550: 2542: 2533: 2528: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2399:The Transporter 2214: 2201: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2153:needs expansion 2138: 1841: 1799: 1786:Nowhere to Hide 1710: 1671:Ryuhei Kitamura 1630: 1493: 1485:The Expendables 1442:Christophe Gans 1401: 1327: 1321:action titles. 1294: 1238:(2003) and the 1218:, and producer 1192: 1186: 1155:direct-to-video 1123:The Born Losers 1114: 1074: 1068: 1051: 1021: 1015: 1003: 997: 977:science fiction 946: 940: 934: 929: 898:The Expendables 722:White Lightning 699:vigilante films 663:adventure films 643: 624:The White Storm 360: 354: 341: 312: 246: 230:Knowledge (XXG) 148: 146:Characteristics 125:The Expendables 67:adventure films 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8265: 8263: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8209: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7931: 7930: 7929: 7919: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7870: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7848: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7831: 7829:Blaxploitation 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7726: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7703: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7613:Reverse motion 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7563:Modernist film 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7425:midnight movie 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7315: 7310: 7304: 7302: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7227: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7213:By demographic 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7152:Social realist 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7107:Poliziotteschi 7104: 7099: 7097:Poetic realist 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7052:New generation 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7027:Modernist film 7024: 7019: 7017:L.A. Rebellion 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6882:Cinéma du look 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6795:Zapata Western 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6775:Singing cowboy 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6730:Dacoit Western 6727: 6722: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6611:Shoshimin-eiga 6608: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6599:Nunsploitation 6596: 6594:Pornochanchada 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6367: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6269:Food and drink 6266: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6247:Blaxploitation 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6190: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6176:Poliziotteschi 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6031:Extreme cinema 6028: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5816: 5806: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5611:Chinese horror 5608: 5603: 5598: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5477: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5246: 5241: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5111: 5110:External links 5108: 5107: 5106: 5100: 5088:Tasker, Yvonne 5084: 5078: 5061: 5038: 5032: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5001: 4988: 4982: 4970:Willemen, Paul 4966: 4943: 4937: 4924: 4918: 4902: 4896: 4883: 4877: 4864: 4858: 4841: 4826: 4820: 4807: 4801: 4788: 4770:(2): 111–121. 4759: 4753: 4736: 4730: 4717: 4711: 4694: 4688: 4671: 4666:978-0415235075 4665: 4652: 4646: 4633: 4623:. Midnight Eye 4616: 4610: 4594: 4575: 4553: 4547: 4534: 4528: 4515: 4498:(2): 302–323. 4481: 4475: 4458: 4453:978-1119100492 4452: 4436: 4430: 4417: 4411: 4398: 4392: 4379: 4373: 4357:Tasker, Yvonne 4352: 4330:Höglund, Johan 4326: 4317:Cinema Journal 4311: 4286: 4280: 4260: 4255:978-0819569868 4254: 4237: 4224: 4218: 4202: 4196: 4176: 4149: 4127: 4121: 4104: 4082: 4076: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4039: 4037:, p. 215. 4027: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3961: 3949: 3937: 3922: 3903: 3887:Time Out Group 3867: 3855: 3840: 3828: 3826:, p. 170. 3816: 3814:, p. 103. 3801: 3786: 3784:, p. 101. 3774: 3772:, p. 100. 3762: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3697:, p. 166. 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3649:, p. 112. 3639: 3637:, p. 113. 3635:Shandilya 2014 3627: 3623:Shandilya 2024 3615: 3613:, p. 112. 3611:Shandilya 2014 3598: 3596:, p. 163. 3594:Shandilya 2024 3586: 3584:, p. 174. 3571: 3569:, p. 173. 3559: 3547: 3532: 3511: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3451: 3436: 3424: 3422:, p. 126. 3409: 3407:, p. 234. 3388: 3376: 3374:, p. 206. 3364: 3362:, p. 200. 3352: 3350:, p. 199. 3340: 3338:, p. 101. 3328: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3175: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3028: 3026:, p. 180. 3016: 3014:, p. 182. 3004: 3002:, p. 179. 2992: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2910: 2895: 2893:, p. 120. 2883: 2881:, p. 118. 2871: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2820: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2751:, p. 157. 2734: 2719: 2704: 2702:, p. 226. 2692: 2690:, p. 147. 2680: 2665: 2650: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2580: 2578:, p. 104. 2563: 2548: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2469: 2466: 2409:Fantastic Four 2261:in films like 2257:women such as 2213: 2210: 2200: 2197: 2171: 2170: 2150: 2148: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129:United States 2127: 2122: 2119: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2106:United States 2104: 2103:James Cameron 2101: 2096: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1974:United States 1972: 1967: 1962: 1959:The Wild Bunch 1955: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1943:Akira Kurosawa 1940: 1935: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1921:United Kingdom 1917: 1912: 1907: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1888:John McTiernan 1885: 1880: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1840: 1837: 1833:visual effects 1820:Cinema Journal 1798: 1795: 1709: 1706: 1673:, director of 1629: 1626: 1492: 1489: 1444:, director of 1400: 1397: 1373:'s biker film 1326: 1323: 1293: 1290: 1197:Eastern Heroes 1188:Main article: 1185: 1182: 1113: 1110: 1070:Main article: 1067: 1064: 1017:Main article: 1014: 1011: 999:Main article: 996: 993: 936:Main article: 933: 930: 928: 925: 777:American Ninja 642: 639: 596:Kung Fu Hustle 522:gangster films 498:Golden Harvest 378:'s films like 376:Akira Kurosawa 356:Main article: 353: 350: 343: 342: 340: 339: 332: 325: 317: 314: 313: 311: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 274: 271: 270: 264: 263: 255: 254: 245: 242: 220:In their book 158:David Bordwell 147: 144: 134:Cinema Journal 62:David Bordwell 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8264: 8253: 8252:2010s in film 8250: 8248: 8247:2000s in film 8245: 8243: 8242:1990s in film 8240: 8238: 8237:1980s in film 8235: 8233: 8232:1970s in film 8230: 8228: 8227:1960s in film 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8118:Sci-fi horror 8116: 8114: 8113:Sci-fi comedy 8111: 8109: 8108:Sci-fi action 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8031:Giant-monster 8029: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7949:Comedy horror 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7759: 7755: 7747: 7742: 7740: 7735: 7733: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7702: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7608:Postmodernist 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7598:Participatory 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7568:Musical short 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7479:Found footage 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7385:Cinéma vérité 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301:or production 7293: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7117:Prussian film 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7062:New Nollywood 7060: 7058: 7057:New Hollywood 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6877:Cannibal boom 6875: 6873: 6872:Calligrafismo 6870: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6840:Berlin School 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6804: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6790:Weird Western 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621:Slice of life 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6574:Bavarian porn 6572: 6571: 6570: 6569:Sexploitation 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6527:Partisan film 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6495:Muslim social 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6477: 6476:Zombie comedy 6474: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6451:Giant monster 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6252:Mexploitation 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6106:Coming-of-age 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6021:Transgressive 6019: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004:Psychological 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5954:Slice of life 5952: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691:Psychological 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5666:Korean horror 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5636:Found footage 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5525:Magic realism 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5441:Sexploitation 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5392:Calligrafismo 5390: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345:City symphony 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5150: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5046: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4983:1-932643-19-2 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4897:0-203-64515-4 4893: 4890:. Routledge. 4889: 4884: 4880: 4878:1-932643-19-2 4874: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4859:1-932643-19-2 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4802:9781839022784 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4731:9780429469121 4727: 4724:. Routledge. 4723: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4689:962-209-737-5 4685: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4659:. Routledge. 4658: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4598:Monaco, James 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4576: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4548:0-7864-1836-2 4544: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4529:0-87951-663-1 4525: 4521: 4516: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4476:9781860645730 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4412:9781138057050 4408: 4405:. Routledge. 4404: 4399: 4395: 4393:9780429469121 4389: 4386:. Routledge. 4385: 4380: 4376: 4374:9781839022784 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4219:9781444336276 4215: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4197:9780520246225 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4122:0-85170-757-2 4118: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4025:, p. 82. 4024: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4010:, p. 80. 4009: 4004: 4001: 3998:, p. 81. 3997: 3992: 3989: 3986:, p. 79. 3985: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3959:, p. 78. 3958: 3953: 3950: 3947:, p. 77. 3946: 3941: 3938: 3935:, p. 76. 3934: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3799:, p. 99. 3798: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3760:, p. 97. 3759: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3733:, p. 78. 3732: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3712: 3709:, p. 77. 3708: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659:Srinivas 2005 3655: 3652: 3648: 3647:Srinivas 2005 3643: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3485:, p. 31. 3484: 3479: 3476: 3473:, p. 60. 3472: 3467: 3464: 3461:, p. 59. 3460: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3326:, p. 69. 3325: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3311:, p. 67. 3310: 3305: 3302: 3299:, p. 19. 3298: 3293: 3290: 3287:, p. 15. 3286: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3260:, p. 42. 3259: 3254: 3251: 3248:, p. 28. 3247: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3224:, p. 49. 3223: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3200:, p. 48. 3199: 3194: 3191: 3188:, p. 26. 3187: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3113:, p. 56. 3112: 3107: 3104: 3101:, p. 44. 3100: 3095: 3092: 3089:, p. 34. 3088: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3053:, p. 17. 3052: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2990:, p. 16. 2989: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2959:, p. 15. 2958: 2953: 2950: 2947:, p. 14. 2946: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2923:, p. 13. 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2908:, p. 12. 2907: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2872: 2869:, pp. 9. 2868: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2833:, pp. 7. 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2818:, pp. 8. 2817: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2787:, pp. 6. 2786: 2781: 2778: 2775:, p. 44. 2774: 2769: 2766: 2763:, p. 43. 2762: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700:Willemen 2005 2696: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2597:, p. 19. 2596: 2595:Soberson 2021 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576:Bordwell 2006 2572: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2561:, p. 74. 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2546:, p. 36. 2545: 2544:Kendrick 2019 2540: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2462: 2461:Resident Evil 2457: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2423:post-feminism 2419: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2382:Resident Evil 2378: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2331:Buffy Summers 2328: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2312:Yvonne Tasker 2309: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2291:China O'Brien 2287: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2251:working-class 2248: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2240:femme fatales 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2198: 2193: 2167: 2158: 2154: 2151:This section 2149: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2135: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2050:George Miller 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2022:Robert Clouse 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1970:Sam Peckinpah 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1932:Seven Samurai 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1915:James Cameron 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1893:United States 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1589:Hello Brother 1585: 1581: 1580:Telugu cinema 1576: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1529:body builders 1526: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1509:Prakash Mehra 1506: 1502: 1498: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1481:Jason Statham 1478: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1410: 1405: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1387:George Miller 1384: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1371:Sandy Harbutt 1368: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1360:Deathcheaters 1356: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1331: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1317:, French and 1316: 1315:South African 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1264:Song Hae-sung 1261: 1260: 1259:General's Son 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1191: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1164:Steven Seagal 1161: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1073: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1002: 994: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 950: 945: 944:Action comedy 939: 932:Hybrid genres 931: 926: 924: 921: 920: 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Retrieved 3880: 3870: 3865:, p. 8. 3858: 3831: 3819: 3812:Soyoung 2005 3797:Soyoung 2005 3782:Soyoung 2005 3777: 3770:Soyoung 2005 3765: 3758:Soyoung 2005 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3589: 3562: 3550: 3502: 3497:, p. 3. 3490: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3427: 3386:, p. 8. 3379: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3275:, p. 1. 3253: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3173:, p. 4. 3156:, p. 3. 3149: 3144:, p. 1. 3137: 3132:, p. 2. 3106: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3065:, p. 2. 3058: 3046: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2988:O'Brien 2012 2969:O'Brien 2012 2964: 2957:O'Brien 2012 2952: 2945:O'Brien 2012 2940: 2933:O'Brien 2012 2928: 2921:O'Brien 2012 2906:O'Brien 2012 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2732:, p. 5. 2717:, p. 4. 2695: 2683: 2678:, p. 1. 2648:, p. 2. 2633:, p. 6. 2631:O'Brien 2012 2626: 2621:, p. 4. 2614: 2609:, p. 4. 2602: 2559:Higgins 2008 2459: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394:Big Bad Mama 2392: 2386: 2380: 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1995:Jackie Chan 1783:(1999) and 1771:(2000) and 1650:Sonny Chiba 1601:Bhadrachlam 1569:(2012) and 1543:Salman Khan 1519:Yash Chopra 1517:(1973) and 1476:Transporter 1467:(1998) and 1434:(2004) and 1431:District 13 1363:(1976) and 1341:road movies 1278:(2013) and 1235:Bad Boys II 1230:Michael Bay 1204:jinghungpin 889:(2007) and 877:post-modern 869:(2007) and 857:(2003) and 828:(1996) and 788:Joel Silver 719:(1971) and 707:(1971) and 704:Dirty Harry 621:(2016) and 606:The Promise 599:(2004) and 583:(2002) and 575:Zhang Yimou 518:Jackie Chan 454:(1965) and 434:(1954) and 182:(1981) and 98:crime films 53:action film 8211:Categories 7905:Historical 7834:Children's 7760:and themes 7593:Paracinema 7578:Neorealist 7573:Mythopoeia 7558:Mockbuster 7523:Low-budget 7464:Featurette 7297:technique, 7295:By format, 7174:Surrealist 7169:Structural 7047:New German 7037:Neorealist 7032:Mumblecore 6972:Heimatfilm 6932:Film d'art 6897:Cinéma pur 6631:South Seas 6604:Sex report 5870:Paranormal 5833:Propaganda 5733:Mumblecore 5520:Historical 5402:Historical 5291:Remarriage 5281:Mo lei tau 5129:2010-12-01 4611:0195025709 4281:0791492958 4050:Purse 2011 4035:O'Day 2004 4023:Purse 2011 4008:Purse 2011 3996:Purse 2011 3984:Purse 2011 3972:Purse 2011 3957:Purse 2011 3945:Purse 2011 3933:Purse 2011 3897:2022-05-17 3582:Purse 2011 3567:Purse 2011 3555:Purse 2011 3543:Purse 2011 3447:Bitel 2019 3420:Logan 1995 3099:Bould 2013 3087:Bould 2013 3075:Selbo 2014 2607:Dixon 2000 2526:References 2510:Film genre 2440:Underworld 2388:Caged Heat 2376:Underworld 2264:Foxy Brown 2206:Chang Cheh 1762:Green Fish 1654:Angela Mao 1459:EuropaCorp 1455:Luc Besson 1409:EuropaCorp 1366:Stunt Rock 1245:The Matrix 1240:Wachowskis 1151:Sho Kosugi 1142:The Yakuza 1133:The Yakuza 954:Jule Selbo 942:See also: 913:Spider-Man 837:The Matrix 831:Armageddon 716:Billy Jack 710:Death Wish 629:Johnnie To 618:Cold War 2 601:Chen Kaige 550:featuring 537:The Killer 489:Chang Cheh 393:jidai-geki 57:film genre 39:John Rambo 27:Film genre 8194:Spaghetti 8177:Submarine 8123:Superhero 8093:Body swap 8063:Religious 8011:Melodrama 7900:Economics 7861:Slapstick 7846:Christian 7839:Animation 7814:Animation 7797:Adventure 7790:Vigilante 7752:Lists of 7583:No-budget 7548:Meta-film 7516:animation 7474:Film-poem 7410:Composite 7355:Anthology 7318:Animation 7313:Actuality 7299:approach, 7067:New Queer 6987:Indiewood 6937:Film gris 6808:or period 6785:Spaghetti 6708:Submarine 6688:Vigilante 6653:Superhero 6407:Chopsocky 6353:Jidaigeki 6222:Dystopian 6121:Detective 6079:Buddy cop 6069:Body swap 5999:Political 5979:Financial 5942:Tokusatsu 5937:Steampunk 5853:Bromantic 5825:Malayalam 5804:Crossover 5780:Detective 5748:Backstage 5696:Religious 5552:Tech noir 5547:Pulp noir 5537:Film noir 5412:Melodrama 5350:Docudrama 5323:Cyberpunk 5316:Slapstick 5306:Screwball 5266:Gross out 5229:Christian 5207:Adventure 5070:Routledge 4962:0036-9543 4784:144426047 4590:1651-6826 4563:Otaku USA 4467:IB Tauris 4348:0022-3840 3851:Kwon 2023 3836:Choi 2011 3432:Pang 2005 3384:Lott 2004 3372:Lott 2004 3360:Lott 2004 3348:Lott 2004 3336:Lott 2004 3324:Lott 2004 3309:Lott 2004 3297:Lott 2004 3285:Lott 2004 3273:Lott 2004 3258:Lott 2004 3246:Lott 2004 3234:Lott 2004 2891:Chen 2022 2879:Chen 2022 2619:King 2000 2455:Aeon Flux 2435:Kill Bill 2259:Pam Grier 2246:film noir 2228:sidekicks 2212:Hollywood 2199:Hong Kong 2082:Hong Kong 2055:Australia 2039:Mad Max 2 2027:Hong Kong 2000:Hong Kong 1864:Director 1797:Reception 1702:LoveDeath 1611:Kickboxer 1572:Dabangg 2 1563:(2011), 1560:Bodyguard 1501:Bollywood 1437:Unleashed 1389:'s later 1325:Australia 1307:Brazilian 1299:Malayalam 1281:New World 1275:Cold Eyes 1220:Tsui Hark 1216:Ringo Lam 983:, crime, 927:Subgenres 881:cinephile 744:Mad Max 2 655:war films 542:Tsui Hark 510:Chor Yuen 502:Bruce Lee 473:Bruce Lee 268:By decade 119:Kill Bill 94:war films 90:antiheros 44:Rambo III 8172:Anti-war 8150:Thriller 8098:Dystopia 8053:Neo-noir 7954:Disaster 7939:Cannibal 7885:Disaster 7701:Category 7588:One-shot 7452:Abstract 7338:Computer 7022:Lettrist 6917:Dogme 95 6845:Bourekas 6815:Absolute 6755:Northern 6750:Meat pie 6703:Euro War 6698:Anti-war 6564:Rumberas 6485:Mountain 6387:Luchador 6343:Homeland 6331:Shotacon 6304:Suburban 6232:Economic 6193:Disaster 6126:Gangster 6101:Colonial 6091:Cannibal 6052:By theme 6009:Romantic 5964:Thriller 5922:New Wave 5917:Military 5875:Thriller 5843:Romantic 5790:Whodunit 5763:Operetta 5743:Arthouse 5711:Splatter 5606:Cannibal 5596:Arthouse 5579:Suburban 5569:Southern 5542:Neo-noir 5446:Thriller 5340:Animated 5328:Japanese 5296:Romantic 5286:Thriller 5212:Survival 5190:Arthouse 5178:By style 5090:(2002). 4600:(1979). 4509:June 21, 4266:(2000). 4182:(2006). 3891:Archived 3882:Time Out 3824:Yip 2017 3719:Mes 2004 3695:Yip 2017 3671:BBC 2023 3222:Yip 2017 3210:Teo 2016 3198:Yip 2017 3186:Yip 2017 3171:Teo 2016 3154:Teo 2016 3142:Teo 2016 3130:Teo 2016 2867:Yip 2017 2855:Yip 2017 2843:Yip 2017 2831:Yip 2017 2816:Yip 2017 2797:Yip 2017 2785:Yip 2017 2749:Yip 2017 2730:Yip 2017 2715:Yip 2017 2688:Yip 2017 2468:See also 2464:(2002). 2432:(2005), 2367:(2006), 2361:(2000), 2355:(2001), 2304:(1996). 2267:(1974). 2233:Violent 2077:John Woo 1877:Die Hard 1867:Country 1845:Time Out 1768:Chunhang 1753:(1994), 1745:(1974). 1727:Zatoichi 1722:Cold War 1697:Sky High 1614:(1989). 1575:(2012). 1557:(2011), 1428:(2001), 1422:(2000), 1339:(1986), 1284:(2013). 1272:(2010), 1212:John Woo 1176:(2003). 1047:(1922) ( 919:Iron Man 840:(1999). 808:Cold War 765:Commando 759:Die Hard 747:(1981). 701:such as 689:Antihero 647:Westerns 637:(2002). 615:(2012), 612:Cold War 589:(2004), 534:(1986), 526:John Woo 485:yanggang 464:(1966). 436:Jin Yong 410:(1954), 387:chanbara 381:Rashomon 369:diaspora 194:Die Hard 185:Die Hard 102:Westerns 8184:Western 8068:Romance 8043:Mystery 8038:Musical 8021:Monster 7994:Vampire 7984:Satanic 7979:Natural 7969:Holiday 7922:Fantasy 7910:Slavery 7868:Concert 7683:Z movie 7459:Feature 7395:Collage 7365:B movie 7333:Cartoon 7072:No wave 6740:Florida 6735:Fantasy 6715:Western 6658:Surfing 6646:Eurospy 6616:Slavery 6466:Vampire 6446:Monster 6417:Kung fu 6358:Samurai 6326:Lolicon 6294:Romance 6141:Gong'an 6111:Concert 6096:Chicano 6059:Animals 5947:Western 5902:Fantasy 5860:Fantasy 5838:Reality 5775:Mystery 5753:Jukebox 5738:Musical 5716:Satanic 5706:Slasher 5676:Natural 5656:Holiday 5564:Romance 5530:Science 5495:Fantasy 5397:Dramedy 5261:Dramedy 4060:Sources 2429:Elektra 2224:tomboys 1714:Hwalkuk 1656:called 1584:Srihari 1548:Dabangg 1524:Deewaar 1514:Zanjeer 1382:Mad Max 1319:Italian 1311:Chinese 1106:shaolin 1079:gong fu 1054:). In 1049:transl. 783:RoboCop 733:Bullitt 694:Bullitt 681:Bullitt 565:Ang Lee 514:Gu Long 456:King Hu 419:Yojimbo 402:Western 244:History 238:Netflix 202:Raiders 150:In the 128:films. 8155:Erotic 8140:Sports 8078:Satire 8058:Prison 7999:Zombie 7964:Ghosts 7944:Clowns 7934:Horror 7917:Erotic 7856:Parody 7851:Comedy 7802:Pirate 7770:Action 7711:Portal 7648:Silent 7638:Shinpa 7633:Serial 7618:Satire 7603:Poetry 7533:Masala 7262:Shōnen 7245:Seinen 6760:Ostern 6745:Horror 6678:Travel 6636:Sports 6559:Rubble 6532:Prison 6500:Nature 6471:Zombie 6412:Gun fu 6348:Isekai 6321:Hentai 6289:Gothic 6215:Stoner 6181:Yakuza 6136:Gokudō 6084:Female 6014:Techno 5984:Giallo 5974:Erotic 5969:Comedy 5912:Horror 5907:Gothic 5892:Comedy 5865:Gothic 5848:Comedy 5797:Giallo 5651:Giallo 5621:Comedy 5591:Horror 5559:Gothic 5500:Comedy 5426:Erotic 5417:Korean 5375:Travel 5365:Pseudo 5311:Silent 5276:Parody 5271:Horror 5239:Action 5234:Comedy 5185:Action 5171:genres 5098: 5076: 5030: 4999: 4980: 4960: 4949:Screen 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