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112:
1278:. Use of a deconstructive approach (as in relation to works on arts or religion) to the natural sciences risked endangering not only the "hard facts" of the natural sciences, but the objectivity and positivist tradition of sociology itself. The view on scientific knowledge production as a (at least partial) social construct was not easily accepted. Latour and others identified a dichotomy crucial for modernity, the division between nature (things, objects) as being
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uncertainty (typical of volcanic unrest) and the request for a single unified voice for political advice was a challenge. The
Montserrat Volcanologists began to use statistical elicitation models to estimate the probabilities of particular events, a rather subjective method, but allowing to synthesizing consensus and experience-based expertise step by step. It involved as well local knowledge and experience.
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1462:) to address its risks. Beliefs about science can be very different from those of the scientists themselves, for reasons of e.g. moral values, epistemology or political motivations.The designation of expertise as authoritative in the interaction with lay people and decision makers of all kind is nevertheless challenged in contemporary risk societies, as suggested by scholars who follow
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Until now there has been no science that describes the means for making discoveries and inventions, and the generality of people, as well as many people of learning, believe that there never will be. This is an error. Someday a science of making discoveries and inventions will exist and will render
1442:
The
Montserrat case put immense pressure on volcanologists, as their expertise suddenly became the primary driver of various public policy approaches. The science studies approach provided valuable insights in that situation. There were various miscommunications among scientists. Matching scientific
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predictions, the (alleged) impact of the
Chernobyl disaster in the UK, generation and review of science policy and risk governance and its historical and geographic contexts. While staying a discipline with multiple metanarratives, the fundamental concern is about the role of the perceived expert in
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as a science currently faces a shift of its epistemological foundations of volcanology. The science started to involve more research into risk assessment and risk management. It requires new, integrated methodologies for knowledge collection that transcend scientific disciplinary boundaries but
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during fieldwork seasons. Donovan et al. (2012) asked the experts about the felt purpose of volcanology and what they considered the most important eruptions in historical time. The survey tries to identify eruptions that had an influence on volcanology as a science and to assess the role of
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nuclear reprocessing complex; thus, the experts who were responsible for the duration of the restrictions were completely mistaken. The example led to attempts to better involve local knowledge and lay-persons' experience and to assess its often highly geographically and historically defined
1209:
It is striking that, while early 20th-century sociologist proponents of a discipline to study science and its practitioners wrote in general theoretical terms, Prus had already half a century earlier described, with many specific examples, the scope and methods of such a discipline.
977:, science studies are defined by the subject of their research and encompass a large range of different theoretical and methodological perspectives and practices. The interdisciplinary approach may include and borrow methods from the humanities, natural and formal sciences, from
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Amy
Donovan, Clive Oppenheimer, Michael Bravo. Social studies of volcanology: knowledge generation and expert advice on active volcanoes. Bulletin of Volcanology, Springer Verlag (Germany), 2012, 74 (3), pp.677-689. doi:<10.1007/s00445-011-0547-z
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The approach poses various important questions about what makes an expert and how experts and their authority are to be distinguished from the lay population and interacts with the values and policy making process in liberal democratic societies.
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services. It will arise not all at once; first only its general outline will appear, which subsequent researchers will correct and elaborate, and which still later researchers will apply to individual branches of knowledge.
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in 1986. The sheep farmers suffered economic losses, and their resistance against the imposed regulation was being deemed irrational and inadequate. It turned out that the source of radioactivity was actually the
1466:'s theorisation. The role of expertise in contemporary democracies is an important theme for debate among science studies scholars. Some argue for a more widely distributed, pluralist understanding of expertise (
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Organisierte
Kreativität: Die vielen Gesichter der Innovation, Rene J.Jorna, in Zeichen für Kunst: Zur Organisierbarkeit von Kreativität Detlev Nothnagel, ZfS, Band 29, Heft 4/2007 ZfS, Band 29, Heft 4/2007
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asks to reconnect the social and natural worlds, returning to the pre-modern use of "thing"—addressing objects as hybrids made and scrutinized by the public interaction of people, things, and concepts.
1411:
to investigate the generation of knowledge and expert advice on various active volcanoes. It contains a survey of volcanologists carried out during 2008 and 2009 and interviews with scientists in the
1971:
Social
Studies of Science April 2002 vol. 32 no. 2 235-296 The Third Wave of Science Studies Studies of Expertise and Experience H.M. Collins and Robert Evans doi: 10.1177/0306312702032002003
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studies of creative processes, as in the discovery, conceptualization, and realization of new ideas. or the interaction and management of different forms of knowledge in cooperative research.
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International
Studies in the Philosophy of Science Volume 16, Issue 1, 2002, Recent work on aesthetics of science DOI:10.1080/02698590120118783 James W. McAllister pages 7-11, 21 Jul 2010
1731:, Berlin: Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsforschung e.V. c/o Inst. f. Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2002, elektronische Bereitstellung 2011.
1249:– such as those between science and technology, nature and culture, theory and experiment, and science and fine art – leading to the differentiation of scientific fields and practices.
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1183:
proposed the founding of a "science of science" to study the scientific enterprise, its practitioners, and the factors influencing their work. Earlier, in 1923, the Polish sociologist
1268:". It proposed that both "true" and "false" scientific theories should be treated the same way. Both are informed by social factors such as cultural context and self-interest.
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in broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts. It uses various methods to analyze the production, representation and reception of scientific knowledge and its
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has been gaining momentum among science studies practitioners, and was introduced as a course for students in engineering, and architecture schools. In 2002
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1474:, for example), while others argue for a more nuanced understanding of the idea of expertise and its social functions (Collins and Evans, for example).
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directly killed (only) 19 persons. However the outbreak had major impacts on the local society and destroyed important infrastructure, as the
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1000:, practitioners study the relationship between science and technology, and the interaction of expert and lay knowledge in the public realm.
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1016:, practitioners soon started to deal with the relation of scientific expertise to politics and lay people. Practical examples include
1312:". This "turn to technology" brought science studies into communication with academics in science, technology, and society programs.
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as being artificial, constructed. The dichotomy allowed for mass production of things (technical-natural hybrids) and large-scale
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It proved difficult, however, to address natural-science topics with sociological methods, as was abundantly evidenced by the US
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Zeichen fĂĽr Kunst: Zur
Organisierbarkeit von Kreativität Detlev Nothnagel, ZfS, Band 29, Heft 4/2007 ZfS, Band 29, Heft 4/2007
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20:
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1194:, better known in Poland by his pen name "Bolesław Prus", had delivered a public lecture – later published as a booklet –
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Science has become a major force in
Western democratic societies, which depend on innovation and technology (compare
1955:
1242:. Paradigms are broader, socio-intellectual constructs that determine which types of truth claims are permissible.
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Donovan et al. (2012) cite Taleb NN (2007) The black swan: the impact of the highly improbable. Allen Lane, London.
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2340:: "Science, Society, and Values: Toward a Sociology of Objectivity" (Lehigh PA: Lehigh University Press, 1994).
2093:
Horlick-Jones T, Sime J (2004) Living on the border: knowledge, risk and transdisciplinarity. Futures 36(4):441
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256:
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Jasanoff S (ed) (2004) States of knowledge: the co-production of science and social order. Routledge, Abingdon
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O odkryciach i wynalazkach, odczyt popularny wypowiedziany dnia 23 marca 1873 r. przez
Aleksandra GĹ‚owackiego
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A showcase of the rather complex problems of scientific information and its interaction with lay persons is
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Practitioners examine the forces within and through which scientists investigate specific phenomena such as
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The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology
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A main focus was on the impact of the Montserrat eruption 1997. The eruption, a classical example of the
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Human knowledge, abiding as it does within human cognition, is ineluctably influenced by social factors.
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2577:
2520:, an introductory article by Joseph Ben-David & Teresa A. Sullivan, Annual Review of Sociology, 1975
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1012:: it was extremely self-conscious in its genesis and applications. From early concerns with scientific
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2303:"Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective," in
1681:
1439:. About 7,000 people, or two-thirds of the population, left Montserrat; 4,000 to the United Kingdom.
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providing governments and local authorities with information from which they can make decisions.
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Objects that judge: Latour's parliament of things, in another modernity, a different rationality
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2459:
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2018:
2006:
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1828:"When things strike back: a possible contribution of 'science studies' to the social sciences"
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Martello M (2004) Global change science and the Arctic citizen.Sci Public Policy 31(2):107–115
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2010:
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Latour, Bruno, "Do You Believe in Reality: News from the Trenches of the Science Wars," in
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The Sociology of Scientific Work. The Fundamental Relationship between Science and Society
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69:, as the article does not provide a coherent and comprehensive account of science studies.
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answering to recent tendencies to dissolve the boundary between experts and the public.
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1823:
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Harry M. Collins, "Introduction: Stages in the Empirical Programme of Relativism",
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1767:(On Discoveries and Inventions: A Public Lecture Delivered on 23 March 1873 by
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Deception and design: the impact of communication technology on lying behavior
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started already in the 1980s to involve "technology", and called their field "
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In premodern times (and various languages) the term both meant an object and
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Thorburn and Jennings eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts : MIT Press, 2003.
2014:
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large-scale research and research institutions, e.g. particle colliders (
2546:
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2737:
2332:
Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life
1933:
1370:
147:
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2804:
2528:
1712:, "The Science of Science" , reprinted in Bohdan Walentynowicz, ed.,
1450:
combine qualitative and quantitative outcomes in a structured whole.
1323:
and Robert Evans asked for a third wave of science studies (a pun on
1952:
1686:
Little Science, Big Science. Von der Studierstube zur GroĂźforschung.
2523:
2295:
Women, Science and Technology: A Reader in Feminist Science Studies
1373:, who had been subjected to administrative restrictions because of
1282:, allowing to detect them, and society (the subject, the state) as
4420:
1394:
1349:
1131:), the role of aesthetic criteria in scientific practice (compare
1234:
was less a linear succession of discoveries than a succession of
2683:
4424:
3573:
3425:
2550:
2537:
4611:
2307:(New York: Routledge, 1991), 183–201. Originally published in
1921:
47:
2209:
Science, Technology, and Society: A Sociological Perspective
1639:
Beamtimes and lifetimes: the world of high energy physicists
2230:
Starring the Text: The Place of Rhetoric in Science Studies
1716:, Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, pp. 82–95.
2001:
Lash, Scott; Szerszynski, Bronislaw; Wynne, Brian (1996).
1755:, Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, pp. 1-81.
2524:
The Incommensurability of Scientific and Poetic Knowledge
2354:
Picturing Personhood: Brain Scans and Biomedical Identity
1264:
and his colleagues developed what has been termed "the
71:
2305:
Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: the Reinvention of Nature
2003:
Risk, environment and modernity: towards a new ecology
1780:
David Bloor, "The strengths of the strong programme",
1751:"), English translation in Bohdan Walentynowicz, ed.,
1641:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1369:. He elaborated on the responses of sheep farmers in
2311:, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Autumn, 1988), pp. 575–599. (
2293:
Wyer, Mary; Donna Cookmeyer; Mary Barbercheck, eds.
2207:
Bauchspies, W., Jennifer Croissant and Sal Restivo:
1943:
mappingcontroversies.epfl.ch Retrieved on 2009-02-21
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1962:mappingcontroversies.co.uk Retrieved on 2009-02-16
996:and science policy. Overlapping with the field of
2259:(Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 1995).
1902:An Introduction to Science and Technology Studies
1056:technological milieus, epistemic instruments and
2529:University of Washington Science Studies Network
2240:The Philosophy of Science and Technology Studies
2485:: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business.
2221:Bloor, David; Barnes, Barry & Henry, John,
1202:
958:research area that seeks to situate scientific
2334:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
1753:Polish Contributions to the Science of Science
1714:Polish Contributions to the Science of Science
1377:, allegedly caused by the nuclear accident at
1365:'s study of Sheepfarming in Cumbria after the
1290:that endangered the distinction as such. E.g.
1139:and rationality in the development of science.
992:Science studies have a certain importance for
4436:
3585:
3437:
2562:
2223:Scientific knowledge: a sociological analysis
1782:Scientific Rationality: The Sociological Turn
1407:Donovan et al. (2012) used social studies of
932:
8:
16:Research area analyzing scientific expertise
2507:Cambridge: Mass., Perseus Publishing. 2002.
2283:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999)
1934:Ecoles Polytechniques Fédérales de Lausanne
1341:Application to natural and man-made hazards
1171:In 1935, in a celebrated paper, the Polish
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3430:
3422:
3222:
2569:
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2534:
2325:(New York: Pantheon Books, 1997), 109–133.
2257:Handbook of science and technology studies
939:
925:
110:
94:
3188:Relationship between religion and science
2247:Science Studies: An Advanced Introduction
2005:. Theory, culture & society. London:
1315:More recently, a novel approach known as
1008:The field started with a tendency toward
2386:The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down
2159:Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences
2122:(in German: Die Risikogesellschaft 1986)
1784:, Springer Netherlands, 1984, pp. 75-94.
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1529:
1504:Science and technology studies in India
1190:Fifty years before Znaniecki, in 1873,
102:
2458:Open University Press: 2nd ed. 1999.
2415:Media, culture, society and technology
2132:Collins, Harry; Evans, Robert (2007).
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1818:
1816:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1245:Science studies seeks to identify key
1222:(1962) increased interest both in the
1090:science, technology and society (e.g.
2108:Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity
1728:Wissensmanagement in der Wissenschaft
7:
5074:
1135:) and the relation between emotion,
1127:and visual culture in science (u.a.
4086:Digital media use and mental health
3800:Sociology of the history of science
1924:web.mit.edu Retrieved on 2009-02-21
1219:Structure of Scientific Revolutions
2225:(Chicago: University Press, 1996).
2171:10.1023/B:PHEN.0000040824.89221.1a
2073:"Montserrat evacuation remembered"
1749:Przedmiot i zadania nauki o wiedzy
14:
3795:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3640:History and philosophy of science
3622:Economics of scientific knowledge
3208:Sociology of scientific knowledge
3203:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3156:History and philosophy of science
2290:(Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010).
2048:"BBC country profile: Montserrat"
1514:Sociology of scientific knowledge
1509:Social construction of technology
1300:Science studies scholars such as
1254:sociology of scientific knowledge
1162:, and the role of the university.
65:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
33:Social construction of technology
29:Sociology of scientific knowledge
5097:
5086:
5073:
5062:
5061:
4388:
4387:
4362:
3405:
3393:
2456:The Social Shaping of Technology
2110:. New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
1849:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00107.x
1022:bovine spongiform encephalopathy
906:
52:
5016:List of social science journals
2136:. University of Chicago Press.
1310:science, technology and society
998:science, technology and society
492:Peace, war, and social conflict
5152:Science and technology studies
4973:Science and technology studies
3601:Science and technology studies
3489:Patient and public involvement
2597:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2232:. Carbondale: SIU Press, 2006.
1499:Science and technology studies
1391:Science studies on volcanology
1187:had made a similar proposal.
21:Science and technology studies
1:
3477:Participatory action research
2505:: The Next Social Revolution.
1197:On Discoveries and Inventions
1075:science and technology (e.g.
4148:Normalization process theory
3705:Philosophy of social science
2249:(New York: NYU Press, 1997).
2242:(New York: Routledge, 2006).
2218:(New York: Routledge, 1999).
1836:British Journal of Sociology
1665:. Routledge, New York 1999,
1428:scientists in policymaking.
1346:Sheepfarming after Chernobyl
3514:Science by press conference
3504:Public awareness of science
2930:Hypothetico-deductive model
2905:Deductive-nomological model
2890:Constructivist epistemology
1494:Public awareness of science
1484:Logology (study of science)
1228:philosophical underpinnings
5168:
3771:construction of technology
2483:Amusing Ourselves to Death
2403:The Science Studies Reader
2363:Princeton University Press
2216:The Science Studies Reader
2211:(Oxford: Blackwell, 2005).
1663:The science studies reader
1399:The aftermath of the 2007
163:Human environmental impact
36:
18:
5137:Historiography of science
5057:
4458:
4358:
4303:Politicization of science
3457:
3384:
2991:Semantic view of theories
2910:Epistemological anarchism
2847:dependent and independent
2544:
2539:Links to related articles
2391:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
1909:
1905:
1901:
1808:Social Studies of Science
1375:radioactive contamination
1293:We Have Never Been Modern
3710:Philosophy of technology
2733:Intertheoretic reduction
2722:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
2699:Functional contextualism
2321:, "Truth and Power," in
2202:Science studies, general
2075:. BBC. 12 September 2005
1953:University of Manchester
1230:. Kuhn posited that the
1072:, Hans-Jörg Rheinberger)
257:Structural functionalism
78:may contain suggestions.
63:may need to be rewritten
37:Not to be confused with
4661:international relations
3218:Philosophers of science
2996:Scientific essentialism
2945:Model-dependent realism
2880:Constructive empiricism
2773:Evidence-based practice
2471:Rethinking Media Change
2265:, "The Last Critique,"
1810:, 1981: 3-10, in JSTOR.
1793:Wiebe E. Bijker et al,
1258:University of Edinburgh
277:Symbolic interactionism
172:Industrial revolutions
4988:Quantum social science
3783:Sociology of knowledge
3452:Science and the public
3301:Alfred North Whitehead
3291:Charles Sanders Peirce
2351:Dumit, Joseph (2003).
1404:
1403:eruption in Montserrat
1358:
1207:
267:Social constructionism
25:Technology and society
5142:Philosophy of science
5025:Other categorizations
4878:International studies
4863:History of technology
4798:Communication studies
4681:public administration
4350:Transition management
4340:Technology assessment
4308:Regulation of science
4283:Evidence-based policy
4168:Sociotechnical system
4017:Traditional knowledge
3897:Psychology of science
3870:Mapping controversies
3776:shaping of technology
3735:Social constructivism
3700:Philosophy of science
3657:History of technology
3559:The Amateur Scientist
3524:Science communication
3400:Philosophy portal
3151:Hard and soft science
3146:Faith and rationality
3015:Scientific skepticism
2795:Scientific Revolution
2578:Philosophy of science
2468:Mitchell, William J.
2214:Biagioli, Mario, ed.
2015:10.4135/9781446221983
1910:John Wiley & Sons
1881:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1454:Experts and democracy
1398:
1353:
1329:), namely studies of
1317:mapping controversies
1240:philosophy of science
1125:aesthetics of science
642:Conversation analysis
217:Social stratification
4858:Historical sociology
4255:Women in engineering
4101:Financial technology
4081:Digital anthropology
3850:Criticism of science
3763:Actor–network theory
3725:Religion and science
3617:Economics of science
3126:Criticism of science
3001:Scientific formalism
2885:Constructive realism
2790:Scientific pluralism
2763:Problem of induction
2518:Sociology of Science
2345:Medicine and biology
2269:(April 2004): 15–20.
2134:Rethinking Expertise
1682:Derek de Solla Price
1200:, in which he said:
1167:History of the field
5038:Geisteswissenschaft
5032:Behavioral sciences
4958:Political sociology
4873:Information science
4818:Development studies
4096:Engineering studies
4066:Cyborg anthropology
3855:Demarcation problem
3740:Social epistemology
3193:Rhetoric of science
3131:Descriptive science
2875:Confirmation holism
2768:Scientific evidence
2728:Inductive reasoning
2657:Demarcation problem
2487:Penguin USA, 1985.
2441:Penguin USA, 2004.
2329:Porter, Theodore M.
2054:. 22 September 2009
1769:Aleksander GĹ‚owacki
1192:Aleksander GĹ‚owacki
1133:mathematical beauty
1111:rhetoric of science
1034:biomedical sciences
227:Social cycle theory
98:Part of a series on
5093:Society portal
4580:auxiliary sciences
4376:History of science
4293:Funding of science
4163:Skunkworks project
3860:Double hermeneutic
3645:History of science
3539:Science journalism
3412:Science portal
3341:Carl Gustav Hempel
3296:Wilhelm Windelband
3183:Questionable cause
3006:Scientific realism
2827:Underdetermination
2662:Empirical evidence
2652:Creative synthesis
2409:. pp. 358–71.
2286:Vinck, Dominique.
2276:. Cambridge. 1987.
1958:2009-05-15 at the
1797:, MIT Press, 2012.
1710:Stanisław Ossowski
1405:
1367:Chernobyl disaster
1359:
1357:grazing in Cumbria
1232:history of science
1224:history of science
1181:Stanisław Ossowski
1066:Karin Knorr-Cetina
913:Society portal
536:History of science
517:Race and ethnicity
197:Social environment
5119:
5118:
5113:
5112:
4953:Political economy
4948:Political ecology
4803:Community studies
4793:Cognitive science
4756:Interdisciplinary
4656:Political science
4418:
4417:
4345:Technology policy
4076:Dematerialization
3885:black swan events
3567:
3566:
3472:March for Science
3419:
3418:
3261:
3260:
3173:Normative science
3030:Uniformitarianism
2785:Scientific method
2679:Explanatory power
2498:Rheingold, Howard
2452:MacKenzie, Donald
2301:Haraway, Donna J.
2274:Science in Action
2267:Harper's Magazine
2007:SAGE Publications
1741:Florian Znaniecki
1725:Matthias Kölbel:
1623:978-3-86057-887-2
1606:978-3-86057-887-2
1433:black swan theory
1226:and in science's
1185:Florian Znaniecki
1038:physical sciences
987:cognitive science
956:interdisciplinary
949:
948:
667:Social experiment
547:Social psychology
192:Social complexity
93:
92:
67:quality standards
5159:
5101:
5091:
5090:
5077:
5076:
5065:
5064:
4968:Regional science
4813:Cultural studies
4788:Business studies
4445:
4438:
4431:
4422:
4391:
4390:
4366:
4318:Right to science
4298:Horizon scanning
4273:Academic freedom
4173:Technical change
4034:Women in science
4029:Unity of science
3810:Strong programme
3594:
3587:
3580:
3571:
3549:Science outreach
3534:Science festival
3494:Physics outreach
3446:
3439:
3432:
3423:
3410:
3409:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3371:Bas van Fraassen
3326:Hans Reichenbach
3306:Bertrand Russell
3223:
3049:Philosophy of...
2832:Unity of science
2625:Commensurability
2571:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2535:
2432:Lessig, Lawrence
2410:
2394:
2376:
2319:Foucault, Michel
2313:available online
2309:Feminist Studies
2253:Jasanoff, Sheila
2191:
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1688:Suhrkamp, 1982,
1679:
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1661:Mario Biagioli:
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1437:island's airport
1266:strong programme
1115:Charles Bazerman
1104:Reiner Grundmann
1085:Thomas P. Hughes
983:ethnomethodology
975:cultural studies
941:
934:
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662:Network analysis
552:Sociocybernetics
542:Social movements
272:Social darwinism
222:Social structure
114:
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5132:Science studies
5122:
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4978:Science studies
4762:Administration
4751:
4477:
4454:
4452:Social sciences
4449:
4419:
4414:
4354:
4313:Research ethics
4259:
4158:Reverse salient
4052:
4045:
3821:
3814:
3805:Sociotechnology
3749:
3661:
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3603:
3598:
3568:
3563:
3499:Popular science
3482:Community-based
3462:Citizen science
3453:
3450:
3420:
3415:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3380:
3361:Paul Feyerabend
3321:Michael Polanyi
3257:
3243:Galileo Galilei
3212:
3198:Science studies
3114:
3044:
3035:Verificationism
2940:Instrumentalism
2925:Foundationalism
2900:Conventionalism
2858:
2694:Feminist method
2580:
2575:
2540:
2514:
2397:
2379:
2373:
2350:
2323:Power/Knowledge
2297:, Routledge 200
2272:Latour, Bruno.
2245:Hess, David J.
2199:
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1960:Wayback Machine
1951:
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1906:Sergio Sismondo
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1635:Traweek, Sharon
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1468:Sheila Jasanoff
1456:
1401:Soufrière Hills
1393:
1348:
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1169:
1156:research ethics
1062:laboratory life
1006:
952:Science studies
945:
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685:Major theorists
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252:Critical theory
247:Conflict theory
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202:Social equality
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4921:social science
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4853:Global studies
4850:
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4831:social science
4827:Environmental
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4323:Science policy
4320:
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4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Digital divide
4275:
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4194:Technological
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4071:Design studies
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4007:Scientometrics
4004:
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3880:Paradigm shift
3877:
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3720:Postpositivism
3717:
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3680:Antipositivism
3677:
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3650:and technology
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3554:Science policy
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3509:Public science
3506:
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2165:(2): 125–143.
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1843:(1): 107–123.
1826:(March 2000).
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1706:Maria Ossowska
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1326:The Third Wave
1177:Maria Ossowska
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1160:science policy
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1150:Sharon Traweek
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1109:language and
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1030:global warming
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3835:Bibliometrics
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3745:Transhumanism
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3467:Conversazione
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3331:Rudolf Carnap
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3266:Auguste Comte
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3166:Pseudoscience
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1603:
1597:
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1576:
1570:
1567:
1564:insu-00691620
1560:
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1512:
1510:
1507:
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1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Merton thesis
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
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1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1321:Harry Collins
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:Steve Woolgar
1303:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1288:global issues
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:arose at the
1255:
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1157:
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1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:, Greg Myers)
1120:
1119:Alan G. Gross
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:Helga Nowotny
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
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1067:
1063:
1059:
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1019:
1015:
1011:
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1001:
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990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:Similarly to
971:
969:
965:
961:
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953:
942:
937:
935:
930:
928:
923:
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920:
919:
914:
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904:
903:
902:
901:
894:
891:
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886:
884:
881:
879:
878:Organizations
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
852:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827: ·
826:
823: ·
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
783: ·
782:
779:
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766:
762:
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730:
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715: ·
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658:
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650:
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645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
632:Computational
630:
628:
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623:
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611:
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410:
408:
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403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Environmental
375:
372:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:Consciousness
325:
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220:
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215:
213:
210:
208:
207:Social equity
205:
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190:
188:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
153:Globalization
151:
149:
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145:
139:
138:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
97:
96:
87:
77:
73:
68:
64:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
40:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5102:
5078:
5066:
5036:
4977:
4843:Food studies
4783:Area studies
4536:mathematical
4531:econometrics
4489:Anthropology
4398:Associations
4233:criticism of
4143:Leapfrogging
4126:linear model
4012:Team science
4002:Scientocracy
3925:Neo-colonial
3819:
3675:Anthropocene
3529:Science fair
3519:Science Café
3376:Larry Laudan
3356:Imre Lakatos
3311:Otto Neurath
3286:Karl Pearson
3276:Pierre Duhem
3248:Isaac Newton
3197:
3178:Protoscience
3136:Epistemology
3010:Anti-realism
3008: /
2989: /
2980: /
2966: /
2964:Reductionism
2962: /
2935:Inductionism
2915:Evolutionism
2720:
2607:a posteriori
2606:
2602:
2501:
2481:
2469:
2455:
2437:Free Culture
2435:
2424:
2405:. New York:
2402:
2389:. New York:
2385:
2353:
2338:Restivo, Sal
2331:
2322:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2256:
2246:
2239:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2197:Bibliography
2162:
2158:
2152:
2133:
2127:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2067:
2056:. Retrieved
2051:
2042:
2033:
2002:
1996:
1991:31(2):33–39.
1988:
1967:
1948:
1929:
1917:
1897:
1878:
1869:
1857:
1840:
1834:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1747:in 1923 as "
1745:Nauka Polska
1744:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1713:
1701:
1685:
1677:
1662:
1657:
1638:
1629:
1612:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1519:Sokal affair
1460:Risk society
1457:
1445:
1441:
1430:
1406:
1387:background.
1360:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1314:
1302:Trevor Pinch
1299:
1291:
1280:transcendent
1276:science wars
1273:
1270:
1251:
1244:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1170:
1129:Peter Geimer
1081:Trevor Pinch
1077:Wiebe Bijker
1070:Bruno Latour
1051:
1047:
1010:navel-gazing
1007:
991:
972:
951:
950:
863:Bibliography
777:
705:
704:
691:
657:Mathematical
637:Ethnographic
617:Quantitative
302:Architecture
240:Perspectives
212:Social power
81:
72:You can help
62:
5104:Wikiversity
4995:Social work
4883:Linguistics
4808:Criminology
4725:criminology
4708:personality
4666:comparative
4644:Linguistics
4637:private law
4494:archaeology
4243:theories of
4228:and society
4224:Technology
4218:transitions
4208:determinism
4203:convergence
4178:Technocracy
3960:controversy
3946:Scientific
3930:post-normal
3875:Metascience
3845:Consilience
3830:Antiscience
3695:Neo-Luddism
3690:Fuzzy logic
3366:Ian Hacking
3351:Thomas Kuhn
3336:Karl Popper
3316:C. D. Broad
3233:Roger Bacon
3161:Non-science
3103:Linguistics
3083:Archaeology
2978:Rationalism
2968:Determinism
2955:Physicalism
2920:Fallibilism
2870:Coherentism
2800:Testability
2753:Observation
2748:Objectivity
2709:alternative
2640:Correlation
2630:Consilience
2104:Ulrich Beck
2079:19 November
1989:Environment
1875:Lash, Scott
1863:an assembly
1472:Brian Wynne
1464:Ulrich Beck
1447:Volcanology
1409:volcanology
1363:Brian Wynne
1262:David Bloor
1247:dichotomies
1238:within the
1214:Thomas Kuhn
1173:sociologist
1096:Ulrike Felt
868:Terminology
837:Baudrillard
713:Tocqueville
627:Comparative
622:Qualitative
592:Victimology
422:Immigration
407:Generations
322:Criminology
43:Scientology
39:Metascience
5126:Categories
5049:Humanities
4983:historical
4916:psychology
4888:Management
4730:demography
4688:Psychology
4671:philosophy
4632:public law
4563:integrated
4381:Technology
4333:science of
4328:history of
4213:revolution
4121:disruptive
4111:Innovation
4106:Hype cycle
4051:Technology
4022:ecological
3995:skepticism
3985:misconduct
3970:enterprise
3788:scientific
3715:Positivism
3685:Empiricism
3667:Philosophy
3253:David Hume
3226:Precursors
3108:Psychology
3088:Economics‎
2982:Empiricism
2973:Pragmatism
2960:Positivism
2950:Naturalism
2820:scientific
2704:Hypothesis
2667:Experiment
2503:Smart Mobs
2058:2008-03-08
1525:References
1417:Montserrat
1384:Sellafield
1335:experience
994:evaluation
893:By country
647:Historical
572:Technology
512:Punishment
497:Philosophy
472:Mathematic
462:Literature
427:Industrial
417:Historical
342:Demography
262:Positivism
187:Popularity
142:Key themes
19:See also:
4927:Planning
4906:economics
4823:Education
4720:Sociology
4698:cognitive
4649:semiotics
4600:political
4558:technical
4543:Geography
4516:Economics
4288:Factor 10
4116:diffusion
3955:consensus
3950:community
3915:education
3755:Sociology
3730:Scientism
3609:Economics
3093:Geography
3061:Chemistry
3020:Scientism
2815:ladenness
2635:Construct
2613:Causality
2407:Routledge
2359:Princeton
2187:143072688
2179:1568-7759
1771:), p. 12.
1379:Chernobyl
1355:Herdwicks
1331:expertise
1236:paradigms
1137:cognition
1064:(compare
1026:pollution
1018:bioethics
1014:discourse
964:epistemic
960:expertise
709:Martineau
652:Interview
577:Terrorism
557:Sociology
502:Political
442:Knowledge
362:Education
104:Sociology
76:talk page
5147:Pedagogy
5068:Category
4936:regional
4931:land use
4766:business
4735:internet
4693:abnormal
4595:military
4585:economic
4575:cultural
4548:physical
4509:physical
4499:cultural
4408:Scholars
4403:Journals
4393:Category
4367:Portals
4248:transfer
4238:dynamics
4188:feminist
3990:priority
3975:literacy
3935:rhetoric
3901:Science
3865:Logology
3388:Category
3040:Vitalism
2863:Theories
2837:Variable
2758:Paradigm
2645:function
2603:A priori
2592:Analysis
2585:Concepts
2383:(1997).
2106:(1992).
2052:BBC News
1956:Archived
1937:Archived
1877:(1999).
1637:(1992).
1478:See also
1284:immanent
1260:, where
1143:semiotic
1058:cultures
968:semiotic
888:Timeline
873:Journals
841:Bourdieu
833:Habermas
829:Luhmann
825:Foucault
769:Mannheim
749:Durkheim
522:Religion
482:Military
447:Language
432:Internet
387:Feminist
371:Jealousy
357:Economic
352:Disaster
347:Deviance
290:Branches
168:Identity
5080:Commons
4911:history
4901:science
4836:studies
4570:History
4482:Primary
4468:History
4463:Outline
4371:Science
4053:studies
3965:dissent
3905:citizen
3822:studies
3820:Science
3767:Social
3632:History
3098:History
3066:Physics
3056:Biology
2854:more...
2842:control
2738:Inquiry
1425:Iceland
1371:Cumbria
1175:couple
1024:(BSE),
845:Giddens
843:·
839:·
831:·
819:·
817:Goffman
813:Schoeck
799:·
791:·
767:·
765:Du Bois
763:·
755:·
751:·
743:·
737:Tönnies
735:·
721:Spencer
719:·
697:·
610:Methods
587:Utopian
532:Science
477:Medical
467:Marxist
457:Leisure
367:Emotion
332:Culture
148:Society
127:Outline
122:History
4771:public
4713:social
4605:social
4504:social
4265:Policy
4198:change
4131:system
3980:method
3920:normal
2810:choice
2805:Theory
2743:Nature
2672:design
2491:
2462:
2445:
2369:
2255:, ed.
2185:
2177:
2140:
2114:
2021:
1885:
1692:
1669:
1645:
1621:
1604:
1113:(e.g.
970:role.
954:is an
883:People
821:Bauman
801:Nisbet
797:Merton
789:Gehlen
785:Adorno
778:1900s:
753:Addams
745:Simmel
741:Veblen
733:Pareto
725:Le Bon
706:1800s:
699:Sieyès
692:1700s:
672:Survey
597:Visual
507:Public
412:Health
402:Gender
392:Fiscal
382:Family
74:. The
31:, and
4941:urban
4745:urban
4740:rural
4590:human
4553:human
4473:Index
2183:S2CID
1831:(PDF)
1421:Italy
1004:Scope
856:Lists
805:Mills
781:Fromm
773:Elias
761:Weber
695:Comte
582:Urban
567:Sport
562:Space
527:Rural
487:Music
437:Jewry
337:Death
297:Aging
132:Index
5009:List
4136:user
4039:STEM
3940:wars
2714:null
2684:Fact
2605:and
2489:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2443:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2175:ISSN
2138:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2081:2010
2019:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1708:and
1690:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1470:and
1423:and
1333:and
1304:and
1252:The
1179:and
1102:and
1060:and
966:and
809:Bell
793:Aron
757:Mead
729:Ward
717:Marx
397:Food
317:Body
4612:Law
2167:doi
2011:doi
1922:MIT
1845:doi
1216:'s
989:.
985:or
981:to
452:Law
307:Art
41:or
5128::
2500:.
2480:.
2454:.
2434:.
2423:.
2365:.
2361::
2357:.
2238:,
2181:.
2173:.
2161:.
2050:.
2017:.
2009:.
1976:^
1841:51
1839:.
1833:.
1815:^
1684::
1532:^
1419:,
1415:,
1413:UK
1158:,
1117:,
1098:,
1094:,
1083:,
1079:,
1068:,
1040:,
1036:,
1032:,
1028:,
1020:,
835:·
815:·
811:·
807:·
803:·
795:·
787:·
771:·
759:·
747:·
739:·
731:·
727:·
723:·
711:·
180:/
176:/
27:,
23:,
4444:e
4437:t
4430:v
3593:e
3586:t
3579:v
3445:e
3438:t
3431:v
2570:e
2563:t
2556:v
2439:.
2393:.
2375:.
2315:)
2189:.
2169::
2163:3
2146:.
2120:.
2083:.
2061:.
2027:.
2013::
1891:.
1851:.
1847::
1696:.
1651:.
1152:)
1106:)
1087:)
940:e
933:t
926:v
538:)
534:(
373:)
369:(
182:5
178:4
174:3
86:)
82:(
45:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
