1323:
vary and include data triangulation and data percolation. The latter offers an articulate method of collecting, classifying, and analyzing data using five possible angles of analysis (at least three) to maximize the research's objectivity and permit an understanding of the phenomena under investigation as complete as possible: qualitative and quantitative methods, literature reviews (including scholarly articles), interviews with experts, and computer simulation. The data is thereafter "percolated" using a series of pre-determined steps so as to extract the most relevant information.
868:
925:
considered "information", and a climber's guidebook containing practical information on the best way to reach Mount
Everest's peak may be considered "knowledge". "Information" bears a diversity of meanings that range from everyday usage to technical use. This view, however, has also been argued to reverse how data emerges from information, and information from knowledge. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus,
4918:
855:". When used more specifically to refer to the processing and analysis of sets of data, the term retains its plural form. This usage is common in the natural sciences, life sciences, social sciences, software development and computer science, and grew in popularity in the 20th and 21st centuries. Some style guides do not recognize the different meanings of the term and simply recommend the form that best suits the target audience of the guide. For example,
4904:
1217:
781:, which usually refers to very large quantities of data, usually at the petabyte scale. Using traditional data analysis methods and computing, working with such large (and growing) datasets is difficult, even impossible. (Theoretically speaking, infinite data would yield infinite information, which would render extracting insights or intelligence impossible.) In response, the relatively new field of
1002:
56:
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1385:. In a recent survey, data was requested from 516 studies that were published between 2 and 22 years earlier, but less than one out of five of these studies were able or willing to provide the requested data. Overall, the likelihood of retrieving data dropped by 17% each year after publication. Similarly, a survey of 100 datasets in
949:" (though "truth" can be a subjective concept) and may be authorized as aesthetic and ethical criteria in some disciplines or cultures. Events that leave behind perceivable physical or virtual remains can be traced back through data. Marks are no longer considered data once the link between the mark and observation is broken.
1375:. However, in contrast to paper, these storage devices may become unreadable after a few decades. Scientific publishers and libraries have been struggling with this problem for a few decades, and there is still no satisfactory solution for the long-term storage of data over centuries or even for eternity.
920:
is a datum that communicates a precisely-measured value. This measurement may be included in a book along with other data on Mount
Everest to describe the mountain in a manner useful for those who wish to decide on the best method to climb it. Awareness of the characteristics represented by this data
1322:
Gathering data can be accomplished through a primary source (the researcher is the first person to obtain the data) or a secondary source (the researcher obtains the data that has already been collected by other sources, such as data disseminated in a scientific journal). Data analysis methodologies
924:
Data are often assumed to be the least abstract concept, information the next least, and knowledge the most abstract. In this view, data becomes information by interpretation; e.g., the height of Mount
Everest is generally considered "data", a book on Mount Everest geological characteristics may be
905:
are closely related concepts, but each has its role concerning the other, and each term has its meaning. According to a common view, data is collected and analyzed; data only becomes information suitable for making decisions once it has been analyzed in some fashion. One can say that the extent to
936:
Before the development of computing devices and machines, people had to manually collect data and impose patterns on it. With the development of computing devices and machines, these devices can also collect data. In the 2010s, computers were widely used in many fields to collect data and sort or
964:. The most common digital computers use a binary alphabet, that is, an alphabet of two characters typically denoted "0" and "1". More familiar representations, such as numbers or letters, are then constructed from the binary alphabet. Some special forms of data are distinguished. A
1389:
found that more than half lacked the details to reproduce the research results from these studies. This shows the dire situation of access to scientific data that is not published or does not have enough details to be reproduced.
832:, "to give". The first English use of the word "data" is from the 1640s. The word "data" was first used to mean "transmissible and storable computer information" in 1946. The expression "data processing" was first used in 1954.
717:
Data can be seen as the smallest units of factual information that can be used as a basis for calculation, reasoning, or discussion. Data can range from abstract ideas to concrete measurements, including, but not limited to,
2060:
Vines, Timothy H.; Albert, Arianne Y. K.; Andrew, Rose L.; DĂ©barre, Florence; Bock, Dan G.; Franklin, Michelle T.; Gilbert, Kimberly J.; Moore, Jean-SĂ©bastien; Renaut, SĂ©bastien; Rennison, Diana J. (2014-01-06).
977:, that is, a description of other data. A similar yet earlier term for metadata is "ancillary data." The prototypical example of metadata is the library catalog, which is a description of the contents of books.
968:
is a collection of data, that can be interpreted as instructions. Most computer languages make a distinction between programs and the other data on which programs operate, but in some languages, notably
1248:
906:
which a set of data is informative to someone depends on the extent to which it is unexpected by that person. The amount of information contained in a data stream may be characterized by its
1397:, that is, data that is Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. Data that fulfills these requirements can be used in subsequent research and thus advances science and technology.
1405:
Although data is also increasingly used in other fields, it has been suggested that the highly interpretive nature of them might be at odds with the ethos of data as "given".
916:
is the awareness of its environment that some entity possesses, whereas data merely communicates that knowledge. For example, the entry in a database specifying the height of
1919:
945:
usage by citizens to scientific research. These patterns in the data are seen as information that can be used to enhance knowledge. These patterns may be interpreted as "
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4039:
469:
1754:
4544:
4694:
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1234:
1016:
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to differentiate between data and information; data is a series of symbols, while information occurs when the symbols are used to refer to something.
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1221:
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734:. The stock of insights and intelligence that accumulate over time resulting from the synthesis of data into information, can then be described as
760:
654:
2048:
2009:
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190:
59:
These are some of the different types of data: Geographical, Cultural, Scientific, Financial, Statistical, Meteorological, Natural, Transport
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1730:
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215:
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462:
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1984:
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is a neologism applied to an activity which is primarily compelled by data over all other factors. Data-driven applications include
1425:
may introduce assumptions that are counterproductive, for example that phenomena are discrete or are observer-independent. The term
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4519:
4393:
1923:
4577:
4238:
3983:
3354:
2944:
1209:
993:
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1417:, "to take") to distinguish between an immense number of possible data and a sub-set of them, to which attention is oriented.
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3840:
3647:
3536:
3494:
2360:
1156:
613:, and virtually every other form of human organizational activity. Examples of data sets include price indices (such as the
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2733:
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455:
210:
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4371:
4356:
4346:
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and similar languages, programs are essentially indistinguishable from other data. It is also useful to distinguish
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that provide additional context and meaning, and may themselves be used as data in larger structures. Data may be
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has argued that since the humanities affirm knowledge production as "situated, partial, and constitutive," using
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data. In this context, data represent the raw facts and figures from which useful information can be extracted.
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1381:. Another problem is that much scientific data is never published or deposited in data repositories such as
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Some of these data documents (data repositories, data studies, data sets, and software) are indexed in
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1859:
Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association: the official guide to APA style
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1429:, which emphasizes the act of observation as constitutive, is offered as an alternative to
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605:. Data may represent abstract ideas or concrete measurements. Data are commonly used in
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2128:
Roche, Dominique G.; Kruuk, Loeske E. B.; Lanfear, Robert; Binning, Sandra A. (2015).
835:
When "data" is used more generally as a synonym for "information", it is treated as a
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Mechanical computing devices are classified according to how they represent data. An
917:
871:
793:(AI)) methods that allow for efficient applications of analytic methods to big data.
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and books, stored in libraries, but more recently practically all data is stored on
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represents a datum as a voltage, distance, position, or other physical quantity. A
888:
782:
699:
71:
1001:
722:. Thematically connected data presented in some relevant context can be viewed as
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is an individual value in a collection of data. Data are usually organized into
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1310:, while data papers are indexed in traditional bibliographic databases, e.g.,
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2254:
Information, Systems, and
Information Systems: Making Sense of the Field
2130:"Public Data Archiving in Ecology and Evolution: How Well Are We Doing?"
1261:
Whenever data needs to be registered, data exists in the form of a data
726:. Contextually connected pieces of information can then be described as
714:
are removed, and obvious instrument or data entry errors are corrected.
4881:
4582:
1840:"data | Origin and meaning of data by Online Etymology Dictionary"
1393:
A solution to the problem of reproducibility is the attempt to require
1174:
960:
represents a piece of data as a sequence of symbols drawn from a fixed
926:
747:
711:
675:
135:
1892:. Department of Defense. 23 October 2013. pp. I-1. Archived from
929:, perception, and representation. Beynon-Davies uses the concept of a
859:
as of the 7th edition requires "data" to be treated as a plural form.
4803:
3784:
3758:
3738:
2989:
2780:
2063:"The availability of research data declines rapidly with article age"
902:
695:
659:
626:
574:
296:
286:
236:
231:
1973:
Information
Systems: An introduction to informatics in organisations
1839:
2256:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 86â89.
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866:
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483:
291:
54:
2723:
930:
766:
566:
4692:
4259:
4006:
3305:
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2342:
2632:
777:
Advances in computing technologies have led to the advent of
541:
508:
502:
1776:"Data vs Information - Difference and Comparison | Diffen"
682:
are data that are generated in the course of a controlled
30:"Scientific data" redirects here. Not to be confused with
535:
2338:
867:
573:, other basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of
706:, or other forms of post-analysis. Prior to analysis,
1363:. In the past, scientific data has been published in
874:'s "A TABLE of the Apertures of Object-Glasses" from
826:, "(thing) given," and the neuter past participle of
4545:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
1944:
Tuomi, Ilkka (2000). "Data is more than knowledge".
538:
532:
505:
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4789:
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2842:
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2714:
2705:
1857:American Psychological Association (2020). "6.11".
529:
496:
1890:Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Doctrine Publications
674:are data that are collected in an uncontrolled,
4093:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
843:and in technical and scientific fields such as
1433:for visual representations in the humanities.
1347:generates huge amounts of data, especially in
2648:
2354:
1242:
463:
8:
2279:"Humanities Approaches to Graphical Display"
1801:"Data Is the New Oil of the Digital Economy"
710:(or unprocessed data) is typically cleaned:
549:) is a collection of discrete or continuous
1883:"Joint Publication 2-0, Joint Intelligence"
839:in singular form. This usage is common in
827:
821:
815:
4702:
4689:
4606:
4412:
4281:
4256:
4027:
4003:
3731:
3514:
3315:
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3085:
3072:
2711:
2702:
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2641:
2633:
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2347:
2339:
1920:"Classifying data for successful modeling"
1249:
1235:
1000:
984:
770:in some form suitable for better usage or
470:
456:
62:
2212:
2163:
2145:
2088:
2078:
2041:Creating Models in Psychological Research
1946:Journal of Management Information Systems
851:. One example of this usage is the term "
2043:, Springer Psychology : 126 pages.
1799:Yonego, Joris Toonders (July 23, 2014).
937:process it, in disciplines ranging from
750:, refers to the fact that some existing
1747:"Statistical Language - What are Data?"
1714:
992:
70:
4619:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
2027:The Database: An Aesthetics of Dignity
1861:. American Psychological Association.
738:. Data has been described as "the new
1834:
1832:
7:
4929:
4629:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
2252:P. Checkland and S. Holwell (1998).
4941:
4224:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
1265:. Kinds of data documents include:
4319:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
2945:Pearson product-moment correlation
2187:Eisenstein, Michael (April 2022).
1723:OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms
40:For data in computer science, see
25:
4940:
4928:
4916:
4903:
4902:
2304:
2189:"In pursuit of data immortality"
1327:Data longevity and accessibility
1216:
1215:
525:
492:
4578:Least-squares spectral analysis
1821:. July 16, 2018. Archived from
1757:from the original on 2019-04-19
1751:Australian Bureau of Statistics
994:Library and information science
3559:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
1958:10.1080/07421222.1999.11518258
1157:Science and technology studies
216:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
1:
4872:Geographic information system
4088:Simultaneous equations models
2004:. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave.
4055:Coefficient of determination
3666:Uniformly most powerful test
2283:Digital Humanities Quarterly
2147:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002295
2002:Business information systems
4624:Proportional hazards models
4568:Spectral density estimation
4550:Vector autoregression (VAR)
3984:Maximum posterior estimator
3216:Randomized controlled trial
1725:. OECD. 2008. p. 119.
4995:
4384:Multivariate distributions
2804:Average absolute deviation
2214:10.1038/d41586-022-00929-3
1807:– via www.wired.com.
1639:Data-driven control system
1343:is the longevity of data.
886:
881:Philosophical Transactions
800:
39:
29:
4898:
4701:
4688:
4372:Structural equation model
4280:
4255:
4026:
4002:
3734:
3708:Score/Lagrange multiplier
3314:
3301:
3123:Sample size determination
3084:
3071:
2701:
2688:
2670:
2376:
2090:10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.014
2000:P. Beynon-Davies (2009).
1971:P. Beynon-Davies (2002).
1679:Scientific data archiving
1654:Environmental data rescue
797:Etymology and terminology
690:using techniques such as
636:using techniques such as
322:Evolutionary epistemology
4867:Environmental statistics
4389:Elliptical distributions
4182:Generalized linear model
4111:Simple linear regression
3881:HodgesâLehmann estimator
3338:Probability distribution
3247:Stochastic approximation
2809:Coefficient of variation
2277:Johanna Drucker (2011).
1464:Computer data processing
1121:Interdisciplinary fields
437:Philosophy of perception
4527:Cross-correlation (XCF)
4135:Non-standard predictors
3569:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
3242:Adaptive clinical trial
2335:(a detailed assessment)
2333:Data is a singular noun
2039:Mesly, Olivier (2015),
1664:Information engineering
1614:Data-driven programming
1479:Data (computer science)
1442:data-driven programming
791:artificial intelligence
332:Historical epistemology
42:Data (computer science)
4923:Mathematics portal
4744:Engineering statistics
4652:NelsonâAalen estimator
4229:Analysis of covariance
4116:Ordinary least squares
4040:Pearson product-moment
3444:Statistical functional
3355:Empirical distribution
3188:Controlled experiments
2917:Frequency distribution
2695:Descriptive statistics
1619:Data-driven journalism
1446:data-driven journalism
1331:An important field in
1312:Science Citation Index
1065:Information management
1053:Collections management
884:
828:
822:
816:
746:". Data, as a general
686:experiment. Data are
60:
50:Datum (disambiguation)
44:. For other uses, see
4839:Population statistics
4781:System identification
4515:Autocorrelation (ACF)
4443:Exponential smoothing
4357:Discriminant analysis
4352:Canonical correlation
4216:Partition of variance
4078:Regression validation
3922:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
3821:Likelihood-ratio test
3510:Frequentist inference
3422:Locationâscale family
3343:Sampling distribution
3308:Statistical inference
3275:Cross-sectional study
3262:Observational studies
3221:Randomized experiment
3050:Stem-and-leaf display
2852:Central limit theorem
1819:"Data is the new oil"
1644:Data-driven marketing
1308:Data Citation Indexes
1141:Documentation science
1129:Communication studies
870:
801:Further information:
603:computational process
442:Philosophy of science
58:
46:Data (disambiguation)
4762:Probabilistic design
4347:Principal components
4190:Exponential families
4142:Nonlinear regression
4121:General linear model
4083:Mixed effects models
4073:Errors and residuals
4050:Confounding variable
3952:Bayesian probability
3930:Van der Waerden test
3920:Ordered alternative
3685:Multiple comparisons
3564:RaoâBlackwellization
3527:Estimating equations
3483:Statistical distance
3201:Factorial experiment
2734:Arithmetic-Geometric
2542:Protection (privacy)
1918:Akash Mitra (2011).
1629:Data-driven learning
1409:introduced the term
1073:Knowledge management
845:software development
666:that may be further
652:, and are typically
615:consumer price index
579:interpreted formally
577:that may be further
317:Applied epistemology
27:Units of information
4834:Official statistics
4757:Methods engineering
4438:Seasonal adjustment
4206:Poisson regressions
4126:Bayesian regression
4065:Regression analysis
4045:Partial correlation
4017:Regression analysis
3616:Prediction interval
3611:Likelihood interval
3601:Confidence interval
3593:Interval estimation
3554:Unbiased estimators
3372:Model specification
3252:Up-and-down designs
2940:Partial correlation
2896:Index of dispersion
2814:Interquartile range
2205:2022Natur.604..207E
1975:. Basingstoke, UK:
1634:Data-driven science
1624:Data-driven testing
1345:Scientific research
1153:Information science
1049:Archives management
988:Part of a series on
607:scientific research
427:Epistemic cognition
347:Virtue epistemology
342:Social epistemology
327:Formal epistemology
66:Part of a series on
4854:Spatial statistics
4734:Medical statistics
4634:First hitting time
4588:Whittle likelihood
4239:Degrees of freedom
4234:Multivariate ANOVA
4167:Heteroscedasticity
3979:Bayesian estimator
3944:Bayesian inference
3793:KolmogorovâSmirnov
3678:Randomization test
3648:Testing hypotheses
3621:Tolerance interval
3532:Maximum likelihood
3427:Exponential family
3360:Density estimation
3320:Statistical theory
3280:Natural experiment
3226:Scientific control
3143:Survey methodology
2829:Standard deviation
1977:Palgrave Macmillan
1844:www.etymonline.com
1594:Data visualization
1379:Data accessibility
1355:, but also in the
1077:Library management
885:
619:unemployment rates
61:
4956:
4955:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4829:National accounts
4799:Actuarial science
4791:Social statistics
4684:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4611:Survival function
4596:
4595:
4458:Granger causality
4299:Contingency table
4274:Survival analysis
4251:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4103:Linear regression
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3969:Credible interval
3938:
3937:
3721:
3720:
3537:Method of moments
3406:Parametric family
3367:Statistical model
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3211:Random assignment
3133:Statistical power
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
2912:Contingency table
2882:
2881:
2749:Generalized/power
2630:
2629:
2622:Wrangling/munging
2472:Format management
2199:(7904): 207â208.
2049:978-3-319-15752-8
2011:978-0-230-20368-6
1559:Data preservation
1259:
1258:
841:everyday language
820:is the plural of
680:Experimental data
557:, describing the
480:
479:
16:(Redirected from
4986:
4974:Statistical data
4944:
4943:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4920:
4906:
4905:
4809:Crime statistics
4703:
4690:
4607:
4573:Fourier analysis
4560:Frequency domain
4540:
4487:
4453:Structural break
4413:
4362:Cluster analysis
4309:Log-linear model
4282:
4257:
4198:
4172:Homoscedasticity
4028:
4004:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3906:(KruskalâWallis)
3891:
3876:
3831:Cross validation
3816:
3798:AndersonâDarling
3745:
3732:
3703:Likelihood-ratio
3695:Parametric tests
3673:Permutation test
3656:1- & 2-tails
3547:Minimum distance
3519:Point estimation
3515:
3466:Optimal decision
3417:
3316:
3303:
3285:Quasi-experiment
3235:Adaptive designs
3086:
3073:
2950:Rank correlation
2712:
2703:
2690:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2634:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2340:
2308:
2307:
2291:
2290:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2216:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2149:
2140:(11): e1002295.
2125:
2119:
2118:
2092:
2082:
2057:
2051:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1922:. Archived from
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1732:978-92-64-025561
1719:
1699:Data aggregation
1669:Machine learning
1569:Data publication
1534:Data maintenance
1484:Data acquisition
1413:(from the Latin
1357:medical sciences
1333:computer science
1251:
1244:
1237:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1133:Computer science
1125:Archival science
1004:
985:
966:computer program
958:digital computer
849:computer science
831:
825:
819:
787:machine learning
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
524:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
472:
465:
458:
372:Sextus Empiricus
337:Metaepistemology
63:
21:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4979:Data management
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4915:
4886:
4848:
4785:
4771:quality control
4738:
4720:Clinical trials
4697:
4672:
4656:
4644:Hazard function
4638:
4592:
4554:
4538:
4501:
4497:BreuschâGodfrey
4485:
4462:
4402:
4377:Factor analysis
4323:
4304:Graphical model
4276:
4243:
4210:
4196:
4176:
4130:
4097:
4059:
4022:
4021:
3990:
3934:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3889:
3874:
3853:Rank statistics
3847:
3826:Model selection
3814:
3772:Goodness of fit
3766:
3743:
3717:
3689:
3642:
3587:
3576:Median unbiased
3504:
3415:
3348:Order statistic
3310:
3289:
3256:
3230:
3182:
3137:
3080:
3078:Data collection
3059:
2971:
2926:
2900:
2878:
2838:
2790:
2707:Continuous data
2697:
2684:
2666:
2661:
2631:
2626:
2602:Synchronization
2372:
2367:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2067:Current Biology
2059:
2058:
2054:
2038:
2034:
2025:Sharon Daniel.
2024:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1899:on 18 July 2018
1896:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1649:Digital privacy
1564:Data protection
1539:Data management
1524:Data governance
1469:Computer memory
1459:Biological data
1454:
1419:Johanna Drucker
1407:Peter Checkland
1403:
1401:In other fields
1361:medical imaging
1341:library science
1329:
1320:
1318:Data collection
1270:data repository
1255:
1214:
1202:
1201:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1149:Library science
1122:
1114:
1113:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1061:Data management
1046:
1038:
1037:
1028:
983:
954:analog computer
908:Shannon entropy
891:
865:
808:
799:
744:digital economy
528:
518:
517:
495:
491:
476:
447:
446:
432:Epistemic logic
422:
421:
412:
411:
362:
361:
360:Epistemologists
352:
351:
312:
311:
302:
301:
206:
205:
196:
195:
141:Foundationalism
106:
105:
96:
53:
38:
33:Scientific Data
28:
23:
22:
18:Scientific data
15:
12:
11:
5:
4992:
4990:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4961:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4938:
4926:
4912:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4717:
4715:Bioinformatics
4711:
4709:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4520:partial (PACF)
4511:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4467:Specific tests
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4367:Classification
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4314:McNemar's test
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4260:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Semiparametric
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3893:
3890:(MannâWhitney)
3885:
3884:
3883:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3823:
3818:
3815:(ShapiroâWilk)
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3747:
3735:
3729:
3727:Specific tests
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3523:
3521:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3178:Standard error
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:Optimal design
3105:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2905:Summary tables
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:Contraharmonic
2736:
2731:
2720:
2718:
2709:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:Pre-processing
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2310:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:External links
2296:
2293:
2292:
2269:
2262:
2244:
2179:
2120:
2052:
2032:
2017:
2010:
1992:
1985:
1963:
1952:(3): 103â117.
1936:
1910:
1874:
1867:
1849:
1828:
1825:on 2018-07-16.
1810:
1791:
1780:www.diffen.com
1767:
1753:. 2013-07-13.
1738:
1731:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1684:Secondary Data
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1599:Data warehouse
1596:
1591:
1589:Data structure
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:Data remanence
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Data integrity
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1402:
1399:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1005:
997:
996:
990:
989:
982:
981:Data documents
979:
943:social service
941:, analysis of
921:is knowledge.
876:a 1665 article
864:
861:
798:
795:
698:, discussion,
478:
477:
475:
474:
467:
460:
452:
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445:
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439:
434:
429:
423:
420:Related fields
419:
418:
417:
414:
413:
410:
409:
404:
402:W. V. O. Quine
399:
394:
389:
387:René Descartes
384:
379:
377:Edmund Gettier
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68:
67:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4991:
4980:
4977:
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4964:
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4939:
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4924:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4910:
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4900:
4897:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:Geostatistics
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4844:Psychometrics
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
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4779:
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4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4707:Biostatistics
4704:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4669:
4668:Log-rank test
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
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4617:
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4612:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4589:
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4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4539:(BoxâJenkins)
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:DurbinâWatson
4490:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:DickeyâFuller
4472:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Cointegration
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:Decomposition
4421:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:Cohen's kappa
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Nonparametric
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:Nonparametric
3894:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3867:
3866:Sample median
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3471:loss function
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Questionnaire
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Control chart
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2961:
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2941:
2938:
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2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
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2891:
2889:
2885:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
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2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
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2827:
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2817:
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2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
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2737:
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2722:
2721:
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2717:
2713:
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2700:
2696:
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2600:
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2570:
2568:
2565:
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2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
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2453:
2451:
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2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
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2427:
2424:
2422:
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2414:
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2409:
2407:
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2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
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2387:
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2379:
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2375:
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2364:
2359:
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2324:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2263:0-471-95820-4
2259:
2255:
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2240:
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2198:
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2183:
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2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1986:0-333-96390-3
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1926:on 2017-11-07
1925:
1921:
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1911:
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1868:9781433832161
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1549:Data modeling
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1504:Data curation
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1500:
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1489:Data analysis
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1398:
1396:
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1380:
1376:
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1373:optical discs
1370:
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1358:
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1342:
1338:
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1326:
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1299:
1297:data handbook
1296:
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1054:
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1042:
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1024:
1023:
1018:
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1010:
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1007:
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987:
986:
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978:
976:
972:
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963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
934:
932:
928:
922:
919:
918:Mount Everest
915:
911:
909:
904:
900:
896:
890:
883:
882:
877:
873:
872:Adrien Auzout
869:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
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824:
818:
813:
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805:
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794:
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788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
768:
763:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:data insights
725:
721:
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:visualization
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:environment.
677:
673:
669:
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651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
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624:
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438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
416:
415:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
397:Immanuel Kant
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Wang Yangming
380:
378:
375:
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370:
368:
365:
364:
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355:
348:
345:
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293:
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262:Justification
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191:Structuralism
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161:Perspectivism
159:
157:
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152:
149:
147:
146:Infallibilism
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
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116:Contextualism
114:
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4914:
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4819:Econometrics
4769: /
4752:Chemometrics
4729:Epidemiology
4722: /
4695:Applications
4537:ARIMA model
4484:Q-statistic
4433:Stationarity
4329:Multivariate
4272: /
4268: /
4266:Multivariate
4264: /
4204: /
4200: /
3974:Bayes factor
3873:Signed rank
3785:
3759:
3751:
3739:
3434:Completeness
3270:Cohort study
3168:Opinion poll
3103:Missing data
3090:Study design
3045:Scatter plot
2967:Scatter plot
2960:Spearman's Ï
2922:Grouped data
2532:Preservation
2522:Philanthropy
2386:Augmentation
2320:
2319:
2318:profile for
2315:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2253:
2247:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2137:
2134:PLOS Biology
2133:
2123:
2073:(1): 94â97.
2070:
2066:
2055:
2040:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2001:
1995:
1972:
1966:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:the original
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1894:the original
1889:
1877:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1823:the original
1813:
1804:
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:
1770:
1759:. Retrieved
1750:
1741:
1722:
1717:
1703:
1694:Digital data
1579:Data science
1519:Data farming
1514:Data element
1437:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1392:
1378:
1377:
1330:
1321:
1305:
1301:data journal
1260:
1145:Epistemology
1137:Data science
1090:
1057:Preservation
951:
935:
923:
912:
892:
889:DIKW pyramid
879:
834:
809:
803:
783:data science
776:
765:
759:
735:
732:intelligence
731:
727:
723:
716:
700:presentation
653:
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553:that convey
487:
481:
246:
226:a posteriori
225:
221:
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4947:WikiProject
4862:Cartography
4824:Jurimetrics
4776:Reliability
4507:Time domain
4486:(LjungâBox)
4408:Time-series
4286:Categorical
4270:Time-series
4262:Categorical
4197:(Bernoulli)
4032:Correlation
4012:Correlation
3808:JarqueâBera
3780:Chi-squared
3542:M-estimator
3495:Asymptotics
3439:Sufficiency
3206:Interaction
3118:Replication
3098:Effect size
3055:Violin plot
3035:Radar chart
3015:Forest plot
3005:Correlogram
2955:Kendall's Ï
2592:Stewardship
2482:Integration
2431:Degradation
2416:Compression
2396:Archaeology
2381:Acquisition
1544:Data mining
1509:Data domain
1438:data-driven
1369:hard drives
1210:WikiProject
1099:Information
1069:cataloguing
1035:Information
895:information
789:(and other
761:represented
752:information
724:information
692:calculation
655:represented
642:observation
638:measurement
625:rates, and
555:information
282:Rationality
257:Information
171:Rationalism
131:Fallibilism
111:Coherentism
4963:Categories
4814:Demography
4532:ARMA model
4337:Regression
3914:(Friedman)
3875:(Wilcoxon)
3813:Normality
3803:Lilliefors
3750:Student's
3626:Resampling
3500:Robustness
3488:divergence
3478:Efficiency
3416:(monotone)
3411:Likelihood
3328:Population
3161:Stratified
3113:Population
2932:Dependence
2888:Count data
2819:Percentile
2796:Dispersion
2729:Arithmetic
2664:Statistics
2612:Validation
2547:Publishing
2537:Processing
2507:Management
2421:Corruption
2411:Collection
1930:2017-11-05
1785:2018-12-11
1761:2020-03-09
1709:References
1689:Statistics
1554:Data point
1499:Data cable
1359:, e.g. in
1337:technology
1288:data paper
1274:data study
887:See also:
772:processing
720:statistics
684:scientific
672:Field data
664:characters
587:structures
571:statistics
482:In common
392:David Hume
252:Experience
181:Skepticism
176:Relativism
166:Pragmatism
156:Naturalism
151:Infinitism
126:Empiricism
4195:Logistic
3962:posterior
3888:Rank sum
3636:Jackknife
3631:Bootstrap
3449:Bootstrap
3384:Parameter
3333:Statistic
3128:Statistic
3040:Run chart
3025:Pie chart
3020:Histogram
3010:Fan chart
2985:Bar chart
2867:L-moments
2754:Geometric
2617:Warehouse
2582:Scrubbing
2562:Retention
2557:Reduction
2512:Migration
2487:Integrity
2455:Transform
2406:Cleansing
2239:247954952
2223:1476-4687
2156:1545-7885
2099:1879-0445
2080:1312.5670
1674:Open data
1659:Fieldwork
1609:Datasheet
1494:Data bank
1474:Dark data
1436:The term
1395:FAIR data
1383:databases
1353:astronomy
1111:Knowledge
1107:Artefacts
1103:Documents
1031:Libraries
1027:Histories
939:marketing
914:Knowledge
899:knowledge
857:APA style
837:mass noun
756:knowledge
736:knowledge
696:reasoning
668:processed
634:collected
632:Data are
611:economics
599:variables
367:Aristotle
272:Knowledge
267:Induction
242:Certainty
186:Solipsism
121:Dogmatism
35:(journal)
4909:Category
4602:Survival
4479:Johansen
4202:Binomial
4157:Isotonic
3744:(normal)
3389:location
3196:Blocking
3151:Sampling
3030:QâQ plot
2995:Box plot
2977:Graphics
2872:Skewness
2862:Kurtosis
2834:Variance
2764:Heronian
2759:Harmonic
2587:Security
2577:Scraping
2552:Recovery
2426:Curation
2391:Analysis
2231:35379989
2174:26556502
2107:24361065
1903:July 17,
1755:Archived
1604:Database
1584:Data set
1452:See also
1349:genomics
1293:database
1283:software
1278:data set
1263:document
1222:Category
1175:Archival
1171:Academic
1095:Metadata
1087:Curation
1017:Glossary
975:metadata
962:alphabet
853:big data
779:big data
712:Outliers
708:raw data
688:analyzed
650:analysis
623:literacy
589:such as
559:quantity
237:Credence
222:A priori
204:Concepts
87:Category
4935:Commons
4882:Kriging
4767:Process
4724:studies
4583:Wavelet
4416:General
3583:Plug-in
3377:L space
3156:Cluster
2857:Moments
2675:Outline
2597:Storage
2572:Science
2567:Quality
2497:Lineage
2492:Library
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2450:Extract
2436:Editing
2312:Scholia
2201:Bibcode
2165:4640582
2115:7799662
1199:Special
1187:Private
1012:Outline
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748:concept
742:of the
676:in-situ
660:numbers
575:symbols
563:quality
407:more...
310:Domains
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136:Fideism
104:Schools
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4804:Census
4394:Normal
4342:Manova
4162:Robust
3912:2-way
3904:1-way
3742:-test
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2781:Median
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1191:Public
1183:Health
903:wisdom
901:, and
893:Data,
806:(word)
627:census
591:tables
551:values
297:Wisdom
287:Reason
232:Belief
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4428:Trend
3957:prior
3899:anova
3788:-test
3762:-test
3754:-test
3661:Power
3606:Pivot
3399:shape
3394:scale
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2769:Heinz
2744:Cubic
2680:Index
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2235:S2CID
2111:S2CID
2075:arXiv
1897:(PDF)
1886:(PDF)
1805:Wired
1427:capta
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1167:Areas
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814:word
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785:uses
767:coded
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519:also
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2607:Type
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2322:Data
2289:(1).
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2152:ISSN
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2006:ISBN
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