368:
trick." She demands a re-thinking of objectivity in such a way that, while still striving for "faithful accounts of the real world," we must also acknowledge our perspective within the world. She calls this new kind of knowledge-making "situated knowledges." Objectivity, she argues, "turns out to be about particular and specific embodiment and ... not about the false vision promising transcendence of all limits and responsibility". This new objectivity, "allows us to become answerable for what we learn how to see."
38:
167:'Let nature speak for itself' became the watchword of a new brand of scientific objectivity." It was at this time that idealized representations of nature, which were previously seen as a virtue, were now seen as a vice. Scientists began to see it as their duty to actively restrain themselves from imposing their own projections onto nature. The aim was to liberate representations of nature from subjective, human interference and in order to achieve this
324:
variations to the theory and sympathetic interpretation of the data, supporting scientists will resolve the apparent conundrum. In extreme cases, they may ignore the data altogether. Thus, the failure of a scientific paradigm will go into crisis when a significant portion of scientists working in the
155:
and scientific atlas-makers, and involved active attempts to eliminate any idiosyncrasies in their representations of nature in order to create images thought best to represent "what truly is". Judgment and skill were deemed necessary in order to determine the "typical", "characteristic", "ideal", or
178:
supplemented mechanical objectivity as scientists began to recognize that, in order for images or data to be of any use, scientists needed to be able to see scientifically; that is, to interpret images or data and identify and group them according to particular professional training, rather than to
367:
argues that objectivity in science and philosophy is traditionally understood as a kind of disembodied and transcendent "conquering gaze from nowhere." She argues that this kind of objectivity, in which the subject is split apart and distanced from the object, is an impossible "illusion, a god
359:
248:, but it is unknown how much fraud goes undiscovered. For important results, other groups will try to repeat the experiment. If they consistently fail, they will bring these negative results into the scientific debate.
296:
raised some philosophical objections to claims of the possibility of scientific understanding being truly objective. In Kuhn's analysis, scientists in different disciplines organise themselves into
320:'s philosophical theory of falsificationism would have them do. Instead they have gone to considerable lengths to resolve the apparent conflict without rejecting the paradigm. Through
242:
Next to unintentional and systematic error, there is always the possibility of deliberate misrepresentation of scientific results, whether for gain, fame, or ideological motives.
558:
179:
simply depict them mechanically. Since the latter half of the nineteenth century, objectivity has come to involve a combination of trained judgment and mechanical objectivity.
325:
field lose confidence in it. The corollary of this observation is that a paradigm is contingent on the social order amongst scientists at the time it gains ascendancy.
238:, and other meetings where scientific results are presented, are part of a social process whose purpose is to strengthen the objective aspect of the scientific method.
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trials. However, objectivity in measurement can be unobtainable in certain circumstances. Even the most quantitative social sciences such as
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156:"average". In practicing, truth-to-nature naturalists did not seek to depict exactly what was seen; rather, they sought a reasoned image.
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of the world. Such demonstrable knowledge has ordinarily conferred demonstrable powers of prediction or technology.
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within which scientific research is done, junior scientists are educated, and scientific problems are determined.
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History of
Psychiatry and Medical Psychology: With an Epilogue on Psychiatry and the Mind-Body Relation
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609:
Sokal, Alan; Bricmont, Jean (1999). "Intermezzo: Epistemic
Relativism in The Philosophy of Science".
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In the latter half of the nineteenth-century, objectivity in science was born when a new practice of
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and his followers, and continued into later eras. In the early eighteenth century, there existed an
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647:"Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective"
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began using self-registering instruments, cameras, wax molds, and other technological devices.
27:
This article is about the concept of objectivity as it is used in science. For other uses, see
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Situated
Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective
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Based on a historical review of the development of certain scientific theories in his book,
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When such cases of scientific fraud come to light, they usually give rise to an
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784:(2001). Objectivity, History of. IN: Smelser, N. J. & Baltes, P. B. (eds.)
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employ measures that are constructs (conventions, to employ the term coined by
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Another methodological aspect is the avoidance of bias, which can involve
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Trust in
Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life
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786:
International
Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
611:
Fashionable
Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science
61:
57:
1321:
847:
800:
Science, Society, and Values: Toward a
Sociology of Objectivity
60:, emotions, and false beliefs, while focusing mainly on proven
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When observational data arises which appears to contradict or
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199:. Methods for avoiding or overcoming such biases include
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Kuhn's theory has been criticised by scientists such as
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Personal knowledge, towards a post-critical philosophy
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257:A critical argument on scientific objectivity and
111:appears to be the norm for the attraction between
806:Reiss, Julian; Sprenger, Jan (6 November 2017) .
566:, The University of Chicago Press, archived from
454:
452:
450:
448:
459:Daston, Lorraine; Galison, Peter (Autumn 1992).
1370:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
76:. It is thus intimately related to the aim of
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732:. University of Chicago Press, 3rd Ed., 1996.
139:, rose to popularity with the discoveries of
8:
1749:
1359:
1349:
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1055:
744:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
275:presented was centered in such recognition.
151:. This ideal was practiced by Enlightenment
769:: Postmodern philosophers' abuse of science
297:
107:of a hypothesis to the whole. For example,
1329:
1318:
882:
866:
852:
844:
1273:Relationship between religion and science
533:. Springer Science & Business Media.
414:Daston, Lorraine; Galison, Peter (2010).
147:virtue in science which has been called
52:refers to attempts to do higher quality
1594:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
730:The structure of scientific revolutions
560:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
389:
289:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
281:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
949:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
552:
550:
527:Gach, John; Wallace, Edwin R. (2010).
230:Various scientific processes, such as
88:for third parties, as an advance in a
500:The Essential Guide to Doing Research
109:Newton's law of universal gravitation
7:
261:is that all science has a degree of
219:The role of the scientific community
817:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
353:Knowledge § Situated knowledge
343:
253:Critiques of scientific objectivity
1226:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
25:
1554:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
1538:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
1394:The Course in Positive Philosophy
788:. Oxford. (pp. 10785–10789).
265:. In the 1920s, Percy Bridgman's
34:Type of attempt to uncover truths
824:: The Metaphysics Research Lab.
1546:History and Class Consciousness
103:, sometimes exacerbated by the
1410:Critical History of Philosophy
645:Haraway, Donna (Autumn 1988).
1:
1618:Knowledge and Human Interests
954:Rankean historical positivism
795:. Princeton University Press.
340:view of scientific progress.
1736:
1402:A General View of Positivism
791:Porter, Theodore M. (1995).
497:O'Leary, Zina (2004-06-09).
99:is contrasted with personal
29:Objectivity (disambiguation)
1602:Conjectures and Refutations
1434:The Logic of Modern Physics
1251:Deductive-nomological model
268:The Logic of Modern Physics
1808:
1562:The Poverty of Historicism
1458:The Universe in a Nutshell
1442:Language, Truth, and Logic
1426:The Analysis of Sensations
802:. Lehigh University Press.
461:"The Image of Objectivity"
350:
292:, scientist and historian
222:
183:Objectivity in measurement
26:
1770:
1642:The Rhetoric of Economics
1328:
1323:Positivist-related debate
1317:
881:
174:In the twentieth century
97:philosophical objectivity
1578:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1295:Structural functionalism
1221:Naturalism in literature
820:(Winter 2017 ed.).
808:"Scientific Objectivity"
771:. London: Profile Books.
557:Kuhn, Thomas S. (1962),
378:Objectivity (philosophy)
90:collective understanding
68:. It is often linked to
56:by eliminating personal
1705:Willard Van Orman Quine
1418:Idealism and Positivism
1010:Critique of metaphysics
944:Sociological positivism
767:Intellectual Impostures
1750:
1719:Concepts in contention
1360:
1350:
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1231:Objectivity in science
1129:Non-Euclidean geometry
1095:Methodological dualism
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798:Restivo, Sal. (20XX).
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236:scientific conferences
161:mechanical objectivity
41:
18:Scientific objectivity
1792:Philosophy of science
1626:The Poverty of Theory
1246:Philosophy of science
1135:Uncertainty principle
503:. SAGE Publications.
351:Further information:
234:, the discussions at
225:Scientific misconduct
40:
1634:The Scientific Image
1305:Structuration theory
1268:Qualitative research
1169:Criticism of science
1164:Critical rationalism
1100:Problem of induction
754:. London: Routledge.
117:theory of relativity
1610:One-Dimensional Man
1058:Geisteswissenschaft
1041:Confirmation holism
822:Stanford University
346:Situated Knowledges
314:scientific paradigm
1685:Hans-Georg Gadamer
1486:Alexander Bogdanov
1362:Positivismusstreit
1157:Post-behavioralism
1121:history of science
973:Principal concepts
929:Logical positivism
718:A Devil's Chaplain
573:on 20 October 2014
131:was argued for by
105:overgeneralization
42:
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1660:Theodor W. Adorno
1476:Richard Avenarius
1352:Werturteilsstreit
1313:
1312:
1261:Sense-data theory
959:Polish positivism
934:Positivist school
741:Science in Action
720:: Selected essays
596:"Hall Of Mirrors"
129:scientific method
74:scientific method
16:(Redirected from
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1665:Gaston Bachelard
1586:Truth and Method
1570:World Hypotheses
1450:The Two Cultures
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1015:Unity of science
924:Legal positivism
883:
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812:Zalta, Edward N.
748:Polanyi, Michael
713:Dawkins, Richard
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684:. Archived from
654:Feminist Studies
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592:Dawkins, Richard
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344:Donna Haraway's
336:as presenting a
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176:trained judgment
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113:celestial bodies
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420:. Zone Books.
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279:Thomas Kuhn's
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273:operationalism
263:interpretivism
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223:Main article:
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189:cognitive bias
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1496:Eugen DĂĽhring
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886:Perspectives
833:. Retrieved
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1700:Karl Popper
1690:Thomas Kuhn
1670:Mario Bunge
1421:(1879–1884)
1356:(1909–1959)
1090:Metaphysics
1070:Historicism
985:Demarcation
980:Consilience
903:Rationalism
758:Sokal, Alan
615:Picador USA
577:14 November
417:Objectivity
318:Karl Popper
294:Thomas Kuhn
153:naturalists
78:testability
70:observation
50:objectivity
1511:Ernst Mach
1506:Ernst Laas
1481:A. J. Ayer
1469:Proponents
1288:Philosophy
1085:Humanities
1029:Antitheses
898:Empiricism
875:Positivism
722:. Phoenix.
695:2015-07-23
624:0312204078
438:2015-07-23
384:References
338:relativist
334:Alan Sokal
259:positivism
169:scientists
163:appeared.
1752:Verstehen
1738:Phronesis
1726:Knowledge
1710:Max Weber
1530:Criticism
1278:Sociology
1216:Modernism
1194:pluralism
1179:anarchism
1075:Historism
995:Induction
908:Scientism
830:1095-5054
303:paradigms
209:economics
145:epistemic
1786:Category
1773:Category
1189:nihilism
1184:idealism
1114:Related
990:Evidence
764:(1999).
750:(1958).
738:(1987).
728:(1962).
715:(2003).
682:39794636
594:(2000).
372:See also
363:(1988),
312:a given
299:de facto
271:and the
66:evidence
54:research
1653:Critics
1378:(1990s)
1372:(1980s)
1366:(1960s)
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1199:realism
1131:(1830s)
1119:in the
814:(ed.).
707:Sources
674:3178066
613:. USA:
484:2928741
310:falsify
123:History
46:science
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1573:(1942)
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1549:(1923)
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1461:(2001)
1453:(1959)
1445:(1936)
1437:(1927)
1429:(1886)
1413:(1869)
1405:(1848)
1397:(1830)
1333:Method
1206:Holism
1137:(1927)
835:31 May
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322:ad hoc
58:biases
1745:Truth
810:. In
689:(PDF)
678:S2CID
670:JSTOR
650:(PDF)
571:(PDF)
564:(PDF)
480:JSTOR
464:(PDF)
195:, or
62:facts
837:2018
826:ISSN
619:ISBN
579:2014
535:ISBN
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332:and
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127:The
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