55:
1454:
709:, forced the Carthaginians to withdraw from the peninsula. In mopping-up operations, Scipio captured Ilourgeia and Castulo, inflicting severe punishment on the former for having killed refugees from his army. Other Roman commanders captured other towns in Spain, including Astapa, whose inhabitants committed mass suicide. After a quickly-suppressed revolt by Spanish tribes when false rumours of Scipio's death from illness spread, he crossed into Africa to solicit the support of Syphax and thence into western Hispania to meet Massinissa for the same purpose. Syphax pledged loyalty but eventually joined with the Carthaginians; Massinissa, however, joined with the Romans with a small contingent when Syphax expelled him the kingdom of
1033:; by October 190 BC, when the Scipios arrived, the Romans had an army in Asia minor. Antiochus offered terms – a war indemnity to cover half the cost of the war and abandonment of his claims to Smyrna, Lapsacus, Alexandria Troas, and other towns – but the Scipiones rejected the offer based on the Roman war aim of reshaping to their benefit the Aegean balance of power. They responded by demanding Antiochus cede all territory to the Taurus mountains and pay an indemnity covering the entire cost of the war; the demands were so extreme he immediately broke off negotiations. Late in the year, around mid-December, Antiochus' forces
670:
Polybius viewed the massacre as intended to terrorise the
Spanish population into rapidly surrendering and included an anecdote of Romans being so thorough as to cut even the dogs and other animals in half. He then forced the surrender of Mago in the citadel and rapidly switched his tune, sparing the remaining citizens and only enslaving the town's non-citizens. He then took the three hundred Spanish hostages into his custody, giving them gifts, guaranteeing their safety and that of their families, and promising them freedom if their respective communities would ally with Rome.
850:
forced into a naval battle near Utica, but was able to avert disaster, losing only some sixty transport ships. Another set of peace negotiations occurred, with the
Carthaginians eventually agreeing to abandon all territorial claims in the Mediterranean and beyond, limit her rights to expand in Africa, recognize Massinissa's kingdom, give up all but twenty of her ships, and pay a war indemnity. However, during the negotiations, the Carthaginians – suffering from starvation – attacked a Roman food convoy, leading to protests to be sent and envoys exchanged.
1548:. Unlike Marius or Caesar, however, he did not seek to use his charisma and reputation to weaken the Republic. The true measure of Scipio's character in this regard can perhaps be seen by his behaviour shortly after returning in triumph from Africa to a grateful Rome. Scipio refused to accept demands for him to become perpetual consul and dictator. For his self-restraint in putting the good of the republic ahead of his own gain, Scipio was praised by Livy for showing uncommon greatness of mind—an example conspicuously not emulated by Marius,
1385:, writing in the first century AD, alleged that Scipio Africanus had a weakness for beautiful women, and knowing this, some of his soldiers presented him with a beautiful young woman captured in New Carthage. The woman turned out to be the fiancée of an important Iberian chieftain and Scipio chose to act as a general and not an ordinary soldier in restoring her, virtue and ransom intact, to her fiancé. This episode was frequently depicted by painters of the Renaissance and early modern era as the Continence of Scipio.
1114:
983:
1368:
909:
1646:
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590:
565:. According to Livy, when he heard that Lucius Caecilius Metellus and other young nobles were discussing a plan to abandon the republic and go overseas to serve as mercenaries, Scipio stormed into the meeting and forced all of them at sword-point to swear to Jupiter and the Capitoline triad that they would never abandon Rome. This story is probably a late invention, as it does not appear in Polybius.
4555:
4636:
598:
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and who took over command in the civil war against Julius Caesar after the death of Pompey. The granddaughter of Gaius
Gracchus, Fulvia, was also unusually prominent for a Roman woman in the affairs of the late republic, marrying Publius Clodius, Gaius Curio and Mark Antony in turn. At a later date, some Roman emperors claimed descent from Scipio Africanus.
771:
1077:– also was brought up on charges. Regardless, the trial forced a full accounting of cash paid by Antiochus to Manlius and Asiagenes. After Asiagenes was fined – either by a special court or by tribunician legislation – he refused to pay the fine, claiming poverty, and was only saved from prison when one of the plebeian tribunes, usually identified as
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won a year earlier at
Thermopylae. His triumph, however, was approved regardless. Lucius' attempt to secure from the senate a prorogation to oversee the settlement of Asia also was rejected; no exception would be made to the general post-Hannibalic war rule against promagistrates. Lucius Scipio adopted the cognomen
1436:, and the odd anecdote in Valerius Maximus. Of these, Polybius was the closest to Scipio Africanus in age and in connections, but his narrative may be biased by his friendship with Scipio's close relatives and that the primary source of his information about Africanus came from one of his best friends,
1096:
brought charges against Scipio
Africanus alleging bribery and theft. Antias then has Scipio respond with a rousing oration detailing his services to the republic and noting that the day is the anniversary of the Battle of Zama. At this notice, he then leads an impromptu procession to sacrifice at the
1069:
These enormous amounts of plunder triggered moral panic at Rome about the possible diversion of those funds to extravagant private use. These troubles related to the broader matter of charting the boundaries of power that magistrates could exercise abroad, especially in relation of monies obtained in
821:
on the toe of Italy that year, and left one
Pleminius in command there. After Pleminius assumed command, he robbed the city's temple and tortured and killed two military tribunes. For these crimes, the senate had Pleminius placed under arrest; Scipio was also implicated but was cleared the next year.
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After the fall of the
Gracchi, the house of Caecilius became more prominent. However, the Scipiones maintained their aristocratic lustre, providing the consular general who unsuccessfully prevented Sulla's second march on Rome and Metellus Scipio whose daughter was the last wife of Pompey the Great,
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brothers, who were his grandsons, and their other relatives in the period from 133 to 122 BC. The
Gracchi brothers championed land redistribution in order to boost the ranks of potential Roman soldiers, as Roman soldiers needed to own land to be enfranchised for service in the legions and the number
1539:
Scipio supported land distribution for his veterans in a tradition harking back to the earliest days of the
Republic, yet his actions were seen as somewhat radical by conservatives. In being a successful general who demanded lands for his soldiers, Scipio may have led the way for later generals such
1358:
describes this belief as it was perceived then, without offering his opinion as to its veracity. Polybius made a case that Scipio's successes resulted from good planning, rational thinking and intelligence, which he said was a higher sign of the gods' favour than prophetic dreams. Polybius suggested
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The legal troubles proved little trouble for the
Scipiones, as evidence by Asiagenes' lavish games in 186 and vigorous campaign for the censorship of 184 (he was unsuccessful). Friends of the Scipiones continued to win consular elections. Scipio himself retired to Liternum; "the idea that he retired
1057:
The 190s BC saw a re-emergence of attempts by the aristocratic elite to put limits on individual ambitions. The return of the Scipiones to Rome saw claims over Lucius Scipio's triumph disputed: critics thought the Scipiones had been fighting a weak enemy and that the war had actually truly been
1535:
Scipio did not introduce Greek ideas or art to the Romans, but his ardent support for the Greek way of life coupled with his own charisma had its inevitable impact. Less beneficially, the Scipios may have led the way in the inevitable chasm that grew up between the Roman elite and the Roman masses,
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for Rome, although the two Iberian provinces were not fully pacified for a couple of centuries. His defeat of Hannibal at Zama paved the way for Carthage's eventual destruction in 146 BC. His interest in a Graecophile lifestyle had tremendous influence on the Roman elite; more than a century later,
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In the new year, 201 BC, Scipio remained in Africa to conclude negotiations, which saw Carthage's territory kept to the status quo ante bellum, Carthage restore to the Romans all captured goods and persons, Carthaginian disarmament of all but ten triremes, and Carthage needing to ask for Roman
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had promised aid; this alleged vision played a role in the rapid development of a Scipionic legend around him and his family. Storming the city rapidly and with little ability to tell combatants and civilians apart, Scipio ordered his men to massacre all they encountered and pillage any structures;
1327:, had been sent out as quaestor to Scipio in Sicily circa 204 BC to investigate charges of military indiscipline, corruption, and other offence against Scipio; none of those charges was found true by the tribunes of the plebs accompanying Cato (it may or may not be significant that years later, as
1084:
Africanus was around the same time challenged in the senate. A senator demanded that he produce his account-books for the Antiochene campaign and account for the monies allotted to pay his troops. He responded with indignation and declared that he owed no reckoning. Securing the account-books from
1005:
through to 193 BC – had invaded Greece. Antiochus' initial push into Greece was met with little enthusiasm by the locals, who were well-treated in a peaceful and largely open interstate system in the aftermath of the Roman proclamation of Greek freedom. It did not help that the cities that he
973:
In 193 BC, Scipio is said to have taken part in two embassies. The first was to Africa, where he was one of three sent to arbitrate a boundary dispute between Carthage and Masinissa: the commission left the matter undecided, possibly on purpose. The second embassy is said to have been to Asia
849:
was prorogued until the war's completion) and after capturing Syphax of Numidia, restored Massinissa to the kingdom. The Carthaginians reacted to the defeat by recalling their generals Hannibal and Mago from Italy and launching their fleet against Scipio's to cut off their supply lines. Scipio was
794:
Scipio was elected unanimously to the consulship of 205 BC amid much enthusiasm; he was 31 and still technically too young to be consul. When he entered into office, he demanded that the senate assign him the province of Africa and threatened to take the matter to the popular assemblies if it
1499:
Livy continues, "On Scipio's again asking him whom he regarded as the third, Hannibal, without any hesitation, replied, 'Myself.' Scipio smiled and asked, 'What would you say if you had vanquished me?' 'In that case,' replied Hannibal, 'I should say that I surpassed Alexander and Pyrrhus, and all
857:, attempted to substitute himself for Scipio to claim credit for the final blow against Carthage; the consuls of 202 BC coveted the African command for the same reason – Scipio refused peace terms at a parley with Hannibal in 202 BC. With the support of Masinissa's Numidian cavalry, the
1040:
Shortly before Magnesia, Antiochus offered Scipio Africanus a bribe to secure favourable peace terms, which Africanus rejected. At the battle itself, he claimed illness, but was selected to present the Roman peace terms regardless. The credit for the victory accrued to his brother and commander,
641:
Initially, Gaius Claudius Nero – who was praetor in 212 BC – was sent to contain the situation. But in 210 BC, the assembly elected Scipio to take command. Modern scholars dismiss the Livian narrative of senatorial indecision and have instead suggested that the senate chose Scipio but
1500:
other commanders in the world.' Scipio was delighted with the turn which the speaker had with true Carthaginian adroitness given to his answer, and the unexpected flattery it conveyed, because Hannibal had set him apart from the ordinary run of military captains as an incomparable commander."
1342:
and made offerings there. There was a belief that he was a special favourite of heaven and actually communicated with the gods. It is quite possible that he himself honestly shared this belief. However, the strength of this belief is evident, even a generation later when his adopted grandson,
899:
His popularity among the plebs was also astonishing – the Scipionic legend, which in later forms depicted him a son of Jupiter, – and heralded great political success. This success, however, turned many Roman aristocrats into his enemies, largely to oppose his further aggrandisement or out of
1861:, the first battle in the Colosseum is meant to re-enact Scipio Africanus's battle of Zama against Hannibal's barbarian horde. In the film, Maximus ruins the re-enactment by leading the gladiators, who are meant to represent Hannibal's forces, to victory over Scipio's legionaries.
2907:, 28.38. "ll the centuries voted amidst much enthusiasm for Scipio... It is recorded that a larger number of voters took part in that election than at any other time during the war. They had come from all parts, not only to give their votes, but also to get sight of Scipio".
814:, which saw the Carthaginians' war efforts renewed. The senate, regardless, assigned Scipio no additional soldiers, leading him to recruit an army of volunteers; Livy reports that from his clients and supporters in Italy, he mustered some 30 warships and 7,000 men.
1025:, who was assigned by the senate to Greece with permission to cross into Asia. He appointed his older brother, Scipio Africanus, as one of his legates. While en route, Roman armies and fleets quickly overwhelmed Antiochus' defences, forcing him to retreat from the
622:. Through the seven years from 218, the brothers had successfully extended Roman control deep into Carthaginian territory. However, disaster struck in 211 BC when the brothers divided their forces to attack three separate Carthaginian armies and were
1085:
his brother, he waved them before the senators and then tore them up, asking the rhetorical question as to how the senate could be concerned with a mere 3,000 talents when he had brought 15,000 into the treasury by conquering Spain, Africa, and Asia.
646:, taking command on his arrival to Spain in the early autumn. He was the first person to have been given proconsular imperium without having held consular office. He went to Spain with some 10,000 reinforcements and was joined by another commander,
1408:. This account is only found in Valerius Maximus (Memorable Deeds and Sayings 6.7.1–3. L) writing in the first century AD, some decades after Livy. Valerius Maximus is hostile to Scipio Africanus in other matters such as his frequent visits to the
799:, the senate bowed to his pressure and he received Sicily with permission to cross into Africa if he wished. Fabius' opposition may have been related to jealousy of Scipio's popularity, but also was likely informed by the failed African campaign
900:
jealousy. Even during his consulship, he had been opposed by Fabius Maximus and others, especially after stories circulated of his being saluted as king and god in Spain. His intended role in Roman politics, however, remained traditional.
1395:
with one of his own serving girls, which his wife magnanimously overlooked. The affair, if it lasted from circa 191 BC to Scipio's death 183 BC, might have resulted in issue (not mentioned); what is mentioned is that the girl was
1347:, was elected to the consulship from the office of tribune. His rise was spectacular and letters survive from soldiers under his command in Hispania show that they believed that he possessed the same abilities as his grandfather.
1049:), pay a war indemnity of 15,000 talents to Rome with a separate 400 talents to Eumenes, all exiles and enemies of Rome would be handed over (including Hannibal) along with twenty hostages (including Antiochus' youngest son).
1691:, depicting his clemency and sexual restraint after the fall of Carthago Nova, was an even more popular subject. Versions of the subject were painted by many artists from the Renaissance through to the 19th century, including
2407:, 25.2.6, wrongly dates this to 212 BC; patricians held the curule aedileship in odd years, implying 213. Broughton also dismisses the "story that Scipio won election both for himself and his brother" – originating in
1514:
in 49 BC. Popular superstition was that only a Scipio could win a battle in Africa, so Julius Caesar assigned a distant relative of Metellus to his staff in order to say that he too had a Scipio fighting for him.
888:("the African"), for his victories. By this point, Scipio's career reached far beyond his peers even though he was only in his early thirties. On his return, he deposited some 123,000 pounds of silver into the
576:. His candidacy was opposed by one of the plebeian tribunes on the grounds that he had not yet reached the minimum age, but the voters expressed such enthusiastic support for Scipio that the tribune desisted.
1420:
Scipio is said to have written his memoirs in Greek, but those are lost (perhaps destroyed) along with the history written by his elder son and namesake (adoptive father of Scipio Aemilianus) and his Life by
1041:
Lucius. The peace terms presented at Sardis were largely the Roman demands prior to the battle: Antiochus would cede all territory outside the Taurus line (eventually determined to be from Cape Sarpedon in
865:
permission to make any war. Massinissa's territory in Numidia was to be confirmed; and a war indemnity of 10,000 talents was to be paid over the next fifty years. Although the consul of 201 BC,
642:
forced a popular vote to legitimise an irregular command. Giving Scipio command was an extraordinary act, as he at this point had never held a praetorship or consulship, but was regardless granted
1425:. As a result, contemporary accounts of his life, particularly his childhood and youth, are virtually non-existent. Even Plutarch's account of Scipio's life, written much later, has been lost.
1472:
Scipio is considered by many to be one of Rome's greatest generals. Skillful alike in strategy and in tactics, he had also the faculty of inspiring his soldiers with confidence.
974:
and, on the basis of travel time, could not have happened. During the alleged embassy, Scipio is apocryphally said to have discussed the best generals with Hannibal at Ephesus.
1835:, in which the historical events are portrayed in a light and satirical mode, with some intentional references to the political events of the time in which the movie was made.
618:– were in command of Rome's armies in Spain. They made some headway when the Carthaginians were forced to withdraw a considerable portion of their forces to handle a revolt by
869:
attempted to oppose the peace so that he could continue the war in Scipio's place, the peace terms were ratified by the assembly in Rome, bringing the war to a final close.
1560:
of Roman land owners was withering. They were lynched by their relatives who disapproved of their methods and perhaps had economic reasons to fear the land redistribution.
1354:. The ability which he is supposed to have possessed is called by the old name, "second sight", and he is supposed to have had prescient dreams in which he saw the future.
1222:
950:
After the required ten years between consulships had elapsed, Scipio secured election to the consulship of 194 BC. During his second consulship, he wanted to succeed
837:
before withdrawing and pretending in the winter to negotiate with the Carthaginians. During those pretended negotiations, Scipio mapped out the enemy camps and launched a
54:
1066:, 140,000 gold coins, 234 gold crowns, 1231 ivory tusks, and more into the city. His soldiers were granted bonuses of 25 denarii each, with more to officers and cavalry.
665:, he captured the city by sending a wading party across the lagoon to the city's north when it reached low tide, he told the troops that he had a vision in which the god
4867:
3951:
1613:
in a vision in the underworld. Scipio figures prominently in Livy's "Ab urbe condita libri" and is named as an example of a warrior at the end of Book III of Lucretius'
4628:
546:, Polybius claims that the son saved his father's life after the father was encircled by enemy horsemen. Other sources, however, credit an unnamed Ligurian slave.
4692:
2024:
1523:
Scipio was the first Roman general to expand Roman territories outside Italy and islands around the Italian mainland. He conquered the Carthaginian territory of
1359:
that people had only said that Scipio had supernatural powers because they had not appreciated the natural mental gifts which facilitated Scipio's achievements.
1503:
1159:
and that Scipio had to have lived to 185 BC to have been prosecuted by the Naevius who was tribune in that year. However, most modern sources, such as the
1335:
from the Senate. It is certainly true that some Romans of the day viewed Cato as a representative of the old Romans, and Scipio and his like as Graecophiles).
3334:"The reimposition of Roman power in northern Italy had a high priority, and each year from 201 to 190 the senate assigned one or both consuls to that region".
2155:
1428:
What remains are accounts of his doings in Polybius, Livy's Histories (which say little about his private life), supplemented with the surviving histories of
4852:
1260:. Scipio's only descendants living through the late Republican period were the descendants of his two daughters. His younger daughter's last surviving child
1238:
1078:
1453:
4573:
1288:, wrote his own memoirs in Greek and became also noted for his introduction of the clean shaven face fashion among the Romans according to the example of
4735:
4676:
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967:
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1962:
866:
743:
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in Spain was rejected. Scipio's father was consul that year and the younger Scipio joined him in the campaign to stop Hannibal's march on Italy. In a
35:
4862:
4747:
1794:
1230:
1216:
747:
475:
177:
1172:
in Rome. Nothing survives in the literary record documenting his burial there, however. The second is his villa at Liternum: it was later owned by
4743:
4714:
1957:
1900:
1746:
Publius Cornelius Scipio was the title character of a number of Italian operas composed during the baroque period of music, including settings by
1645:
1555:
The relatives of Scipio continued to dominate the republic for a couple of generations. This domination came to an end in the tumults between the
1199:
854:
689:
with the army destroyed and Hasdrubal slain. The following year, Hasdrubal was replaced by a certain Hanno, who was captured by Junius Silanus in
558:
495:
1967:
1007:
807:
647:
511:
4016:
4822:
4817:
4777:
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4261:
3771:
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1603:(Cicero was mentored by prominent Romans whose ancestors had been associated with Scipio). As a Roman hero, Scipio appears in Book VI of the
406:. Often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders and strategists of all time, his greatest military achievement was the defeat of
4038:
1256:
None of his sons had legitimate issue. However, his son Publius adopted the son of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, who became known as
4872:
4060:
1074:
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3539:
3420:
2427:, 25.2. Livy also records Scipio's response: "If the Quirites are unanimous in their desire to appoint me aedile, I am quite old enough".
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4842:
1203:
4832:
657:
Seeking to defeat the three Carthaginian armies in detail, the next year, 209 BC, saw Scipio's first major campaign: he besieged
437:. Although considered a hero by the Roman people, primarily for his victories against Carthage, Scipio had many opponents, especially
4837:
4785:
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4436:
4204:
3902:
2128:
1409:
1324:
1308:(r. 602–610) who again introduced the wearing of the beard among Roman emperors. He also enjoyed the reputation of being a graceful
1261:
1098:
1022:
796:
681:, near Baecula. While Scipio was victorious, the battle was indecisive and Hasdrubal escaped north with most of his army across the
187:
31:
1890:
1234:
662:
491:
167:
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4271:
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With a general victory across the peninsula, Scipio then returned to Rome to stand for the consulship of 205 BC, leaving
4827:
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3303:
Gruen writes also "there is no hint of an eclipse" politically and calls Scullard's inference that there was one "unfounded".
1011:
615:
4584:"Review of: L'area archeologica del Sepolcro degli Scipioni a Roma: analisi delle strutture di eta imperiale e tardo antica"
3346:, pp. 343, 346 n. 1, noting also that both Plutarch and Nepos confuse Scipio Africanus with Scipio Nasica in this year.
1319:
lifestyle, and his unconventional way of wearing the Roman toga, raised much opposition among some Senators of Rome, led by
1037:; even though they outnumbered the Romans and allies by at least two to one, Antiochus' army of some 60,000 men was routed.
966:
in northern Italy, against whom the Romans had been continuously campaigning since 201 BC. Scipio let his co-consul,
1315:
To his political opponents, he was often harsh and arrogant, but towards others singularly gracious and sympathetic. His
4704:
1978:
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in command. He returned to Rome late in the year; according to Livy he was denied a triumph, on the grounds that he was
262:
4857:
1904:
1458:
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1161:
1001:
In 192 BC, Rome declared war on Antiochus, who – after a cold war with the Romans starting from the close of the
506:. His father had held the consulship of 218 BC, his uncle was consul in 222 BC, and his mother's brothers –
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1785:
1654:
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amid thunderous applause, leaving the prosecutors embarrassed. This story, however, "generates little confidence".
951:
842:
287:
4509:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Paton, W R. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.
1755:
661:(modern Cartagena), which was a major Carthaginian logistics hub and of substantial strategic importance. In the
573:
2790:, 11.33.8 instead has Scipio leave Silanus and Lucius Marcius Septimius – one of Scipio's legates – in command.
1687:
1070:
war. A confusing mess of stories related to the Scipiones' legal troubles are recorded in the ancient sources.
838:
487:
453:. Disillusioned by the ingratitude of his peers, Scipio left Rome and retired from public life at his villa in
282:
841:
that was successful in destroying them and killing a large number of the enemy. The armies then fought in the
1488:, Scipio took the opportunity to ask Hannibal's opinion of the "greatest commander," to which Hannibal named
4812:
4807:
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1176:, who in a letter expressed his belief that an altar there was Africanus' tomb. The third is the pyramidal
450:
299:
1747:
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507:
398:) was a Roman general and statesman, most notable as one of the main architects of Rome's victory against
3695:
Lushkov, A Haimson (2014). "Narrative and notice in Livy's fourth decade: the case of Scipio Africanus".
2735:"Sobre el origen bético de Teodosio I el Grande, y su improbable nacimiento en Cauca de Gallaecia (2006)"
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From the start of the war through to 211 BC, Scipio's father, Publius Cornelius Scipio, and uncle –
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It is not clear where Scipio Africanus was buried. There are three main possibilities. The first is the
1113:
1002:
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dated mid-first century BC, formerly identified as Scipio Africanus, now thought to portray a priest of
775:
539:
4652:
4504:
2712:"Itálica, sedes natalis de Adriano. 31 textos históricos y argumentos para una secular polémica (2004)"
817:
He spent most of his consulship preparing his troops in Sicily for the invasion of Africa. He captured
4647:
830:
His imperium was prorogued into 205 BC and in that year, he crossed with his men into Africa and
3956:
2200:, p. 92. Barbatus was consul in 298 and censor in 280; Lucius was consul in 259 and 258 BC.
1820:
1803:
1678:
252:
4039:"Raphael | An Allegory ('Vision of a Knight') | NG213 | The National Gallery, London"
1712:(Chapter XVII "Concerning Cruelty And Clemency, And Whether It Is Better To Be Loved Than Feared").
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4017:"Giulio Licinio | The Continence of Scipio | NG643.2 | The National Gallery, London"
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1289:
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1118:
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727:(located about 9 km northwest of Seville), which later became the birthplace of the emperors,
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for Italy; Hasdrubal and his army reached Italy in 207, where they were eventually defeated in the
666:
426:
64:
1140:, who both lived shortly after his death, report that he died in 183 BC; the later historian
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2879:
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1911:
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1815:
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in terms of the way the elite was educated and lived and in the amount of wealth they possessed.
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483:
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1637:: in "Inferno"—Canto XXXI, in "Purgatorio"—Canto XXIX, and in "Paradiso"—Cantos VI and XXVII.
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912:
674:
619:
267:
247:
197:
192:
3430:
1350:
The elder Scipio was a spiritual man as well as a soldier and statesman, and was a priest of
970:, take the leading role in the fighting and returned to Rome to hold the consular elections.
673:
After the battle, several Spanish tribes defected to the Romans. The next year, 208 BC,
4514:
4373:
4249:
3704:
3547:
3426:
3278:
2863:
1824:
1789:
1769:
1382:
1351:
1332:
1242:
936:
623:
554:
550:
527:
523:
403:
399:
362:
324:
257:
242:
4718:
2289:
1895:
1828:
1799:
1696:
1692:
1650:
1615:
1594:
1155:, rejecting both dates with the argument that if Scipio lived to 183 he would be noted as
1141:
1089:
893:
811:
702:
635:
627:
602:
430:
272:
4325:
4366:
Gruen, Erich (1995). "The "fall" of the Scipios". In Malkin, I; Rubinsohn, Z W (eds.).
3934:
1885:
1869:
1844:
1751:
1666:
1529:
1462:
1401:
1320:
1312:, the secret of his sway being his deep self-confidence and radiant sense of fairness.
1285:
1250:
1195:
1093:
908:
858:
834:
698:
438:
411:
387:
292:
201:
156:
853:
Amid further attempts to remove him from command – one of the consuls of 203 BC,
17:
4801:
4561:
4199:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3724:
2891:
1916:
Scipio appears twice as a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game Rise of Kingdoms.
1765:
1718:
1633:
1599:
1545:
1507:
1437:
1316:
954:
in Greece and advocated for a stronger Roman presence in the Aegean to guard against
935:
as his colleague. Their censorship was largely unremarkable, but saw Scipio named as
878:
693:. Following the army under Hasdrubal, son of Gisgo, which retreated to Gades (modern
658:
569:
2411:, 10.4–5 – as "intrinsically improbable" and notes its general scholarly rejection.
1832:
1583:
1541:
1328:
1323:
who felt that Greek influence was destroying Roman culture. Cato, as a loyalist of
928:
736:
690:
678:
626:. The brothers fell in separate battles against the Carthaginians, who were led by
589:
503:
499:
3419:
Griffith, G T; Sherwin-White, S M; van der Spek, R J (2012). "Antiochus (3) III".
4417:
4396:
4346:
4296:
4194:
3761:
1073:
Scipio Asiagenes was in fact indicted. He was not alone, his successor in Asia –
861:
was fought shortly after; the Romans won and Carthage then again sued for peace.
445:
alongside his brother for bribes they supposedly received from the Seleucid king
2293:
1810:
1713:
1703:
1682:
1669:
1589:
1433:
1397:
1177:
1063:
947:
believed that Scipio's political position entered an eclipse. This is disputed.
418:, literally meaning "the African", but meant to be understood as a conqueror of
3116:, 30.27.1–4. Scipio's position was regardless confirmed by plebiscite in Rome.
770:
4656:
4495:
4487:
4377:
3613:, p. 74. "No reconstruction can reconcile all the conflicting testimony".
2595:
1881:
1708:
1026:
631:
490:
and had held multiple consulships within living memory: his great-grandfather
442:
434:
229:
4595:
4583:
4577:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 405–406.
4316:
4214:
3716:
3708:
3290:
2875:
2374:
4635:
4536:
4003:
963:
597:
4623:
4242:
Briscoe, John (2012). "Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Publius, 'the elder'".
4446:
3991:
2852:"The triumph, the praetors and the senate in the early second century BC"
1760:
1662:
1485:
1422:
1405:
1284:
Scipio was a man of great intellect and culture who could speak and read
1229:
They also had two daughters. Both were named Cornelia. The elder married
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1046:
889:
787:
783:
779:
759:
710:
694:
682:
562:
531:
479:
454:
407:
117:
97:
2382:
2358:
4603:
2815:
2580:. War and Society. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 118–120.
2099:
1729:
1556:
1477:
1297:
1042:
1015:
882:
795:
refused to do so. Despite fierce opposition from the princeps senatus,
732:
724:
706:
535:
3298:
3266:
2883:
2851:
2114:
Sent to Africa to settle boundary dispute and thence possibly to Asia
542:
between Scipio's father and Hannibal at the river Ticinus near modern
1610:
1605:
1578:
1466:
1429:
1309:
1305:
1014:– Antiochus lost the battle and was forced back across the Aegean to
728:
607:
3750:, 86.1. "I am inclined to think is the tomb of that great warrior".
3282:
2867:
2734:
2711:
414:
in 202 BC. This victory in Africa earned him the honorific epithet
3952:"Women's Life in Greece and Rome (selections): 53. Womanly virtue"
2292:, writing in the 1st century AD, mentions that Scipio refused the
1802:, won the Mussolini Cup for the greatest Italian film at the 1937
1644:
1628:
1452:
1366:
1293:
1148:, arguing against both dates in his history, believed Scipio died
1132:, where he died. There are multiple dates reported for his death.
1112:
1062:
and at his triumph brought some 137,420 pounds of silver, 224,000
981:
907:
818:
769:
596:
588:
543:
60:
4519:
Memorable deeds and sayings: one thousand tales from ancient Rome
881:
over Hannibal, the Carthaginians, and Syphax. There, he took the
526:
started in the spring of 218 BC when the Roman ultimatum to
4482:
3737:
that statutes of Scipios Africanus and Asiagenes adorn the tomb.
2095:
1473:
1355:
1145:
959:
916:
561:, was there slain – and, after the battle, rallied survivors at
78:
4372:. Mnemosyne Supplements. Vol. 139. Brill. pp. 59–90.
4327:
Les Scipions: famille et pouvoir à Rome à l'époque républicaine
4298:
Commanders & command in the Roman republic and early empire
3975:"Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 35, chapter 14"
1202:
who fell at Cannae. She was also the sister of another consul,
1010:, arrived in the spring and promptly defeated Antiochus at the
1839:
1532:(great-grandson of the elder Cato) espoused Greek philosophy.
1388:
According to Valerius Maximus, Scipio had a relationship from
1006:
did take had to be taken by force. The consul of 191 BC,
4115:
4113:
3128:
3126:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2312:
2310:
1792:
commissioned an epic film depicting the exploits of Scipio.
605:(245–207 BC), one of Hannibal's younger brothers, wearing a
4290:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
4278:. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association.
3402:
3400:
3311:
3309:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2475:
2473:
1213:
Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio, who became praetor in 177 BC;
351:
345:
4486:
4061:"How to get good generals in Centurion: Defender of Rome?"
3863:"Barba – NumisWiki, The Collaborative Numismatics Project"
1880:
Scipio features as a playable character, represented by a
1021:
The consul of 190 BC was Scipio Africanus' brother,
371:
336:
4231:
Errington, R M. "Rome against Philip and Antiochus". In
3785:
3783:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2046:
Continuously prorogued in Africa; victor of Zama in 202
59:
Bust likely of Scipio Africanus (formerly identified as
1649:
Portrait of Scipio Africanus, marble, c. 1460–1465, by
4521:. Translated by Walker, Henry. Indianapolis: Hackett.
3267:"Review of "Scipio Africanus: Soldier and Politician""
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
1681:
and art, as was the 'Dream of Scipio', portraying his
1296:. This man's fashion lasted until the time of emperor
1092:, indicates that one of the tribunes at the urging of
4458:(in German). Vol. 1. Passau: Verlag Karl Stutz.
4348:
In the name of Rome: the men who won the Roman empire
441:, who hated him deeply. In 187 BC, he was tried in a
368:
333:
330:
2814:, 38. Broughton also suggests the possibility of an
1506:, a descendant of Scipio, commanded legions against
1225:, who was inducted into the augurate in 180 BC.
758:, – and had never been elected to a magistracy with
374:
339:
4301:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
3897:. Greenhill Books. pp. 2–10, 24, 25, 200–207.
1677:. 'The Continence of Scipio' was a stock motif in
1457:18th century bust formerly identified as Scipio at
1304:(r. 306–337) and lasted until the reign of emperor
365:
327:
235:
225:
217:
212:
183:
173:
162:
152:
123:
112:
104:
85:
71:
45:
701:) before a decisive victory in 206 BC at the
593:Roman campaigning from 210–206 BC in Hispania
549:Two years later, in 216 BC, Scipio served as
514:– were both consuls in 233 and 231, respectively.
27:Roman general and politician (236/235 – c. 183 BC)
2774:, pp. 299–300, noting Lentulus was another
3766:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 359.
3328:Harris, W V. "Roman expansion in the west". In
1404:after Scipio's death and married to one of his
986:Antiochus sends his son to Scipio. Painting by
486:. His family was one of the major still-extant
3763:A new topographical dictionary of ancient Rome
2782:. Lentulus and Acidinus are those reported at
958:, but was unsuccessful. He instead fought the
713:. Meanwhile, Gades surrendered to the Romans.
568:The next year, in 213 BC, he was elected
1909:and in the Hannibal at the Gates campaign in
1872:, notably at the battles of Cannae and Zama.
1577:Scipio appears or is mentioned in passing in
939:, a title which he retained for the next two
8:
2778:; both Lentulus and Acidinus were prorogued
2578:Spare no one: mass violence in Roman warfare
1758:. The march from Handel's setting, entitled
1105:in semi-exile or ignominy is pure romance".
927:In the year 199 BC, Scipio was elected
4494:. Translated by Roberts, Canon – via
3921:XXVI.50), cf. Indibilis (Valerius Maximus,
3577:, p. 71. "ew heights of extravagance".
3387:
3132:
3029:
2964:
2916:
2496:
2316:
2297:
1181:
638:; the two Barcas were Hannibal's brothers.
348:
342:
4661:
4330:(in French). Bordeaux: Ausonius Éditions.
4222:Briscoe, John. "The Second Punic War". In
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3685:, pp. 59–60, referencing Livy, 39.52.
1930:
1928:, p. 555 unless otherwise indicated.
53:
42:
4248:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
4167:
4155:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4104:
4092:
4080:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3406:
3375:
3359:
3343:
3315:
3236:
3188:
3176:
3148:
3117:
3097:
3065:
3045:
3033:
3017:
3005:
2952:
2799:
2771:
2512:
2479:
2412:
2400:
2344:
2328:
2257:
1925:
1476:reports that, as a Roman commissioner to
697:), Scipio's brother took Orongis (modern
654:and soon assumed command of Nero's army.
4868:Roman commanders of the Second Punic War
4629:Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major
4429:Scipio Africanus: soldier and politician
4419:Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War
3969:
3967:
3252:
2388:
1738:is thought to be a depiction of Scipio.
1412:, which Maximus saw as "fake religion."
1231:Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum
1219:, who became praetor in 174 BC; and
4254:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1867
3950:Lefkowitz, Mary; Fant, Maureen (1992).
3895:Scipio Africanus: Greater Than Napoleon
3849:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3801:
3789:
3729:Lushkov notes also, p. 121 n. 53, that
3552:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1868
3371:
3355:
3240:
3224:
3220:
3172:
3160:
3144:
3109:
3089:
3077:
3061:
2976:
2948:
2928:
2755:
2697:
2685:
2668:
2656:
2636:
2620:
2608:
2547:
2535:
2508:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2281:
2269:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2166:
1901:Imperivm III: The Great Battles of Rome
4232:
4223:
4193:Astin, A E; et al., eds. (1989).
3431:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.505
3329:
2762:, 28.38.1 for the turnover in command.
1819:(Scipio, aka "the African"), starring
1144:reported that he died in 187 BC.
1124:Scipio retired to his country seat at
1018:within six months of the war's start.
4369:Leaders and masses in the Roman world
4288:The magistrates of the Roman republic
4276:The magistrates of the Roman republic
3682:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3574:
3525:
3513:
3204:
2931:, pp. 285, 298–299 n. 4, citing
2837:
2829:
845:some time early in the new year (his
433:in 206 BC against Hannibal's brother
386:
7:
4196:Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 BC
3637:, p. 79, citing, among others,
3540:"Cornelius Scipio Asiagenes, Lucius"
1924:The following table is derived from
4853:Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid
4422:(PhD thesis). Cambridge University.
2156:Scipio–Paullus–Gracchus family tree
1868:, he is portrayed by British actor
1772:. Scipio is also referenced in the
1204:Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus
1180:which was ahistorically dubbed the
943:. After this point, the classicist
877:On his return, Scipio celebrated a
136:Proconsul (Africa, 204–201 BC)
4568:Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus
3638:
3192:
2807:
2787:
2640:
2563:
2408:
2285:
1685:choice between Virtue and Luxury.
1627:Scipio is mentioned four times in
1510:in Africa until his defeat at the
1300:(r. 117–138), then was revived by
1206:. Scipio's marriage was fruitful.
723:, Scipio also founded the town of
319:Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus
130:Proconsul (Spain, 216–210 BC)
25:
2359:"Was Scipio Africanus at Cannae?"
2129:Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus
1331:, Cato degraded Scipio's brother
1099:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
797:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
32:Scipio Africanus (disambiguation)
4646:
4634:
4622:
4553:
4284:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
4272:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
4171:
3730:
3642:
3391:
3208:
3113:
3093:
3049:
2988:
2932:
2904:
2833:
2803:
2783:
2759:
2644:
2624:
2551:
2464:
2424:
2404:
2343:, 22.53. See also, on Metellus,
2340:
1891:Age of Empires: The Rise of Rome
1816:Scipione, detto anche l'Africano
1813:scripted and directed the movie
923:Censorship and second consulship
557:– his father-in-law, the consul
492:Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus
361:
323:
4863:Priests from the Roman Republic
4431:. London: Thames & Hudson.
4398:Livy: reconstructing early Rome
2647:, 28.1–28.4.4, 12.10–16, 19–21.
2033:, then further assigned Africa
1338:He often visited the temple of
3538:Briscoe, John (7 March 2016).
2025:Publius Licinius Crassus Dives
1764:, remains the regimental slow
1641:Renaissance literature and art
1268:– his adoptive grandson – was
1035:engaged the Romans at Magnesia
616:Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus
601:A Carthaginian coin depicting
1:
4582:Jacobs, John (28 June 2023).
4489:From the Founding of the City
3893:Liddell Hart, Basil (1992) .
3271:American Journal of Philology
2627:, 26.38–39, 27.1–2, 27.12–16.
2576:Baker, Gabriel David (2021).
1716:mentions Scipio in Book 9 of
1410:Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
1389:
1270:alive as late as 102 BC.
1149:
991:
800:
717:
553:. He survived the disastrous
470:Scipio Africanus was born as
392:
89:
4823:2nd-century BC Roman consuls
4818:3rd-century BC Roman consuls
4401:. Cornell University Press.
4345:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003).
3112:, p. 134 n. 11, citing
1979:Publius Sempronius Tuditanus
1864:In the 2006 television film
1786:Italy's invasion of Ethiopia
1239:Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
1079:Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
4873:Roman governors of Hispania
4245:Oxford Classical Dictionary
3923:Memorable Deeds and Sayings
3546:. Oxford University Press.
3544:Oxford Classical Dictionary
3425:. Oxford University Press.
3422:Oxford Classical Dictionary
3052:, 29.24–36, 30.3.3–30.4.12.
2300:, p. 53, citing Plin.
2143:Possibly legate in Etruria
1905:Centurion: Defender of Rome
1162:Oxford Classical Dictionary
572:and served with his cousin
4889:
4848:Ancient Roman triumphators
4843:Ancient Roman philhellenes
4608:History against the pagans
4588:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
2832:, p. 61 n. 3, citing
2127:Served under his brother,
2090:Tiberius Sempronius Longus
1655:Philadelphia Museum of Art
968:Tiberius Sempronius Longus
952:Titus Quinctius Flamininus
843:Battle of the Great Plains
288:Battle of the Great Plains
145:Legate (Asia, 190 BC)
29:
4833:Roman Republican generals
4782:
4766:
4754:
4740:
4723:
4711:
4697:
4693:P. Licinius Crassus Dives
4681:
4669:
4664:
4378:10.1163/9789004329447_006
4351:. Yale University Press.
2758:, pp. 60–61, citing
1997:Marcus Cornelius Cethegus
1963:Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus
1894:. He also appears in the
1848:, Scipio is portrayed by
1756:Carlo Francesco Pollarolo
1345:Publius Aemilianus Scipio
1264:, wife and then widow of
1241:and became mother to the
1198:, daughter of the consul
867:Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus
744:Lucius Cornelius Lentulus
574:Marcus Cornelius Cethegus
312:
308:
208:
63:), originally found near
52:
4838:Ancient Roman patricians
4790:Sex. Aelius Paetus Catus
4041:. Nationalgallery.org.uk
4019:. Nationalgallery.org.uk
3994:, Life of Caesar, 52.4–5
3733:, 38.56.4 merely claims
3709:10.1525/CA.2014.33.1.102
2856:Journal of Roman Studies
2850:Richardson, J S (1975).
2733:Canto, Alicia M (2006).
2710:Canto, Alicia M (2004).
1975:Lucius Publicius Bibulus
1688:The Continence of Scipio
1484:, on meeting the exiled
1480:following the defeat of
1363:The continence of Scipio
1280:Roman opinions of Scipio
1223:Publius Cornelius Scipio
1186:during the Renaissance.
540:short cavalry engagement
472:Publius Cornelius Scipio
36:Publius Cornelius Scipio
4705:P. Sempronius Tuditanus
4574:Encyclopædia Britannica
4503:Polybius (1922–1927) .
4454:Zmeskal, Klaus (2009).
4324:Etcheto, Henri (2012).
3865:. Forumancientcoins.com
3265:Gruen, Erich S (1972).
1958:Appius Claudius Pulcher
1774:Italian national anthem
1702:Scipio is mentioned in
1292:instead of wearing the
1217:Lucius Cornelius Scipio
1200:Lucius Aemilius Paullus
1023:Lucius Cornelius Scipio
855:Gnaeus Servilius Caepio
748:Lucius Manlius Acidinus
675:Scipio fought Hasdrubal
559:Lucius Aemilius Paullus
496:Lucius Cornelius Scipio
482:into the family of the
4639:Quotations related to
4427:Scullard, H H (1970).
4416:Scullard, H H (1929).
4395:Miles, Gary B (1995).
4295:Drogula, Fred (2015).
4170:, p. 377, citing
3760:Richardson, L (1992).
3191:, p. 321, citing
3092:, p. 313, citing
3048:, p. 308, citing
2935:, 28.40.1–2 and Plut.
2840:, 2.8.5; Dio, 17.57.6.
2802:, p. 299, citing
2078:in his own censorship
1968:Quintus Fabius Maximus
1748:George Frideric Handel
1661:Scipio is the hero of
1658:
1528:even the conservative
1469:
1378:
1275:Personality and traits
1182:
1165:, prefer 183 BC.
1121:
1008:Manius Acilius Glabrio
998:
919:
896:each to his soldiers.
808:Marcus Atilius Regulus
791:
687:Battle of the Metaurus
611:
594:
518:Early military service
512:Marcus Pomponius Matho
508:Manius Pomponius Matho
476:then-homonymous father
474:in 236 BC to his
18:Scipio Africanus Major
4828:Ancient Roman censors
4786:G. Cornelius Cethegus
4736:Ti. Sempronius Longus
4701:M. Cornelius Cethegus
4677:Q. Caecilius Metellus
3979:www.perseus.tufts.edu
3625:, pp. 75–77, 86.
3390:, p. 77, citing
3207:, p. 70, citing
2639:, p. 60, citing
2623:, p. 55, citing
2550:, p. 59, citing
2463:, p. 59, citing
2058:Publius Aelius Paetus
1648:
1609:where he is shown to
1456:
1370:
1302:Constantine the Great
1209:They had three sons:
1116:
1053:Trials of the Scipios
1012:Battle of Thermopylae
1003:Second Macedonian War
985:
945:Howard Hayes Scullard
933:Publius Aelius Paetus
911:
773:
650:, who was dispatched
648:Marcus Junius Silanus
600:
592:
425:Scipio's conquest of
4631:at Wikimedia Commons
4006:, Life of Caesar, 59
3120:, pp. 317, 320.
2806:, 28.38.4, 31.20.3;
2776:privatus cum imperio
2357:Ridley, R T (1975).
2122:Legate (lieutenant)
2109:Legate (ambassador)
1821:Marcello Mastroianni
1804:Venice Film Festival
1679:exemplary literature
1573:Classical literature
1381:The Roman historian
1372:Continence of Scipio
1117:The entrance to the
1088:One story, given by
1075:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso
892:and distributed 400
644:imperium pro consule
585:Campaign in Hispania
253:Battle of Victumulae
142:Consul (194 BC)
139:Censor (199 BC)
133:Consul (205 BC)
30:For other uses, see
4762:M. Livius Salinator
4748:Q. Minucius Thermus
4744:L. Cornelius Merula
4715:L. Valerius Flaccus
4235:, pp. 244–289.
4146:, pp. 348–349.
4083:, pp. 250–251.
3937:Roman History, XXVI
3852:, pp. 101–102.
3697:Classical Antiquity
3504:, pp. 286–287.
3468:, p. 356, 358.
3378:, pp. 348–349.
3223:, pp. 74, 73;
2415:, p. 267 n. 4.
2176:, pp. 274–278.
1795:Scipione l'africano
1780:Film and television
1623:Medieval literature
1568:Cultural depictions
1490:Alexander the Great
1290:Alexander the Great
1183:Sepulcrum Scipionis
1170:Tomb of the Scipios
1119:Tomb of the Scipios
988:Jean-Pierre Granger
778:possibly depicting
427:Carthaginian Iberia
388:[ˈskiːpioː]
263:Battle of Cartagena
195:(adoptive grandson)
4858:Cornelii Scipiones
4665:Political offices
4651:Works by or about
3804:, pp. 22, 21.
1912:Total War: Rome II
1850:Geoffrey Whitehead
1735:Vision of a Knight
1659:
1470:
1393: 191 BC
1379:
1376:Nicolas-Guy Brenet
1190:Marriage and issue
1174:Seneca the Younger
1153: 185 BC
1122:
999:
978:War with Antiochus
920:
826:Invasion of Africa
804: 255 BC
792:
721: 206 BC
705:, north of modern
624:defeated in detail
612:
595:
488:patrician families
484:Cornelii Scipiones
451:Roman–Seleucid War
429:culminated in the
396: 183 BC
300:Roman–Seleucid War
93: 183 BC
75:236 or 235 BC
4796:
4795:
4783:Succeeded by
4741:Succeeded by
4698:Succeeded by
4673:L. Veturius Philo
4627:Media related to
4465:978-3-88849-304-1
4408:978-1-5017-2461-9
4387:978-9-0040-9917-3
4358:978-0-300-22183-1
4337:978-2-35613-073-0
4308:978-1-4696-2314-6
4263:978-0-19-938113-5
4226:, pp. 44–80.
3773:978-0-8018-4300-6
3661:, pp. 80–81.
3561:978-0-19-938113-5
3440:978-0-19-938113-5
3163:, pp. 64–65.
3080:, pp. 63–64.
2700:, pp. 60–61.
2611:, pp. 59–60.
2587:978-1-5381-1221-2
2451:, pp. 57–59.
2212:, pp. 96–97.
2147:
2146:
2069:Princeps senatus
1951:Military tribune
1855:In the 2000 film
1725:Paradise Regained
1722:and in Book 3 of
1512:Battle of Thapsus
1492:as the first and
1266:Scipio Aemilianus
1258:Scipio Aemilianus
1247:Tiberius Gracchus
776:Carthaginian coin
620:Syphax of Numidia
316:
315:
268:Battle of Baecula
248:Battle of Ticinus
193:Scipio Aemilianus
16:(Redirected from
4880:
4778:P. Aelius Paetus
4758:G. Claudius Nero
4755:Preceded by
4712:Preceded by
4670:Preceded by
4662:
4653:Scipio Africanus
4650:
4641:Scipio Africanus
4638:
4626:
4611:
4599:
4578:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4540:
4515:Valerius Maximus
4510:
4499:
4493:
4469:
4450:
4423:
4412:
4391:
4362:
4341:
4320:
4291:
4279:
4267:
4236:
4227:
4218:
4175:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3947:
3941:
3932:
3926:
3917:Allucius (Livy,
3915:
3909:
3908:
3890:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3757:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3728:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3395:
3388:Goldsworthy 2003
3385:
3379:
3369:
3363:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3234:
3228:
3218:
3212:
3202:
3196:
3186:
3180:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3142:
3136:
3133:Goldsworthy 2003
3130:
3121:
3107:
3101:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3059:
3053:
3043:
3037:
3030:Goldsworthy 2003
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2965:Goldsworthy 2003
2962:
2956:
2946:
2940:
2926:
2920:
2917:Goldsworthy 2003
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2847:
2841:
2827:
2821:
2810:, 11.33.7; App.
2797:
2791:
2769:
2763:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2634:
2628:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2516:
2506:
2500:
2497:Goldsworthy 2003
2494:
2483:
2477:
2468:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2354:
2348:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2317:Goldsworthy 2003
2314:
2305:
2298:Goldsworthy 2003
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2076:princeps senatus
2029:Assigned Sicily
1931:
1825:Vittorio Gassman
1790:Benito Mussolini
1770:Grenadier Guards
1394:
1391:
1383:Valerius Maximus
1333:Scipio Asiaticus
1271:
1243:Gracchi brothers
1235:younger Cornelia
1185:
1157:princeps senatus
1154:
1151:
1128:on the coast of
996:
993:
937:princeps senatus
805:
802:
766:African campaign
722:
719:
580:Second Punic War
555:Battle of Cannae
551:military tribune
524:Second Punic war
494:and grandfather
404:Second Punic War
397:
394:
390:
385:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
370:
367:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
258:Battle of Cannae
243:Second Punic War
213:Military service
188:Scipio Asiaticus
94:
91:
57:
47:Scipio Africanus
43:
21:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4774:
4772:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4746:
4732:
4730:
4721:
4719:Cato the Censor
4717:
4707:
4703:
4689:
4687:
4679:
4675:
4619:
4614:
4602:
4581:
4564:, ed. (1911). "
4560:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4546:Further reading
4543:
4529:
4513:
4502:
4481:
4477:
4475:Primary sources
4472:
4466:
4453:
4439:
4426:
4415:
4409:
4394:
4388:
4365:
4359:
4344:
4338:
4323:
4309:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4264:
4241:
4230:
4221:
4207:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4166:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4142:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3933:
3929:
3919:History of Rome
3916:
3912:
3905:
3892:
3891:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3741:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3645:, 38.55.10–13;
3633:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3398:
3386:
3382:
3370:
3366:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3307:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3239:, p. 327;
3235:
3231:
3219:
3215:
3203:
3199:
3187:
3183:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3124:
3108:
3104:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3060:
3056:
3044:
3040:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2947:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2828:
2824:
2798:
2794:
2770:
2766:
2754:
2750:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2635:
2631:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2588:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2519:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2403:, p. 263.
2399:
2395:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2308:
2290:Pliny the Elder
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2152:
1983:
1972:Gnaeus Octavius
1922:
1896:Haemimont Games
1878:
1829:Silvana Mangano
1800:Carmine Gallone
1784:Shortly before
1782:
1768:of the British
1744:
1697:Nicolas Poussin
1693:Andrea Mantegna
1651:Mino da Fiesole
1643:
1625:
1616:De rerum natura
1595:Silius Italicus
1575:
1570:
1521:
1504:Metellus Scipio
1496:as the second.
1459:Cameron Gallery
1451:
1446:
1418:
1392:
1365:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1194:Scipio married
1192:
1152:
1142:Valerius Antias
1111:
1090:Valerius Antias
1055:
1045:through to the
994:
980:
925:
906:
875:
828:
812:First Punic War
803:
768:
756:sine magistratu
720:
703:Battle of Ilipa
636:Hasdrubal Gisco
628:Hasdrubal Barca
603:Hasdrubal Barca
587:
582:
530:demanding that
520:
468:
463:
431:Battle of Ilipa
395:
383:
364:
360:
326:
322:
304:
283:Battle of Utica
273:Battle of Ilipa
196:
191:
148:
100:
95:
92:
81:
76:
67:
65:his family tomb
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4886:
4884:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4813:180s BC deaths
4810:
4808:230s BC births
4800:
4799:
4794:
4793:
4784:
4781:
4773:199 BC
4765:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4742:
4739:
4731:194 BC
4722:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4699:
4696:
4688:205 BC
4680:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4644:
4632:
4618:
4617:External links
4615:
4613:
4612:
4600:
4579:
4562:Chisholm, Hugh
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4527:
4511:
4500:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4464:
4451:
4437:
4424:
4413:
4407:
4392:
4386:
4363:
4357:
4342:
4336:
4321:
4307:
4292:
4280:
4268:
4262:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4228:
4205:
4189:
4187:
4186:Modern sources
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4168:Broughton 1951
4160:
4158:, p. 358.
4156:Broughton 1951
4148:
4144:Broughton 1951
4136:
4134:, p. 342.
4132:Broughton 1951
4124:
4122:, p. 327.
4120:Broughton 1951
4109:
4107:, p. 317.
4105:Broughton 1951
4097:
4095:, p. 263.
4093:Broughton 1951
4085:
4081:Broughton 1951
4073:
4052:
4030:
4008:
3996:
3984:
3963:
3942:
3939:, 50 (extract)
3927:
3910:
3903:
3876:
3854:
3842:
3840:, p. 100.
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3779:
3772:
3752:
3739:
3703:(1): 102–129.
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3641:, 23.14.8–11;
3627:
3615:
3603:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3560:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3502:Errington 1989
3494:
3492:, p. 288.
3490:Errington 1989
3482:
3480:, p. 286.
3478:Errington 1989
3470:
3466:Broughton 1951
3458:
3456:, p. 284.
3454:Errington 1989
3446:
3439:
3411:
3409:, p. 283.
3407:Errington 1989
3396:
3380:
3376:Broughton 1951
3364:
3362:, p. 348.
3360:Broughton 1951
3348:
3344:Broughton 1951
3336:
3332:, p. 110.
3320:
3318:, p. 343.
3316:Broughton 1951
3305:
3283:10.2307/293271
3277:(2): 377–380.
3257:
3255:, p. 191.
3245:
3237:Broughton 1951
3229:
3213:
3197:
3189:Broughton 1951
3181:
3179:, p. 319.
3177:Broughton 1951
3175:, p. 65;
3165:
3153:
3151:, p. 317.
3149:Broughton 1951
3147:, p. 64;
3137:
3122:
3118:Broughton 1951
3102:
3098:Broughton 1951
3082:
3070:
3068:, p. 312.
3066:Broughton 1951
3064:, p. 63;
3054:
3046:Broughton 1951
3038:
3036:, p. 308.
3034:Broughton 1951
3032:, p. 76;
3022:
3020:, p. 304.
3018:Broughton 1951
3010:
3008:, p. 301.
3006:Broughton 1951
2993:
2981:
2979:, p. 136.
2969:
2957:
2955:, p. 301.
2953:Broughton 1951
2951:, p. 63;
2941:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2868:10.2307/370063
2842:
2822:
2800:Broughton 1951
2792:
2772:Broughton 1951
2764:
2748:
2741:(in Spanish).
2725:
2718:(in Spanish).
2702:
2690:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2629:
2613:
2601:
2586:
2568:
2556:
2540:
2517:
2515:, p. 280.
2513:Broughton 1951
2511:, p. 59;
2501:
2484:
2482:, p. 280.
2480:Broughton 1951
2469:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2413:Broughton 1951
2401:Broughton 1951
2393:
2391:, p. 38.
2369:(1): 161–165.
2349:
2347:, p. 260.
2345:Broughton 1951
2333:
2331:, p. 251.
2329:Broughton 1951
2321:
2306:
2296:for the deed.
2274:
2262:
2260:, p. 237.
2258:Broughton 1951
2250:
2238:
2236:, p. 221.
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:Curule aedile
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1926:Broughton 1952
1921:
1918:
1886:Battle of Zama
1877:
1874:
1870:Shaun Dingwall
1845:The Cleopatras
1781:
1778:
1752:Leonardo Vinci
1743:
1740:
1642:
1639:
1624:
1621:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1530:Cato Uticensis
1520:
1517:
1463:Tsarskoye Selo
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1417:
1414:
1402:Aemilia Paulla
1364:
1361:
1325:Fabius Maximus
1321:Cato the Elder
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1251:Gaius Gracchus
1227:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1196:Aemilia Tertia
1191:
1188:
1110:
1107:
1094:Cato the Elder
1081:, interceded.
1054:
1051:
979:
976:
924:
921:
905:
902:
890:Roman treasury
874:
871:
859:Battle of Zama
827:
824:
767:
764:
586:
583:
581:
578:
534:withdraw from
519:
516:
498:had both been
467:
464:
462:
459:
439:Cato the Elder
412:Battle of Zama
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
303:
302:
297:
296:
295:
293:Battle of Zama
290:
285:
280:
278:Siege of Utica
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
239:
237:
233:
232:
227:
226:Branch/service
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:Gaius Gracchus
185:
181:
180:
178:Publius Scipio
175:
171:
170:
164:
160:
159:
157:Aemilia Tertia
154:
150:
149:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
127:
125:
121:
120:
114:
113:Known for
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
69:
68:
58:
50:
49:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4885:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4779:
4771:
4770:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4737:
4729:
4727:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4694:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4528:0-87220-675-0
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4438:0-500-40012-1
4434:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4206:0-521-23448-4
4202:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3904:1-85367-132-0
3900:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3831:
3828:, p. 99.
3827:
3822:
3819:
3816:, p. 22.
3815:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3795:
3792:, p. 98.
3791:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3673:, p. 88.
3672:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3601:, p. 87.
3600:
3595:
3592:
3589:, p. 73.
3588:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3528:, p. 69.
3527:
3522:
3519:
3516:, p. 65.
3515:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:Scullard 1970
3249:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3135:, p. 76.
3134:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3100:, p. 311
3099:
3096:, 30.24.1–4;
3095:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2967:, p. 75.
2966:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2919:, p. 51.
2918:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:, 28.38.2–4;
2835:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2745:(2): 388–421.
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2688:, p. 63.
2687:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2671:, p. 62.
2670:
2665:
2662:
2659:, p. 60.
2658:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2499:, p. 56.
2498:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2439:, p. 57.
2438:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2389:Scullard 1929
2387:Ridley cites
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2319:, p. 53.
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2272:, p. 49.
2271:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2248:, p. 45.
2247:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2224:, p. 96.
2223:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2188:, p. 97.
2187:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1798:, written by
1797:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1719:Paradise Lost
1715:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1634:Divine Comedy
1630:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:Julius Caesar
1543:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1508:Julius Caesar
1505:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:Antiochus III
1479:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1438:Gaius Laelius
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1386:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
989:
984:
977:
975:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:Antiochus III
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
901:
897:
895:
891:
887:
884:
880:
872:
870:
868:
862:
860:
856:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
833:
825:
823:
820:
815:
813:
809:
798:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
677:north of the
676:
671:
668:
664:
660:
659:Carthago Nova
655:
653:
649:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
610:
609:
604:
599:
591:
584:
579:
577:
575:
571:
570:curule aedile
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
447:Antiochos III
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
389:
379:
356:
320:
311:
307:
301:
298:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
238:
234:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
189:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
166:4, including
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
88:
84:
80:
74:
70:
66:
62:
56:
51:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4776:
4769:Roman censor
4767:
4734:
4726:Roman consul
4724:
4691:
4684:Roman consul
4682:
4643:at Wikiquote
4607:
4587:
4572:
4567:
4518:
4505:
4488:
4455:
4428:
4418:
4397:
4368:
4347:
4326:
4297:
4287:
4275:
4244:
4233:CAH 8 (1989)
4224:CAH 8 (1989)
4195:
4174:, 38.56.8–9.
4163:
4151:
4139:
4127:
4100:
4088:
4076:
4064:. Retrieved
4055:
4043:. Retrieved
4033:
4021:. Retrieved
4011:
3999:
3987:
3978:
3955:
3945:
3936:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3894:
3867:. Retrieved
3857:
3850:Zmeskal 2009
3845:
3838:Zmeskal 2009
3833:
3826:Zmeskal 2009
3821:
3814:Zmeskal 2009
3809:
3802:Zmeskal 2009
3797:
3790:Zmeskal 2009
3762:
3755:
3747:
3742:
3734:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3543:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3497:
3485:
3473:
3461:
3449:
3421:
3414:
3383:
3372:Briscoe 2012
3367:
3356:Briscoe 2012
3351:
3339:
3330:CAH 8 (1989)
3323:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3248:
3241:Briscoe 2012
3232:
3225:Briscoe 2012
3221:Briscoe 1989
3216:
3200:
3184:
3173:Briscoe 1989
3168:
3161:Briscoe 1989
3156:
3145:Briscoe 1989
3140:
3110:Drogula 2015
3105:
3090:Drogula 2015
3085:
3078:Briscoe 1989
3073:
3062:Briscoe 1989
3057:
3041:
3025:
3013:
2984:
2977:Drogula 2015
2972:
2960:
2949:Briscoe 1989
2944:
2936:
2929:Drogula 2015
2924:
2912:
2900:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2825:
2816:
2811:
2795:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2756:Briscoe 1989
2751:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2698:Briscoe 1989
2693:
2686:Briscoe 1989
2669:Briscoe 1989
2664:
2657:Briscoe 1989
2652:
2643:, 11.20–24;
2637:Briscoe 1989
2632:
2621:Briscoe 1989
2616:
2609:Briscoe 1989
2604:
2577:
2571:
2566:, 10.15.4–5.
2559:
2548:Briscoe 1989
2543:
2536:Briscoe 2012
2509:Briscoe 1989
2504:
2461:Briscoe 1989
2456:
2449:Briscoe 1989
2444:
2437:Briscoe 1989
2432:
2420:
2396:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2336:
2324:
2301:
2282:Briscoe 2012
2277:
2270:Briscoe 1989
2265:
2253:
2246:Briscoe 1989
2241:
2234:Zmeskal 2009
2229:
2222:Zmeskal 2009
2217:
2210:Zmeskal 2009
2205:
2198:Zmeskal 2009
2193:
2186:Zmeskal 2009
2181:
2174:Etcheto 2012
2169:
2075:
2031:extra sortem
2030:
1923:
1910:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1843:
1842:mini-series
1838:In the 1983
1837:
1833:Woody Strode
1814:
1808:
1793:
1783:
1759:
1745:
1733:
1732:'s painting
1723:
1717:
1707:
1701:
1686:
1672:
1660:
1632:
1626:
1614:
1604:
1598:
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1584:De Republica
1582:
1576:
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1542:Gaius Marius
1538:
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1502:
1498:
1471:
1427:
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1387:
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1103:
1087:
1083:
1072:
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1064:tetradrachms
1059:
1056:
1047:river Tanais
1039:
1020:
1000:
972:
949:
940:
926:
898:
885:
876:
863:
852:
846:
839:night attack
829:
816:
793:
755:
751:
741:
737:Theodosius I
715:
679:river Baetis
672:
656:
652:pro praetore
651:
643:
640:
613:
606:
567:
548:
521:
471:
469:
424:
415:
318:
317:
236:Battles/wars
40:
4066:8 September
2991:, 28.45–46.
2786:, 28.38.1;
2780:pro consule
2554:, 26.17–20.
2467:, 35.32–39.
2294:civic crown
2094:Fought the
1898:video game
1876:Video games
1811:Luigi Magni
1704:Machiavelli
1683:allegorical
1590:De Amicitia
1552:or Caesar.
1434:Cassius Dio
1317:Graecophile
1178:Meta Romuli
995: 1800
913:Bronze bust
810:during the
754:– that is,
461:Early years
449:during the
204:(grandsons)
105:Nationality
4802:Categories
4657:Wikisource
4496:Wikisource
4181:References
4045:19 October
4023:19 October
3869:19 October
3735:it is said
3683:Miles 1995
3671:Gruen 1995
3659:Gruen 1995
3635:Gruen 1995
3623:Gruen 1995
3611:Gruen 1995
3599:Gruen 1995
3587:Gruen 1995
3575:Gruen 1995
3526:Gruen 1995
3514:Gruen 1995
3211:, 30.45.3.
3205:Gruen 1995
3195:, 16.23.5.
2830:Gruen 1995
2722:: 367–408.
2596:1182021748
2288:, 10.3.5.
2041:Proconsul
2008:Proconsul
1940:Colleague
1934:Year (BC)
1882:cataphract
1709:The Prince
1416:Lost works
1027:Hellespont
904:Later life
716:Some time
691:Celtiberia
632:Mago Barca
443:show trial
435:Mago Barca
391:; 236/235–
230:Roman army
218:Allegiance
116:Defeating
4596:1055-7660
4566:Scipio §
4506:Histories
4485:(1905) .
4456:Adfinitas
4317:905949529
4215:916019669
4004:Suetonius
3725:149035118
3717:0278-6656
3649:, 3.7.1d.
3647:Val. Max.
3291:0002-9475
2892:163561022
2876:0075-4358
2862:: 50–63.
2838:Val. Max.
2716:Athenaeum
2375:0023-8856
2100:Ligurians
1884:, in the
1858:Gladiator
1593:, and in
1519:Political
1262:Sempronia
1060:Asiagenes
964:Ligurians
886:Africanus
416:Africanus
190:(brother)
184:Relatives
4537:53231884
4517:(2004).
4286:(1952).
4274:(1951).
3992:Plutarch
3394:, 35.14.
2383:41529611
2304:, 16.14.
2150:See also
2138:Legate?
2066:199–189
2038:204–201
2005:216–210
1943:Comment
1866:Hannibal
1809:In 1971
1761:Scipione
1706:'s work
1663:Petrarch
1486:Hannibal
1449:Military
1423:Plutarch
1406:freedmen
1237:married
1138:Rutilius
1134:Polybius
1130:Campania
1126:Liternum
847:imperium
832:besieged
788:Heracles
784:Hercules
780:Hannibal
760:imperium
752:privatus
711:Massylii
683:Pyrenees
563:Canusium
536:Saguntum
532:Hannibal
528:Carthage
480:Pomponia
455:Liternum
408:Hannibal
400:Carthage
198:Tiberius
168:Cornelia
163:Children
118:Hannibal
98:Liternum
4604:Orosius
3957:Diotíma
2939:, 25.2.
2739:Latomus
2363:Latomus
2086:Consul
2074:Chosen
2054:Censor
2021:Consul
1937:Office
1920:Offices
1730:Raphael
1557:Gracchi
1494:Pyrrhus
1478:Ephesus
1340:Jupiter
1298:Hadrian
1043:Cilicia
1016:Ephesus
883:agnomen
879:triumph
733:Hadrian
725:Italica
707:Seville
667:Neptune
504:censors
500:consuls
410:at the
402:in the
4775:With:
4733:With:
4690:With:
4594:
4558:
4535:
4525:
4491:
4462:
4445:
4435:
4405:
4384:
4355:
4334:
4315:
4305:
4260:
4213:
4203:
3935:Livy,
3925:4.3.1)
3901:
3770:
3723:
3715:
3639:Polyb.
3558:
3437:
3299:293271
3297:
3289:
3193:Polyb.
2890:
2884:370063
2882:
2874:
2817:ovatio
2808:Polyb.
2788:Polyb.
2641:Polyb.
2594:
2584:
2564:Polyb.
2409:Polyb.
2381:
2373:
2286:Polyb.
2013:Spain
1754:, and
1714:Milton
1674:Africa
1611:Aeneas
1606:Aeneid
1600:Punica
1579:Cicero
1525:Iberia
1467:Russia
1444:Legacy
1430:Appian
1329:censor
1310:orator
1306:Phocas
1233:. The
1031:Abydos
941:lustra
929:censor
873:Return
806:under
786:(i.e.
735:, and
729:Trajan
663:battle
634:, and
608:diadem
466:Family
420:Africa
384:Latin:
174:Father
153:Spouse
124:Office
4447:80462
3746:Sen.
3721:S2CID
3295:JSTOR
2888:S2CID
2880:JSTOR
2812:Hisp.
2379:JSTOR
2162:Notes
2135:184?
1766:march
1742:Music
1667:Latin
1629:Dante
1550:Sulla
1398:freed
1294:beard
1286:Greek
1109:Death
931:with
894:asses
835:Utica
819:Locri
695:Cádiz
544:Pavia
478:and
108:Roman
61:Sulla
4592:ISSN
4533:OCLC
4523:ISBN
4483:Livy
4460:ISBN
4443:OCLC
4433:ISBN
4403:ISBN
4382:ISBN
4353:ISBN
4332:ISBN
4313:OCLC
4303:ISBN
4258:ISBN
4211:OCLC
4201:ISBN
4172:Livy
4068:2019
4047:2012
4025:2012
3899:ISBN
3871:2012
3768:ISBN
3731:Livy
3713:ISSN
3643:Livy
3556:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3392:Livy
3287:ISSN
3209:Livy
3114:Livy
3094:Livy
3050:Livy
2989:Livy
2937:Fab.
2933:Livy
2905:Livy
2872:ISSN
2834:Livy
2804:Livy
2784:Livy
2760:Livy
2645:Livy
2625:Livy
2592:OCLC
2582:ISBN
2552:Livy
2465:Livy
2425:Livy
2405:Livy
2371:ISSN
2341:Livy
2119:190
2106:193
2098:and
2096:Boii
2083:194
2051:199
2018:205
1990:213
1948:216
1831:and
1695:and
1670:epic
1587:and
1544:and
1474:Livy
1432:and
1356:Livy
1352:Mars
1249:and
1146:Livy
1136:and
1029:and
962:and
960:Boii
917:Isis
746:and
699:Jaén
522:The
510:and
502:and
221:Rome
200:and
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72:Born
34:and
4728:II
4655:at
4571:".
4374:doi
4250:doi
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3705:doi
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2864:doi
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