101:
1902:. They might be given pet names, or names that sarcastically poked fun at their powerlessness, such as "Caesar". Their lives were often much easier than that of their counterparts in the New World plantations, and they were often given an education so that they could read and write. They were also expected to become Christians and to receive baptism. By the end of the eighteenth century, they were seen as equal human beings under the law.
1811:
1867:(freedom from slavery) in 1725, but continued to work for the Kennedy family and was given land on the estate. He married in 1728 and had at least eight children. At least one living descendant is known from the west of Scotland and has published the story of his ancestor in a Scottish national newspaper.
1968:
Jean
Kennedy's will dated 1751, records the gift from her estate "to Scipio Kennedy my old servant, the sum of ten pounds sterling". As this figure is of a similar order to the amount given to each of her grandchildren (a third each of £40), this seems to show that Scipio was considered to be part of
1959:
An estate map was drawn up in the 1750s by John Foulis of
Redburn, a copy of which is kept in Culzean Castle. The map shows a building on a piece of land about 800 metres from the castle, near to the current walled garden, and it is overwritten with the word "Sipios". The house cost £90 to build when
1943:
Scipio's manumission document is held at the
National Archives of Scotland. It is dated 1725 and grants Scipio the freedom to take employment elsewhere. The document records the "clothing, maintenance and education with more than ordinary kindness" already given to Scipio by the Kennedy family. It
1910:
In about the year 1700, when Scipio was aged five or six, he was captured in West Africa and taken onto a slave ship in the area known as the Gulf of Guinea. Given the normal route that these ships took, it is likely that he was transported to an island in the
Caribbean before being redeemed by
1935:. Douglas had a daughter, Jean, who married John Kennedy in 1705, and Scipio moved to Culzean with them. During this time Scipio learned to read, write and also some textile manufacture. In March 1711, on the death of his father John Kennedy succeeded as the 2nd baronet.
1944:
also details the terms of his further employment by them in a nineteen-year breakable contract, to be rewarded with "the sum of twelve pounds Scots money yearly besides my share of the drink money". The document is signed by John
Kennedy and Scipio.
1599:
1977:
In
Kirkoswald Old Church graveyard, there is a stone commemorating the life of Scipio, erected by one of his sons. The stone does not explicitly say that Scipio is buried in that place, but that his son is "also" buried there. The stone reads:
2007:
published an article written by
Jonathan Sharp, which details his personal research into his family history. He traced his lineage back through to one of Scipio's daughters, Elizabeth Kennedy in Kirkoswald, and thence to Scipio himself.
1960:
new, and was probably an impressive building made of stone. The area of the grounds where the house once stood was excavated in 2007; some artifacts were found during the excavation which may have been Scipio's personal property.
2727:
1720:
2107:
1584:
1115:
1469:
841:
578:
2845:
1205:
846:
1951:
with
Margaret Gray. This would have been considered a scandalous event within the parish. Scipio married Margaret later that year and the couple had seven further children.
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538:
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893:
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1439:
1589:
920:
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418:
868:
2115:
1639:
1459:
632:
2762:
1797:
2324:
Cairns, John W (2013). "Freeing from
Slavery in Eighteenth Century Scotland". In Andrew Burrows; David Johnston, QC; Reinhard Zimmermann (eds.).
2880:
2742:
903:
321:
2137:
2752:
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1481:
1158:
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1673:
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1715:
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1735:
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1557:
1434:
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627:
494:
1404:
100:
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328:
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1153:
1141:
721:
533:
179:
2195:
1993:
The text at the bottom reads "1 length and 1 breadth" and is not part of the inscription, but is to define the burial plot.
2466:
1886:
class to keep black
African servants. Merchants importing goods from the Caribbean and Americas made regular contact with
1725:
1508:
369:
2865:
2793:
2575:
1730:
1574:
1444:
1105:
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853:
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381:
2199:
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1464:
1382:
509:
290:
110:
1983:
This stone is erected by Douglas Kennedy in Memory of his father Scipio Kennedy who died June 24, 1774 Aged 80 years.
1894:. Men and boys were more likely than women and girls to be taken into service, often in highly visible roles such as
1649:
1501:
1486:
1377:
573:
243:
51:
2662:
1745:
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231:
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1100:
878:
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805:
236:
998:
2174:
1919:) and transported to Scotland in 1702. Douglas would probably have chosen the name Scipio, whose namesake
1783:
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482:
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1110:
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815:
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528:
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349:
302:
159:
1879:
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1312:
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553:
406:
364:
359:
312:
280:
270:
207:
428:
374:
2830:
2747:
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1845:
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1220:
1200:
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1017:
952:
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748:
714:
543:
396:
285:
164:
2346:
2255:
2530:
1920:
1891:
1849:
1841:
1769:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1307:
1272:
1240:
1210:
1083:
1071:
1049:
1027:
974:
810:
778:
80:
2788:
1837:
1678:
1569:
1564:
1317:
1287:
1282:
1005:
969:
768:
686:
391:
137:
37:
2550:
2203:
1916:
1895:
1852:
1762:
1656:
548:
226:
189:
147:
67:
2302:
1988:
Also here lieth the body of said Douglas Kennedy who died July 21, 1781 aged 49 years.
2824:
2637:
1700:
1629:
1076:
1059:
834:
664:
654:
438:
88:
2225:
2632:
2003:
1924:
1876:
1705:
1542:
1518:
1424:
1417:
1148:
676:
649:
612:
590:
477:
194:
174:
152:
142:
132:
127:
117:
1810:
957:
2772:
2617:
2610:
1948:
1887:
1864:
1547:
1535:
888:
691:
681:
639:
453:
2458:
1932:
1882:
of the late seventeenth century led to a fashion for Scottish families of the
1695:
992:
696:
563:
2622:
2585:
2580:
2001:
Some authors have raised the question of Scipio's descendants. In May 2012,
1912:
940:
605:
467:
1814:
Grave marker for former slave Scipio Kennedy at Kirkoswald Old Churchyard,
622:
1947:
In 1728, Scipio was recorded as having fathered a daughter, Elizabeth, by
2590:
1928:
1860:
1856:
1815:
1530:
1088:
1032:
984:
644:
489:
344:
250:
55:
2108:"How family tree search revealed slavery roots in 18th-century Ayrshire"
2627:
1899:
1513:
595:
275:
92:
2595:
1883:
1215:
1037:
617:
600:
462:
297:
265:
2168:"LR2 – Slavery in the Caribbean Topic 7 Slave names and identities"
1840:
in West Africa. After being purchased at the age of five or six by
2435:
1833:
1809:
472:
458:
433:
339:
169:
2462:
2437:
A History of Culzean Castle Gardens, Ayrshire 1597 – 1846
2326:
Judge and Jurist: Essays in Memory of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry
2600:
2394:
Kirkoswald Parish Register, Minutes of Kirkoswald Sessions
2347:"Hidden Histories – Scotland and the Slave Trade"
2226:"Slavery, the transatlantic slave trade and Scotland"
2076:"Slavery, the transatlantic slave trade and Scotland"
1470:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2802:
2781:
2681:
2648:
2564:
2497:
2341:
2339:
62:
44:
30:
23:
2373:A Compendium of the Laws of the Church of Scotland
1585:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
1927:, defeating the numerically superior forces of
2474:
2254:. National Trust for Scotland. Archived from
1791:
8:
1590:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2056:. Scottish Archeological Research Framework
1844:, he worked as a slave under his daughter,
2846:Immigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain
2668:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
2481:
2467:
2459:
2278:"Case Study: Searching for Scipio | ScARF"
1798:
1784:
75:
20:
1890:and some were "redeemed" (purchased) for
70:in Scotland and having living descendants
2551:Decline and legacy of the British Empire
2411:Radical Narratives of the Black Atlantic
1595:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1460:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1440:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
2404:
2402:
2400:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2016:
1911:Andrew Douglas of Mains (which is near
87:
2871:People from Kirkoswald, South Ayrshire
2376:(2nd ed.). 1837. pp. 390–391
16:African slave in 18th-century Scotland
2022:
2020:
1482:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1159:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
1674:Slave marriages in the United States
1278:Human trafficking in the Middle East
2658:Black and Asian Studies Association
2144:. Ayrshire councils. Archived from
2028:"Dig for freed slave's castle home"
1905:
1013:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
2054:"Case Study: Searching for Scipio"
1667:last survivors of American slavery
14:
2673:National Black Police Association
628:Field slaves in the United States
495:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
505:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
500:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
329:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
99:
1842:Captain Andrew Douglas of Mains
1455:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1006:East, Southeast, and South Asia
2303:"Cassillis, Earl of (S, 1509)"
2232:. National Records of Scotland
2106:Sharp, Jonathan (6 May 2012).
2082:. National Records of Scotland
1875:The commercial success of the
1836:who was taken as a child from
1154:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2881:Guinean emigrants to Scotland
2352:. National Trust for Scotland
2230:National Archives of Scotland
2080:National Archives of Scotland
1826:
2794:Multicultural London English
2252:"Scipio Kennedy and Culzean"
2138:"Black Servants in Ayrshire"
1906:Scipio's journey to Ayrshire
1848:, wife of Sir John Kennedy,
1445:Temporary Slavery Commission
1106:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
2836:Black British former slaves
2282:www.scottishheritagehub.com
2200:National Trust for Scotland
1465:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
510:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
66:Enslaved African living at
2897:
2721:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
1871:African slaves in Scotland
1650:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1487:Anti-Slavery International
1252:North Africa and West Asia
52:Kirkoswald, South Ayrshire
2663:Black Equity Organisation
2032:BBC News Glasgow and West
1746:Emancipation Proclamation
1418:Opposition and resistance
1176:Sex trafficking in Europe
1164:Blackbirding in Polynesia
727:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2509:First Africans in London
2442:University of St Andrews
1526:Compensated emancipation
737:Indian Ocean slave trade
2546:Race Relations Act 1965
2330:Oxford University Press
1450:1926 Slavery Convention
1206:Germany in World War II
823:North and South America
345:Contract of manumission
2175:University of Aberdeen
2034:. BBC. 26 October 2007
1819:
931:British Virgin Islands
483:Circassian slave trade
449:Safavid imperial harem
444:Ottoman Imperial Harem
2841:British former slaves
2696:Antiguan and Barbudan
1954:
1813:
1170:Europe and North Asia
1130:Australia and Oceania
830:Pre-Columbian America
402:Slave raid of Suðuroy
334:Slavery in al-Andalus
256:Black Sea slave trade
185:21st-century jihadism
2514:Atlantic slave trade
2490:Black British people
2305:. Cracroft's Peerage
1969:the Kennedy family.
1963:
1625:Indentured servitude
1553:Underground Railroad
1353:United Arab Emirates
742:Zanzibar slave trade
709:By country or region
522:Atlantic slave trade
424:Ma malakat aymanukum
308:Venetian slave trade
2866:18th-century slaves
2682:Ethnic and national
2541:Bristol Bus Boycott
2409:Rice, Alan (2003).
2258:on 29 December 2014
2206:on 30 December 2014
2148:on 29 December 2014
2118:on 29 December 2014
1964:Lady Kennedy's will
1863:. He was granted a
1832:–1774) was a
1711:Slave Route Project
842:Americas indigenous
732:Red Sea slave trade
722:Contemporary Africa
585:Topics and practice
355:Crimean slave trade
350:Bukhara slave trade
303:Genoese slave trade
180:Contemporary Africa
160:Forced prostitution
2773:Other black groups
2649:Civic and economic
2332:. pp. 372–73.
1939:Life after freedom
1820:
1492:Blockade of Africa
799:Somali slave trade
715:Sub-Saharan Africa
407:Turkish Abductions
365:Khivan slave trade
360:Khazar slave trade
313:Balkan slave trade
271:Prague slave trade
2818:
2817:
2691:African-Caribbean
2434:Jackson, Debbie.
2142:Ayrshire Archives
1808:
1807:
1758:Freedmen's Bureau
1580:Third Servile War
1575:International law
1142:Human trafficking
904:Human trafficking
579:Thirteen colonies
397:Sack of Baltimore
165:Human trafficking
74:
73:
2888:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2406:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2202:. Archived from
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2114:. Archived from
2103:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2024:
1921:Scipio Africanus
1892:domestic service
1831:
1828:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1770:Emancipation Day
1603:
1570:Slave Trade Acts
261:Byzantine Empire
103:
76:
34:1694 (estimated)
21:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2856:Scottish slaves
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2798:
2789:British English
2777:
2683:
2677:
2650:
2644:
2596:British hip hop
2567:
2560:
2525:Empire Windrush
2500:
2493:
2487:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2413:. p. 212.
2408:
2407:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2014:
1999:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1941:
1908:
1873:
1829:
1804:
1775:
1774:
1679:Slave narrative
1635:Fugitive slaves
1615:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1565:Slave rebellion
1420:
1410:
1409:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1180:United Kingdom
1116:Yankee princess
710:
702:
701:
429:Avret Pazarları
375:Avret Pazarları
244:Medieval Europe
210:
200:
199:
138:Forced marriage
113:
58:
49:
40:
38:Guinea (region)
35:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Sierra Leonean
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2716:Montserratians
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2456:
2455:
2426:
2419:
2396:
2387:
2363:
2335:
2316:
2294:
2269:
2243:
2217:
2187:
2159:
2129:
2093:
2067:
2045:
2015:
2013:
2010:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1974:
1973:Memorial stone
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1955:Scipio's house
1953:
1940:
1937:
1917:Dunbartonshire
1907:
1904:
1872:
1869:
1850:2nd Baronet of
1823:Scipio Kennedy
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1657:List of slaves
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1201:Dutch Republic
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1001:
996:
989:
988:
987:
982:
972:
967:
962:
961:
960:
950:
945:
944:
943:
938:
933:
928:
918:
913:
908:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
851:
850:
849:
839:
838:
837:
826:
825:
819:
818:
813:
808:
803:
802:
801:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
745:
744:
734:
729:
724:
718:
717:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
673:
672:
668:
667:
662:
660:Child soldiers
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
636:
635:
625:
620:
615:
610:
609:
608:
603:
598:
587:
586:
582:
581:
576:
571:
569:Spanish Empire
566:
561:
556:
551:
549:Middle Passage
546:
541:
536:
531:
525:
524:
518:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
486:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
411:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
379:
378:
377:
370:Ottoman Empire
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
331:
325:
324:
318:
317:
316:
315:
305:
300:
295:
294:
293:
288:
283:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
247:
246:
240:
239:
234:
229:
224:
218:
217:
211:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
192:
190:Sexual slavery
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
156:
155:
150:
148:Child marriage
145:
135:
130:
125:
123:Child soldiers
120:
114:
109:
108:
105:
104:
96:
95:
85:
84:
72:
71:
68:Culzean Castle
64:
63:Known for
60:
59:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
28:
27:
25:Scipio Kennedy
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2893:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2811:
2810:Black Britons
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
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2746:
2744:
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2736:
2734:
2731:
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2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:sub-divisions
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2639:
2638:Drum and bass
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2566:Black British
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2499:Black British
2496:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:"Slave Trade"
2191:
2188:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Slave catcher
1699:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Forced labour
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:Abolitionists
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
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1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
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1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:comfort women
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:Chukri System
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
959:
956:
955:
954:
951:
949:
948:Latin America
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
905:
902:
900:
899:interregional
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
884:prison labour
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
854:United States
852:
848:
845:
844:
843:
840:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
827:
824:
821:
820:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
716:
713:
712:
706:
705:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
669:
666:
665:White slavery
663:
661:
658:
656:
655:Slave raiding
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
634:
631:
630:
629:
626:
624:
623:Corvée labour
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
592:
589:
588:
584:
583:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
523:
520:
519:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
439:Abbasid harem
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:Barbary Coast
380:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:
320:
319:
314:
311:
310:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
204:
203:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
112:
107:
106:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:Forced labour
86:
82:
78:
77:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
43:
39:
33:
29:
22:
19:
2876:1690s births
2851:Clan Kennedy
2531:
2524:
2519:Abolitionism
2446:. Retrieved
2444:. p. 21
2436:
2429:
2410:
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2372:
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2325:
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2256:the original
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2229:
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:the original
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2146:the original
2141:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:the original
2112:The Scotsman
2111:
2084:. Retrieved
2079:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2031:
2004:The Scotsman
2002:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1946:
1942:
1925:Roman Empire
1909:
1877:slave-worked
1874:
1822:
1821:
1706:Slave patrol
1543:Freedom suit
1519:Sierra Leone
1509:Colonization
1425:Abolitionism
1405:Baháʼí Faith
1378:Christianity
1328:Saudi Arabia
1184:Penal Labour
1149:Blackbirding
1055:Debt bondage
1043:penal system
869:Contemporary
859:Field slaves
847:U.S. Natives
806:South Africa
677:Galley slave
650:Slave market
640:House slaves
613:Blackbirding
591:Conscription
515:21st century
478:Umm al-walad
322:Muslim world
291:Emancipation
195:Wage slavery
175:Penal labour
153:Wife selling
143:Bride buying
128:Conscription
118:Child Labour
111:Contemporary
18:
2861:1774 deaths
2611:Lovers rock
2448:30 December
2380:30 December
2356:30 December
2309:30 December
2287:23 November
2262:29 December
2236:30 December
2210:29 December
2180:30 December
2152:30 December
2122:30 December
2086:30 December
2060:29 December
2038:29 December
1997:Descendants
1949:fornication
1923:served the
1888:slave ships
1880:plantations
1865:manumission
1830: 1694
1721:court cases
1598: [
1548:Slave Power
1536:Manumission
1383:Catholicism
1258:Afghanistan
999:Puerto Rico
911:The Bahamas
889:Slave codes
692:Shanghaiing
682:Impressment
574:Slave Coast
454:Qajar harem
414:Concubinage
387:slave trade
2825:Categories
2768:Zimbabwean
2556:Race riots
2420:0826456065
2012:References
1933:Punic Wars
1818:, Scotland
1736:J.Q. Adams
1726:Washington
1696:Slave name
1645:convention
1620:Common law
993:Encomienda
789:Seychelles
774:Mauritania
697:Slave ship
564:Panyarring
559:New France
208:Historical
2782:Languages
2758:Tanzanian
2728:Congolese
2701:Barbadian
2623:UK garage
2606:Caribbean
2586:Afroswing
2581:Afrobeats
1913:Milngavie
1896:page boys
1731:Jefferson
1388:Mormonism
1323:Palestine
1137:Australia
1067:Indonesia
958:Lei Áurea
941:Code Noir
921:Caribbean
894:Treatment
633:Treatment
606:Devshirme
468:Odalisque
286:In Russia
227:Babylonia
215:Antiquity
2831:Ayrshire
2748:Nigerian
2733:Ghanaian
2711:Guyanese
2706:Jamaican
2591:Britfunk
2532:Windrush
1929:Hannibal
1861:Scotland
1857:Ayrshire
1816:Ayrshire
1763:Iron bit
1753:40 acres
1716:breeding
1531:Freedman
1366:Religion
1226:Portugal
1111:Thailand
1101:Maldives
1096:Malaysia
1089:Kwalliso
1033:Booi Aha
985:Restavek
965:Colombia
936:Trinidad
926:Barbados
816:Zanzibar
764:Ethiopia
645:Saqaliba
539:Database
490:Saqaliba
251:Ancillae
81:a series
79:Part of
56:Scotland
2763:Ugandan
2738:Ivorian
2628:Dubstep
2568:culture
2534:scandal
2501:history
1931:in the
1900:footmen
1853:Culzean
1741:Lincoln
1614:Related
1514:Liberia
1400:Judaism
1338:Tunisia
1313:Morocco
1303:Lebanon
1268:Bahrain
1263:Algeria
1231:Romania
1196:Denmark
1189:Slavery
1123:Vietnam
794:Somalia
784:Nigeria
759:Comoros
687:Pirates
596:Ghilman
529:Bristol
419:history
392:pirates
281:History
170:Peonage
93:slavery
2743:Kenyan
2651:groups
2633:Jungle
2492:topics
2417:
1884:gentry
1838:Guinea
1662:owners
1298:Kuwait
1293:Jordan
1246:Sweden
1236:Russia
1221:Poland
1216:Norway
1038:Laogai
1023:Brunei
1018:Bhutan
980:revolt
953:Brazil
916:Canada
879:partus
864:female
749:Angola
618:Coolie
601:Mamluk
554:Nantes
534:Brazil
463:Cariye
298:Thrall
266:Kholop
232:Greece
2803:Lists
2618:Grime
2576:Music
2350:(PDF)
2171:(PDF)
1834:slave
1689:songs
1684:films
1602:]
1558:songs
1395:Islam
1373:Bible
1348:Yemen
1343:Qatar
1333:Syria
1308:Libya
1273:Egypt
1241:Spain
1211:Malta
1084:Korea
1072:Japan
1050:India
1028:China
975:Haiti
835:Aztec
811:Sudan
779:Niger
671:Naval
544:Dutch
473:Qiyan
459:Jarya
434:Harem
276:Serfs
222:Egypt
2450:2014
2415:ISBN
2382:2014
2358:2014
2311:2014
2289:2015
2264:2014
2238:2014
2212:2014
2182:2014
2154:2014
2124:2014
2088:2014
2062:2014
2040:2014
1846:Jean
1640:laws
1502:U.S.
1497:U.K.
1435:U.S.
1430:U.K.
1318:Oman
1288:Iraq
1283:Iran
970:Cuba
874:maps
769:Mali
754:Chad
340:Baqt
237:Rome
133:Debt
91:and
48:1774
45:Died
31:Born
2601:Ska
1915:in
1898:or
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