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vessel. It not only fails to supply the spiritual element needed but some of its unproven hypotheses rob the ship of its compass and thus endanger its cargo. In war, science has proven itself an evil genius; it has made war more terrible than it ever was before. Man used to be content to slaughter his fellowmen on a single plane, the earth's surface. Science has taught him to go down into the water and shoot up from below and to go up into the clouds and shoot down from above, thus making the battlefield three times as bloody as it was before; but science does not teach brotherly love. Science has made war so hellish that civilization was about to commit suicide; and now we are told that newly discovered instruments of destruction will make the cruelties of the late war seem trivial in comparison with the cruelties of wars that may come in the future. If civilization is to be saved from the wreckage threatened by intelligence not consecrated by love, it must be saved by the moral code of the meek and lowly
Nazarene. His teachings, and His teachings alone, can solve the problems that vex the heart and perplex the world.
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faith any article denying or affirming such a theory. So far as we know, the denial or affirmation of such a theory does not enter into any recognized mode of worship. Since this cause has been pending in this court, we have been favored, in addition to briefs of counsel and various amici curiae, with a multitude of resolutions, addresses, and communications from scientific bodies, religious factions, and individuals giving us the benefit of their views upon the theory of evolution. Examination of these contributions indicates that
Protestants, Catholics, and Jews are divided among themselves in their beliefs, and that there is no unanimity among the members of any religious establishment as to this subject. Belief or unbelief in the theory of evolution is no more a characteristic of any religious establishment or mode of worship than is belief or unbelief in the wisdom of the prohibition laws. It would appear that members of the same churches quite generally disagree as to these things.
42:
990:, revised the text by 1926 in response to the Scopes Trial controversy. However, George Gaylord Simpson challenged this notion as confusing cause and effect, and instead posited that the trend of anti-evolution movements and laws that provoked the Scopes Trial was also to blame for the removal of evolution from biological texts, and that the trial itself had little effect. The fundamentalists' target slowly veered off evolution in the mid-1930s. Miller and Grabiner suggest that as the anti-evolutionist movement died out, biology textbooks began to include the previously removed evolutionary theory. This also corresponds to the emerging demand that science textbooks be written by scientists rather than educators or education specialists.
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Bryan as a witness to question him on the Bible, as their own experts had been rendered irrelevant; Darrow had planned this the day before and called Bryan a "Bible expert". This move surprised those present in the court, as Bryan was a counsel for the prosecution and Bryan himself (according to a journalist reporting the trial) never made a claim of being an expert, although he did tout his knowledge of the Bible. This testimony revolved around several questions regarding
Biblical stories and Bryan's beliefs (as shown below); this testimony culminated in Bryan declaring that Darrow was using the court to "slur the Bible" while Darrow replied that Bryan's statements on the Bible were "foolish".
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unifying principle of biology. The new educational regime was not unchallenged. The greatest backlash was in Texas where attacks were launched in sermons and in the press. Complaints were lodged with the State
Textbook Commission. However, in addition to federal support, a number of social trends had turned public discussion in favor of evolution. These included increased interest in improving public education, legal precedents separating religion and public education, and continued urbanization in the South. This led to a weakening of the backlash in Texas, as well as to the repeal of the Butler Law in Tennessee in 1967.
625:. Darrow used these examples to suggest that the stories of the Bible could not be scientific and should not be used in teaching science, telling Bryan, "You insult every man of science and learning in the world because he does not believe in your fool religion." Bryan's declaration in response was "The reason I am answering is not for the benefit of the superior court. It is to keep these gentlemen from saying I was afraid to meet them and let them question me, and I want the Christian world to know that any atheist, agnostic, unbeliever, can question me anytime as to my belief in God, and I will answer him."
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career. Years later, Mencken did question whether dismissing Bryan "as a quack pure and unadulterated" was "really just". Mencken's columns made the Dayton citizens irate and drew general indignation from the
Southern press. After Raulston ruled against the admission of scientific testimony, Mencken left Dayton, declaring in his last dispatch "All that remains of the great cause of the State of Tennessee against the infidel Scopes is the formal business of bumping off the defendant." Consequently, the journalist missed Darrow's cross-examination of Bryan on Monday.
889:(1960) as well as in the majority of contemporary historical accounts. Rather, the cause of fundamentalism's retreat was the death of its leader, Bryan. Most fundamentalists saw the trial as a victory rather than a defeat, but Bryan's death soon after it created a leadership void that no other fundamentalist leader could fill. Bryan, unlike the other leaders, brought name recognition, respectability, and the ability to forge a broad-based coalition of fundamentalist and mainline religious groups which argued in defense of the anti-evolutionist position.
1389:. It portrays Darrow and Bryan as the characters who are named Henry Drummond and Matthew Brady. In a note at the opening of the play, the playwrights state that it is not meant to be a historical account, and there are numerous instances where events were substantially altered or invented. Despite the disclaimer in the play's preface that the trial was its "genesis" but it is "not history", the play has largely been accepted as history by the public. (Lawrence and Lee later said that it was written in response to
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declared that Bryan's "duel to the death" against evolution should not be made one-sided by a court ruling that took away the chief witnesses for the defense. Darrow promised there would be no duel because "there is never a duel with the truth." The courtroom went wild when Darrow finished; Scopes declared Darrow's speech to be the dramatic high point of the entire trial and insisted that part of the reason Bryan wanted to go on the stand was to regain some of his tarnished glory.
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533:, the judge would not allow these experts to testify in person. Instead, they were allowed to submit written statements so their evidence could be used at the appeal. In response to this decision, Darrow made a sarcastic comment to Judge Raulston (as he often did throughout the trial) on how he had been agreeable only on the prosecution's suggestions. Darrow apologized the next day, keeping himself from being found in
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that "Darrow's militant agnosticism would imperil Scopes' defense" and therefore "did not want Darrow anywhere near" the Scopes trial. Darrow later claimed he was motivated to join the defense after he "realized there was no limit to the mischief that might be accomplished unless the country was aroused to the evil at hand". After many changes back and forth, the defense team consisted of Darrow, ACLU attorney
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prohibition of the traffic in intoxicating liquors. It was in that sense that evolution was used in this act. It is in this sense that the word will be used in this opinion, unless the context otherwise indicates. It is only to the theory of the evolution of man from a lower type that the act before us was intended to apply, and much of the discussion we have heard is beside this case.
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decision that it should be "expunged" from the record. Thus Bryan was denied the chance to cross-examine the defense lawyers in return, although after the trial Bryan would distribute nine questions to the press to bring out Darrow's "religious attitude". The questions and Darrow's short answers were published in newspapers the day after the trial ended, with
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conviction they were unable to find more volunteers to take on the Butler law and, by 1932, had given up. The anti-evolutionary legislation was not challenged again until 1965, and in the meantime, William
Jennings Bryan's cause was taken up by a number of organizations, including the Bryan Bible League and the Defenders of the Christian Faith.
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521:, and was therefore unconstitutional. Principally because of Clarence Darrow, this strategy changed as the trial progressed. The earliest argument proposed by the defense once the trial had begun was that there was actually no conflict between evolution and the creation account in the Bible; later, this viewpoint would be called
962:—raising what it claimed was scientific evidence in support of a literal interpretation of the Bible. Creation science also differed in terms of popular leadership, rhetorical tone, and sectional focus. It lacked a prestigious leader like Bryan, utilized pseudoscientific rather than religious rhetoric, and was a product of
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that while he could not remember whether he had actually taught evolution in class, he had, however, gone through the evolution chart and chapter with the class. Scopes added to the group: "If you can prove that I've taught evolution and that I can qualify as a defendant, then I'll be willing to stand trial."
1114:, fighting in courts and state legislatures to demand that creationism be taught on an equal footing with evolution in the schools, have claimed that it was Mencken's trial reports in 1925 that turned public opinion against creationism. The media's portrayal of Darrow's cross-examination of Bryan, and the
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Overwhelmingly, the butt of these jokes was the prosecution and those aligned with it: Bryan, the city of Dayton, the state of
Tennessee, and the entire South, as well as fundamentalist Christians and anti-evolutionists. Rare exceptions were found in the Southern press, where the fact that Darrow had
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in all future periods of this government, to cherish literature and science." The argument was that the theory of the descent of man from a lower order of animals was now established by the preponderance of scientific thought, and that the prohibition of the teaching of such theory was a violation of
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all but instructed the grand jury to indict Scopes, despite the meager evidence against him and the widely reported stories questioning whether the willing defendant had ever taught evolution in the classroom". Scopes was charged with having taught from the chapter on evolution to a high-school class
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Rappleyea pointed out that, while the Butler Act prohibited the teaching of the theory of evolution, the state required teachers to use a textbook that explicitly described and endorsed the theory of evolution, and that teachers were, therefore, effectively required to break the law. Scopes mentioned
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collection. The song references the Scopes trial ("They prosecuted some poor sucker in these United States / For teaching that man descended from the apes") but says that the trial could have been avoided by merely looking at how men behave around women ("They coulda settled that case without a fuss
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in Dayton, completed in 1979, the second-floor courtroom was restored to its appearance during the Scopes trial. A museum of trial events in its basement contains such memorabilia as the microphone used to broadcast the trial, trial records, photographs, and an audiovisual history. Every July, local
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He was an employee of the state of
Tennessee or of a municipal agency of the state. He was under contract with the state to work in an institution of the state. He had no right or privilege to serve the state except upon such terms as the state prescribed. His liberty, his privilege, his immunity to
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approached John Neal of the defense team and offered his services. Neal accepted, without consulting the rest of the defense team or the defendant himself. The ACLU had been seeking out an addition to the defense that would parallel Bryan's political experience and had previously expressed concern
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magazine bit. Mencken continued to attack Bryan, including in his withering obituary of Bryan, "In
Memoriam: W.J.B.", in which he charged Bryan with "insincerity"—not for his religious beliefs but for the inconsistent and contradictory positions he took on a number of political questions during his
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The court is informed that the plaintiff in error is no longer in the service of the state. We see nothing to be gained by prolonging the life of this bizarre case. On the contrary, we think that the peace and dignity of the state, which all criminal prosecutions are brought to redress, will be the
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We claim that the defendant is not guilty, but as the court has excluded any testimony, except as to the one issue as to whether he taught that man descended from a lower order of animals, and we cannot contradict that testimony, there is no logical thing to come except that the jury find a verdict
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Stewart objected for the prosecution, demanding to know the legal purpose of Darrow's questioning. Bryan, gauging the effect the session was having, snapped that its purpose was "to cast ridicule on everybody who believes in the Bible". Darrow, with equal vehemence, retorted "We have the purpose of
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and the Butler Act. He also warned the jury not to judge the merit of the law (which would become the focus of the trial) but on the violation of the Act, which he called a 'high misdemeanor'. The jury foreman himself was unconvinced of the merit of the Act but he acted, as did most of the jury, on
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Scopes urged students to testify against him and coached them in their answers. He was indicted on May 25, after three students testified against him at the grand jury; one student afterwards told reporters: "I believe in part of evolution, but I don't believe in the monkey business." Judge John T.
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at
Robinson's Drug Store, convincing them that the controversy of such a trial would give Dayton much needed publicity. According to Robinson, Rappleyea said "As it is, the law is not enforced. If you win, it will be enforced. If I win, the law will be repealed. We're game, aren't we?" The men then
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He described Rhea County as priding itself on a kind of tolerance or what he called "lack of Christian heat", opposed to outside ideas but without hating those who held them. He pointed out "The Klan has never got a foothold here, though it rages everywhere else in Tennessee." Mencken attempted to
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The town, I confess, greatly surprised me. I expected to find a squalid Southern village, with darkies snoozing on the horse-blocks, pigs rooting under the houses and the inhabitants full of hookworm and malaria. What I found was a country town full of charm and even beauty—a somewhat smallish but
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to placate anti-evolutionists, the overall focus on the subject was not greatly diminished, and the books were still implicitly evolution based. It has also been suggested that the narrative of evolution's being removed from textbooks due to religious pressure, only to be reinstated decades later,
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In the Southwest, anti-evolution crusaders included ministers R. S. Beal and Aubrey L. Moore in Arizona and members of the Creation Research Society in California. They sought to ban evolution as a topic for study in the schools or, failing that, to relegate it to the status of unproven hypothesis
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We are not able to see how the prohibition of teaching the theory that man has descended from a lower order of animals gives preference to any religious establishment or mode of worship. So far as we know, there is no religious establishment or organized body that has in its creed or confession of
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was passed with the encouragement of many legislators who feared the United States education system was falling behind that of the Soviet Union. The act yielded textbooks, produced in cooperation with the American Institute of Biological Sciences, which stressed the importance of evolution as the
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The confrontation between Bryan and Darrow lasted approximately two hours on the afternoon of the seventh day of the trial. It is likely that it would have continued the following morning but for Judge Raulston's announcement that he considered the whole examination irrelevant to the case and his
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On the sixth day of the trial, the defense ran out of witnesses. The judge declared that all the defense testimony on the Bible was irrelevant and should not be presented to the jury (which had been excluded during the defense). On the seventh day of the trial, the defense asked the judge to call
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Darrow responded for the defense in a speech that was universally considered the oratorical climax of the trial. Arousing fears of "inquisitions", Darrow argued that the Bible should be preserved in the realm of theology and morality and not put into a course of science. In his conclusion, Darrow
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as William Jennings Bryan, was released by Two Shoes Productions. While the main storyline is fictional, all the courtroom scenes are accurate according to the actual trial transcripts. Coincidentally, Dennehy had played Matthew Harrison Brady, the fictionalized counterpart of Bryan, in the 2007
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and also a devout Baptist, played Bryan and answered questions as he believed Bryan would. Raulston had adjourned court to the stand on the courthouse lawn, ostensibly because he was "afraid of the building" with so many spectators crammed into the courtroom, but probably because of the stifling
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This quote, and indeed this speech, was delivered by Darrow's co-counsel, Dudley Field Malone. Contemporary author Anna Marcet Haldeman specifically states, in "Impressions of the Scopes Trial" (1925), "Never, for instance, would Darrow be betrayed, even by his own eloquence, into saying as did
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The Scopes trial had both short- and long-term effects in the teaching of science in schools in the United States. Though often portrayed as influencing public opinion against fundamentalism, the victory was not complete. Though the ACLU had taken on the trial as a cause, in the wake of Scopes'
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Science is a magnificent force, but it is not a teacher of morals. It can perfect machinery, but it adds no moral restraints to protect society from the misuse of the machine. It can also build gigantic intellectual ships, but it constructs no moral rudders for the control of storm-tossed human
587:
On the seventh day of the trial, Clarence Darrow took the unorthodox step of calling William Jennings Bryan, counsel for the prosecution, to the stand as a witness in an effort to demonstrate that belief in the historicity of the Bible and its many accounts of miracles was unreasonable. Bryan
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Evolution, like prohibition, is a broad term. In recent bickering, however, evolution has been understood to mean the theory which holds that man has developed from some pre-existing lower type. This is the popular significance of evolution, just as the popular significance of prohibition is
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Scopes never testified since there was never a factual issue as to whether he had taught evolution. Scopes later admitted that, in reality, he was unsure of whether he had taught evolution (another reason the defense did not want him to testify), but the point was not contested at the trial.
708:(equivalent to $ 1,700 in 2023). Raulston imposed the fine before Scopes was given an opportunity to say anything about why the court should not impose punishment upon him and after Neal brought the error to the judge's attention the defendant spoke for the first and only time in court:
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Your honor, I feel that I have been convicted of violating an unjust statute. I will continue in the future, as I have in the past, to oppose this law in any way I can. Any other action would be in violation of my ideal of academic freedom—that is, to teach the truth as guaranteed in our
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accepted, on the understanding that Darrow would in turn submit to questioning by Bryan. Although Hays would claim in his autobiography that the examination of Bryan was unplanned, Darrow spent the night before in preparation. The scientists the defense had brought to Dayton—and
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awarded him its "Brass Medal of the Fourth Class" for having "successfully demonstrated by the alchemy of ignorance hot air may be transmuted into gold, and that the Bible is infallibly inspired except where it differs with him on the question of wine, women, and wealth".
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to act as that organization's counsel. Bryan had originally been invited by Sue Hicks to become an associate of the prosecution and Bryan had readily accepted, despite the fact he had not tried a case in thirty-six years. As Scopes pointed out to James Presley in the book
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did put anti-evolution laws on the books after the Scopes trial, laws that would outlive the Butler Act (which survived until 1967). However, the influence of Christian fundamentalists declined following the trial and Bryan's death, and it was not until the rise of the
382:, who later became a U.S. Senator. Stewart was aided by Dayton attorney Gordon McKenzie, who supported the anti-evolution bill on religious grounds, and described evolution as "detrimental to our morality" and an assault on "the very citadel of our Christian religion."
41:
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was performed yearly during the Dayton Scopes Festival until it ended its run in 2009. The play was written as a rebuttal of the 1955 play and the 1960 film, which Dayton residents claim did not accurately depict either the trial or William Jennings Bryan. In 2007
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Darrow closed the case for the defense without a final summation. Under Tennessee law, when the defense waived its right to make a closing speech, the prosecution was also barred from summing up its case, preventing Bryan from presenting his prepared summation.
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decision in the 1920s, deemed applicable to the states. Thus, Scopes' constitutional defense on establishment of religion grounds rested—and had to rest—solely on the state constitution, as there was no federal Establishment Clause protection available to him.
4189:"Silly 78s: International Novelty Orchestra with Billy Murray "Monkey Biz-ness (Down in Tennessee)" [GOTTA have some Billy Murray in any survey of 78s- he was the early 20th century's biggest recording star, and certainly one of the most prolific]"
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that we may carry to the higher court, purely as a matter of proper procedure. We do not think it is fair to the court or counsel on the other side to waste a lot of time when we know this is the inevitable result and probably the best result for the case.
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We came down here to offer evidence in this case and the court has held under the law that the evidence we had is not admissible, so all we can do is to take an exception and carry it to a higher court to see whether the evidence is admissible or
493:, which was also paying part of the defense's expenses. It was Mencken who provided the trial with its most colorful labels such as the "Monkey Trial" of "the infidel Scopes". It was also the first United States trial to be broadcast on national
2074:, at end of opinion filed January 17, 1927. The court did not address the question of how the assessment of the minimum possible statutory fine, when the defendant had been duly convicted, could possibly work any prejudice against the defendant.
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Scopes's lawyers appealed, challenging the conviction on several grounds. First, they argued that the statute was overly vague because it prohibited the teaching of "evolution", a very broad term. The court rejected that argument, holding:
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in which John Scopes, a Tennessee high school science teacher, agreed to be tried for violating the Act. Scopes, who had substituted for the regular biology teacher, was charged on May 5, 1925, with teaching evolution from a chapter in
1319:", "morons", "peasants", "hill-billies", "yaps", and "yokels". He chastised the "degraded nonsense which country preachers are ramming and hammering into yokel skulls". However, Mencken did enjoy certain aspects of Dayton, writing
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The world's most famous court trial, State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes; complete stenographic report of the court test of the Tennessee anti-evolution act at Dayton, July 10 to 21, 1925, including speeches and arguments of
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The world's most famous court trial, State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes; complete stenographic report of the court test of the Tennessee anti-evolution act at Dayton, July 10 to 21, 1925, including speeches and arguments of
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movement of the 1960s. Despite some similarities between these two causes, the creation science movement represented a shift from overtly religious to covertly religious objections to evolutionary theory—sometimes described as a
929:, that had deliberated over some form of anti-evolution law. At least 41 bills or resolutions were introduced into the state legislatures, with some states facing the issue repeatedly. Nearly all these efforts were rejected, but
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Fourth, the defense lawyers argued that the statute violated the provisions of the Tennessee Constitution that prohibited the establishment of a state religion. The Religious Preference provisions of the Tennessee Constitution
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It was not until the 1960s that the Scopes trial began to be mentioned in the history textbooks which were used in American high schools and colleges. Such textbooks usually portrayed it as an example of the conflict between
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perhaps taught alongside the biblical version of creation. Educators, scientists, and other distinguished laymen favored evolution. This struggle occurred later in the Southwest than elsewhere, finally collapsing in the
917:
legislatures had dealt with anti-evolution laws or riders to educational appropriations bills. After Scopes was convicted, creationists throughout the United States sought similar anti-evolution laws for their states.
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Bryan chastised evolution for teaching children that humans were but one of 35,000 types of mammals and bemoaned the notion that human beings were descended "Not even from American monkeys, but from old world monkeys".
1110:". He mocked the town's inhabitants as "yokels" and "morons". He called Bryan a "buffoon" and his speeches "theologic bilge". In contrast, he called the defense "eloquent" and "magnificent". Even today, some American
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as Brady. Although there are numerous changes in the plot, they include more of the actual events which are recorded in the trial transcript, such as when Darrow implies that the court is prejudiced, being cited for
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was overturned on a technicality. The trial served its purpose of drawing intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to Dayton to cover the high-profile lawyers who had agreed to represent each side.
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The trial escalated the political and legal conflict in which strict creationists and scientists struggled over the teaching of evolution in Arizona and California science classes. Before the Dayton trial only the
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Author Mark Edwards contests the conventional view that in the wake of the Scopes trial, a humiliated fundamentalism retreated into the political and cultural background, a viewpoint which is evidenced in the film
896:, claiming that such a view was "self-justifying". Instead, Shapiro emphasizes the fact that the Scopes trial was the result of particular circumstances, such as politics postponing the adoption of new textbooks.
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sent out 165,000 words per day on the trial, over thousands of miles of telegraph wires hung for the purpose; more words were transmitted to Britain about the Scopes trial than for any previous American event.
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A few more questions followed in the charged open-air courtroom. Darrow asked where Cain got his wife; Bryan answered that he would "leave the agnostics to hunt for her". When Darrow addressed the issue of the
817:: the jury should have decided the fine, not the judge, since under the state constitution, Tennessee judges could not at that time set fines above $ 50, and the Butler Act specified a minimum fine of $ 100.
641:, Bryan insisted that the Bible be quoted verbatim rather than allowing Darrow to paraphrase it in his own terms. However, after another angry exchange, Judge Raulston banged his gavel, adjourning the court.
509:
The trial was front-page news all over the country, including this newspaper in Washington DC. Darrow was cited for contempt (at the time) and details on the many scientists that weren't allowed to testify.
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perpetrate a hoax, distributing flyers for the "Rev. Elmer Chubb", but the claims that Chubb would drink poison and preach in lost languages were ignored as commonplace by the people of Dayton, and only
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The whole matter has assumed the portion of Dayton and her merchants endeavoring to secure a large amount of notoriety and publicity with an open question as to whether Scopes is a party to the plot or
445:, on which the two collaborated: "After was accepted by the state as a special prosecutor in the case, there was never any hope of containing the controversy within the bounds of constitutionality."
1499:, which pronounced this production the 2006 D.J.S. Winner of AudioFile Earphones Award: "Because there are no recordings of the actual trial, this production is certainly the next best thing." The
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and the Dutch Reformed Church in Cape Town, South Africa, on February 27, 1930 – 1931, regarding the biblical chapter of Genesis and evolution, was a similar event. The Church lost its case.
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The courts cannot sit in judgment on such acts of the Legislature or its agents and determine whether or not the omission or addition of a particular course of study tends to cherish science.
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thanked Peay enthusiastically for the bill: "The Christian parents of the state owe you a debt of gratitude for saving their children from the poisonous influence of an unproven hypothesis."
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the legislative duty to cherish science. The court rejected this argument, holding that the determination of what laws cherished science was an issue for the legislature, not the judiciary:
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465:, W. O. Thompson, who was Darrow's law partner, and F. B. McElwee. The defense was also assisted by librarian and Biblical authority Charles Francis Potter, who was a modernist
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people re-enact key moments of the trial in the courtroom. In front of the courthouse stands a commemorative plaque erected by the Tennessee Historical Commission, reading as follows:
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The effects of the Scopes Trial on high school biology texts has not been unanimously agreed by scholars. Of the most widely used textbooks after the trial, only one included the word
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because it prohibited him from teaching evolution. The court rejected this argument, holding that the state was permitted to regulate his speech as an employee of the state:
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or fight / If they'd seen me chasing you, sugar, through the jungle last night / They'da called in that jury and a one two three, said / Part man, part monkey, definitely").
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characterizing Darrow as answering Bryan's questions "with his agnostic's creed, 'I don't know,' except where he could deny them with his belief in natural, immutable law".
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1484:(1993), was based on original sources and transcripts of the Scopes trial, because it was written with the goal of being historically accurate. It was produced as part of
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rejected this argument, holding that the Tennessee Religious Preference clause was designed to prevent the establishment of a state religion as had been the experience in
551:
The presiding judge, John T. Raulston, was accused of being biased towards the prosecution and frequently clashed with Darrow. At the outset of the trial, Raulston quoted
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Lawrance Bernabo and Celeste Michelle Condit (1990). "Two Stories of the Scopes Trial: Legal and Journalistic Articulations of the Legitimacy of Science and Religion" in
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in its index; the relevant page includes biblical quotations. Some scholars have accepted that this was the result of the Scopes Trial: for example Hunter, the author of
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3140:
Ella Thea Smith and the Lost History of American High School Biology Textbooks, Ronald P. Ladouceur, Journal of the History of Biology, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2008, pp. 435–471
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broadcasting first on-the-scene coverage of the criminal trial. Two movie cameramen had their film flown out daily in a small plane from a specially prepared airstrip.
267:... I'd read in the papers that boys and girls were coming home from school and telling their fathers and mothers that the Bible was all nonsense." Tennessee governor
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took priority over all human knowledge. The case was thus seen both as a theological contest and as a trial on whether evolution should be taught in schools.
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signed the bill to gain support among rural legislators, but believed the law would neither be enforced nor interfere with education in Tennessee schools.
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After the defense's final attempt to present evidence was denied, Darrow asked the judge to bring in the jury only to have them come to a guilty verdict:
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4694:"Tactics, Strategies, & Battles—Oh My!: Perseverance of the Perpetual Problem Pertaining to Preaching to Public School Pupils & Why it Persists"
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presented a reading of a musical adaptation entitled "Nothing to See Here", with book and music by Bryan Blaskie and book and lyrics by Laurie Hochman.
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from the death penalty continued to be a source of ugly humor. The most widespread form of this ridicule was directed at the inhabitants of Tennessee.
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After eight days of trial, it took the jury only nine minutes to deliberate. Scopes was found guilty on July 21 and ordered by Raulston to pay a $ 100
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3362:, for 86 (July 4, 1925): 18; 86 (July 11, 1925): 15; 86 (July 18, 1925): 15; 86 (July 25, 1925): 15, 86 (August 1, 1925): 17; 86 (August 8, 1925): 13.
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220:
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1687:"Monkey Biz-Ness (Down in Tennessee)" by the International Novelty Orchestra with Billy Murray is a 1925 comedy song about the Scopes Monkey Trial.
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purchased the rights to the production and began work on a student film version of the play, which was screened at that year's Scopes Festival.
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1971:
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Bryan died suddenly five days after the trial's conclusion. The connection between the trial and his death is still debated by historians.
393:
asking him to join the defense team. Wells replied that he had no legal training in Britain, let alone in America, and declined the offer.
3346:
85 (June 18, 1925): 10; 85 (June 25, 1925): 6, 86 (July 2, 1925): 8; 86 (July 9, 1925): 6; 86 (July 30, 1925): 6; "Life's Encyclopedia",
683:... we cannot even explain to you that we think you should return a verdict of not guilty. We do not see how you could. We do not ask it.
5521:
5506:
5259:
3102:
Grabiner, J.V. & Miller, P.D., Effects of the Scopes Trial, Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4154 (September 6, 1974), pp. 832–837
322:
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5275:
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843:
401:, announced that he would act as Scopes' attorney whether Scopes liked it or not, and he became the nominal head of the defense team.
997:
Robert Shapiro examines many of the eminent biology textbooks in the 1910–1920s, and finds that while they may have avoided the word
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1944:
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879:, one "biblical" and one "evolutionist". Author David Goetz writes that the majority of Christians denounced evolution at the time.
462:
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430:
224:
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1961:
1010:, and that the shift in the ways biology textbooks discussed evolution can be attributed to other race and class based factors.
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422:, the founder and president of the World Christian Fundamentals Association, was instrumental in calling lawyer and three-time
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317:(ACLU) offered to defend anyone accused of teaching the theory of evolution in defiance of the Butler Act. On April 5, 1925,
314:
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magazine related Bryan's arrival in town with the disparaging comment "The populace, Bryan's to a moron, yowled a welcome."
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teach and proclaim the theory of evolution, elsewhere than in the service of the state, was in no wise touched by this law.
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H.L. Mencken's trial reports were heavily slanted against the prosecution and the jury, which were "unanimously hot for
950:
era after 1957, when the national mood inspired increased trust for science in general and for evolution in particular.
885:
753:
695:
William Jennings Bryan's summation of the Scopes trial, which was distributed to reporters but not read in court, read:
404:
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1266:
magazine adorned its masthead with monkeys reading books and proclaimed "the whole matter is something to laugh about."
813:
Nevertheless, having found the statute to be constitutional, the court set aside the conviction on appeal because of a
357:
in violation of the Butler Act and nominally arrested, though he was never actually detained. Paul Patterson, owner of
4742:
4732:
The World's Most Famous Court Trial: Tennessee Evolution Case: A Complete Stenographic Report of the Famous Court Test
3275:
1755:
1696:
1231:
and created an onslaught of ridicule, and hosts of cartoonists added their own portrayals to the attack. For example:
334:, a Dayton high school science and math teacher. The group asked Scopes to admit to teaching the theory of evolution.
1258:
magazine's initial coverage of the trial focused on Dayton as "the fantastic cross between a circus and a holy war".
5486:
5445:
4929:
3494:(Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1948), pp. 175–90. For excerpts from Mencken's reports see William Manchester,
2903:
Laats, Adam (2011). "Monkeys, Bibles, and the Little Red Schoolhouse: Atlanta's School Battles in the Scopes Era".
1489:
1196:
1155:
1062:
757:
592:, a modernist minister who had engaged in a series of public debates on evolution with the fundamentalist preacher
321:, local manager for the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company, arranged a meeting with county superintendent of schools
4642:
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were dominated by the case for days. More than 200 newspaper reporters from all parts of the country and two from
5516:
5481:
3198:
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5369:
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1816:
1729:, and it was frequently mentioned in the sections of those same textbooks which also described the rise of the
1722:
1609:
530:
379:
375:
228:
4401:
Ladouceur, Ronald P. (2008) "Ella Thea Smith and the Lost History of American High School Biology Textbooks",
3196:
Harrison, S. L. (1994). "The Scopes 'Monkey Trial' Revisited: Mencken and the Editorial Art of Edmund Duffy".
1128:
The trial also brought publicity to the town of Dayton, Tennessee, and was hatched as a publicity stunt. From
4264:
Clark, Constance Areson (2000), "Evolution for John Doe: Pictures, The Public, and the Scopes Trial Debate",
5340:
5026:
4898:
4681:
4665:
3050:
Webb, George E. (1991). "The Evolution Controversy in Arizona and California: From the 1920s to the 1980s".
2435:
1492:, which seeks "to enhance public understanding of science and technology in the modern world". According to
1380:
1279:(1890–1930) ran compilations of jokes and humorous observations garnered from newspapers around the country.
1115:
394:
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I) stated, "no preference shall ever be given, by law, to any religious establishment or mode of worship".
5317:
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47:
374:, two brothers who were local attorneys and friends of Scopes, but the prosecution was ultimately led by
5471:
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5091:
4922:
4789:
4328:
Edwards, Mark (2000), "Rethinking the Failure of Fundamentalist Political Antievolutionism after 1925",
3453:
3262:
3131:
George Gaylord Simpson, Evolution and Education, Science February 7, 1975: Vol. 187, Issue 4175, pp. 389
2736:(a seminal U.S. Supreme Court opinion finally applying the Establishment Clause against states in 1947).
2162:, p. 108 "Scopes had urged the students to testify against him, and coached them in their answers."
1331:
1200:
1125:(1960), caused millions of Americans to ridicule religious-based opposition to the theory of evolution.
1100:
892:
Adam Shapiro criticized the view that the Scopes trial was an essential and inevitable conflict between
288:
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was passed in Tennessee, on March 25, 1925. Butler later stated, "I didn't know anything about evolution
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because their primary purpose is religious. Tennessee had repealed the Butler Act the previous year.
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teaching any other doctrine and thus did not benefit any one religious doctrine or sect over others.
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477:
454:
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drew vivid caricatures of the "backward" local populace, referring to the people of Rhea County as "
5203:
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4908:
4756:
4709:
4413:
4382:
Harding, Susan (1991), "Representing Fundamentalism: The Problem of the Repugnant Cultural Other",
3316:
2635:
1662:
1641:
1605:
1508:
1356:
1236:
480:), and included, in addition to Herbert and Sue Hicks, Ben B. McKenzie and William Jennings Bryan.
458:
5219:
5146:
4531:
4289:
4241:
3265:(April 2007). "National Historic Landmarks Survey: List of National Historic Landmarks by State".
3059:
2947:
2912:
1485:
1385:(1955), fictionalizes the 1925 Scopes "Monkey" Trial as a means to discuss the then-contemporary
1241:
1075:
1073:." The press coverage of the "Monkey Trial" was overwhelming. The front pages of newspapers like
953:
The opponents of evolution made a transition from the anti-evolution crusade of the 1920s to the
814:
790:
593:
526:
522:
419:
305:
for the defense, and the trial was followed on radio transmissions throughout the United States.
192:
141:
4457:
In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, the Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement
4309:
301:. The two sides brought in the biggest legal names in the nation, Bryan for the prosecution and
4739:
Trying Biology: The Scopes Trial, Textbooks, and the Antievolution Movement in American Schools
4555:
Trying Biology: The Scopes Trial, Textbooks, and the Antievolution Movement in American Schools
4415:
Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion
4074:
3305:
2855:
2842:
Trying Biology: The Scopes Trial, Textbooks, and the Antievolution Movement in American Schools
1067:
Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion
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2016:
1993:
Ferenc M. Szasz, "William B. Riley and the Fight against Teaching of Evolution in Minnesota."
1967:
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786:
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188:
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4512:"The Scopes Trial and Southern Fundamentalism in Black and White: Race, Region, and Religion"
4188:
1488:' Relativity Series, which features science-themed plays and receives major funding from the
191:, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he
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3589:"Battle Now Over, Mencken Sees; Genesis Triumphant and Ready for New Jousts", H.L. Mencken,
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Writing for the court two sittings and one year after receiving the appeal, Chief Justice
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53:
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preventing bigots and ignoramuses from controlling the education of the United States."
385:
Hoping to attract major press coverage, George Rappleyea went so far as to write to the
4998:
4582:
4394:
Grabiner, J. V. & Miller, P. D. (September 6, 1974) "Effects of the Scopes Trial",
3241:
3016:
1821:
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1435:
1411:
959:
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in the late 1970s that conservative fundamentalists became politically powerful again.
906:
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An area of questioning involved the book of Genesis, including questions about whether
597:
525:. In support of this claim, they brought in eight experts on evolution. But other than
494:
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199:
168:
46:
On the trial's seventh day, proceedings were moved outdoors because of excessive heat.
4830:
4693:
4539:
2335:
5465:
5077:
4986:
4839:"Text of the Closing Statement of William Jennings Bryan at the trial of John Scopes"
4473:
Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt (2001), "Reaping the Whirlwind: A Scopes Trial Bibliography",
4436:
4206:
4014:
3687:"Historical Truth and Film: Inherit the Wind as an Appraisal of the American Teacher"
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1419:
1415:
1352:
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1308:
1292:
described Tennessee as "not up to date in its attitude to such things as evolution".
1240:
has published a gallery of such cartoons, and 14 such cartoons are also reprinted in
1069:(2004), notes: "Like so many archetypal American events, the trial itself began as a
1039:
987:
782:
622:
618:
544:
484:
293:
4748:
Shapiro, Adam R. "'Scopes Wasn't the First': Nebraska's 1924 Anti-Evolution Trial".
3515:(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1943) pp. 231–34; Michael Williams, "Sunday in Dayton",
596:—prepared topics and questions for Darrow to address to Bryan on the witness stand.
483:
The trial was covered by journalists from the South and around the world, including
5430:
5424:
5418:
5345:
5164:
4227:, edited by Robert Hariman. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, pp. 82–83.
4049:
3694:
3660:
3502:, ed. Jerry R. Tompkins (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1965) pp. 35–51.
2092:
1763:
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Anticipating that Scopes would be found guilty, the press fitted the defendant for
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17:
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92:
3547:
1936:
Before Scopes: Evangelicalism, Education, and Evolution in Tennessee, 1870–1925
540:
5071:
4871:
4713:
A Religious Orgy in Tennessee: A Reporter's Account of the Scopes Monkey Trial
4657:
3375:
42 (April 29, 1925): pp. 258–60; Howard K. Hollister, "In Dayton, Tennessee",
3283:
2988:
2049:
Summer for the Gods: And America's Continuing Debate over Science and Religion
1745:
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3449:
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2758:
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3932:
3871:
2930:
Halliburton, R. Jr. (1964). "The Adoption of Arkansas' Anti-Evolution Law".
2856:"Anti-Evolution Movement | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture"
1793:
1726:
1586:
1439:
875:
The trial revealed a growing chasm in American Christianity and two ways of
835:
Attorney General L. D. Smith immediately announced that he would not seek a
713:
constitution, of personal and religious freedom. I think the fine is unjust.
256:
248:
172:
4351:
4301:
2968:
Curtis, Christopher K. (1986). "Mississippi's Anti-Evolution Law of 1926".
2889:
337:
4619:
2541:, ed. Harlow Shapley (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1960), pp. 32–45.
1749:
649:
4764:
4311:
When All the Gods Trembled: Darwinism, Scopes, and American Intellectuals
1699:, and recorded a version of it in 1990 that was first released as a 1992
1512:
1096:
967:
934:
914:
910:
839:, while Scopes' lawyers offered angry comments on the stunning decision.
298:
4535:
3354:
86 (July 2, 1925); 4; Arthur Guiterman, "Notes for a Tennessee Primer",
3063:
2951:
2916:
1559:(2010), a romantic drama which is set around the Scopes Trial, starring
4376:
Controversy in the Twenties: Fundamentalism, Modernism, & Evolution
4293:
1626:
947:
836:
601:
415:
203:
4914:
4774:
Keeping the Faith: God, Democracy, and the Trial That Riveted a Nation
4602:
Simpson, George Gaylord (February 7, 1975) "Evolution and Education",
3685:
Riley, Karen L.; Brown, Jennifer A.; Braswell, Ray (January 1, 2007).
4688:(1927). Haldeman-Julius was an eye-witness and a friend of Darrow's.]
4527:
2943:
1700:
1228:
1080:
1050:
4809:
4277:
1660:
A series of folk songs produced in reaction to the trial, from PBS'
517:
on the grounds that it violated the teacher's individual rights and
219:
served as the defense attorney for Scopes. The trial publicized the
4833:
by Douglas Linder. University of Missouri at Kansas City Law School
3314:
A gallery of cartoons produced in reaction to the trial, from PBS'
806:
the teaching of evolution (as the court had defined it) it did not
752:
Third, it was argued that the terms of the Butler Act violated the
576:
5361:
3379:
121 (July 8, 1925): pp. 61–62; Dixon Merritt, "Smoldering Fires",
1343:
1145:
648:
575:
539:
504:
403:
336:
232:
3276:"National Register of Historic Places Database and Research Page"
1434:
There have also been three television versions of the play, with
1223:
depicts fundamentalist education in Tennessee taken to an extreme
2512:(New York: Liveright, 1937), pp. 71–72; Charles Francis Potter,
1695:
performed a song called "Part Man, Part Monkey" during his 1988
227:, who said evolution could be consistent with religion, against
5365:
5115:
4918:
4566:
The Creation/Evolution Controversy: A Battle for Cultural Power
4358:
Folsom, Burton W. Jr. (1988), "The Scopes Trial Reconsidered",
1099:
radio station broadcast the trial with announcer Quin Ryan via
167:
from July 10 to July 21, 1925, in which a high school teacher,
3933:"BBC Radio 4—Saturday Drama, the Great Tennessee Monkey Trial"
3350:
85 (July 25, 1925): 23; Kile Croak, "My School in Tennessee",
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
2882:
God's Empire: William Bell Riley and Midwestern Fundamentalism
1500:
634:
614:
4816:
Readings (audio) of H.L. Mencken's reports of the trial from
3496:
Sage of Baltimore: The Life and Riotous Times of H.L. Mencken
2963:
2961:
1681:"The John Scopes Trial (The Old Religion's Better After All)"
735:
Second, the lawyers argued that the statute violated Scopes'
352:
Raulston accelerated the convening of the grand jury and "...
124:
3477:
Mencken, H.L., "Sickening Doubts About Value of Publicity",
2991:; Carter Lindberg; J. William Frost; Dana L. Robert (1998).
1963:
Reluctant Modernism: American Thought and Culture, 1880–1900
674:
After they were brought in, Darrow then addressed the jury:
4810:
Papers of Warner B. Ragsdale, a reporter covering the trial
3776:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), p. 85, 86.
831:
herein. Such a course is suggested to the Attorney General.
297:(1914), which described the theory of evolution, race, and
2085:"A Monkey on Tennessee's Back: The Scopes Trial in Dayton"
1522:(1987) was based on the original transcripts of the case.
2206:
2204:
1604:
In 2018, the Graduate Musical Theatre Writing Program at
1355:(right) as Bryan surrogate Matthew Harrison Brady in the
820:
Justice Green added a totally unexpected recommendation:
4785:
Original materials from and news coverage of the trial:
3160:
3158:
3118:
Moore, Randy, The American Biology Teacher, Vol. 60, No.
2792:"Butler Act Repeal – Tennessee House Bill No. 48 (1967)"
461:, an international divorce lawyer who had worked at the
4175:
The International Novelty Orchestra with Billy Murray.
3595:
http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/menck04.htm#SCOPES9
3075:
3073:
1966:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 7–14.
988:
the biology text which Scopes was on trial for teaching
183:
in any state-funded school. The trial was deliberately
4459:, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 350pp,
3741:(July 1, 2000). "Inherit the Myth?". Church and State.
2995:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 484.
2138:
by Douglas Linder. UMKC Law. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
2124:
2122:
1909:
Media Perspectives on Intelligent Design and Evolution
4662:
Six Days or Forever?: Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes
4002:
College plans own version of movie on evolution trial
1885:"Tennessee Anti-evolution Statute—UMKC School of Law"
993:
This account of history has also been challenged. In
4790:
Complete trial transcripts and other court documents
3946:'Inherit the Wind' opens at the Springer Opera House
1173:
THE SCOPES TRIAL Here, from July 10 to 21, 1925 John
5440:
5399:
5310:
5157:
5064:
5014:
4953:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3022:
Bad Faith: Race and the Rise of the Religious Right
2305:
2303:
1779:
1911 Brigham Young University modernism controversy
1324:
nevertheless very attractive Westminster or Balair.
1028:
756:, which provided that "It shall be the duty of the
202:$ 100 (equivalent to $ 1,700 in 2023), but the
187:in order to attract publicity to the small town of
137:
132:
119:
114:
106:
88:
80:
70:
62:
34:
5260:Hellend v. South Bend Community School Corporation
4398:, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4154, pp. 832–837
2605:
2008:
1544:" drew inspiration from the trial, along with the
179:, which had made it illegal for teachers to teach
4612:D-Days at Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial
4225:Popular Trials: Rhetoric, Mass Media, and the Law
3500:D-Days at Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial
3498:(New York: Andrew-Melrose, 1952) pp. 143–45, and
2702:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
2129:An introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial
1427:for his comments and his subsequent statement of
852:393 U.S. 97 (1968) that such bans contravene the
195:deliberately so the case could have a defendant.
5547:United States creationism and evolution case law
5276:Edwards v. California University of Pennsylvania
4911:, digital collection, Tennessee Virtual Archive.
4730:Scopes, John Thomas and William Jennings Bryan.
4489:The Scopes Trial: A Brief History with Documents
2666:A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan
2537:Kirtley F. Mather, "Creation and Evolution", in
1703:and was later released on the 1998 multi-volume
653:Darrow (left) and Bryan (right) during the trial
5268:Freiler v. Tangipahoa Parish Board of Education
1351:(left) as Darrow surrogate Henry Drummond, and
802:Further, the court held that while the statute
513:The ACLU had originally intended to oppose the
211:, three-time presidential candidate and former
75:The State of Tennessee vs. John Thomas Scopes
4804:Mencken's complete columns on the Scopes Trial
4587:Center of the Storm: Memoirs of John T. Scopes
1854:Malone: 'There is never a duel with the truth.
793:at the writing of the Constitution, and held:
231:, who said the word of God as revealed in the
5377:
5180:Wright v. Houston Independent School District
5127:
4930:
4800:on the website of Professor Joe Cain from UCL
4093:"Monkey Town: The Summer of the Scopes Trial"
3970:Play based on Scopes trial ending 20-year run
3958:Play based on Scopes trial ending 20-year run
3659:. Gale Group. January 1, 1998. Archived from
2550:
2459:
2246:
2147:
472:The prosecution team was led by Tom Stewart,
8:
5532:Religious controversies in the United States
3548:https://archive.org/details/mencken017105mbp
3240:. Tennessee History for Kids. Archived from
2844:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 4–5.
2403:, New York: Da Capo Press, pp. 174–78,
1431:that persuaded the judge to drop the charge.
1379:Jerome Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee's play
1195:The Rhea County Courthouse was designated a
1095:performed on the courthouse lawn. Chicago's
617:was actually created from Adam's rib, where
156:The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes
4843:California State University Dominguez Hills
4680:, vol. 2.4 (Sept. 1925), pp. 323–347 (
3531:"In Memoriam: W.J.B." was first printed in
2993:Christianity: A Social and Cultural History
1311:, whose syndicated columns from Dayton for
1299:Attacks on Bryan were frequent and acidic:
921:By 1927, there were 13 states, both in the
854:Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
621:got his wife, and how many people lived in
5384:
5370:
5362:
5323:Creation and evolution in public education
5134:
5120:
5112:
4937:
4923:
4915:
4734:. Cincinnati: National Book Co., ca. 1925.
4177:"Monkey Biz-Ness (Down In Tennessee 1925)"
3616:UMKC Law School. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
3358:86 (July 16, 1925): 5; "Topics in Brief",
2059:
2057:
1784:Creation and evolution in public education
1307:Vituperative attacks came from journalist
871:Rejection of evolution by religious groups
255:, lobbied state legislatures to pass anti-
31:
5497:American Civil Liberties Union litigation
5284:LeVake v. Independent School District 656
4864:"Transcript of Bryan's cross-examination"
5292:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
4752:, vol. 94 (Fall 2013), pp. 110–119.
3535:, July 27, 1925; rpt. by Mencken in the
3079:
2807:
2805:
2489:, New York: Da Capo Press, p. 304,
1800:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
1214:
721:Appeal to the Supreme Court of Tennessee
600:, chairman of the geology department at
253:World Christian Fundamentals Association
3680:
3678:
3576:"Mencken Epithets Rouse Dayton's Ire",
3282:. National Park Service. Archived from
2824:
2525:
2471:
2422:
2234:
2210:
2113:
1876:
1846:
4792:at University of Minnesota Law Library
4698:University of Massachusetts Law Review
4374:Gatewood, Willard B. Jr., ed. (1969),
3811:
3755:
3744:
3224:
3212:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1994.t01-1-00055.x
3183:
3164:
3149:
3027:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
2385:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2222:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2035:
1025:
5300:Selman v. Cobb County School District
4674:. "Impressions of the Scopes Trial".
4103:from the original on January 30, 2020
4036:"Comedy Central: Drunk History: Clip"
2835:
2833:
2607:"Evolution Battle Rages out of Court"
2574:
2562:
2360:
1811:National Center for Science Education
1585:retold portions of the trial in the "
1507:in 2009, in a radio version starring
7:
5252:Peloza v. Capistrano School District
5236:Webster v. New Lenox School District
4614:, Louisiana State University Press,
3691:American Educational History Journal
3280:National Register Information System
2516:(New York: Crown, 1951), pp. 275–76.
2089:Tennessee State Library and Archives
1369:(in the background) plays the judge.
1205:National Register of Historic Places
1177:teacher, was tried for teaching that
1162:In a $ 1-million restoration of the
1008:Biological Sciences Curriculum Study
448:Following the recruitment of Bryan,
294:Civic Biology: Presented in Problems
221:fundamentalist–modernist controversy
215:, argued for the prosecution, while
4880:"Unpublished Photographs from 1925
4845:. Dayton, Tennessee. Archived from
4797:The World's Most Famous Court Trial
3542:5 (October 1925) pp. 158–60 in his
1939:. U of Georgia Press. p. 161.
1181:of animals in violation of a lately
1175:Thomas Scopes, a County High School
825:better conserved by the entry of a
363:, put up $ 500 in bail for Scopes.
50:(seated, left) is being questioned
4903:National Museum of Natural History
4686:Clarence Darrow's Two Great Trials
4606:Vol. 187, Issue 4175, pp. 389
4405:, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 435–471
3436:Mencken, H.L. (January 12, 1982).
1183:passed state law. William Jennings
1179:a man descended from a lower order
844:Supreme Court of the United States
159:, and commonly referred to as the
25:
4812:in University of Maryland Library
4492:, Bedford/St. Martin's, pp.
4403:Journal of the History of Biology
3371:"Tennessee Goes Fundamentalist",
2860:Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS
2811:David Goetz, "The Monkey Trial".
1189:Hays, and Dudley Field Malone the
476:for the 18th Circuit (and future
4837:Bryan, William Jennings (1925).
4715:. Hoboken: Melville House, 2006.
4126:The Great Tennessee Monkey Trial
4004:. Times Daily, July 7, 2007, p48
3982:Scopes trial film begins July 14
3913:The Great Tennessee Monkey Trial
3887:The Great Tennessee Monkey Trial
3852:The Great Tennessee Monkey Trial
3789:. Pepperdine Law. Archived from
3383:140 (July 22, 1925): pp. 421–22.
2815:1997 16(3): pp. 10–18. 0891-9666
2376:140 (July 29, 1925), pp. 443–44.
1762:
1748:
1644:: The Summer of the Scopes Trial
1505:The Great Tennessee Monkey Trial
1482:The Great Tennessee Monkey Trial
1187:Clarence Darrow, Arthur Garfield
1043:interview with Edward Larson on
1034:
865:Creation versus evolution debate
431:United States Secretary of State
198:Scopes was found guilty and was
40:
4870:. Charlotte, NC. Archived from
4776:. New York: Random House, 2024.
2880:Trollinger, William V. (1991).
2668:. Anchor Press (2007), p. 134.
2653:World's Most Famous Court Trial
2065:John Thomas Scopes v. The State
2063:See Supreme Court of Tennessee
1650:, is based on the Scopes Trial.
1275:and the popular humor magazine
1185:Bryan assisted the prosecution;
556:the instructions of the judge.
27:1925 US legal case in Tennessee
4755:The Church Case between Prof.
4635:"Atheism: Scopes Monkey Trial"
4585:; Presley, James (June 1967),
3921:. Portland, ME. December 2006.
3604:, URL accessed April 27, 2008.
3522:2 (July 29, 1925): pp. 285–88.
2970:Journal of Mississippi History
1629:made in reaction to the trial.
1203:in 1976. It was placed on the
1191:defense. Scopes was convicted.
1015:National Defense Education Act
397:, a law school professor from
315:American Civil Liberties Union
280:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
5527:Public education in Tennessee
3554:, Vintage Books, pp. 161–167.
2932:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2733:Everson v. Board of Education
5492:20th-century American trials
4895:Human Timeline (Interactive)
4868:University of North Carolina
4589:, Henry Holt & Company,
4475:Regent University Law Review
2905:Georgia Historical Quarterly
2704:was not, at the time of the
2484:Scopes, John Thomas (1971),
2398:Scopes, John Thomas (1971),
2015:. Basic Books. p. 111.
1933:Charles Alan Israel (2004).
754:Tennessee State Constitution
259:laws. He succeeded when the
4692:McKay, Casey Scott (2013).
4610:Tompkins, Jerry R. (1968),
4516:Journal of Southern History
4266:Journal of American History
3199:Journal of American Culture
2625:Scopes 1967: pp. 59–60
2614:. July 22, 1925. p. 2.
1756:Evolutionary biology portal
1697:Tunnel of Love Express Tour
1672:"Can't Make a Monkey of Me"
1083:were in Dayton. Twenty-two
171:, was accused of violating
66:Criminal Court of Tennessee
5563:
5522:Legal history of Tennessee
5507:Christianity and evolution
5446:Patrick Eugene Prendergast
4824:December 22, 2017, at the
4564:Smout, Kary Doyle (1998),
4510:Moran, Jeffrey P. (2004),
4486:Moran, Jeffrey P. (2002),
4455:Lienesch, Michael (2007),
3774:Darwinism Comes to America
3600:November 18, 2006, at the
3492:The Irreverent Mr. Mencken
3396:86 (July 16, 1925): p. 16.
3333:86 (July 16, 1925): p. 16.
3122:8 (Oct. 1998), pp. 568–577
3025:. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
2372:"Evolution in Tennessee".
1639:Ronald Kidd's 2006 novel,
1490:Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
1374:Stage, film and television
1197:National Historic Landmark
1156:National Historic Landmark
1063:Pulitzer Prize for History
1061:, a historian who won the
868:
4882:Tennessee vs. John Scopes
4818:The Baltimore Evening Sun
4187:Mr. Fab (June 21, 2013).
4183:(public domain ed.).
3987:October 20, 2013, at the
3885:Goodchild, Peter (2006).
3825:"Inherit the controversy"
3614:Notes on Inherit the Wind
3591:The Baltimore Evening Sun
3544:Prejudices (Fifth Series)
3533:The Baltimore Evening Sun
3479:The Baltimore Evening Sun
3414:6 (July 20, 1926): p. 17.
3058:(2): 133–150, 0894–8410.
3039:– via Google Books.
2840:Shapiro, Adam R. (2014).
2719:January 28, 2011, at the
2551:Scopes & Presley 1967
2460:Scopes & Presley 1967
2440:www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
2247:Scopes & Presley 1967
2148:Scopes & Presley 1967
2134:January 14, 2011, at the
2070:January 28, 2011, at the
1912:. ABC-CLIO. p. 105.
1646:, set in summer 1925, in
1033:
411:in 1925, during the trial
39:
5542:Tennessee state case law
4966:Tom Stewart (politician)
4308:Conkin, Paul K. (1998),
3787:"Evolution of a Scholar"
3631:: The Playwrights' Note"
3426:86 (July 9, 1925): p. 7.
3052:Journal of the Southwest
2781:January 16, 1927: 1, 28.
2539:Science Ponders Religion
2007:Balmer, Randall (2007).
1960:Cotkin, George (2004) .
1817:On the Origin of Species
1610:Tisch School of the Arts
531:Johns Hopkins University
380:Cumberland School of Law
5441:Other cases represented
5341:Objections to evolution
4806:at the Internet Archive
4677:Haldeman-Julius Monthly
4672:Haldeman-Julius, Marcet
4559:excerpt and text search
4207:"Part Man, Part Monkey"
4075:"Gallery: Monkey Trial"
4015:"Synopsis > Alleged"
3513:Heathen Days, 1890–1936
3306:"Gallery: Monkey Trial"
2198:May 26, 1925: pp. 1, 16
1563:as Clarence Darrow and
900:Anti-evolution movement
251:farmer and head of the
5537:Rhea County, Tennessee
5502:William Jennings Bryan
5318:Academic Freedom bills
5212:Segraves v. California
5085:The Great Monkey Trial
4962:William Jennings Bryan
4831:Scopes Trial Home Page
4247:The Great Monkey Trial
3889:. L.A. Theatre Works.
2728:Incorporation doctrine
2636:"Faith of Our Fathers"
2508:Arthur Garfield Hays,
1393:and was chiefly about
1370:
1326:
1247:The Great Monkey Trial
1224:
1193:
1164:Rhea County Courthouse
1159:
1152:Rhea County Courthouse
1139:
970:instead of the South.
833:
800:
767:
750:
733:
715:
702:
685:
672:
654:
590:Charles Francis Potter
584:
581:William Jennings Bryan
548:
510:
438:William Jennings Bryan
412:
344:
273:William Jennings Bryan
245:John Washington Butler
209:William Jennings Bryan
48:William Jennings Bryan
5351:Teach the Controversy
4050:"Nothing to See Here"
3727:on February 21, 1999.
3657:, Drama for Students"
3641:on February 21, 1999.
3263:National Park Service
3238:"Scopes Trial Museum"
2687:, 154 Tenn. 105, 1927
2336:"Scopes Monkey Trial"
2237:, pp. 72–74, 79.
1684:"There Ain't No Bugs"
1623:Gallery: Monkey Trial
1347:
1321:
1218:
1201:National Park Service
1169:
1149:
1134:
869:Further information:
822:
795:
763:
745:
728:
710:
697:
676:
667:
652:
579:
543:
508:
478:United States Senator
407:
340:
330:summoned 24-year-old
289:George William Hunter
243:State Representative
5477:1925 in American law
5451:Barmore v. Robertson
5328:Establishment Clause
5228:Edwards v. Aguillard
5188:Willoughby v. Stever
5172:Epperson v. Arkansas
5099:Epperson v. Arkansas
5092:Six Days or Forever?
4981:Arthur Garfield Hays
4888:Smithsonian Archives
4645:on December 25, 2018
4122:AudioFile Magazine.
3831:on November 13, 2014
3793:on December 15, 2012
3546:, pp. 64–74; and in
3286:on December 18, 2016
2938:(Autumn 1964): 280.
2753:. January 24, 1927.
2747:"Education: Bizarre"
2698:Establishment Clause
1997:1969 41(5): 201–216.
1906:Mark Paxton (2013).
1833:Edwards v. Aguillard
1669:"Bryan's Last Fight"
1568:Broadway revival of
1518:Gale Johnson's play
1395:intellectual freedom
1130:The Salem Republican
1006:" propagated by the
894:religion and science
849:Epperson v. Arkansas
737:constitutional right
568:Examination of Bryan
455:Arthur Garfield Hays
370:were Herbert E. and
193:incriminated himself
5448:'s appeals (1894);
5204:Hendren v. Campbell
4757:Johannes du Plessis
4724:American Experience
4568:, pp. 210 pp,
4242:de Camp, L. Sprague
4162:American Experience
4079:American Experience
3915:: AudioFile Review"
3772:Ronald L. Numbers,
3697:on November 5, 2013
3635:xroads.virginia.edu
3580:, July 17, 1925, 3.
3552:The Vintage Mencken
3405:"The Great Trial",
3317:American Experience
3310:American Experience
3244:on January 20, 2022
3019:(August 10, 2021).
2987:Kee, Howard Clark;
2462:, pp. 154–156.
2388:, pp. 109–109.
1663:American Experience
1606:New York University
1509:Neil Patrick Harris
1237:American Experience
1045:Summer for the Gods
1002:was an example of "
974:Teaching of science
529:, a zoologist from
459:Dudley Field Malone
443:Center of the Storm
325:and local attorney
161:Scopes Monkey Trial
35:Tennessee v. Scopes
18:Scopes monkey trial
5220:McLean v. Arkansas
5147:Intelligent design
4441:, Modern Library,
4000:Associated Press.
3919:AudioFile Magazine
3717:"Inherit the Wind"
3578:The New York Times
3442:The New York Times
3167:, pp. 212–213
2779:The New York Times
2612:The New York Times
2528:, pp. 364–65.
2514:The Preacher and I
2340:Book of Days Tales
2311:"The Scopes Trial"
2196:The New York Times
2174:, pp. 89, 107
2047:Edward J. Larson,
1678:"Monkey Out of Me"
1593:portraying Bryan,
1486:L.A. Theatre Works
1371:
1340:In popular culture
1242:L. Sprague de Camp
1225:
1160:
1076:The New York Times
815:legal technicality
660:The New York Times
655:
594:John Roach Straton
585:
549:
523:theistic evolution
511:
485:H. L. Mencken
420:William Bell Riley
413:
345:
213:secretary of state
163:, was an American
142:John Tate Raulston
5487:1925 in Tennessee
5459:
5458:
5407:McNamara brothers
5359:
5358:
5334:Lemon v. Kurtzman
5109:
5108:
4971:Defense Lawyers (
4874:on June 14, 2007.
4862:Marks, Jonathan.
4770:Wineapple, Brenda
4737:Shapiro, Adam R.
4596:978-0-03-060340-2
4575:978-0-275-96262-3
4553:Shapiro, Adam R.
4503:978-0-312-24919-9
4466:978-0-8078-3096-3
4448:978-0-679-64288-6
4433:Larson, Edward J.
4425:978-0-465-07509-6
4410:Larson, Edward J.
4331:Fides et Historia
4321:978-0-8476-9063-3
4257:978-0-385-04625-1
4211:The Killing Floor
4193:Music For Maniacs
4132:audiobooksync.com
3754:Missing or empty
3593:, July 18, 1925,
3550:Cooke, Alistair,
3438:"Scopes: Infidel"
2813:Christian History
2496:978-1-886363-31-1
2436:"Digital History"
2410:978-1-886363-31-1
2249:, pp. 66–67.
1995:Minnesota History
1973:978-0-7425-3746-0
1806:Charles Lee Smith
1693:Bruce Springsteen
1675:"Monkey Business"
1648:Dayton, Tennessee
1524:Inherit the Truth
1520:Inherit the Truth
1425:contempt of court
1313:The Baltimore Sun
1132:, June 11, 1925:
1056:
1055:
535:contempt of court
490:The Baltimore Sun
474:district attorney
360:The Baltimore Sun
309:Dayton, Tennessee
278:In response, the
189:Dayton, Tennessee
147:
146:
120:Subsequent action
16:(Redirected from
5554:
5517:July 1925 events
5482:1925 in religion
5413:Leopold and Loeb
5386:
5379:
5372:
5363:
5244:Bishop v. Aronov
5196:Daniel v. Waters
5143:Creation science
5136:
5129:
5122:
5113:
5022:Inherit the Wind
5005:George Rappleyea
4993:John T. Raulston
4939:
4932:
4925:
4916:
4891:
4875:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4849:on July 13, 2017
4750:Nebraska History
4727:
4705:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4641:. Archived from
4622:
4599:
4578:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4538:, archived from
4528:10.2307/27648313
4506:
4482:
4469:
4451:
4428:
4391:
4378:
4370:
4354:
4324:
4304:
4272:(4): 1275–1303,
4260:
4228:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4184:
4181:Internet Archive
4172:
4166:
4165:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4138:on March 1, 2016
4134:. Archived from
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4011:
4005:
3998:
3992:
3991:Times Free Press
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3827:. Archived from
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3783:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3723:. Archived from
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3693:. Archived from
3682:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3663:on June 10, 2014
3655:Inherit the Wind
3649:
3643:
3642:
3637:. Archived from
3629:Inherit the Wind
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3561:
3555:
3541:
3537:American Mercury
3529:
3523:
3521:
3509:
3503:
3488:
3482:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3403:
3397:
3390:
3384:
3369:
3363:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3313:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3168:
3162:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3103:
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3083:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2944:10.2307/40038058
2927:
2921:
2920:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2743:
2737:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2510:Let Freedom Ring
2506:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2095:on April 9, 2009
2091:. Archived from
2081:
2075:
2061:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2014:
2011:Thy Kingdom Come
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1895:on May 20, 2009.
1891:. Archived from
1881:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1591:Bradley Whitford
1589:" episode, with
1570:Inherit the Wind
1542:Lisa the Skeptic
1418:as Drummond and
1406:was made into a
1404:Inherit the Wind
1382:Inherit the Wind
1362:Inherit the Wind
1286:Leopold and Loeb
1123:Inherit the Wind
1059:Edward J. Larson
1038:
1037:
1026:
955:creation science
886:Inherit the Wind
777:
773:
758:General Assembly
682:
645:End of the trial
519:academic freedom
463:State Department
429:nominee, former
378:, a graduate of
355:
319:George Rappleyea
266:
133:Court membership
57:
44:
32:
21:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5512:Clarence Darrow
5462:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5436:
5395:
5393:Clarence Darrow
5390:
5360:
5355:
5306:
5153:
5140:
5110:
5105:
5060:
5010:
4973:Clarence Darrow
4949:
4943:
4884:"Monkey Trial""
4878:
4861:
4852:
4850:
4836:
4826:Wayback Machine
4783:
4718:
4691:
4648:
4646:
4633:Cline, Austin.
4632:
4629:
4627:Further reading
4609:
4597:
4583:Scopes, John T.
4581:
4576:
4563:
4545:
4543:
4509:
4504:
4485:
4472:
4467:
4454:
4449:
4431:
4426:
4408:
4384:Social Research
4381:
4373:
4362:(12): 103–127,
4357:
4327:
4322:
4314:, p. 185,
4307:
4278:10.2307/2674729
4263:
4258:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4222:
4218:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4186:
4185:
4174:
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4169:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
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4019:
4017:
4013:
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4008:
3999:
3995:
3989:Wayback Machine
3980:
3976:
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3948:Ledger-Enquirer
3944:
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3602:Wayback Machine
3588:
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3526:
3519:
3510:
3506:
3489:
3485:
3481:, July 9, 1925.
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3444:. p. A15.
3435:
3434:
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3422:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3387:
3370:
3366:
3360:Literary Digest
3341:
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3086:
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3071:
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3048:
3044:
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3017:Balmer, Randall
3015:
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2745:
2744:
2740:
2721:Wayback Machine
2714:Court's opinion
2695:
2691:
2685:Scopes v. State
2683:
2679:
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2345:
2343:
2342:. July 21, 2015
2334:
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2136:Wayback Machine
2127:
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2072:Wayback Machine
2062:
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2023:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1827:Mildred Seydell
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1723:fundamentalists
1717:
1657:
1636:
1619:
1597:as Darrow, and
1478:Peter Goodchild
1464:George C. Scott
1387:McCarthy trials
1376:
1342:
1272:Literary Digest
1213:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1144:
1071:publicity stunt
1047:, June 28, 1998
1035:
1029:External videos
1024:
976:
940:Christian right
902:
873:
867:
862:
775:
771:
723:
680:
647:
611:
570:
527:Maynard Metcalf
503:
450:Clarence Darrow
433:, and lifelong
409:Clarence Darrow
353:
311:
303:Clarence Darrow
264:
241:
229:fundamentalists
217:Clarence Darrow
181:human evolution
125:Scopes v. State
100:on technicality
58:
54:Clarence Darrow
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5560:
5558:
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5509:
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5464:
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5438:
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5280:
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5074:
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5066:
5062:
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5058:
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5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5002:
4999:John T. Scopes
4996:
4990:
4984:
4969:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4906:
4905:(August 2016).
4892:
4876:
4859:
4834:
4828:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4793:
4782:
4781:External links
4779:
4778:
4777:
4767:
4753:
4746:
4735:
4728:
4720:"Monkey Trial"
4716:
4707:
4689:
4669:
4655:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4607:
4600:
4595:
4579:
4574:
4561:
4551:
4542:on May 4, 2012
4507:
4502:
4483:
4470:
4465:
4452:
4447:
4429:
4424:
4418:, BasicBooks,
4406:
4399:
4392:
4379:
4371:
4355:
4325:
4320:
4305:
4261:
4256:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4216:
4198:
4167:
4158:"Monkey Music"
4149:
4128:: Description"
4114:
4097:RonaldKidd.com
4084:
4066:
4041:
4027:
4006:
3993:
3974:
3962:
3950:
3938:
3924:
3902:
3895:
3877:
3862:
3842:
3816:
3804:
3778:
3765:
3730:
3708:
3674:
3644:
3618:
3606:
3582:
3569:
3556:
3524:
3511:H.L. Mencken,
3504:
3490:Edgar Kemler,
3483:
3470:
3428:
3416:
3398:
3385:
3364:
3342:"Life Lines",
3335:
3322:
3297:
3267:
3255:
3229:
3217:
3188:
3169:
3154:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3104:
3084:
3069:
3042:
3035:
3008:
3001:
2979:
2957:
2922:
2911:(3): 335–355.
2895:
2872:
2847:
2829:
2817:
2801:
2796:todayinsci.com
2783:
2771:
2738:
2689:
2677:
2657:
2645:
2627:
2618:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2577:, p. 157.
2567:
2565:, p. 150.
2555:
2553:, p. 164.
2543:
2530:
2518:
2501:
2495:
2476:
2474:, p. 412.
2464:
2452:
2427:
2425:, p. 335.
2415:
2409:
2390:
2378:
2365:
2353:
2327:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2213:, p. 410.
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2118:
2106:
2076:
2053:
2040:
2028:
2021:
1999:
1986:
1972:
1952:
1945:
1925:
1918:
1898:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1822:Charles Darwin
1813:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:Science portal
1759:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
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1653:
1652:
1651:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1602:
1577:Comedy Central
1573:
1553:
1532:
1516:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1436:Melvyn Douglas
1432:
1412:Stanley Kramer
1375:
1372:
1341:
1338:
1281:
1280:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1212:
1209:
1170:
1143:
1140:
1054:
1053:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1020:
995:Trying Biology
975:
972:
960:Wedge Strategy
907:South Carolina
901:
898:
866:
863:
861:
858:
828:nolle prosequi
722:
719:
646:
643:
637:of Eve by the
610:
607:
598:Kirtley Mather
569:
566:
502:
499:
332:John T. Scopes
310:
307:
240:
237:
169:John T. Scopes
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
130:
129:
121:
117:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
72:
71:Full case name
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5559:
5548:
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5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
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5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
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5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
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5470:
5469:
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5453:
5452:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5432:
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5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
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5380:
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5319:
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5315:
5313:
5309:
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5301:
5297:
5294:
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5289:
5286:
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5278:
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5273:
5270:
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5265:
5262:
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5257:
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5230:
5229:
5225:
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5217:
5214:
5213:
5209:
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5201:
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5177:
5174:
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5169:
5166:
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5160:
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5152:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5132:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5078:Civic Biology
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4987:H. L. Mencken
4985:
4982:
4978:
4977:Dudley Malone
4974:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:Prosecutors (
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4940:
4935:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4883:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4710:Mencken, H.L.
4708:
4704:(2): 442–464.
4703:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4687:
4684:—included in
4683:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4546:September 11,
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4522:(1): 95–120,
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4338:(2): 89–106,
4337:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4259:
4253:
4250:, Doubleday,
4249:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4118:
4115:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4055:
4054:Bryan Blaskie
4051:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3972:TimesNews.net
3971:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3896:9781580813525
3892:
3888:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3863:9781580813525
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3814:, p. 240
3813:
3808:
3805:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3748:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3567:, pp. 280–87.
3566:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:E.S. Martin,
3326:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3227:, p. 217
3226:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3189:
3186:, p. 213
3185:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3152:, p. 211
3151:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3080:Gatewood 1969
3076:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3036:9781467462907
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3002:0-13-578071-3
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2725:See generally
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2316:
2315:Bryan College
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2297:, p. 101
2296:
2291:
2288:
2285:, p. 100
2284:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2225:, p. 107
2224:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2186:, p. 108
2185:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2150:, p. 60.
2149:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2022:9780465005192
2018:
2013:
2012:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1946:9780820326450
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1919:9780313380648
1915:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:Jack McBrayer
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1582:Drunk History
1578:
1575:In 2013, the
1574:
1571:
1566:
1565:Fred Thompson
1562:
1561:Brian Dennehy
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:Cardiff Giant
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1529:Bryan College
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:Jason Robards
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1420:Fredric March
1417:
1416:Spencer Tracy
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:Adaptations:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:for the film
1358:
1354:
1353:Fredric March
1350:
1349:Spencer Tracy
1346:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:H. L. Mencken
1305:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1168:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1101:clear-channel
1098:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1065:for his book
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
980:
973:
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
951:
949:
943:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
916:
912:
908:
899:
897:
895:
890:
888:
887:
880:
878:
877:finding truth
872:
864:
859:
857:
855:
851:
850:
845:
842:In 1968, the
840:
838:
832:
830:
829:
821:
818:
816:
811:
809:
805:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
783:Grafton Green
779:
766:
762:
759:
755:
749:
744:
742:
738:
732:
727:
720:
718:
714:
709:
707:
701:
696:
693:
689:
684:
675:
671:
666:
663:
661:
651:
644:
642:
640:
636:
630:
626:
624:
623:Ancient Egypt
620:
616:
608:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
582:
578:
574:
567:
565:
561:
557:
554:
546:
545:H. L. Mencken
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
507:
500:
498:
496:
492:
491:
486:
481:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
446:
444:
439:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
410:
406:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:The original
364:
362:
361:
349:
343:
339:
335:
333:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
295:
291:'s textbook,
290:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:
152:
143:
140:
138:Judge sitting
136:
131:
127:
126:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:
94:
91:
87:
84:July 21, 1925
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
55:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5472:Scopes Trial
5449:
5431:Massie Trial
5425:Ossian Sweet
5419:Scopes Trial
5346:Michael Ruse
5332:
5298:
5290:
5282:
5274:
5266:
5258:
5250:
5242:
5234:
5226:
5218:
5210:
5202:
5194:
5186:
5178:
5170:
5165:Scopes Trial
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5053:
5021:
4989:(journalist)
4946:Scopes trial
4945:
4909:Scopes Trial
4887:
4881:
4872:the original
4867:
4851:. Retrieved
4847:the original
4842:
4817:
4796:
4784:
4773:
4749:
4738:
4731:
4723:
4712:
4701:
4697:
4685:
4675:
4661:
4647:. Retrieved
4643:the original
4638:
4611:
4603:
4586:
4565:
4554:
4544:, retrieved
4540:the original
4519:
4515:
4488:
4481:(2): 571–595
4478:
4474:
4456:
4437:
4414:
4402:
4395:
4390:(2): 373–393
4387:
4383:
4375:
4359:
4335:
4329:
4310:
4269:
4265:
4246:
4235:Bibliography
4224:
4219:
4210:
4201:
4192:
4180:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4140:. Retrieved
4136:the original
4131:
4125:
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4096:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4057:. Retrieved
4053:
4044:
4030:
4018:. Retrieved
4009:
4001:
3996:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3927:
3918:
3912:
3905:
3886:
3880:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3835:September 2,
3833:. Retrieved
3829:the original
3819:
3807:
3797:September 2,
3795:. Retrieved
3791:the original
3781:
3773:
3768:
3739:Benen, Steve
3733:
3725:the original
3721:virginia.edu
3720:
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3695:the original
3690:
3665:. Retrieved
3661:the original
3654:
3647:
3639:the original
3634:
3628:
3621:
3609:
3590:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3565:Heathen Days
3564:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3441:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3406:
3401:
3393:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3373:New Republic
3372:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3315:
3309:
3300:
3288:. Retrieved
3284:the original
3279:
3270:
3258:
3248:November 13,
3246:. Retrieved
3242:the original
3232:
3220:
3206:(4): 55–63.
3203:
3197:
3191:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3021:
3011:
2992:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2881:
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2859:
2850:
2841:
2825:Edwards 2000
2820:
2812:
2795:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2750:
2741:
2731:
2724:
2710:
2705:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2611:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2526:de Camp 1968
2521:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2485:
2479:
2472:de Camp 1968
2467:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2439:
2430:
2423:de Camp 1968
2418:
2399:
2393:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2356:
2346:February 28,
2344:. Retrieved
2339:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2314:
2290:
2278:
2273:, p. 73
2266:
2261:, p. 73
2254:
2242:
2235:de Camp 1968
2230:
2218:
2211:de Camp 1968
2195:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2114:de Camp 1968
2109:
2099:November 13,
2097:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2088:
2079:
2048:
2043:
2038:, p. 59
2031:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1962:
1955:
1935:
1928:
1908:
1901:
1893:the original
1888:
1879:
1849:
1831:
1815:
1798:
1731:Ku Klux Klan
1704:
1666:, includes:
1661:
1640:
1622:
1599:Derek Waters
1580:
1569:
1556:
1550:Piltdown Man
1537:The Simpsons
1535:
1523:
1519:
1504:
1493:
1481:
1452:Kirk Douglas
1410:directed by
1403:
1381:
1367:Harry Morgan
1361:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1235:
1226:
1221:Rollin Kirby
1194:
1161:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1112:creationists
1105:
1085:telegraphers
1074:
1066:
1057:
1044:
1040:
1013:In 1958 the
1012:
1004:Whig history
998:
994:
992:
983:
981:
977:
952:
944:
920:
903:
891:
884:
881:
874:
847:
841:
834:
826:
823:
819:
812:
807:
803:
801:
796:
780:
774:3 of Article
768:
764:
751:
746:
734:
729:
724:
716:
711:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
677:
673:
668:
664:
659:
656:
631:
627:
612:
609:Adam and Eve
586:
571:
562:
558:
550:
512:
488:
482:
471:
447:
442:
435:Presbyterian
427:presidential
414:
395:John R. Neal
384:
372:Sue K. Hicks
365:
358:
350:
346:
327:Sue K. Hicks
323:Walter White
312:
292:
277:
242:
223:, which set
197:
160:
155:
154:
151:Scopes trial
150:
148:
123:
115:Case history
96:
74:
29:
5158:Court Cases
5055:Monkey Town
5007:(test case)
5001:(defendant)
4899:Smithsonian
4741:. Chicago:
4658:Ginger, Ray
4142:January 30,
4107:January 30,
4059:October 29,
3812:Larson 1997
3463:October 24,
3225:Larson 2004
3184:Larson 2004
3165:Larson 2004
3150:Larson 2004
2976:(1): 15–29.
2764:January 14,
2386:Larson 1997
2320:January 18,
2295:Larson 1997
2283:Larson 1997
2271:Larson 1997
2259:Larson 1997
2223:Larson 1997
2184:Larson 1997
2172:Larson 1997
2160:Larson 1997
2036:Larson 1997
1789:Creationism
1715:Non-fiction
1642:Monkey Town
1460:Jack Lemmon
1391:McCarthyism
1219:Cartoonist
1093:chimpanzees
931:Mississippi
925:and in the
741:free speech
501:Proceedings
391:H. G. Wells
376:Tom Stewart
368:prosecutors
342:John Scopes
282:financed a
269:Austin Peay
153:, formally
5466:Categories
5072:Butler Act
5015:In fiction
4706:Article 3.
4664:. London:
4360:Continuity
3756:|url=
3701:August 31,
3667:August 31,
3517:Commonweal
2989:Emily Albu
2674:0385720564
2664:Kazin, M.
2595:pp. 302–03
2575:Moran 2002
2563:Moran 2002
2445:October 5,
2361:Clark 2000
1979:October 5,
1866:References
1820:(1859) by
1727:modernists
1634:Literature
1601:as Scopes.
1503:broadcast
1429:contrition
1332:Commonweal
1142:Courthouse
964:California
635:temptation
515:Butler Act
469:preacher.
424:Democratic
261:Butler Act
225:modernists
177:Butler Act
165:legal case
98:overturned
5151:evolution
5047:1999 film
5042:1988 film
5037:1965 film
5032:1960 film
4649:April 15,
4639:About.com
4438:Evolution
4368:0277-1446
4344:0884-5379
4286:0021-8723
3854:: Details
3563:Mencken,
3458:122109461
3450:0362-4331
2759:0040-781X
2640:Beliefnet
2487:attorneys
2401:attorneys
1871:Citations
1794:Evolution
1587:Nashville
1555:The film
1540:episode "
1534:The 1997
1495:Audiofile
1480:'s play,
1440:Ed Begley
1408:1960 film
1229:martyrdom
1207:in 1972.
1041:Booknotes
1022:Publicity
999:evolution
984:evolution
860:Aftermath
846:ruled in
467:Unitarian
399:Knoxville
389:novelist
284:test case
257:evolution
249:Tennessee
173:Tennessee
4853:July 14,
4822:Archived
4765:85987149
4668:, 1974 .
4536:27648313
4435:(2004),
4412:(1997),
4352:17120377
4302:17120375
4244:(1968),
4101:Archived
3985:Archived
3960:Wate.com
3872:77554199
3856:. 2006.
3747:cite web
3598:Archived
3454:ProQuest
3392:Martin,
3064:40169811
2952:40038058
2917:41304304
2890:1888673M
2865:July 30,
2717:Archived
2655:, p. 313
2132:Archived
2068:Archived
2051:(2006)
1889:umkc.edu
1742:See also
1627:cartoons
1513:Ed Asner
1497:Magazine
968:Michigan
935:Arkansas
915:Kentucky
911:Oklahoma
791:Scotland
770:(Section
299:eugenics
107:Citation
5311:Related
5065:Related
4995:(judge)
4745:, 2013.
4682:excerpt
4604:Science
4557:(2013)
4396:Science
4294:2674729
3381:Outlook
3290:May 15,
2700:of the
2374:Outlook
1733:in the
1579:series
1557:Alleged
1552:hoaxes.
1414:, with
1357:trailer
1317:Babbits
1199:by the
1108:Genesis
1090:Trained
948:Sputnik
837:retrial
808:require
804:forbade
787:England
639:serpent
602:Harvard
583:in 1925
553:Genesis
547:in 1928
418:pastor
416:Baptist
387:British
239:Origins
204:verdict
89:Verdict
81:Decided
5454:(1921)
5433:(1932)
5427:(1925)
5421:(1925)
5415:(1924)
5409:(1911)
5400:Trials
5337:(1971)
5303:(2006)
5295:(2005)
5287:(2000)
5279:(1998)
5271:(1997)
5263:(1996)
5255:(1994)
5247:(1991)
5239:(1990)
5231:(1987)
5223:(1982)
5215:(1981)
5207:(1977)
5199:(1975)
5191:(1973)
5183:(1972)
5175:(1968)
5167:- 1925
5102:(1968)
4954:People
4948:(1925)
4763:
4726:. PBS.
4620:411836
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