390:, Emperor Frederick questioned him concerning the foundations of the earth, the geography and rulership of the heavens, what is beyond the last heaven, in which heaven God sits, and the precise locations of hell, purgatory and heavenly paradise. He also asked about the soul; and about volcanoes, rivers, and seas. According to the chronicler Fra Salimbene, Frederick attempted to catch Scot out in his calculations of the distance to heaven by scaling from the height of a church tower (by having it secretly lowered). Scot replied by saying that either the moon had gotten further away or the tower had gotten shorter.
36:
590:). While some argue that this is the "sole extant description of his physical appearance", others contend that the description is more poetic. Richard Kay argues that because "the shades in the Dantesque afterworld create surrogate aerial bodies for themselves that are a projection of soul", this description is in reference to "some internal character trait to which wished to draw our attention." Kay argues that Dante was referencing a physiognomic description taken from Scot's own
3133:
106:
536:
A legend popular in the late 13th and early 14th centuries said that Scot foresaw that a small stone would strike him in the head and kill him, so he wore an iron skullcap to avoid his death. However, he removed the cap in church, only to be struck by a stone and die.
585:
to do so, in the fourth bolgia located in the Eighth Circle of Hell, reserved for sorcerers, astrologers, and false prophets who claimed they could see the future when they, in fact, could not. He is described by Dante as being "spare in the flank"
2295:
3277:
483:"Every astrologer is worthy of praise and honour," Scot wrote, "since by such a doctrine as astrology he probably knows many secrets of God, and things which few know."
2905:
594:– namely, that thin and small ribs signify an individual "who is weak, who does little labour, who is sagacious, bad" (the original Latin, found in chapter 88 of the
2682:
1474:
3182:
1160:
Burnett, Charles S.F. (1994). "Michael Scot and the
Transmission of Scientific Culture from Toledo to Bologna via the Court of Frederick II Hohenstaufen".
3197:
2717:
2047:
1113:
3237:
328:
wandering scholar of the Middle Ages—a churchman who knew Latin, Greek, Arabic and Hebrew. When he was about 50, Frederick II attracted him to his
816:
545:
The legendary
Michael Scot used to feast his friends with dishes brought by spirits from the royal kitchens of France and Spain and other lands.
3177:
3172:
3187:
3167:
1416:
1153:
873:
2006:
57:
3247:
2736:
2689:
916:
3113:
2919:
1235:
952:
3262:
3257:
3232:
3217:
3212:
3192:
2149:
1467:
1443:
1408:
1358:
759:
79:
379:, a phenomenon understood only by modern physics and recent observations, suggests that Michael Scot may have had contact with the
625:, and the " Abbot Joachim, Merlin, Methodius, the Sibyls, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Hosea, Daniel, the Apocalypse, and Michael the Scot."
3272:
3267:
3222:
3054:
2703:
226:
2669:
1528:
3227:
2515:
1767:
1701:
3242:
3207:
3104:
3099:
2986:
2640:
1726:
509:
for diplomatic and scholarly exchanges because of his knowledge of Arabic, and, that he even brought
Michael Scot to the
3252:
3202:
2585:
1460:
666:
2958:
2944:
865:
690:
50:
44:
2837:
2823:
2761:
1935:
557:
371:, was dedicated to Scot in 1227. It has been suggested that Scot played a part in Fibonacci's presentation of the
2816:
2809:
2580:
2474:
2404:
1925:
1826:
670:. In Footnotes 12/13, he credits him with conquering an indefatigable demon, after it had succeeded in splitting
61:
2275:
2181:
2072:
1885:
785:
505:
Some sources report that
Emperor Frederick used scholars like Michael Scot as messengers to Arab rulers like
2882:
2540:
2280:
2191:
1975:
1618:
1613:
1588:
1121:
3074:
2394:
2118:
2092:
2077:
2057:
1955:
1950:
674:
into its three distinctive cones, by challenging it to weave ropes from sea-salt. He records that in the
3059:
2795:
2696:
2545:
2429:
2142:
2016:
1945:
1221:
568:
529:
and others to identify him with the Sir
Michael Scot of Balwearie, sent in 1290 on a special embassy to
249:
Scot was born somewhere in the border regions of
Scotland. He studied first at the cathedral school of
1088:
831:
3162:
3157:
2328:
2226:
2221:
2082:
2052:
1716:
1583:
1568:
1538:
1491:
807:
655:
632:
451:
282:
254:
206:
3069:
2965:
2912:
2874:
2830:
2611:
2560:
2211:
2067:
1836:
1757:
1608:
1483:
1261:
679:
465:
337:
258:
210:
1059:
975:
261:, devoting himself to philosophy, mathematics, and astrology. It appears that he had also studied
2972:
2898:
2166:
1920:
1792:
1772:
1641:
1603:
1533:
1513:
1326:
1318:
1239:
1198:
1190:
956:
628:
372:
346:
308:
and the many commentaries of the Arabs upon these. In addition, he studied the original works of
480:
expressly state that the author undertook the works at the request of the
Emperor Frederick II.
1147:
Sternstunden am
Kaiserhof: Michael Scotus und sein Buch von den Bildern und Zeichen des Himmels
3109:
3034:
2979:
2937:
2723:
2663:
2570:
2520:
2434:
2409:
2196:
1905:
1811:
1736:
1439:
1412:
1404:
1354:
1149:
912:
869:
859:
755:
618:
614:
491:
333:
270:
230:
3136:
2788:
2755:
2656:
2626:
2500:
2490:
2469:
2353:
2348:
2303:
2244:
2135:
1915:
1900:
1846:
1777:
1696:
1691:
1377:
1310:
1273:
1182:
839:
675:
661:
636:
111:
3117:
2862:
2843:
2616:
2590:
2495:
2449:
2414:
2389:
2313:
2236:
2206:
1731:
1706:
1651:
1253:
993:
988:
781:
572:
499:
274:
250:
1215:
1173:
Edwards, Glenn M. (1985). "The Two
Redactions of Michael Scot's 'Liber Introductorius'".
3049:
3039:
2891:
2742:
2535:
2505:
1965:
1866:
1787:
1782:
1671:
1656:
1623:
1578:
1507:
1397:
1343:
622:
3151:
3079:
2993:
2856:
2555:
2419:
2338:
2042:
1762:
1711:
1598:
1573:
1562:
1330:
1202:
654:, Michael Scot is credited with teaching magic to the protagonist, the evil sorcerer
577:
514:
380:
329:
301:
218:
194:
2774:
2575:
2530:
2525:
2510:
2454:
2399:
2097:
2087:
1841:
1752:
1681:
1382:
1369:
553:
526:
285:
in
Ireland. Scot declined this appointment, but he seems to have held benefices in
844:
617:
makes a comparison between Asdente of Parma, a cobbler who predicted the death of
571:
had already become fixed in the age immediately following his own. He appears in
533:, have not convinced historians; though the two may have had family connections.
340:) a fresh translation of Aristotle and the Arabian commentaries from Arabic into
3029:
2951:
2802:
2781:
2464:
2459:
2424:
2254:
2102:
1940:
1871:
1856:
1831:
1797:
1721:
1686:
1666:
1661:
1593:
1523:
671:
647:
394:
367:
202:
155:
3044:
2710:
2621:
2565:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2259:
2021:
2001:
1861:
1851:
1314:
1186:
897:
Examples includes: Meyer 2010; Pick 1998, p. 96; Resnick 2012, p. 15, note 10.
495:
487:
398:
266:
234:
1256:(1957), Frederick II of Hohenstaufen - a Life. London, Secker & Warburg.
678:
any work of great labour or antiquity is ascribed either to Auld Michael, or
613:
Scot also had a particular reputation for his ability to predict the future.
17:
3064:
2606:
2444:
2343:
2333:
2318:
2308:
2201:
2062:
1970:
1960:
1930:
1350:
1345:
Marks of Distinctions: Christian Perceptions of Jews in the High Middle Ages
510:
444:
440:
430:
362:
305:
159:
1278:
105:
3094:
2550:
2363:
2323:
2285:
2026:
2011:
1996:
1991:
1910:
1518:
506:
325:
313:
309:
278:
262:
238:
1452:
1322:
1243:
1194:
960:
3019:
3014:
2249:
2216:
2158:
1676:
641:
Apologie pour tous les grands personages faussement soupçonnez de magie
561:
402:
376:
297:
293:
214:
198:
163:
3089:
2186:
1543:
1214:
530:
406:
304:. There he learnt Arabic well enough to study the Arabic versions of
222:
2127:
1374:
Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science
934:
The Impact of the Crusading Movement 1095 in Scotland, - 1095-c.1560
836:
Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science
1432:
1430:
Christoph Kann (1993). "Michael Scotus". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.).
1262:"Music and Astronomy in Michael Scot's Liber Quatuor Distinctionum"
3084:
3024:
549:
341:
286:
179:
336:. At the instigation of the emperor, Scot supervised (along with
582:
2131:
1456:
1230:
Kay, Richard (1985). "The Spare Ribs of Dante's Michael Scot".
947:
Kay, Richard (1985). "The Spare Ribs of Dante's Michael Scot".
449:
A divination-centered trilogy of books collectively titled the
433:, the sun and moon appearing as the images of gold and silver.
29:
409:
sciences generally, and account for his popular reputation.
1438:(in German). Vol. 5. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1459–1461.
909:
Frédéric de Hohenstaufen, ou, Le rêve excommunié, 1194-1250
722:, whereas other sources specify that the first book is the
718:
Some sources refer to the first book in the trilogy as the
635:
arraigns him severely in his work against astrology, while
525:
The date of Scot's death remains uncertain. The efforts of
1232:
Dante Studies, with the Annual Report of the Dante Society
949:
Dante Studies, with the Annual Report of the Dante Society
1266:
Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du Moyen Âge
375:. A recent study of a passage written by Michael Scot on
476:(which also exists in an Italian translation) and the
277:
on 16 January 1223/4, urging him to confer an English
358:, along with the commentaries of Averroes upon them.
241:
and was the greatest public intellectual of his day.
1434:
Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)
3007:
2929:
2648:
2639:
2599:
2483:
2382:
2294:
2268:
2235:
2174:
2165:
2035:
1984:
1893:
1884:
1819:
1810:
1745:
1632:
1552:
1499:
1490:
1015:
Thorndike 1965, pp. 11–12, cited in Kay 1985, p. 4.
861:
Satan's Rhetoric: A Study of Renaissance Demonology
419:, printed at Bologna in 1495 and at Venice in 1631.
151:
136:
124:
96:
1431:
1342:
639:finds it necessary to defend his good name in his
605:significat hominem debilem, pauci laboris, sagacem
2906:Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air
709:See Masson (1957) for the text of the questions.
27:Scottish mathematician and scholar (1175–c.1232)
2683:Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth
455:("The Introductory Book") which includes: the
2143:
1468:
1047:(in Italian). Bari: Laterza. pp. 749–50.
486:He was offered in 1223 the role of being the
386:In a letter of 1227, recorded by Scot in his
233:and Scot served as science adviser and court
8:
2314:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)
1297:Pick, Lucy (1998). "Michael Scot in Toledo:
976:"William Dalrymple on Sicily's Islamic past"
780:Scott, T. C.; Marketos, P. (November 2014).
1370:"Michael Scot and the Music of the Spheres"
775:
773:
771:
599:
552:of witches to stone, which have become the
2645:
2430:John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)
2171:
2150:
2136:
2128:
1890:
1816:
1496:
1475:
1461:
1453:
631:represents him in the same character, and
104:
93:
3278:Court of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
2718:Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz
2048:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
1381:
1277:
843:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
806:Scott, T.C.; Marketos, P. (March 2014),
43:This article includes a list of general
817:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
809:On the Origin of the Fibonacci Sequence
742:
702:
425:, printed at Strassburg (1622), in the
2506:George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)
911:. Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin.
730:is the name of the trilogy as a whole.
685:He is the title character in the play
344:. Translations by Scot survive of the
2586:Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)
974:Dalrymple, William (9 January 2021).
7:
1921:Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)
1225:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
832:"Michael Scot and the Four Rainbows"
601:Cuius costae sunt subtiles et paruae
2737:De consideratione quintae essentiae
1368:Scott, Tony; Harper, David (2023).
664:deploys Michael Scott (sic) in his
429:, and containing more alchemy than
393:Scot was a pioneer in the study of
3183:Alumni of the University of Oxford
1236:The Johns Hopkins University Press
953:The Johns Hopkins University Press
858:Armando Maggi (1 September 2001).
658:, who ends up being boiled alive.
324:Scot was a typical example of the
316:, and translated them into Latin.
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1213:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
3198:People educated at Durham School
3132:
3131:
2704:Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit
1067:British Literary Ballads Archive
907:Benoist-Méchin, Jacques (1980).
888:Examples includes: Edwards 1985.
754:. Bloomsbury. pp. 158–159.
34:
3238:Scottish scholars and academics
2671:Liber de compositione alchemiae
2395:(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova
2354:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
2202:Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)
1529:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
1392:Life and Legend of Michael Scot
936:(PhD). University of Edinburgh.
365:'s famous book on mathematics,
281:on Scot, and nominated Scot as
2920:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine
1702:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
1383:10.24117/2526-2270.2023.i15.08
1:
3178:13th-century Scottish writers
3173:12th-century Scottish writers
2987:Theatrum chemicum Britannicum
1301:and the Hierarchy of Being".
845:10.24117/2526-2270.2017.i2.18
633:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
187:
3168:13th-century Scottish people
932:MacQuarrie, Alan D. (1982).
667:The Lay of the Last Minstrel
548:He is said to have turned a
2959:Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum
2945:Bibliotheca chemica curiosa
1043:di Adam, Salimbene (1966).
866:University of Chicago Press
724:Liber quatuor distinctionum
457:Liber quatuor distinctionum
296:, and then after a stay at
3294:
3248:University of Paris alumni
2838:Rosary of the Philosophers
2824:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis
2763:Liber Hermetis de alchemia
1341:Resnick, Irven M. (2012).
819:, University of St Andrews
558:Long Meg and Her Daughters
3127:
2501:pseudo-Bernard of Treviso
2334:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
2304:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
2115:
2007:Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi
1956:Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani
1916:Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)
1827:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
1390:Wood, Brown, J. (1897),
1315:10.1017/S0362152900012095
1260:Meyer, Christian (2010).
1187:10.1017/S0362152900006942
1145:Ackermann, Silke (2009),
830:Scott, Tony (June 2017),
292:From Paris, Scot went to
169:
144:
103:
3263:13th-century translators
3258:12th-century translators
3233:Scottish Roman Catholics
3218:13th-century astrologers
3213:12th-century astrologers
3193:Burials at Melrose Abbey
3188:Arabic–Latin translators
2349:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
2182:Agathodaemon (legendary)
2073:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
1966:Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
1901:Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
786:University of St Andrews
490:of Cashel in Ireland by
245:Early life and education
237:to him. Scot translated
3273:13th-century alchemists
3268:12th-century alchemists
3223:Scottish mathematicians
2541:Jan Baptist van Helmont
2281:Stephanus of Alexandria
1936:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
1931:Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
1614:Dominicus Gundissalinus
1589:Richard of Saint Victor
1336:(subscription required)
1292:(subscription required)
1249:(subscription required)
588:ne' fianchi è cosi poco
567:Scot's reputation as a
64:more precise citations.
2374:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
2119:Renaissance philosophy
2093:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2078:Athir al-Din al-Abhari
1279:10.3917/ahdlm.076.0119
1216:"Michael Scotus"
600:
478:Super auctorem spherae
417:Super auctorem spherae
401:dealt with astrology,
383:in the Sahara desert.
361:The second version of
3228:Scottish philosophers
2810:Nabataean Agriculture
2697:Books of the Balances
2546:Johann Rudolf Glauber
2516:Giovanni da Correggio
2017:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
2012:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
1484:Medieval philosophers
1222:Catholic Encyclopedia
1118:Undiscovered Scotland
412:These works include:
205:. He was educated at
3243:Scottish translators
3208:Scottish astrologers
3055:In art/entertainment
2465:(pseudo-)Roger Bacon
2227:Zosimos of Panopolis
2222:Paphnutia the Virgin
2083:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2053:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2027:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
2002:Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
1717:Godfrey of Fontaines
1619:Gilbert de la Porrée
1584:Hugh of Saint Victor
1569:Anselm of Canterbury
1539:John Scotus Eriugena
728:Liber introductorius
720:Liber introductorius
656:William II de Soules
452:Liber introductorius
283:archbishop of Cashel
110:Michael Scot in the
3253:Medieval occultists
3203:Scottish alchemists
3075:Philosophers' stone
3070:Pill of Immortality
2966:Fasciculus chemicus
2913:Turba philosophorum
2831:Physika kai mystika
2561:Michael Sendivogius
2440:pseudo-Michael Scot
2276:pseudo-Olympiodorus
2217:Ostanes (legendary)
1992:Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
1911:Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
1837:Solomon ibn Gabirol
1758:Marsilius of Inghen
1609:Bernard of Chartres
1114:"William de Soulis"
997:, canto xx. 115–117
752:The House of Wisdom
680:Sir William Wallace
596:Liber physiognomiae
592:Liber physiognomiae
474:Liber physiognomiae
466:Liber physiognomiae
338:Hermannus Alemannus
221:, where he learned
2973:Musaeum Hermeticum
2899:Summa perfectionis
2878:(pseudo-Aristotle)
2868:Secret of Creation
2817:Ordinal of Alchemy
2460:pseudo-Ramon Llull
2364:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
1793:Lambertus de Monte
1773:Francesc Eiximenis
1642:Robert Grosseteste
1604:Alexander of Hales
1534:Isidore of Seville
1514:Augustine of Hippo
1089:"Hermitage Castle"
687:The Warld's Wonder
629:Giovanni Boccaccio
461:Liber particularis
388:Liber particularis
373:Fibonacci sequence
347:Historia animalium
3145:
3144:
3003:
3002:
2980:Theatrum chemicum
2796:Mirror of Alchimy
2748:Tabula Smaragdina
2725:Clavis sapientiae
2664:Aurora consurgens
2635:
2634:
2571:Pierre-Jean Fabre
2521:Heinrich Khunrath
2435:Magister Salernus
2410:Guido di Montanor
2197:pseudo-Democritus
2159:Alchemy (general)
2125:
2124:
2111:
2110:
1880:
1879:
1806:
1805:
1737:William of Ockham
1417:978-1-4254-5505-7
1154:978-3-631-59489-6
875:978-0-226-50132-1
868:. pp. 184–.
492:Pope Honorius III
427:Theatrum chimicum
377:multiple rainbows
334:Kingdom of Sicily
271:Pope Honorius III
231:Holy Roman Empire
225:. His patron was
193:) was a Scottish
173:
172:
146:Scientific career
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
3285:
3135:
3134:
2849:Step of the Sage
2789:Mappae clavicula
2756:Leyden papyrus X
2657:Atalanta fugiens
2646:
2627:Mary Anne Atwood
2612:Eugène Canseliet
2491:Andreas Libavius
2470:Taddeo Alderotti
2245:Fang (alchemist)
2192:pseudo-Cleopatra
2172:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2129:
1891:
1847:Abraham ibn Daud
1817:
1778:Nicholas of Cusa
1768:Albert of Saxony
1697:Boetius of Dacia
1692:Siger of Brabant
1497:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1437:
1387:
1385:
1364:
1348:
1337:
1334:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1254:Masson, Georgina
1250:
1247:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1169:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1120:. Archived from
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
989:Alighieri, Dante
986:
980:
979:
971:
965:
964:
944:
938:
937:
929:
923:
922:
904:
898:
895:
889:
886:
880:
879:
855:
849:
848:
847:
827:
821:
820:
814:
803:
797:
796:
794:
792:
777:
766:
765:
747:
731:
716:
710:
707:
682:, or the Devil.
676:Scottish Borders
662:Sir Walter Scott
621:and election of
603:
213:, and worked in
192:
189:
112:Bodleian Library
108:
94:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3123:
3118:Suns in alchemy
2999:
2925:
2864:Sirr al-khalīqa
2845:Rutbat al-ḥakīm
2729:Miftāḥ al-ḥikma
2631:
2617:Frater Albertus
2595:
2591:Wilhelm Homberg
2496:Basil Valentine
2479:
2450:Paul of Taranto
2415:Hugh of Evesham
2390:pseudo-Albertus
2378:
2324:pseudo-Avicenna
2290:
2264:
2237:Ancient Chinese
2231:
2207:Mary the Jewess
2161:
2156:
2126:
2121:
2107:
2031:
1980:
1926:Matta ibn Yunus
1876:
1802:
1741:
1732:Petrus Aureolus
1707:Meister Eckhart
1652:Albertus Magnus
1634:
1628:
1554:
1548:
1486:
1481:
1446:
1429:
1426:
1398:Thorndike, Lynn
1367:
1361:
1340:
1335:
1299:Natura Naturans
1296:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1259:
1248:
1229:
1212:
1209:
1172:
1159:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1124:on 27 July 2014
1112:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1093:Britain Express
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1033:Kay 1985, p. 5.
1032:
1028:
1024:Kay 1985, p. 4.
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:Kay 1985, p. 2.
1005:
1001:
987:
983:
973:
972:
968:
946:
945:
941:
931:
930:
926:
919:
918:978-2-262002022
906:
905:
901:
896:
892:
887:
883:
876:
857:
856:
852:
829:
828:
824:
812:
805:
804:
800:
790:
788:
779:
778:
769:
762:
749:
748:
744:
740:
735:
734:
717:
713:
708:
704:
699:
543:
523:
500:Pope Gregory IX
494:; then that of
423:De sole et luna
322:
275:Stephen Langton
247:
190:
131:
130:
120:
117:De Physionomiae
115:
99:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3291:
3289:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:Iatrochemistry
3047:
3042:
3040:Elixir of life
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2892:Splendor solis
2888:
2880:
2872:
2860:
2853:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2759:
2752:
2744:Emerald Tablet
2740:
2733:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2329:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2296:Arabic-Islamic
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2175:Greco-Egyptian
2169:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1867:Hasdai Crescas
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1788:Paul of Venice
1785:
1783:Vincent Ferrer
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:Thomas Aquinas
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:Henry of Ghent
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1624:Alain de Lille
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Anselm of Laon
1576:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1508:Church Fathers
1503:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1425:
1424:External links
1422:
1421:
1420:
1395:
1388:
1365:
1359:
1338:
1294:
1272:(1): 119–177.
1257:
1251:
1227:
1207:
1170:
1157:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1105:
1079:
1050:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
999:
981:
966:
939:
924:
917:
899:
890:
881:
874:
850:
838:(2): 204–255,
822:
798:
782:"Michael Scot"
767:
760:
741:
739:
736:
733:
732:
711:
701:
700:
698:
695:
691:Alexander Reid
542:
539:
522:
519:
470:
469:
447:
437:De chiromantia
434:
420:
321:
318:
265:and become an
246:
243:
184:Michael Scotus
171:
170:
167:
166:
153:
149:
148:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
128:
126:
122:
121:
109:
101:
100:
97:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3290:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Prima materia
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2994:Tripus aureus
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:Aureum vellus
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2884:Sirr al-asrār
2881:
2879:
2877:
2876:Sirr al-asrār
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:Seventy Books
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2767:Liber dabessi
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2690:Book of Mercy
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Samuel Norton
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Michael Maier
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2475:Thomas Norton
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Johann of Laz
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:George Ripley
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:Late medieval
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Ibn Waḥshiyya
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:Rashid al-Din
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Abd al-Jabbar
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:Nicole Oresme
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Giles of Rome
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Peter Lombard
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:Peter Abelard
1572:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:Scholasticism
1560:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1447:
1445:3-88309-043-3
1441:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:1-4254-5505-0
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1360:9780813219691
1356:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1068:
1061:
1060:"Lord Soulis"
1058:John Leyden.
1054:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
990:
985:
982:
977:
970:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
940:
935:
928:
925:
920:
914:
910:
903:
900:
894:
891:
885:
882:
877:
871:
867:
863:
862:
854:
851:
846:
841:
837:
833:
826:
823:
818:
811:
810:
802:
799:
787:
783:
776:
774:
772:
768:
763:
761:9781408800317
757:
753:
746:
743:
737:
729:
725:
721:
715:
712:
706:
703:
696:
694:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
637:Gabriel Naudé
634:
630:
626:
624:
620:
616:
615:Fra Salimbene
611:
609:
606:
602:
597:
593:
589:
584:
580:
579:
578:Divine Comedy
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
540:
538:
534:
532:
528:
520:
518:
516:
515:Sixth Crusade
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
481:
479:
475:
468:
467:
462:
458:
454:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
435:
432:
428:
424:
421:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
381:Tuareg people
378:
374:
370:
369:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:mathematician
185:
181:
177:
168:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
127:
123:
118:
113:
107:
102:
95:
92:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Scot, Michael
3137:All articles
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2930:Compilations
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2775:Liber ignium
2773:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2655:
2576:Robert Boyle
2531:Isaac Newton
2526:Hennig Brand
2511:Gerhard Dorn
2484:Early modern
2455:Petrus Bonus
2439:
2400:pseudo-Geber
2212:pseudo-Moses
2098:Ibn Taymiyya
2088:Ibn al-Nafis
1842:Judah Halevi
1753:Jean Buridan
1682:John Peckham
1647:Michael Scot
1646:
1433:
1402:Michael Scot
1401:
1391:
1376:(15): 1–11.
1373:
1344:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1283:. Retrieved
1269:
1265:
1231:
1220:
1210:(in English)
1178:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1146:
1126:. Retrieved
1122:the original
1117:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1087:David Ross.
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1066:
1053:
1044:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
992:
984:
969:
948:
942:
933:
927:
908:
902:
893:
884:
860:
853:
835:
825:
808:
801:
789:. Retrieved
751:
745:
727:
723:
719:
714:
705:
686:
684:
665:
660:
651:
645:
640:
627:
619:Nicholas III
612:
607:
604:
595:
591:
587:
576:
566:
554:stone circle
547:
544:
535:
527:Walter Scott
524:
517:in 1228-29.
504:
485:
482:
477:
473:
471:
464:
460:
456:
450:
436:
426:
422:
416:
411:
392:
387:
385:
366:
360:
355:
351:
345:
323:
291:
253:and then at
248:
227:Frederick II
183:
176:Michael Scot
175:
174:
145:
129:Michael Scot
116:
98:Michael Scot
91:
76:
67:
48:
3163:1232 deaths
3158:1175 births
3060:Magnum opus
3030:Chrysopoeia
2952:De alchemia
2803:Mutus liber
2782:Liber lucis
2649:Major Works
2536:Jakob Böhme
2425:John Dastin
2369:al-Ṭughrāʾī
2255:Master Geng
2103:Ibn Khaldun
1941:Ibn Masarra
1872:Joseph Albo
1857:Nachmanides
1832:Saadia Gaon
1798:John Hennon
1722:Duns Scotus
1687:Ramon Llull
1667:Bonaventure
1662:Roger Bacon
1524:Cassiodorus
1285:30 December
1181:: 329–340.
672:Eildon Hill
652:Lord Soulis
648:John Leyden
581:, the only
513:during the
498:in 1227 by
443:concerning
399:manuscripts
395:physiognomy
368:Liber Abaci
269:priest, as
203:Middle Ages
191: 1232
156:Mathematics
62:introducing
3152:Categories
3105:Substances
3045:Homunculus
2711:Cantong Qi
2622:Fulcanelli
2566:Paracelsus
2359:al-Jildakī
2260:Wei Boyang
2167:Alchemists
2068:al-Qazwini
2043:Ibn Sab'in
2022:Ibn Tufayl
1976:al-Kirmani
1862:Gersonides
1852:Maimonides
1309:: 93–116.
1168:: 101–126.
1162:Micrologus
991:(c. 1320)
791:23 October
738:References
650:'s ballad
496:Canterbury
488:Archbishop
463:, and the
445:chiromancy
235:astrologer
119:manuscript
45:references
3100:Processes
3065:Ouroboros
2886:(al-Rāzī)
2607:Carl Jung
2445:Ortolanus
2344:al-ʿIrāqī
2319:Artephius
2309:Alphidius
2269:Byzantine
2117:See also
2063:Ibn Arabi
1971:al-Biruni
1961:Miskawayh
1906:al-Nazzam
1492:Christian
1351:CUA Press
1331:141258756
1203:151735943
726:and that
697:Footnotes
623:Martin IV
598:, reads:
541:In legend
511:Holy Land
431:astronomy
363:Fibonacci
306:Aristotle
273:wrote to
186:; 1175 –
160:astrology
70:June 2011
3095:Yliaster
2675:Morienus
2641:Writings
2551:John Dee
2286:Synesius
1997:Ibn Hazm
1951:Al-Amiri
1820:Medieval
1727:Durandus
1594:Roscelin
1519:Boethius
1400:(1965),
1323:27831961
1303:Traditio
1244:40166404
1238:: 1–14.
1195:27831175
1175:Traditio
961:40166404
955:: 1–14.
569:magician
507:Al-Kamil
441:opuscule
405:and the
356:De caelo
352:De anima
326:polyglot
314:Averroes
310:Avicenna
279:benefice
267:ordained
263:theology
239:Averroes
3114:Unicode
3110:Symbols
3035:Element
3020:Athanor
3015:Alembic
3008:Various
2250:Ge Hong
1886:Islamic
1677:Vitello
1635:century
1633:13–14th
1555:century
1553:11–12th
1234:(103).
1140:Sources
1128:3 April
1098:3 April
1072:8 April
1045:Cronica
994:Inferno
951:(103).
750:Lyons.
562:Cumbria
403:alchemy
332:in the
298:Palermo
294:Bologna
229:of the
215:Bologna
201:in the
199:scholar
164:alchemy
140:c. 1232
58:improve
3090:Takwin
2600:Modern
2187:Chymes
1812:Jewish
1544:Alcuin
1442:
1415:
1407:
1357:
1329:
1321:
1242:
1201:
1193:
1152:
959:
915:
872:
758:
531:Norway
459:, the
407:occult
397:. His
354:, and
320:Career
302:Toledo
255:Oxford
251:Durham
223:Arabic
219:Toledo
207:Oxford
152:Fields
47:, but
3085:Rebis
3025:Azoth
1894:Early
1500:Early
1327:S2CID
1319:JSTOR
1240:JSTOR
1199:S2CID
1191:JSTOR
1063:(PDF)
957:JSTOR
813:(PDF)
608:malum
573:Dante
550:coven
521:Death
439:, an
342:Latin
330:court
300:, to
287:Italy
259:Paris
211:Paris
180:Latin
2036:Late
1985:High
1746:Late
1440:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1287:2016
1150:ISBN
1130:2014
1100:2014
1074:2014
913:ISBN
870:ISBN
793:2016
756:ISBN
583:Scot
472:The
312:and
257:and
217:and
209:and
197:and
137:Died
132:1175
125:Born
1378:doi
1311:doi
1274:doi
1183:doi
840:doi
689:by
646:In
610:).
575:'s
560:in
556:of
289:.
3154::
3116:,
1411:,
1372:.
1353:.
1349:.
1325:.
1317:.
1307:53
1305:.
1270:76
1268:.
1264:.
1219:.
1197:.
1189:.
1179:41
1177:.
1164:.
1116:.
1091:.
1065:.
864:.
834:,
815:,
784:.
770:^
693:.
643:.
564:.
502:.
350:,
188:c.
182::
162:,
158:,
114:'s
3120:)
3112:(
2870:)
2866:(
2851:)
2847:(
2769:)
2765:(
2750:)
2746:(
2731:)
2727:(
2677:)
2673:(
2151:e
2144:t
2137:v
1565:"
1561:"
1510:"
1506:"
1476:e
1469:t
1462:v
1448:.
1419:.
1394:.
1386:.
1380::
1363:.
1333:.
1313::
1289:.
1276::
1246:.
1205:.
1185::
1166:2
1156:.
1132:.
1102:.
1076:.
978:.
963:.
921:.
878:.
842::
795:.
764:.
586:(
178:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
