275:
United States had to act, "An emergency has arisen, in which the
Government of the United States is called upon to act in self-defense by the exercise of its legislative power. I cannot but regard the expressed demand on the part of China for a reexamination and renewed discussion of the topics so completely covered by mutual treaty stipulations, as an indefinite postponement and practical abandonment on the objects we have in view..." He recommended that separate legislation should be introduced to allow reentry of the Chinese who were already in transit back to the United States, but this never happened. He also recommended that the United States pay $ 276,619.75 for injuries to the Chinese in America from violence, which had been a provision of the renounced Bayard-Zhang Treaty, which also never happened.
24:
4295:
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299:, was decided on May 13, 1889, in favor of the United States. The Supreme Court said its hands were tied because Congress’ power to exclude aliens was absolute because it was a sovereign power granted by the constitution that could be exercised at any time, “when, in the judgment of the government, the interests of the country require it, cannot be granted away or restrained on behalf of any one.”
251:, a Democrat of Pennsylvania, introduced the Scott Act to force the stipulations of the treaty into American law without any agreement from the Chinese government. All Chinese laborers who were residents of the United States were barred from traveling abroad, and those who were abroad –– even those who had certificates allowing their return when the act was passed –– were not allowed to return.
232:
Bayard-Zhang Treaty, but with amendments that canceled all return certificates of
Chinese who were outside of the United States and a 20-year indefinite ban that would continue unless the treaty was renegotiated or renounced. Congress on the whole then passed legislation that enforced the treaty, assuming China would ratify in 1888.
267:, Republican of Colorado, said of the act, "There are now about one hundred thousand Chinese who have come into this country, and I myself will welcome any legislation that shall deport every single one of them from the United States and send them back to China, where they belong." The bill passed in the Senate as well.
274:
signed the Scott Act into law on
October 1, 1888. In an accompanying message he sent to Congress along with the law, he justified the act by saying China had promised in the renounced Bayard-Zhang treaty to prevent workers from coming to the United States. In absence of this act, Cleveland said, the
205:
In the 1850s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States to work in gold mines, take jobs in agriculture and factories, and built railroads in the
American West. More than 10,000 workers built the railroad tracks in the American West by hand, 80% of whom were Chinese migrant workers. This influx
302:
While exclusion power did not exist as a federal power at the time of the United States' founding, it became grounded in inherent sovereignty and was unrestrained by the constitution. The
Supreme Court decision was an important precedent both for establishing the federal government's discretionary
258:
Scott claimed there were copious amounts of fake
Chinese return documents and that the system was being abused, although few actual cases of fraud had been caught. "As the truth is a merchantable commodity from a Chinese point of view, those certificates were in many instances sold to Chinamen who
262:
In congressional debate regarding the Scott Act, representatives' only other concern was keeping those certificate holders who weren't in the United States from returning. They were concerned Scott's proposed act wouldn't be strict enough to accomplish this, but he assured them it would be. After
254:
The act read, "Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the United States of
America, in congress assembled, that from and after the passage of this act it shall be unlawful for and Chinese laborer who shall at any time heretofore have been . . . a resident within the United
231:
of China had negotiated the Bayard-Zhang Treaty, whereby the
Chinese government would restrict emigration to the United States, and in exchange, the U.S. government would crack down on discrimination and poor treatment against Chinese in the United States. In May 1888, the Senate approved the
210:
suspended the immigration of
Chinese laborers for 10 years and required every Chinese person traveling in or out of the United States to carry a certificate identifying their status as a worker, scholar, diplomat, or merchant. In 1882, Congress passed these terms as the
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power over immigration and upholding the government's authority to pass and enforce legislation contradictory to the terms of past international treaties (the treaty in question being the
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293:, returned to the US after a trip home to China. He was stopped at the port and denied entry. He challenged the denial and the case reached the Supreme Court. This case,
34:
An Act a supplement to an act entitled "An Act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to
Chinese," approved the sixth day of May eighteen hundred and eighty-two.
3771:
3481:
2903:
255:
States, and who shall have departed, or shall depart, therefrom, and shall not have returned before the passage of this act, to return to or remain the United States."
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2010:
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province) and among the Chinese in the United States, and a delay in ratification on China's part stoked fears that the treaty would be rejected.
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had never been in this country, who took them and came to the United States in violation of the law," Scott said when introducing the act.
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half an hour of debate, the bill was passed by voice vote. The Senate took up the bill hours after it passed in the House. Senator
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2003:
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1080:
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348:, which held that the Chinese Exclusion Act could not overrule the citizenship of those born in the U.S. to Chinese parents
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51:
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1996:
1874:
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1623:
994:
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23:
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2256:
1788:
1783:
1668:
1241:
622:"CHAE CHAN PING v. UNITED STATES. 130 U.S. 581 (9 S.Ct. 623, 32 L.Ed. 1068) CHAE CHAN PING v. UNITED STATES"
172:
law that prohibited U.S. resident Chinese laborers from returning to the United States. Its main author was
4545:
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1977:
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of Chinese immigrants led to a strong anti-Chinese sentiment among white American workers. In 1880, the
185:
514:
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4584:
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1972:
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1312:
457:
4614:
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1029:
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914:
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1849:
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2019:
1839:
1490:
1301:
1230:
922:
881:
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805:
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778:
759:
749:
730:
720:
701:
691:
660:
465:
402:
321:
316:
304:
228:
270:
Due to public pressure, the Chinese government chose not to ratify the treaty, and President
4643:
4578:
4432:
4277:
4208:
4073:
4048:
3724:
3140:
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2363:
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2048:
1956:
1829:
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1473:
1307:
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906:
652:
271:
248:
181:
152:
74:
4385:
4088:
4013:
3241:
2241:
2058:
2053:
1580:
1445:
1290:
1122:
1095:
1013:
687:
Racial Reconstruction: Black Inclusion, Chinese Exclusion, and the Fictions of Citizenship
264:
4479:
489:
745:
Forbidden Citizens: Chinese Exclusion and the U.S. Congress : A Legislative History
621:
4608:
4572:
4520:
4484:
4138:
4128:
3896:
3624:
3251:
2974:
2938:
2800:
2411:
2308:
2043:
1879:
1798:
1757:
1638:
1433:
289:
On October 8, 1888, Chae Chan Ping, a Chinese citizen and unskilled laborer working in
192:
at the time of its passage stranded, with no option to return to their U.S. residence.
933:
4673:
4596:
4464:
4018:
3639:
1682:
1278:
1039:
836:
290:
189:
169:
4143:
3906:
3246:
2266:
1951:
1207:
1202:
984:
774:
The Opium Debate and Chinese Exclusion Laws in the Nineteenth-Century American West
716:
The Road to Chinese Exclusion: The Denver Riot, 1880 Election, and Rise of the West
177:
130:
120:
235:
However, the treaty met with considerable opposition, both in China (particularly
801:
772:
743:
714:
685:
570:
4437:
3859:
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
3369:
3303:
2959:
1931:
1884:
1859:
1793:
1044:
4133:
2555:
1803:
1171:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1129:
1112:
1107:
646:
894:
861:
852:
824:
763:
734:
705:
656:
469:
215:. After this, Chinese exclusion was extended for 10 more years with the 1892
4400:
3868:
3823:
3216:
3165:
2784:
2261:
2251:
1834:
1398:
926:
885:
809:
792:
236:
216:
3329:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
1988:
4272:
3761:
3729:
3461:
3451:
1914:
918:
877:
844:
2536:
1516:
1054:
1049:
490:"Chinese Exclusion Act | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica"
188:
passed in 1882 and left an estimated 20,000-30,000 Chinese outside the
93:
4119:
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
3527:
3339:
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
3334:
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
1941:
979:
910:
227:
Prior to the Scott Act, the governments of the United States and the
4177:
899:
Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California
3324:
Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994
1936:
3001:
List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations
4181:
3395:
Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)
3015:
1992:
937:
802:""Caves of Oblivion": Opium Dens and Exclusion Laws, 1850-1882"
3355:
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
1565:
Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)
4690:
United States federal immigration and nationality legislation
2092:
U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China
547:"Enforcing Chinese Exclusion The Scott Act of 1888, Part 1"
219:, then another 10 in 1902. It was made indefinite in 1904.
905:(1/2). Historical Society of Southern California: 49–58.
398:
The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions
184:
on October 1, 1888. It was introduced to expand upon the
3360:
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
4064:
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
2099:
One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America
4559:
4513:
4302:
4245:
4152:
4027:
4001:
3935:
3882:
3816:
3790:
3673:
3567:
3502:
3407:
3347:
3270:
3174:
3108:
3084:
3063:
3050:
2988:
2952:
2869:
2822:
2753:
2389:
2285:
2229:
2218:
2107:
2077:
2026:
1965:
1907:
1812:
1776:
1740:
1733:
1606:
1414:
1271:
1250:
1223:
1216:
1180:
1068:
1022:
972:
99:
80:
70:
65:
57:
46:
38:
30:
895:"The Events Leading to the Chinese Exclusion Acts"
2904:Chinese Historical Society of Southern California
825:"The Supreme Court and the Chinese Exclusion Act"
433:"Milestones: 1866–1898 - Office of the Historian"
3808:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
180:, and it was signed into law by U.S. President
139:on August 20, 1888 (Passed) with amendment
4069:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
3747:List of people deported from the United States
1405:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden
1336:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)
4193:
3494:Trump administration family separation policy
3027:
2316:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
2004:
1346:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
949:
748:. Alexandria, Virginia: The Capitol Net Inc.
8:
4381:Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887
3544:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
16:
4695:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
4044:California Coalition for Immigration Reform
2899:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
4200:
4186:
4178:
4079:Federation for American Immigration Reform
3060:
3034:
3020:
3012:
2399:
2395:
2226:
2104:
2011:
1997:
1989:
1737:
1220:
956:
942:
934:
368:
366:
364:
362:
3854:Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
3849:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
3839:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
3782:Unaccompanied minors from Central America
3539:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
3309:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
1198:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees
651:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4258:New York Institute for Special Education
4059:Center for Migration Studies of New York
3202:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
3071:Nationality law in the American Colonies
3993:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)
3549:Executive Office for Immigration Review
2272:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
358:
4009:California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
2919:Chinese Staff and Workers' Association
332:List of United States Immigration Acts
15:
3257:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)
2879:List of Chinese American associations
2846:Chinese Historical Society of America
1451:Soviet deportations of Chinese people
640:
638:
279:Supreme Court challenge and upholding
247:On September 3, 1888, Representative
7:
4371:Dependent and Disability Pension Act
3978:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
3283:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952
565:
563:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
427:
425:
4344:Presidential Succession Act of 1886
3664:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)
3634:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
3519:Immigration and Customs Enforcement
3121:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)
1555:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
862:"The Chinese and the Exclusion Act"
804:. University of Missouri-Columbia.
145:on September 13, 1888 (Passed)
111:in the House as H.R. 11336 by
3752:Mexico–United States border crisis
3534:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
2884:Chinese American Citizens Alliance
1532:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians
1383:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886
1367:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka
513:Erhart, Victoria (June 27, 2011).
14:
4490:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
4406:Indian Appropriations Act of 1889
3973:"Streamline" (2005–present)
3695:Central American migrant caravans
3242:Bracero Program (1942–1964)
2934:Organization of Chinese Americans
596:"Chae Chan Ping v. United States"
458:"The Echoes of Chinese Exclusion"
4653:
4652:
4293:
4286:
3757:Mexico–United States border wall
3232:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
3043:Immigration to the United States
2359:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
1689:Artificial Intelligence Cold War
1649:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests
1560:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma
22:
4354:Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
3514:Department of Homeland Security
1341:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885
338:Chae Chan Ping v. United States
296:Chae Chan Ping v. United States
285:Chae Chan Ping v. United States
143:House agreed to House amendment
4453:Democratic National Convention
4426:Democratic National Convention
4359:Interstate Commerce Commission
4322:Democratic National Convention
4224:President of the United States
4054:Center for Immigration Studies
3983:"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
3968:"Front Line" (2004–2005)
3618:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting
3559:Office of Refugee Resettlement
3314:American Homecoming Act (1989)
2924:Chinese for Affirmative Action
2851:Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum
1927:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees
777:. University of Nevada Press.
719:. University Press of Kansas.
1:
4525:Grover Cleveland High School
4263:1881 Buffalo mayoral election
4104:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
3948:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
3710:Eugenics in the United States
2909:Chinese Society Halls on Maui
2352:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1716:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest
1679:China–United States trade war
1544:Internment of Chinese-Indians
1457:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
690:. New York University Press.
618:Cornell University Law School
616:Legal Information Institute,
515:"Bayard-Zhang Treaty of 1888"
345:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
42:Chinese Exclusion Law of 1888
4268:1882 New York state election
3772:Illegal immigrant population
3554:Board of Immigration Appeals
3390:Executive Order 13780 (2017)
3385:Executive Order 13769 (2017)
3278:UN Refugee Convention (1951)
3192:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
2830:Museum of Chinese in America
1721:Boycotts of Chinese products
1644:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
1576:1969 race riots of Singapore
1550:1964 race riots in Singapore
1237:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)
4470:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
4253:Grover Cleveland Birthplace
3988:"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
3963:"Endgame" (2003–2012)
3834:McCain–Kennedy (2005)
3824:DREAM Act (2001–2010)
3803:Canada–United States border
3798:Mexico–United States border
3365:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
3227:Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
1711:2021 Solomon Islands unrest
1701:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
1598:May 1998 riots of Indonesia
52:50th United States Congress
4713:
4443:1892 presidential election
4416:1888 presidential election
4312:1884 presidential election
4124:Negative Population Growth
4114:National Immigration Forum
4099:Migration Policy Institute
3874:US Citizenship Act of 2021
3430:Temporary protected status
3212:Emergency Quota Act (1921)
2841:Chinese American Museum DC
2303:San Francisco riot of 1877
1706:2021 Atlanta spa shootings
1570:13 May incident (Malaysia)
1538:Chinese Confession Program
1428:Vancouver anti-Asian riots
1372:Chinese head tax in Canada
1319:San Francisco riot of 1877
893:Wellborn, Mildred (1912).
829:American Advocate of Peace
800:Ahmad, Diana Lynn (1997).
282:
133:, in lieu of S. 3304)
4624:
4505:National Democratic Party
4495:Venezuelan crisis of 1895
4334:Wedding to Frances Folsom
4284:
4215:
3457:Security Advisory Opinion
2996:List of Chinese Americans
2965:United International Bank
2402:
2398:
2293:1867 Chinese Labor Strike
1674:2015 Aksu colliery attack
1624:2008 Kunming bus bombings
995:The Unparalleled Invasion
866:The North American Review
645:Parker, Kunal M. (2015).
456:Hsu, Irene (2018-06-28).
104:
21:
4685:Chinese-American history
4680:Anti-Chinese legislation
4603:Richard Falley Cleveland
4551:Mount Cleveland (Alaska)
4475:Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act
4411:Federal judges appointed
4166:Missing in Brooks County
4094:Mexicans Without Borders
3594:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind
3467:National Origins Formula
3151:Chinese Exclusion (1882)
3126:Civil Rights Act of 1866
2894:Chinese Community Centre
2764:American Chinese cuisine
2640:Providence, Rhode Island
2298:Chinese massacre of 1871
2237:Anti-Chinese legislation
2087:Chinese American history
1659:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
1468:Second Sino-Japanese War
1297:Chinese massacre of 1871
1193:Asiatic Exclusion League
860:Miller, Joaquin (1901).
771:Ahmad, Diana L. (2007).
657:10.1017/cbo9781139343282
594:Immigration in America.
517:. Immigration in America
395:Hall, Kermit L. (1999).
327:Chinese American history
129:on August 8, 1888 (
3445:Central American Minors
3375:Secure Fence Act (2006)
3237:Nationality Act of 1940
3187:Naturalization Act 1906
3161:Immigration Act of 1891
3146:Immigration Act of 1882
3136:Naturalization Act 1870
3116:Naturalization Law 1802
3092:Naturalization Act 1790
2889:Chinese American church
2835:Chinese American Museum
2672:San Francisco Chinatown
2370:Killing of Vincent Chin
2257:Immigration Act of 1924
2020:Chinese American topics
1789:Ita Martadinata Haryono
1669:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
1619:Abacus Bank prosecution
1242:Sangley Massacre (1662)
684:Wong, Edlie L. (2015).
554:Chinese American Heroes
4546:Cleveland, Mississippi
4226:(1885–1889, 1893–1897)
4160:Borderland (TV series)
4014:Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
3487:Unaccompanied children
3262:Luce–Celler Act (1946)
3052:Relevant colonial era,
2772:American Chinese films
2550:Montville, Connecticut
2376:Killing of Akai Gurley
1664:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
1629:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
1422:White Australia policy
965:Anti-Chinese sentiment
174:William Lawrence Scott
113:William Lawrence Scott
3737:Immigration reduction
3648:Niz-Chavez v. Garland
3252:War Brides Act (1945)
3131:14th Amendment (1868)
2345:Hells Canyon Massacre
2321:Rock Springs massacre
2247:Chinese Exclusion Act
2039:American-born Chinese
1978:Hong Kong nationalism
1614:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots
1593:1997 Banjarmasin riot
1388:Hells Canyon Massacre
1361:Rock Springs massacre
1351:Issaquah riot of 1885
1330:Chinese Exclusion Act
1258:1740 Batavia massacre
1060:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
1035:Andrew Jackson Bryant
742:Gold, Martin (2011).
283:Further information:
213:Chinese Exclusion Act
186:Chinese Exclusion Act
4585:Richard F. Cleveland
4500:Enabling Act of 1889
4366:Tenure of Office Act
4235:Governor of New York
4039:Arizona Border Recon
4019:Alabama HB 56 (2011)
3883:Immigration stations
3817:Proposed legislation
3715:Guest worker program
3690:Brooks County, Texas
3602:US v. Brignoni-Ponce
3319:Immigration Act 1990
3222:Immigration Act 1924
3207:Immigration Act 1918
3197:Immigration Act 1907
3182:Immigration Act 1903
2970:Global Commerce Bank
2944:Hip Sing Association
2332:Seattle riot of 1886
1634:2011 Kashgar attacks
1378:Seattle riot of 1886
1324:New Zealand head tax
1263:1782 Saigon massacre
1002:Japanese nationalism
713:Zhu, Liping (2013).
4637:←Benjamin Harrison→
4630:← Chester A. Arthur
4617:(great-grandfather)
4460:Second inauguration
4349:Electoral Count Act
3958:"Gatekeeper" (1994)
3885:and points of entry
3777:Reverse immigration
3656:Sanchez v. Mayorkas
3569:Supreme Court cases
3425:Visa Waiver Program
3420:Permanent residence
3247:Magnuson Act (1943)
3076:Plantation Act 1740
2914:Ying On Association
2814:Chinatown bus lines
2806:Confucius Institute
2730:Rockville, Maryland
2718:Spokane, Washington
2327:Tacoma riot of 1885
2069:Hyphenated American
2064:Hong Kong Americans
1973:Chinese imperialism
1654:2014 Kunming attack
1510:Home Office 213/926
1498:Sook Ching massacre
1486:Japanese war crimes
1462:Wanpaoshan Incident
1356:Tacoma riot of 1885
1313:Trout Creek Outrage
575:Immigration History
571:"Scott Act of 1888"
223:Bayard-Zhang Treaty
100:Legislative history
18:
4644:William McKinley →
4615:Richard Falley Jr.
4329:First inauguration
3742:Immigration reform
3578:US v. Wong Kim Ark
3524:U.S. Border Patrol
3440:Green Card Lottery
3408:Visas and policies
3370:Real ID Act (2005)
3304:Refugee Act (1980)
3056:international laws
3045:and related topics
2737:Winnemucca, Nevada
2529:San Gabriel Valley
2448:West Argyle Street
2338:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
2203:Washington State (
1587:Cambodian genocide
1524:Mergosono massacre
1504:Changkiao massacre
1480:Nanshitou Massacre
1285:Lambing Flat riots
1188:Anti-Chinese Union
1118:Racism in Malaysia
1030:Adriaan Valckenier
990:Chinese emigration
494:www.britannica.com
374:"Scott Act (1888)"
155:on October 1, 1888
123:) on July 15, 1888
4667:
4666:
4591:Francis Cleveland
4567:Frances Cleveland
4529:Buffalo, New York
4391:Berlin Conference
4376:Hatch Act of 1887
4175:
4174:
4109:Minuteman Project
4084:Improve The Dream
4002:State legislation
3953:"Babylift" (1975)
3927:Washington Avenue
3922:Sullivan's Island
3844:STRIVE Act (2007)
3767:March for America
3720:Human trafficking
3610:Zadvydas v. Davis
3472:Expedited removal
3403:
3402:
3054:United States and
3009:
3008:
2780:Chinaman's chance
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2682:Richmond District
2666:San Francisco Bay
2543:North Miami Beach
2517:Locke, California
2470:Dallas-Fort Worth
2385:
2384:
2214:
2213:
2192:Dallas-Fort Worth
2162:Mississippi Delta
2034:Chinese Americans
1986:
1985:
1920:Chinaman's chance
1903:
1902:
1870:Mi Gao Huang Chen
1840:Franklin Feng Tao
1729:
1728:
1491:Three Alls Policy
1302:Pigtail Ordinance
1231:Sangley Rebellion
666:978-1-139-34328-2
648:Making Foreigners
437:history.state.gov
322:Chinese Exclusion
317:Chinatown, Denver
305:Burlingame Treaty
229:Great Qing Empire
201:Chinese Exclusion
162:
161:
127:Passed the Senate
83:Statutes at Large
4702:
4656:
4655:
4579:Esther Cleveland
4433:Murchison letter
4297:
4290:
4278:Westland Mansion
4238:
4227:
4209:Grover Cleveland
4202:
4195:
4188:
4179:
4074:Community Change
4049:CASA of Maryland
4029:Non-governmental
3943:"Wetback" (1954)
3869:RAISE Act (2017)
3829:H.R. 4437 (2005)
3217:Cable Act (1922)
3166:Geary Act (1892)
3156:Scott Act (1888)
3061:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3013:
2929:Committee of 100
2856:Wing Luke Museum
2724:Washington, D.C.
2635:Portland, Oregon
2400:
2396:
2364:Bellingham riots
2277:China Initiative
2227:
2105:
2049:Fuzhou Americans
2013:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1957:Sick man of Asia
1947:Locust/Wongchung
1865:Leung Chi-cheung
1738:
1696:China Initiative
1474:Nanking Massacre
1440:Torreón massacre
1394:Scott Act (1888)
1308:Page Act of 1875
1221:
1165:China Initiative
958:
951:
944:
935:
930:
911:10.2307/41168895
889:
872:(541): 782–789.
856:
813:
796:
767:
738:
709:
671:
670:
642:
633:
632:
630:
628:
613:
607:
606:
604:
602:
591:
585:
584:
582:
581:
567:
558:
557:
551:
542:
527:
526:
524:
522:
510:
504:
503:
501:
500:
486:
480:
479:
477:
476:
462:The New Republic
453:
447:
446:
444:
443:
429:
420:
419:
417:
415:
392:
386:
385:
383:
381:
370:
272:Grover Cleveland
249:William L. Scott
182:Grover Cleveland
153:Grover Cleveland
137:Passed the House
84:
26:
19:
17:Scott Act (1888)
4712:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4620:
4599:(granddaughter)
4555:
4509:
4386:Texas Seed Bill
4298:
4292:
4291:
4282:
4241:
4230:
4219:
4211:
4206:
4176:
4171:
4148:
4089:Mexica Movement
4032:
4030:
4023:
3997:
3931:
3884:
3878:
3864:SAFE Act (2015)
3812:
3786:
3725:Human smuggling
3700:Economic impact
3678:
3676:
3669:
3563:
3507:
3505:
3498:
3399:
3343:
3271:1950–1999
3266:
3175:1900–1949
3170:
3141:Page Act (1875)
3104:
3080:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3010:
3005:
2984:
2948:
2865:
2818:
2741:
2687:Sunset District
2630:Portland, Maine
2381:
2281:
2242:Anti-Coolie Act
2221:
2210:
2146:Massachusetts (
2103:
2073:
2059:Hoklo Americans
2054:Hakka Americans
2022:
2017:
1987:
1982:
1961:
1899:
1808:
1772:
1725:
1602:
1581:Malari incident
1446:1918 Kudus riot
1410:
1291:Anti-Coolie Act
1267:
1246:
1212:
1176:
1123:Ketuanan Melayu
1096:Racism in Japan
1064:
1018:
1014:De-Sinicization
968:
962:
892:
859:
823:
820:
799:
785:
770:
756:
741:
727:
712:
698:
683:
680:
675:
674:
667:
644:
643:
636:
626:
624:
615:
614:
610:
600:
598:
593:
592:
588:
579:
577:
569:
568:
561:
549:
545:Chin, Phillip.
544:
543:
530:
520:
518:
512:
511:
507:
498:
496:
488:
487:
483:
474:
472:
455:
454:
450:
441:
439:
431:
430:
423:
413:
411:
409:
394:
393:
389:
379:
377:
372:
371:
360:
355:
313:
287:
281:
245:
225:
203:
198:
158:
149:Signed into law
82:
61:October 1, 1888
47:Enacted by
12:
11:
5:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4672:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4648:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4612:
4609:Rose Cleveland
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4573:Ruth Cleveland
4570:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4523:
4521:Cleveland Park
4517:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:Pullman Strike
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4339:Foreign policy
4336:
4331:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4228:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4139:Save Our State
4136:
4131:
4129:No More Deaths
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:Labor shortage
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3675:Related issues
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3630:
3626:Barton v. Barr
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3297:Section 287(g)
3294:
3292:Section 212(f)
3280:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2975:East West Bank
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2939:Bing Kong Tong
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2861:Wo Hing Museum
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2810:Transportation
2808:
2803:
2801:Chinese school
2798:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2700:Seattle-Tacoma
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2662:
2657:
2655:Salt Lake City
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2309:Tape v. Hurley
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2224:
2222:discrimination
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:Asian American
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2027:Related groups
2024:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:Teoh Beng Hock
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Jiansheng Chen
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1799:Velma Demerson
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1748:Chae Chan Ping
1744:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1639:Wolf Amendment
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1434:Beipu uprising
1431:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1181:By institution
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1152:
1147:
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1137:
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1020:
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970:
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963:
961:
960:
953:
946:
938:
932:
931:
890:
857:
835:(6). Unknown:
819:
818:External links
816:
815:
814:
797:
784:978-0874176988
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768:
755:978-1587332357
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739:
726:978-0700619191
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2837:(Los Angeles)
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2623:Squirrel Hill
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2603:Oklahoma City
2601:
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2580:New York City
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2496:
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2477:
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2176:New York City
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2123:San Francisco
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2025:
2021:
2014:
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2007:
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1995:
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1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
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1950:
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1453:(1920s–1930s)
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1279:Buckland Riot
1277:
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1160:United States
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1040:Denis Kearney
1038:
1036:
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1023:By persecutor
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3380:DACA (2012)
2960:Cathay Bank
2776:Terminology
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2230:Legislation
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2118:Los Angeles
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1952:Shina/Zhina
1932:Ching chong
1895:Michelle Go
1885:Xiaoxing Xi
1875:Sherry Chen
1860:Jiayang Fan
1794:Qian Xuesen
1589:(1975–1979)
1540:(1956–1965)
1512:(1945–1946)
1482:(1942-1945)
1476:(1937–1938)
1424:(1901–1973)
1401:(1892–1943)
1374:(1885–1923)
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1287:(1860–1861)
1217:By incident
1140:Philippines
1045:Hideki Tojo
627:January 16,
601:January 16,
521:January 16,
414:January 16,
380:January 16,
4674:Categories
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4575:(daughter)
4134:NumbersUSA
3936:Operations
3917:San Ysidro
3677:and events
3504:Government
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2556:New Jersey
2476:Richardson
2391:Chinatowns
2174:New York (
2167:Missouri (
2153:Michigan (
2139:Illinois (
1890:Yao Pan Ma
1850:Haoyang Yu
1825:Danny Chen
1804:Wen Ho Lee
1069:By country
973:Background
580:2022-02-03
499:2022-02-02
475:2022-02-02
442:2022-02-02
376:. Harpweek
353:References
307:of 1868).
109:Introduced
71:Public law
31:Long title
4401:Dawes Act
4396:Scott Act
3912:Otay Mesa
3791:Geography
3477:Detention
2797:Education
2793:Love boat
2785:Jook-sing
2660:San Diego
2650:St. Louis
2586:Manhattan
2512:Las Vegas
2456:Cleveland
2417:Baltimore
2262:Cable Act
2252:Geary Act
2169:St. Louis
1845:Gang Chen
1835:Eileen Gu
1820:Anming Hu
1758:Mary Tape
1734:By victim
1399:Geary Act
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1086:Indonesia
1076:Hong Kong
853:904370565
764:785081707
735:837923477
706:906010899
470:0028-6583
243:Scott Act
237:Guangdong
217:Geary Act
166:Scott Act
66:Citations
58:Effective
39:Nicknames
4658:Category
4611:(sister)
4605:(father)
4448:Campaign
4421:Campaign
4317:Campaign
4273:Mugwumps
3730:Coyotaje
3462:E-Verify
3452:US-VISIT
2692:San Jose
2591:Brooklyn
2493:Honolulu
2462:Asiatown
2130:Colorado
1915:Chinaman
1534:(1950s-)
1155:Thailand
1113:Malaysia
927:14640791
919:41168895
886:85824011
878:25105257
845:27899913
810:42921756
793:71004058
311:See also
88:25
3705:Effects
2823:Museums
2754:Culture
2706:Seattle
2677:Oakland
2613:Phoenix
2537:Florida
2499:Houston
2488:Detroit
2442:Chicago
2407:Atlanta
2205:Seattle
2197:Houston
2155:Detroit
2141:Chicago
2079:History
1966:Related
1768:Yick Wo
1517:Bersiap
1172:Vietnam
1130:Myanmar
1055:Pol Pot
1050:Suharto
1007:Minzoku
678:Sources
196:History
75:50-1064
4569:(wife)
4560:Family
4539:Queens
3658:(2021)
3650:(2021)
3643:(2020)
3628:(2020)
3620:(2011)
3613:(2001)
3604:(1975)
3596:(1923)
3588:(1922)
3580:(1898)
3528:BORTAC
3482:Family
3435:Asylum
2980:Others
2789:Events
2711:Tacoma
2596:Queens
2567:Newark
2562:Edison
2483:Denver
2434:Quincy
2428:Boston
2412:Austin
2378:(2016)
2372:(1982)
2366:(1907)
2355:(1898)
2347:(1887)
2341:(1886)
2323:(1885)
2312:(1884)
2286:Events
2148:Boston
2135:Hawaii
1942:Chinky
1830:Ee Lee
1583:(1974)
1572:(1969)
1546:(1962)
1526:(1947)
1506:(1943)
1500:(1942)
1464:(1931)
1442:(1911)
1436:(1907)
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1103:Korea
1091:Japan
1081:India
915:JSTOR
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550:(PDF)
90:Stat.
4246:Life
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3100:1798
3096:1795
2768:Film
2760:Food
1108:Laos
923:OCLC
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779:ISBN
760:OCLC
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721:ISBN
702:OCLC
692:ISBN
661:ISBN
629:2015
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523:2015
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