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McMurdo
Station, called the Ross Island Energy Grid (RIEG). A number of improvements have been made over the lifetime of the RIEG, including automation of the Scott Base generators in order to more efficiently use generated electricity between the two stations when wind generated electricity is not enough to meet the power demands of the Ross Island network. Innovation and collaboration between Antarctica New Zealand and the United States Antarctic Program has made the project successful. Ongoing collaboration occurs to ensure the day-to-day operation of the microgrid and to work through any issues. This presentation will offer an update to the operation of the Crater Hill Wind Farm in the years since construction and the wider Ross Island Energy Grid, highlighting safety and maintenance issues that have occurred, lessons learned and successes achieved through collaboration.
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of 2008, the only original building is the TAE 'A' mess hut, which contains material recording New
Zealand's involvement in Antarctica since 1957. In 2005 the two-story high Hillary Field Centre was commissioned, increasing the floor area of Scott Base by 1800 square metres and providing work areas to support field parties as well as additional office space. The building was officially opened by then-Foreign Minister
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602:, was given the task of designing the base. Ponder's design consisted of six main buildings and three smaller scientific labs. The main buildings were to be placed at least 7 metres apart because of fire risk but were linked to one another by a covered way of galvanised iron. Three New Zealand observers who were also given the task of selecting the site for a base went to
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825:. The maximum wind velocities experienced have been gusts up to 185 kilometres per hour (115 mph) with steady velocities under blizzard conditions of 95–115 kilometres per hour (59–71 mph). The highest recorded temperature was 6.8 °C (44.2 °F), the coolest −57 °C (−71 °F) and the mean temperature −19.6 °C (−3.3 °F).
792:"the small battery component that we have within our grid which we called the power store unfortunately has failed, and that was due to the failure of a non-replaceable part, so that has significantly limited our ability to use our wind turbines to the fullest capacity, so in 2019 we've had to curtail our Wind Farm to about 33% of its full potential"
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In 1958, following completion of the TAE and IGY, New
Zealand made the decision to continue to operate Scott Base for scientific research, much of which depends upon the continuity of recorded data over a period of years. In order to maintain operations, a base rebuilding programme began in 1976. As
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In support of the future of New
Zealand’s Antarctic science programme, the base will be redeveloped. In June 2019 the Government committed NZ$ 18.5 million (US$ 12.4 million) for the next phase of the Scott Base Redevelopment project, which will see the base's 12 separate buildings replaced by three
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During the IGY the United States facility at Hut Point did not operate as a scientific base. It was the New
Zealand expedition’s responsibility to furnish the important scientific data (auroral, ionospheric, seismic, etc.), linking the McMurdo area research activities with those of the United States
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Maria
Fernando is a Electrical & Wind Engineer at Antarctica New Zealand....In January 2010, the Crater Hill Wind Farm was commissioned and became operational, the world's southernmost wind farm. The three turbines, supply electricity to a shared power microgrid that connects Scott Base to
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788:(330 kilowatts (440 hp) each) were installed in 2009 to co-power Scott Base and McMurdo Station, reducing diesel consumption by 11%: 463,000 litres (102,000 imp gal; 122,000 US gal) per year. Battery failures have reduced power capacity by 66%.
817:) prevails at Scott Base. The base has fairly typical weather conditions for coastal Antarctica, with minimum temperatures around −45 °C (−49 °F) and summer maximum only occasionally above freezing point. It is exposed to the full strength of southerly
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The base is made up of a collection of
Chelsea Cucumber green buildings which are linked by all-weather corridors. These buildings can accommodate 86 people over summer, with a "skeleton staff" of between 10 and 14 people remaining over the winter.
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On 5 November 2021, Antarctica New
Zealand confirmed that PrimePort Timaru will host the redevelopment of the prefabricated Scott Base facilities. Besides the three interconnected buildings, the project also involves upgrading the
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From 1957 until 1986, dogs played a part in base operations. Initially, they were an essential means of transport, but with better technology, their importance dwindled until they were removed in line with environmental treaties.
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598:(IGY) project of 1957, five of whose members were attached to the Expedition. In February 1956, 10 months before the TAE and IGY parties were due to head to the Antarctic, Frank Ponder, an architect at the
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The color
Chelsea Cucumber belongs to the color family Pastel Spring Green. It is of medium brightness and medium saturation. The color Chelsea Cucumber corresponds to the hex code #83AA5D.
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In: Hallock and French (Eds). Diving for
Science...2000. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium, American Academy of Underwater Sciences. St Pete Beach, Florida
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at Terra Nova Bay. McMurdo Station has an independent communications infrastructure located at Black Island and linked to Ross Island via microwave.
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The A Hut of Scott Base is the only existing Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956–1957) building in Antarctica. It has been designated a
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Hayter, Adrian. The Year of the Quiet Sun: One year at Scott Base, Antarctica: a personal impression. Hadder and Stoughton, 1968, London, p. 76
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and also allowed for the operation of the critical RNZAF Antarctic Flight on a nearby ice runway. The base looks out over what is now known as
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came up with the architectural design. Since then the New Zealand Government has committed $ 344 million to rebuild the base.
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Latitudinal Gradient Project (LGP) supporting scientists in investigations related to the broad theme of ecosystems research
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ownership via the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), on 5 March 1958, at the conclusion of the TAE.
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area of Antarctica. The base was set up as support to field research and the centre for research into
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wind farm. The redevelopment project will create an estimated 700 jobs over the next six years.
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This article is about the New Zealand Antarctic base. For the United States Antarctic base, see
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Scott Base was originally constructed in support of the UK inspired and privately managed
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1744:. Hotel Grand Chancellor, Hobart, NZ: Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
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as it provided better access for offloading supplies from the Expedition ship HMNZS
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1738:"Success Through International Collaboration in Microgrid Operation on Ross Island"
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operations began in 1985. Between 1985 and 2006, a total of 1,296 had been logged.
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594:(TAE). The New Zealand government provided support for the TAE and also for the
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I" in the summer of 1955. After evaluating possible sites, a location near
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in the Antarctic ice near Scott Base, with lenticular clouds in the sky.
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A polar ice cap climate with evenly-distributed precipitation (Köppen
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Images & Articles about Antarctica from New Zealand Defence Force
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1586:"List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)"
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Pole Station and the joint United States–New Zealand station at
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1414:"Scientific diving in Antarctica: history and current practice"
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The base is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the larger U.S.
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Scott Base is today operated by Antarctica New Zealand.
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Aerial photograph of Scott Base, Ross Island, Antarctica.
423:, and now conducts research in many fields, operated by
1373:"Antarctic lake diving with the semi-closed rebreather"
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725:(HSM 75), following a proposal by New Zealand to the
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territorial claim. It was named in honour of Captain
1930:
1424:: 204–11. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013
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476:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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3834:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
1306:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
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666:The leader of Scott Base for the 1964–65 season,
60:Aerial photograph of Scott Base, looking towards
1379:. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013
749:on the near side and Scott Base on the far side
1554:"New Antarctica NZ base to be built in Timaru"
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2002:
560:Annotated view over Scott Base, also showing
8:
23:. For the United States Air Force base, see
701:large interconnected buildings. Jasmax and
5800:Historic Sites and Monuments of Antarctica
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1457:"Redeveloping Scott Base for the future".
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821:, although overall it is less windy than
536:Learn how and when to remove this message
4180:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1503:"Plans for new-look Scott Base revealed"
832:Climate data for Scott Base (1991−2020)
1947:
1936:ANDRILL - Drilling back into the future
1530:. Antarctica New Zealand. 20 May 2021.
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618:was chosen. This was later changed to
592:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
434:via Willy Field road, the main road to
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1702:"New Zealand Wind Energy Association"
727:Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting
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1906:Scott Base 50th Anniversary Website
1591:. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012
1566:from the original on 7 November 2021
1325:from the original on 22 October 2022
474:adding citations to reliable sources
1911:Scott Base 50th Anniversary Website
1534:from the original on 9 October 2021
1238:List of Antarctic research stations
1528:"Successful budget for Scott Base"
82:
14:
5805:1957 establishments in Antarctica
650:Scientific research and expansion
21:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
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1974:
1962:
1950:
1916:Photos of Prime Minister's visit
1736:Fernando, Maria (26 June 2023).
450:
147:
81:
74:
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5795:Outposts of the Ross Dependency
2018:Research stations in Antarctica
1901:COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map
1866:Antarctica New Zealand homepage
600:Ministry of Works (New Zealand)
583:Sign for Scott Base on road to
461:needs additional citations for
368:antarcticanz.govt.nz/scott-base
1682:. New Zealand Government. 2016
1501:Morton, Jamie (28 June 2019).
1418:Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine
596:International Geophysical Year
1:
1881:Current weather at Scott Base
1815:"Climate data and activities"
1243:List of Antarctic field camps
1233:List of Antarctic expeditions
1921:50th Anniversary stamp issue
1886:Current webcam at Scott Base
1790:"How cold is the Antarctic?"
1640:"Frequently asked questions"
1213:Source 1: NIWA Climate Data
630:. Scott Base passed over to
1896:COMNAP Antarctic Facilities
1788:Mackintosh, Lesley (2013).
1308:. August 2017. p. 93.
1299:Antarctic Station Catalogue
1021:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
881:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
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5310:Endeavour Piedmont Glacier
4470:Bernardo O'Higgins Station
1217:
1212:
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741:Aerial view of the tip of
696:21st century redevelopment
95:Location of Scott Base in
18:
16:New Zealand Antarctic base
4578:Antarctic Treaty Monument
4010:
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2935:
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1876:Antarctic connection page
1674:"Ross Island Wind Energy"
1442:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1397:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
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723:Historic Site or Monument
703:Hugh Broughton Architects
106:
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4598:Henryk Arctowski Station
4267:A.B. Dobrowolski Station
3684:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1611:"Chelsea Cucumber Color"
1481:Scott Base Redevelopment
1412:Pollock, Neal W (2007).
1253:Castle Rock (Antarctica)
126:77.849132°S 166.768196°E
4208:Princess Elizabeth Land
3269:Pole of Inaccessibility
1762:"20th COMNAP Symposium"
5785:Outposts of Antarctica
1926:NZ Antarctic Research
1817:. NIWA. Archived from
1679:Antarctica New Zealand
1648:Antarctica New Zealand
1371:Mercer, Steve (2000).
1218:Source 2: Weatherbase
810:
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632:New Zealand Government
587:
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425:Antarctica New Zealand
230:10 m (30 ft)
197:; 67 years ago
186:Antarctica New Zealand
163:Location in Antarctica
131:-77.849132; 166.768196
5320:Erebus Glacier Tongue
804:
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612:Operation Deep Freeze
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274: • Summer (
4922:Te Puna Roimata Peak
4356:Inexpressible Island
2580:St. Kliment Ohridski
1841:"Precipitation Data"
1615:colors.artyclick.com
470:improve this article
387:research station at
195:20 January 1957
25:Scott Air Force Base
5662:Hut Point Peninsula
5606:Winter Quarters Bay
5586:Fog Bay, Antarctica
4932:Three Sisters Cones
4583:Arturo Prat Station
4399:Hut Point Peninsula
4190:Mac. Robertson Land
4162:Proclamation Island
4111:Belgrano II Station
3997:Robert Falcon Scott
3654:South magnetic pole
3612:Antarctic Peninsula
3607:Biogeographic realm
2830:Gabriel de Castilla
1871:Scott base homepage
1712:on 17 November 2013
1562:. 5 November 2021.
1273:Crime in Antarctica
951:Daily mean °C (°F)
743:Hut Point Peninsula
415:expeditions to the
405:Robert Falcon Scott
248: • Winter
240: • Summer
217:Robert Falcon Scott
122: /
5527:New College Valley
4588:Great Wall Station
4535:San Martin Station
4351:Hells Gate Moraine
4134:Humboldt Mountains
3935:Telecommunications
3849:Territorial claims
2568:Princess Elisabeth
1654:on 9 February 2021
1644:Scott Base 50years
811:
751:
661:Sir Edmund Hillary
588:
577:
569:
554:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5750:McMurdo Ice Shelf
5555:
5554:
5507:Fitzgerald Stream
5213:
5212:
5155:Centipede Nunatak
4677:
4676:
4661:Stonington Island
4550:Stonington Island
4510:Metchnikoff Point
4485:Esperanza Station
4285:Débarquement Rock
4139:Schirmacher Oasis
4043:
4042:
4002:Ernest Shackleton
3930:Research stations
3875:Antarctic English
3844:National programs
3839:Military activity
3813:COVID-19 pandemic
3770:
3769:
3639:Floristic Kingdom
3544:Antarctic sea ice
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3030:Drescher Ice Camp
2920:
2919:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2415:Comandante Ferraz
2135:Profesor Escudero
2125:General O'Higgins
1559:Radio New Zealand
1315:978-0-473-40409-3
1263:The Antarctic Sun
1222:
1221:
1167:relative humidity
767:Italian Programme
763:Spark New Zealand
690:Scientific diving
566:McMurdo Ice Shelf
546:
545:
538:
520:
399:in New Zealand's
375:
374:
345:Paleoclimatology
5812:
5566:
5469:Turks Head Ridge
5419:Giggenbach Ridge
5305:Eastwind Glacier
5224:
5124:Post Office Hill
5119:Observation Hill
5038:Mount Terra Nova
5023:Observation Hill
4998:Hoopers Shoulder
4993:Half Moon Crater
4912:Mount Sutherland
4772:
4752:Shackleton's Hut
4732:Lower Erebus Hut
4704:
4697:
4690:
4681:
4545:Snow Hill Island
4505:Megalestris Hill
4495:Horseshoe Island
4424:Observation Hill
4389:Shackleton's Hut
4244:Buromskiy Island
4129:Dakshin Gangotri
4070:
4063:
4056:
4047:
4028:
4027:
4018:
4017:
3992:James Clark Ross
3964:Famous explorers
3778:
3597:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3498:
3481:
3311:
3294:
3282:
3265:
3243:
3201:
3069:Dakshin Gangotri
3053:
2926:
2495:
2333:Novolazarevskaya
2201:Dumont d'Urville
2037:
2026:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1708:. Archived from
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1650:. Archived from
1636:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1303:
1295:
829:
541:
534:
530:
527:
521:
519:
478:
454:
446:
411:, leader of two
371:
370:
279:
205:
203:
198:
157:
153:
151:
150:
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
127:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
85:
84:
78:
62:Observation Hill
58:
35:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5764:
5760:Williamson Rock
5732:
5726:
5717:Varcoe Headland
5652:Flagstaff Point
5615:
5561:
5551:
5532:Pakaru Icefalls
5522:Lofty Promenade
5517:Harrison Stream
5484:
5478:
5434:Ice Tower Ridge
5429:Guardrail Ridge
5402:
5336:
5283:
5234:Arrival Heights
5219:
5209:
5175:Kienle Nunataks
5133:
5089:Fitzgerald Hill
5057:
5033:Sheppard Crater
4946:
4897:Scanniello Peak
4867:Millennium Peak
4767:
4761:
4757:World Park Base
4737:McMurdo Station
4719:
4713:
4708:
4678:
4673:
4655:
4637:
4593:Half Moon Beach
4570:South Shetlands
4564:
4555:Waterboat Point
4515:Paradise Harbor
4480:Detaille Island
4456:
4444:Edward VII Land
4438:
4409:McMurdo Station
4365:
4317:
4299:
4271:
4253:
4236:Queen Mary Land
4230:
4226:Walkabout Rocks
4202:
4184:
4166:
4148:
4121:Queen Maud Land
4115:
4097:
4079:
4074:
4044:
4039:
4006:
3976:Richard E. Byrd
3959:
3920:Protected areas
3858:
3822:
3779:
3766:
3723:
3677:Bodies of Water
3672:
3661:West Antarctica
3617:East Antarctica
3595:
3530:
3525:
3495:
3486:
3475:
3461:World Park Base
3439:Little Rockford
3305:
3288:
3276:
3259:
3237:
3195:
3047:
2931:
2916:
2617:Julio Ripamonti
2602:González Videla
2514:Almirante Brown
2500:
2481:
2398:
2370:
2347:
2309:
2286:
2167:
2139:
2130:Presidente Frei
2106:
2078:
2031:
2020:
2015:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1747:
1745:
1735:
1732:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:Hayter, p. 31.
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1228:
1223:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
823:McMurdo Station
799:
778:
759:McMurdo Station
747:McMurdo Station
735:
719:
698:
680:Prebble Glacier
652:
585:McMurdo Station
562:McMurdo Station
542:
531:
525:
522:
479:
477:
467:
455:
444:
432:McMurdo Station
401:Ross Dependency
366:
365:
357:
336:
335:
273:
201:
199:
196:
182:Administered by
174:
172:Ross Dependency
170:
148:
146:
145:
130:
128:
124:
121:
116:
113:
111:
109:
108:
102:
101:
100:
99:
93:
92:
91:
90:
86:
65:
49:
40:
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5818:
5816:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5777:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5745:McDonald Beach
5742:
5740:Caughley Beach
5736:
5734:
5731:Other coastal
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5657:Harrison Bluff
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5611:Wohlschlag Bay
5608:
5603:
5601:Windless Bight
5598:
5596:Turks Head Bay
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5572:
5570:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5512:Fortress Rocks
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5315:Erebus Glacier
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5295:Aurora Glacier
5291:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5279:Williams Cliff
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5254:Kaminuma Bluff
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5195:Takahe Nunatak
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5165:Kakapo Nunatak
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5099:Inclusion Hill
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5069:Alexander Hill
5065:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4852:Mount McIntosh
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4633:Yankee Harbour
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:Seymour Island
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4452:Scott Nunataks
4448:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4221:Vostok Station
4218:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3986:Ui-te-Rangiora
3983:
3981:Douglas Mawson
3978:
3973:
3971:Roald Amundsen
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3910:Gateway cities
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3870:Antarctica Day
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3742:
3740:Microorganisms
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3704:List of rivers
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Extreme points
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3554:Climate change
3546:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3468:Joint Stations
3465:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Little America
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3317:United Kingdom
3314:
3313:
3312:
3300:
3295:
3283:
3274:Salyut Station
3271:
3266:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2910:Elichiribehety
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2871:United Kingdom
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2798:Leningradskaya
2790:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2656:Czech Republic
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2607:Guillermo Mann
2604:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:Amundsen-Scott
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Bellingshausen
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2269:United Kingdom
2265:
2264:
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1821:on 20 May 2024
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421:earth sciences
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1093:precipitation
1089:
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786:wind turbines
783:
776:Wind turbines
775:
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717:Historic site
716:
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693:
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687:
683:
681:
677:
673:
672:Rawle Glacier
669:
668:Adrian Hayter
664:
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644:Victoria Land
641:
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608:United States
605:
604:McMurdo Sound
601:
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497:
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490:
487: –
486:
482:
481:Find sources:
475:
471:
465:
464:
459:This article
457:
453:
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348:Sedimetology
347:
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144:
135:
107:Coordinates:
98:
77:
63:
57:
48:
43:
36:
30:
26:
22:
5697:Terror Point
5637:Cape Crozier
5576:Backdoor Bay
5483:Other inland
5474:Warren Ridge
5459:Tekapo Ridge
5439:Panter Ridge
5398:Terrace Lake
5327:Fang Glacier
5269:Terrie Bluff
5264:Palais Bluff
5180:Mümü Nunatak
5170:Kea Nunataks
5160:Kaka Nunatak
5084:Conical Hill
5048:Topping Cone
5043:Mount Terror
5003:Inner Crater
4983:First Crater
4978:Mount Erebus
4862:Mount Melton
4857:Manahan Peak
4847:Kristin Peak
4827:Detrick Peak
4817:Coleman Peak
4741:
4603:Lame Dog Hut
4530:Port Lockroy
4525:Port Charcot
4428:
4419:Mount Erebus
4379:Cape Crozier
4336:Cape Geology
4313:Cape Denison
4154:Enderby Land
3900:Firefighting
3885:Demographics
3808:Colonization
3803:World War II
3467:
3455:
3398:
3327:Port Lockroy
3316:
3286:Sodruzhestvo
3220:Druzhnaya IV
3210:Druzhnaya II
3188:Soviet Union
3187:
3181:Sarie Marais
3156:South Africa
3155:
3143:
3126:
3109:
3087:
3081:Giacomo Bove
3075:
3063:
3024:
3007:
2990:
2978:
2966:
2950:Belgrano III
2939:
2904:
2887:
2876:Fossil Bluff
2870:
2858:
2841:
2824:
2792:
2786:Law-Racoviță
2780:
2768:
2762:Machu Picchu
2756:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2638:
2612:Jorge Boonen
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2508:
2469:
2457:
2446:South Africa
2445:
2438:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2213:Neumayer III
2207:
2190:
2178:
2120:Captain Prat
1925:
1905:
1845:. Retrieved
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:the original
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:
1753:
1746:. Retrieved
1741:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:the original
1705:
1696:
1686:28 September
1684:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1643:
1634:
1626:
1619:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1557:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1438:cite journal
1426:. Retrieved
1421:
1417:
1407:
1393:cite journal
1381:. Retrieved
1376:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1248:Marble Point
1095:mm (inches)
814:
812:
791:
779:
771:
757:Like nearby
756:
752:
720:
707:
699:
688:
684:
676:Mount Hayter
665:
653:
640:Cape Hallett
636:
623:
616:Butter Point
589:
532:
523:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:"Scott Base"
480:
468:Please help
463:verification
460:
429:
397:Mount Erebus
377:
376:
342:Geocryology
339:Climatology
29:
5702:Towle Point
5677:Micou Point
5672:Cape MacKay
5542:Robot Gully
5492:Bird Saddle
5449:Ruru Crests
5373:Island Lake
5259:Krall Crags
5249:Helo Cliffs
5239:Esser Bluff
5185:Norman Crag
5150:Castle Rock
5145:Allen Rocks
5053:Twin Crater
5018:Main Crater
4988:Gamble Cone
4973:Cinder Hill
4937:Turret Cone
4902:Sherve Peak
4882:Oamaru Peak
4832:Dibble Peak
4792:Barker Peak
4787:Ainley Peak
4782:Abbott Peak
4747:Scott's Hut
4718:Structures
4711:Ross Island
4628:Whalers Bay
4623:Potter Cove
4608:Maxwell Bay
4475:Damoy Point
4462:Graham Land
4434:Scott's Hut
4414:Mount Betty
4346:Foyn Island
4295:Port Martin
4277:Adélie Land
4259:Wilkes Land
3988:(legendary)
3895:Field camps
3793:Expeditions
3719:Weddell Sea
3699:Lake Vostok
3694:Lake Mercer
3566:Ice shelves
3476: [
3306: [
3289: [
3277: [
3260: [
3252:Pionerskaya
3238: [
3205:Druzhnaya I
3196: [
3149:Dobrowolski
3110:New Zealand
3057:Neumayer II
3048: [
3018:Port Martin
2774:Dobrowolski
2721:New Zealand
2556:Vechernyaya
2434:New Zealand
2366:King Sejong
2353:South Korea
2049:Belgrano II
1981:New Zealand
1706:Wind Energy
1617:. ArtyClick
1465:: 13. 2019.
711:Ross Island
393:Ross Island
382:New Zealand
323:Operational
192:Established
168:Ross Island
155:New Zealand
129: /
117:166°46′06″E
5790:Scott Base
5779:Categories
5712:Turks Head
5687:Cape Royds
5667:Keys Point
5647:Cape Evans
5642:Dufek Head
5627:Cape Barne
5581:Erebus Bay
5497:Camp Slope
5454:Tech Crags
5414:Fang Ridge
5388:Starr Lake
5363:Coast Lake
5358:Clear Lake
5348:Algal Lake
5274:Vee Cliffs
5074:Black Knob
5013:Kyle Hills
4963:Black Knob
4958:Mount Bird
4872:Moore Peak
4842:Joyce Peak
4807:Chuan Peak
4797:Beeby Peak
4742:Scott Base
4651:Scotia Bay
4618:Point Wild
4429:Scott Base
4384:Cape Evans
4331:Cape Adare
4198:Cape Bruce
4103:Coats Land
4093:South Pole
4085:South Pole
3798:Heroic Age
3649:South Pole
3559:Heat waves
3528:Antarctica
3298:Sovetskaya
3161:Borga Base
3045:Neumayer I
2945:Belgrano I
2864:ITU PolReC
2622:Risopatrón
2184:Eco-Nelson
2153:Great Wall
2074:San Martín
2030:Year-round
1716:6 November
1658:7 November
1570:7 November
1538:7 November
1459:Antartctic
1329:16 January
1280:References
733:Facilities
620:Pram Point
575:Scott Base
526:April 2020
496:newspapers
389:Pram Point
378:Scott Base
328:Activities
235:Population
202:1957-01-20
176:Antarctica
114:77°50′57″S
97:Antarctica
89:Scott Base
39:Scott Base
5632:Cape Bird
5620:Headlands
5591:Lewis Bay
5393:Sunk Lake
5383:Skua Lake
5378:Pony Lake
5368:Deep Lake
5353:Blue Lake
5205:The Tooth
5114:Lutz Hill
5109:The Knoll
5104:Keys Hill
5094:Ford Rock
5079:Cone Hill
5008:Kyle Cone
4951:Volcanoes
4942:Wong Peak
4927:Tent Peak
4887:Ohau Peak
4877:Nash Peak
4812:Mount Cis
4775:Mountains
4766:Elevated
4720:and bases
4669:East Base
4404:Lewis Bay
4172:Kemp Land
3950:Transport
3689:Lake CECs
3666:ice sheet
3622:ice sheet
3591:Volcanoes
3581:Mountains
3536:Geography
3473:Weddell-1
3424:Ellsworth
3414:East Base
3392:Station W
3387:Station V
3382:Station T
3377:Station P
3372:Station O
3367:Station N
3362:Station J
3357:Station G
3352:Station F
3347:Station E
3342:Station D
3337:Station C
3332:Station B
3322:South Ice
3176:SANAE III
3098:Dome Fuji
2967:Australia
2955:Ellsworth
2940:Argentina
2714:Zucchelli
2673:Maldonado
2544:Primavera
2524:Decepción
2509:Argentina
2361:Jang Bogo
2261:Vernadsky
2249:Arctowski
2225:Concordia
2196:Concordia
2158:Zhongshan
2084:Australia
2059:Esperanza
2041:Argentina
1969:Geography
1771:27 August
1748:27 August
1621:27 August
1595:6 January
1507:NZ Herald
819:blizzards
657:Phil Goff
624:Endeavour
606:with the
385:Antarctic
295:UN/LOCODE
257:Time zone
227:Elevation
211:Named for
5733:features
5562:features
5537:The Ramp
5485:features
5288:Glaciers
5220:features
5138:Nunataks
4837:The Fang
4768:features
4490:Hope Bay
4371:Ross Sea
4020:Category
3925:Religion
3827:Politics
3745:Wildlife
3714:Ross Sea
3576:Glaciers
3404:Brockton
3303:Vostok I
3171:SANAE II
3137:Maudheim
3040:Filchner
2898:Shirreff
2813:Russkaya
2808:Progress
2745:Pakistan
2702:Gondwana
2592:Carvajal
2575:Bulgaria
2534:Melchior
2529:Matienzo
2451:SANAE IV
2338:Progress
2064:Marambio
1564:Archived
1532:Archived
1320:Archived
1226:See also
1165:Average
1091:Average
1086:(−11.9)
1071:(−13.5)
1066:(−27.2)
1061:(−32.4)
1056:(−30.8)
1051:(−24.7)
1046:(−25.1)
1041:(−22.4)
1036:(−13.0)
996:(−16.1)
991:(−20.7)
986:(−19.5)
981:(−14.4)
976:(−14.3)
971:(−12.3)
564:and the
417:Ross Sea
215:Captain
64:at left.
5560:Coastal
5218:Inland
4030:Commons
3945:Tourism
3890:Economy
3863:Society
3785:History
3755:Mammals
3644:Islands
3600:Regions
3571:Geology
3549:Climate
3444:Plateau
3429:Hallett
3230:Lazarev
3193:Druzhba
3166:SANAE I
3115:Hallett
3025:Germany
3013:Charcot
2979:Belgium
2905:Uruguay
2781:Romania
2692:Germany
2680:Finland
2668:Ecuador
2649:Taishan
2597:Collins
2563:Belgium
2551:Belarus
2475:Artigas
2470:Uruguay
2389:McMurdo
2300:Bharati
2280:Rothera
2256:Ukraine
2208:Germany
2163:Qinling
2069:Orcadas
2054:Carlini
1943:Portals
1799:11 July
1742:youtube
1512:15 July
1486:7 March
1081:(17.8)
1026:(17.8)
1016:(−2.9)
1011:(23.7)
1006:(12.0)
1001:(−4.5)
966:(−4.9)
961:(12.0)
956:(23.7)
941:(29.7)
936:(19.4)
926:(−4.9)
921:(−9.0)
916:(−8.1)
911:(−4.0)
906:(−3.6)
901:(−2.0)
891:(18.7)
886:(29.7)
797:Climate
782:Enercon
510:scholar
442:History
413:British
362:Website
200: (
142:Country
5407:Ridges
5227:Cliffs
3627:shield
3586:Tundra
3419:Eights
3257:Pobeda
3144:Poland
3132:Norway
3127:Norway
3103:Mizuho
3008:France
2972:Wilkes
2960:Sobral
2930:Closed
2859:Turkey
2842:Sweden
2793:Russia
2769:Poland
2750:Jinnah
2733:Norway
2697:Kohnen
2661:Mendel
2644:Kunlun
2632:Yelcho
2539:Petrel
2519:Cámara
2499:Summer
2458:Turkey
2410:Brazil
2403:Others
2394:Palmer
2343:Vostok
2315:Russia
2305:Maitri
2275:Halley
2244:Poland
2232:Norway
2191:France
2172:Europe
2102:Mawson
1825:20 May
1766:COMNAP
1477:"Home"
1428:8 June
1383:8 June
1312:
1160:(7.2)
1155:(0.4)
1150:(0.5)
1145:(0.5)
1140:(0.4)
1135:(0.5)
1130:(0.5)
1125:(0.9)
1120:(0.9)
1115:(0.6)
1110:(0.6)
1105:(0.8)
1100:(0.7)
1076:(4.6)
1031:(5.4)
946:(6.1)
931:(4.5)
896:(3.4)
837:Month
780:Three
512:
505:
498:
491:
483:
320:Status
315:Annual
312:Period
299:AQ SBA
283:UTC+13
262:UTC+12
152:
5341:Lakes
5062:Hills
4035:Index
3955:Women
3905:Flags
3880:Crime
3818:Years
3760:Krill
3750:Birds
3735:Flora
3480:]
3456:Other
3449:Siple
3310:]
3293:]
3281:]
3264:]
3247:Oasis
3242:]
3200:]
3120:Vanda
3093:Asuka
3088:Japan
3076:Italy
3064:India
3052:]
2991:Chile
2893:Lenie
2881:Signy
2825:Spain
2818:Soyuz
2726:Vanda
2709:Italy
2639:China
2587:Chile
2439:Scott
2427:Showa
2422:Japan
2328:Mirny
2292:India
2237:Troll
2220:Italy
2145:China
2112:Chile
2097:Davis
2092:Casey
1847:3 May
1589:(PDF)
1323:(PDF)
1302:(PDF)
1208:69.9
1205:73.2
1202:67.6
1199:68.7
1196:66.4
1193:67.2
1190:66.6
1187:69.0
1184:70.3
1181:71.3
1178:71.6
1175:70.7
1172:76.2
1084:−24.4
1074:−15.2
1069:−25.3
1064:−32.9
1059:−35.8
1054:−34.9
1049:−31.5
1044:−31.7
1039:−30.2
1034:−25.0
1029:−14.8
1014:−19.4
1004:−11.1
999:−20.3
994:−26.7
989:−29.3
984:−28.6
979:−25.8
974:−25.7
969:−24.6
964:−20.5
959:−11.1
944:−14.4
929:−15.3
924:−20.5
919:−22.8
914:−22.3
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