Scott Long - Knowledge (XXG)

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sexual rights and sexual freedoms. These are most often represented by women's reproductive rights, the assault on which continues. The most vividly drawn and violently reviled enemy typically is homosexuality. "Gay and lesbian rights," the dignity of people with different desires, the basic principle of non-discrimination based on sexual orientation: all these are painted as incompatible with fundamental values, even with humanity itself. The target is chosen with passion, but also precision and care. Movements for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender people, along with movements that assert sexual rights more generally, are arguably the most vulnerable edge of the human rights movement. In country after country they are easy to defame and discredit. But the attack on them also opens space for attacking human rights principles themselves—as not universal but "foreign," as not protectors of diversity but threats to sovereignty, and as carriers of cultural perversion.

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any dissenter automatically becomes an outsider; incapable of changing, so that growth seems like destruction—it has ceased to be an environment in which people can live and interpret their lives. … The role of human rights principles, unquestionably, is to mark out spaces of personal freedom, to affirm areas where individual privacy and dignity and autonomy should prevail against state or community regulation. But human rights principles also defend communities…. They ensure diversity both among communities and cultures, and within them. Rights work does not promise utopia, only an endless process of protecting basic human values against constantly renewing threats. But it also does not promise the dissolution of cultures or the annihilation of traditions. It helps to ensure that they remain responsive to the human beings they contain.

899:, under the Bush administration was not only funding evangelical, homophobic, Christian -- and in some cases Muslim -- movements in Uganda, but they were also funding U.S. evangelical churches to go over to Uganda ... So the U.S. under the previous administration was implicated in this up to its elbows and U.S. right-wing churches are in this up to their elbows. And they're targeting Africa, not just Uganda. ... And that's one reason why the Uganda bill is so alarming. It's not just what it represents for Uganda, where things are bad already, it's that it represents a foothold by these forces inside Africa ... in creating new legal prohibitions on sexual autonomy, on homosexuality, and using homosexuality as a wedge issue to establish their own power. 1305:? Freedom House is, of course, a banned organization, its local office raided and shuttered by the military regime back in 2011. I said no. He added, almost enticingly, that he himself had been tortured, and offered to show me his scars. I gave him my contact information and told him to call me. That was simple responsibility – you do not refuse a torture victim anything you can give; but afterwards I cringed inside. It's how things are in Egypt. Other people, foreign passport-holders among them, have been arrested for "political" conversations in public places. You don't know if the person who approaches you is victim or violator, survivor of torture or State Security agent; or both. 728:, and filled the Jamaican press as well. For the first time the government suggested a willingness to modify its repressive legislation on consensual sexual acts. Long continued to cast a spotlight on abuses in Jamaica during the following years, and to demand government action against them. "Gays and lesbians in Jamaica face violence at home, in public, even in a house of worship, and official silence encourages the spread of hate," he said in 2008. "What stands out about Jamaica is how absolutely, head-in-the-sand unwilling the authorities have been for years to acknowledge or address homophobic violence," he commented in 2009. 843:" introduced in 2006, which would have punished displays of same-sex affection as well as any public statements in support of LGBT people's freedoms. Human Rights Watch's advocacy helped ensure the bill failed in several legislative sessions, though a version became law many years later, in 2014. Long repeatedly stressed that state-sponsored homophobia and repressive laws against LGBT people in Africa should not be seen in isolation, but as part of broader government campaigns against civil society. "If the national assembly can strip one group of its freedoms, then the liberties of all Nigerians are at risk," he said. 424:. The crisis eventually reached the floor of the General Assembly, which had never discussed LGBT rights before but was forced to vote on whether the LGBT group could speak. Long's advocacy led to a victory and to IGLHRC's reinstatement. "This was the first time a gay and lesbian issue has ever been debated on the floor of the General Assembly," Long commented on the unprecedented vote. "It's a precedent that will have serious impact on the way vulnerable groups and marginalized groups and outsiders from all parts of society can get involved in the U.N." 1136:

International of actually worsening the situation for the people it claims to help, by aggressively imposing its identity categories of "homosexual" and "heterosexual" upon "a world that is being forced to be fixed by a Western binary." Massad contends that the Gay International's missionary activities have especially targeted the Arab and Muslim worlds, and Long has been a key agent, one who was "rewarded with employment at Human Rights Watch" and who "became an instant expert speaking on 'gays' in Arab countries on radio shows and at public lectures."

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once they got there. At first, Long and Moumneh didn't introduce the men to each another so that they wouldn't attract any more attention than necessary from local security officials, especially since a number of the men were staying in the same hotel. … For the most part, the Iraqi city was a way station, and the men spent their days waiting. Long and Moumneh provided them with living expenses, and took them to a local site or two, but mainly encouraged them to stay indoors and avoid scrutiny.

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to do, as well, with the difference between institutions and movements, the former ones formal and developing their own standards and needs, the latter fluid and chaotic and responsible to individuals' and communities' desires and drives … Human Rights Watch – and other international organizations like it – needs a far deeper understanding of what social movements are, why they are important, how they turn human rights into living values rather than legal abstractions.

1222:, at the time some of the most restrictive in the world. In 2009, Tatchell had induced a small UK feminist publisher to withdraw an anthology that contained an article critical of him, and to publish an extensive apology. In an open letter published in February 2016, 165 activists and academics cited the withdrawal of Long's article as well as other incidents and accused Tatchell of "intolerance of criticism and disrespect for others' free expression." 379:, who "promised to pardon all those incarcerated under Article 200 and to give priority to the repeal of the discriminatory article." Long specifically lobbied for Mariana Cetiner, who was promptly freed on the president's order. In the next three years, according to political scientist Clifford Bob, Long "enthusiastically and skillfully" pushed the Romanian government toward full repeal of Article 200, which was finally achieved in 2001. 322: 1261:. He stressed the role of gender (rather than sexual orientation) in the persecution, and the way that transgender women and "effeminate" men were especially targeted for arrest. Long worked on a legal guide for endangered LGBT Egyptians that was published, in Arabic, on his blog. He also published warnings, in both English and Arabic, about Internet entrapment and surveillance in Egypt and how to protect online privacy. 402:. In 2001, six independent experts—high-level individuals appointed by the UN to investigate patterns of human rights abuse—publicly reached out to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities, formally declaring that these issues lay within their official mandates. Long said of the move, "Today the United Nations has lived up to its promise: to defend the dignity of all people without exception." 780:. "As mayor of Warsaw, President Kaczynski opposed the right of lesbian and gay people to basic freedoms and equal respect," Long said. "As president, he will determine whether Poland protects rights or chips away at them." He supported pride activists in Poland against government attacks. Human Rights Watch also campaigned against the Kaczynski government's attempts to curtail free speech on LGBT issues. 992:

what had happened to him and said that he had heard rumors of similar attacks on other gay men. He said the situation was dire. HRW typically investigates human-rights abuses and publishes reports intended to spotlight problems, but the group rarely intervenes directly in a situation. In this case, however, Long decided that if were left in Iraq, he, and probably many more men like him, could be killed.

1269:. 26 men were arrested and charged with "debauchery" in the most high-profile gay trial since the Queen Boat. The shocking pictures of the raid Long published galvanized indignation at the arrests, both inside Egypt and beyond. Partly as a result a court eventually acquitted all the men, a victory highly unusual under the draconian Sisi regime. Long was interviewed extensively by publications such as 811:

breathe. The extremists were delivering body blows to people around me right and left. ... Finally the circle opened enough for most of us inside to escape. Various other people were arrested outside the circle. Yevgeniya Debryanskaya, one of the founders of the lesbian movement in Russia, was giving a media interview nearby. Police seized her and a friend and bundled her into the police van.

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going to be dealing with the one person whose story opens up the stories of 10, 20, 100, 1,000 others. My feeling is always that by getting that individual's story out, you can illuminate the lives of others and help them, but if you can't do something for that one person, then you're not ultimately going to be able to do much effectively for the 1,000, the 10,000, the million.

1055:" allegedly corrupting Iraqi youth. Long produced evidence that security forces were implicated in the killings, and showed how other victims, such as men seen as "effeminate" or gay, were being swept up in the murders as well. Long personally posted warnings in Arabic on more than 500 Iraqis' personals sites and ads with advice about safety. Long's research was cited in 737: 428: 1176:

we only defend them for people onto whom we can project our own qualities, our own identities, we aren't activists but narcissists with attitude," he said. "If these kids aren't 'gay,' or 'innocent,' but are 'straight' or 'guilty,' does it make their fear less horrible, their suffering less real? Does it make them less dead?" Long was attacked for a

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dealing with LGBT rights, partly because we get told so often that these abuses are sporadic or unsystematic or accidental or they just don't happen, you know? I think being able to demonstrate: "No, there is a syndrome, there is a pattern, these are serious, they happen to a lot people" -- it's critical for getting attention paid to them.

960:, an influential set of guidelines on how human rights law applies to issues of sexual orientation and gender identity. Long helped conceive the principles' scope and shape, and served on a secretariat that drafted an initial version for the 16 experts who debated and finalized them. He also attended the final experts' meeting in 1028:

In this program at Human Rights Watch we do a lot more work with individuals than any other part of Human Rights Watch does. For the most part, Human Rights Watch focuses on the big picture. We look at patterns of violations and policy recommendations to fix them. And I think that's very important in

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Human Rights Watch established its Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Program in 2004, with Long as director. Bruce Rabb, a member of HRW's governing board, remembered that when Long spoke to the board, "The depth of Scott's knowledge and the passion he had for his work, combined with the

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Long and Moumneh spent two weeks in the Iraqi city. As men arrived from Baghdad and elsewhere in the country, the two aid workers helped them get settled, interviewed them to verify their stories, made arrangements for travel to the safe city in the nearby country, and set up places for them to stay

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On Monday, April 6, Long and his colleagues began posting warnings and requests for information on the 1,100 Iraqi ads on Manjam, an international gay personals site. Over the next two weeks, more than 50 men replied to the HRW notices. ... On the morning of April 7, Long's phone rang. The young man

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after it was introduced in 2009, working to ensure that international groups took their guidance from domestic Ugandan advocates. The bill "is clearly an attempt to divide and weaken civil society by striking at one of its most marginalized groups," he said; "the government may be starting here, but

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After his time in Egypt, Long's work increasingly explored how governments (and forces bidding for political power) exploit fears around sexuality and gender to create massive moral panics. This kind of cultural backlash, Long argued, endangers not just LGBT people but human rights in general. In an

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of lesbians as well as gay men. One of the first cases he investigated was that of Ciprian Cucu and Marian Mutașcu, two young men – respectively 17 and 19 – who had become lovers. Jailed for months, the two were tortured brutally. Soon after Marian Mutascu committed suicide. Long visited their home

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One of the most basic splits in contemporary human rights work – sometimes mapped onto a division between "global South" and "global North," though not quite reducible to it – is between rights as a set of legal norms, and rights as a complex of human dreams and political aspirations. The split has

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in a culturally complex situation where neither they nor others around them were able to speak for themselves. Long urged that the executions should be condemned, but that it was not necessary to believe the youths were either "gay" or completely innocent to do so. "Rights aren't for saints, and if

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has repeatedly criticized Long as an example of what Massad calls the "Gay International," a complex of Western organizations, activists and academics that has embarked on a project "to universalize itself ... y inciting discourse about homosexuals where none existed before." Massad accuses the Gay

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Since February, Long had been hearing from foreign rights groups about a wave of anti-gay violence in Iraq, but so far the accounts were unsubstantiated. On April 1, one of Long's colleagues, Rasha Moumneh, was the first person from the organization to be put in touch with a gay Iraqi. … He related

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and it looks like a beautiful, placid, just lovely place, and then you remember what's happened to many of the people walking by you on the street in the last two decades, and you remember the civil war that's still raging in the north, and you realize how much fear there is underneath the surface.

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programmes in Uganda, it tells people that LGBT people's sexualities are dangerous and must be denied." Long and Human Rights Watch also documented how U.S. anti-HIV/AIDS funding had been funneled to groups actively promoting homophobia in Uganda. Long's efforts drew the direct ire not only of the

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A spectre is stalking the arenas where human rights activists work. ...The forces in question define themselves most often by what they claim to defend—and that shifts from time to time and territory to territory: "culture," "tradition," "values," or "religion." What they share is a common target:

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Perhaps we had less publicity for the report in the United States because we avoided fetishizing beautiful brown men in Egypt being denied the right to love … We wrote for an Egyptian audience and tried to make this intelligible in terms of the human rights issues that have been central in Egyptian

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Perhaps most significant achievement was working cooperatively with Egypt's human rights community to develop a strong and unified response to the crackdowns. In the end, five major Egyptian human rights groups joined Long and Human Rights Watch in announcing and carrying out advocacy based on the

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status — first as its advocacy director, then as program director. He continued to work with activists in Romania, returning to the country in 1997 for additional research. During that research, he learned of the imprisonment of Mariana Cetiner, a woman given a three-year sentence for attempting to

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Long suffered severe pulmonary embolisms in July 2010. He wrote, "While running to catch a bus on a New York street, I saw a blinding effusion of white light, amid which several spangled and bell-bottomed figures vaguely resembling ABBA beckoned me to an eternal disco complete with spinning ball.

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Cultures are made up of faces. They are not monoliths; they are composed of diverse individuals, each contributing to and minutely changing what the culture means and does. When a culture is reinvented for ideological purposes as a faceless, seamless whole—incapable of dissent from within, so that

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I sometimes seem insouciant about threats in Egypt, but I'm not. It's just that the atmosphere of threat is general here. It affects every corner of your personality, yet it's hard to take it personally, so wide is the danger spread. ... Yesterday, talking with a reporter in the usual seedy Cairo

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My basic philosophy is that every case is an impact case, that every case in some incremental fashion -- every success, every life saved, every person got out of immediate danger, every person who's freed from the threat of jail -- advances that larger process of change in some fashion....You are

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But the fact is that in most countries in the world, still, things that happen to queer folks are shrouded in secrecy and stigma and shame ... It requires much more effort for us to find the stories and to find people who are willing to talk to us and to find people to whom this has happened. And

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Human Rights Watch avoided laying itself open to easy attack as the bearer of an outsider's agenda, packaging Queen Boat advocacy in the larger context of torture. … In Human Rights Watch's 150-page report on the crackdown, references to religion, homosexual rights or anything else that could be

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In early 2009, Iraqi militias in Baghdad and elsewhere began a massive campaign of brutal murders, targeting men suspected of homosexual conduct. Reports that emerged from Iraq were initially confused and contradictory, until Long and Human Rights Watch went to Iraq to find the facts behind the

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Long's work on Egypt also focused on the medicalization of sexuality, including the practice of inflicting spurious forensic anal examinations on suspected gay men to "prove" their guilt. Long had already documented this practice in Romania. He wrote and advocated extensively against the exams,

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Long and Moumneh formulated a plan. They would build an underground railroad of sorts, reaching out to gay men in Iraq through the Internet and their existing contacts in Iraq, then advising and supporting gay Iraqis until they could ferry them to a safe city somewhere in Iraq, then to a haven

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police were there too. Instead of trying to separate skinheads and gays, though, they surrounded all of us in a double line, constricting the circle and shoving the crowd tightly together so that we were jammed up against each other—for maximum damage. The crush was paralyzing – I could barely

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So, I make it very much our policy here that when we have somebody come to us with an individual story ... we should always try to answer and figure out what we can do, because ... if we hadn't done that in Iraq we would never have found out the scope of what was going on there... It's really

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dramatic effectiveness of his research and advocacy in Egypt, made it clear to all present that, while setting up an LGBT program would break significant new ground for Human Rights Watch, Scott's program would be core to Human Rights Watch's mission and definitely should be undertaken."

1218:, while Tatchell claims he never made any legal threats against Human Rights Watch, and that Taylor & Francis only retracted the paper because it had claims that were unsubstantiated. Tatchell has been accused of intimidating or harassing other critics with threats of action under 652:

he all-out campaign of arrest and entrapment of men that began with the Queen Boat incident came to an end. One well-connected lawyer noted that a high-ranking Ministry of Interior source told him, "It is the end of the gay cases in Egypt, because of the activities of some human rights

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The preamble to the bill was, I think, pretty clearly written by U.S. evangelicals or folks who are connected with U.S. evangelicals. We know that doing evangelical missions to Uganda earlier this year and raising the red flag about homosexuality. We know, moreover, that PEPFAR, the

4300: 480:, Long said that "there's a sense of economic and political powerlessness, and when you feel powerless about your economy and your country's politics there's a tendency to turn to culture as the one thing you can exert control over." In 2003, IGLHRC and Human Rights Watch released 4323: 1231:

Yanked back from their blandishments by a superior fashion sense, I spent a couple of weeks in intensive care." Long resigned from Human Rights Watch the following month in order to recuperate. In his resignation letter, published in English and Spanish, he recollected that

948:(UNDP) said, "Compared to a decade ago, many more governments and international organizations recognize the rights and lives of LGBT people as their legitimate concern ... Scott has made innumerable contributions to this change, and his leadership has been vital." 1050:

Long continued to work in support of Iraqis' rights and lives for many years. In 2012, when a new wave of death-squad killings erupted in Baghdad, Long—by then a fellow at Harvard Law School—demonstrated that the attack grew from a state-promoted moral panic over

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because of that, we need to pay attention to the individual abuses because they are often our only key to finding out what the larger pattern is. It's only by grabbing that single thread that we can untangle the whole carpet of abuses that people are facing.

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Mariana Cetiner, possibly the last person jailed in Romania for her sexual orientation. Long visited her in prison, documented her story, persuaded Amnesty International to take up her case, and personally lobbied President Emil Constantinescu to pardon

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In June 1997, Long received an Achievement Award from nine Hungarian lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender organizations, "in recognition of years of work in building and strengthening the Hungarian LGBT community and the cause of LGBT human rights."

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I interviewed Mariana in prison. She had enormous bruises; she had been physically and sexually abused by the guards. The prison doctor told us, "After all, she is different from other women. You can hardly expect the guards to treat her as if she were

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Long documented Cetiner's story and persuaded Amnesty International to adopt her as a prisoner of conscience, the first time the organization had taken up the case of a lesbian imprisoned for her sexual orientation. Later that year, he wrote

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to power, a new crackdown on LGBT people began. More than 150 people were arrested in the next 18 months. Long documented the arrests from the start, interviewing as many as possible of the victims and publicizing many accounts on his blog,

802:. Long documented collusion between police and violent right-wing extremists, and "evidence that the police lured the lesbian and gay activists... to be beaten, then selectively jailed." He wrote of his own experience at the abortive march: 1021:, which hoped to use a moral panic to reassert its relevance amid the US "surge" in Iraq. Human Rights Watch estimated that hundreds of men may have been murdered, though the tide of killings appeared to recede after the report's release. 571:

On the night of May 11, 2001, as I worked late in my office in New York, my inbox began filling with e-mails from anonymous man, whose roommate had been seized in the discotheque raid. His messages spread news of the arrests around the

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In fall 2010, Long was a senior fellow at the Center for Gender and Sexuality Law at Columbia University Law School. From January 2011 - September 2012, he was a visiting fellow at the Human Rights Program at Harvard Law School.

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to recognize the two men as prisoners of conscience, the first time the organization had taken up the case of a couple jailed for their sexual orientation. The international pressure Long helped create won the two their freedom.

614:, Long launched a report on the Egyptian crackdown against gays. In Cairo, Long and Roth met with Egyptian officials including the country's Prosecutor General and deputy Minister of Interior. Human Rights Watch later stated: 1318:

In 2010, Long received the Lifetime Achievement Award presented by the Harvard Lambda Law Association, an "Annual award given to someone whose life's work has significantly advanced the human and civil rights of LGBT people."

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on the other end of the line was sobbing. …. The man's name was Fadi. Two of his friends had just been murdered. He had been threatened earlier in the day, with a letter written in blood. He was sure he would be killed soon.

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in the United States. Long also wrote a survey of the strategies, priorities, and needs of grassroots sexual-rights activism around the globe, and together with Indian activist Alok Gupta a history of the colonial origins of

1214:, a professor of international law, called it "meticulous genealogy of some western LGBTI advocacy of sexuality rights in Iran." Long asserted that Tatchell intimidated HRW and Taylor & Francis with legal threats under 1264:

Long helped organize several social media campaigns in Egypt to mobilize opposition to the crackdown. In December 2014, he was the first to break the news of a police raid on a Cairo bathhouse led by prominent journalist

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café — a place I've always considered safe — I saw a well-dressed man at the next table listening intently. Finally he interrupted. He gathered I was interested in human rights, he said. What did I do? Did I work for

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democratic advances: "faces bleeding, people running, the air streaked with tear-gas trails. These photographs have burst forth every spring and summer for several years, as LGBT groups try to stage pride marches in

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he preparation for it has been laid by years of fanatical homophobic agitation in Uganda that comes from the president and comes from the first lady and comes from ... the minister of ethics and integrity,

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over homosexuality and the region's colonial-era sodomy laws, a furious controversy which continued into the next decade. Editorials condemning Jamaica's anti-gay policies appeared in publications such as

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The crackdown and the arrests in Egypt abruptly stopped, apparently on the day of the release of Long's report. There were almost no arrests under Egypt's "debauchery" law for the next nine years. The

583:. Working for Human Rights Watch, Long lived in Egypt for several months in 2003 documenting the extent of this crackdown. Through Human Rights Watch, he also documented a brutal government assault on 827:

Long continued to work with and support LGBT activists in Africa. During his tenure, Human Rights Watch embarked on in-depth investigations of punitive rapes of black lesbians and transgender men in

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In a later interview, Long spoke about the relation between individual stories and the "traditional" HRW focus on large-scale, systemic change, using the lessons of the Iraq "underground railroad":

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Working independently from any institution, Long visited dozens of Romanian prisons over the following years, interviewing prisoners, linking them to legal assistance, and documenting torture and

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In addition to assisting numerous men to flee the violence to safer countries, Long researched a detailed report on the pattern of death-squad killings, placing main responsibility squarely on

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Long was an outspoken voice on LGBT rights within Romania, participating in a controversial Bucharest conference on "Homosexuality: A human right?" organized in 1995 by the Dutch Embassy and

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Long again documented violence and police arrests at Moscow Pride 2007, where he was briefly detained. He wrote a report on those abuses, co-published by Human Rights Watch and the

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enjoy the rights to work, to equality before the law, to family, to sustenance, and to a sexual life, in the same degree and under the same conditions as do all other persons."

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reported that he was "researching a book about sexual politics." Although for nine years Egypt's law against "debauchery" had almost never been enforced, after the July 2013

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Long went to Egypt for the first time to attend and report on their trial. In succeeding months, hundreds, possibly thousands of other men were arrested in raids and through

2899:. Sexual Minorities Uganda (SMUG), Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, World AIDS Campaign. October 9, 2009 2165: 1004:

As the stories multiplied, Long and his colleagues travelled to Iraq, arranging for the transit of several dozen men out of the country through a northern Iraqi city.

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to investigate the state of LGBT rights and to meet with gay activists there, and his documentation of arrests and abuses helped lead to the repeal of that country's

795:'s regime became more authoritarian. Long witnessed and reported on skinhead and police violence against marchers, including a brutal attack on German member of the 661:, Long "reflected on his advocacy methods in a context in which human rights, and especially gay rights, are increasingly associated with Western empire-building": 179: 3539: 595:, as well as persecution of African refugees and other vulnerable groups. In all this, Long worked closely with Egyptian human rights organizations, including the 2841: 178:, which focuses on global politics and sexuality, has been acclaimed as "must-read," "indispensable," and "brilliant." Hadi Ghaemi, executive director of the 896: 4301:"الأخلاق.. سلاح الدولة في مواجهة المثليين حملة جديدة على المصريين أصحاب الميول الجنسية المختلفة والمتحولين جنسيًا في إطار الموجة المحافظة التي تقودها الدولة" 1744:"Congressional Human Rights Caucus: Testimony of Scott Long, Advocacy Coordinator, The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, August 7, 1998" 4016:"Activists Launch Legal Guide for Homosexuals in Egypt: Guide Discusses Violations Against Homosexuals by the Police, Employers and People in Public Places" 390:. Long also gave UN bodies extensive information and analyses on abuses against LGBT people. This lobbying brought about an unprecedented commitment by key 4251: 3081: 1111: 1095: 2919: 886:

government has been actually very clever at focusing all of people's anxieties on homosexuality as ... the universal target and the universal scapegoat.

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seen or used as code for licentiousness were played down. Torture was played up, and it may very well be the first and last human rights report to cite

2973: 459: 387: 2691: 4482: 4477: 4346: 3137: 2896: 840: 3626: 791:, attempting to organize a gay pride march in defiance of an official ban. The ban was part of a general strangling of civil society as President 596: 3509: 3252: 3027: 3000: 761:." Bans on LGBT pride marches, he wrote, "became a way of defining who belonged in the public sphere, who could participate in politics at all." 619:

documented abuse, making clear their conviction that sexual rights claims were core human rights concerns--a position still atypical at the time.

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insisted that the youths were hanged not for the rape of a 13-year-old (as initially reported in the Iranian press) but for being gay. Long and

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a detailed study jointly published by IGLHRC and Human Rights Watch – the first report on LGBT issues ever issued by the latter organization.

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In the mid-2000s, Eastern Europe saw a backlash against LGBT rights. Long cited the evidence of an "unexpected Europe" rolling back the post-

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who will be next?" In an interview shortly after the bill's appearance, Long explained its origins in the politics of moral panic:

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Between 1998 and 2002, he organized a project bringing many grassroots lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender activists from the

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and moral panics in many African countries to economic and political factors, especially the poverty and dislocation caused by

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towns, interviewed family members, and confronted the arresting officer and prosecutors. Information he provided persuaded

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Paradoxically, Long was also criticized from the opposite perspective. Other campaigners, especially the British activist

339: 302:. His work spearheaded a European campaign and contributed strongly to Romania's eventual repeal of Article 200 in 2001. 2747: 3547: 2718: 851: 3347: 3275: 2867: 3920: 2667:

We'll Show You You're a Woman': Violence and Discrimination Against Black Lesbians and Transgender Men in South Africa

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In 2006, Long was the main author of a report on binational same-sex couples and the discrimination they face in U.S.

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during a huge national furor over a young gay man's public coming-out in the media, Long was closely involved with

2644:. Human Rights Watch and the European Region of the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA– Europe), 2007 1103: 2337: 600: 443: 2143: 1553: 1781:

Ramet, Sabrina B., "The way we were - and should be again? European orthodox churches and the 'idyllic past'",

1285:, as well as in the Egyptian media. He also wrote about the human rights crisis in Egypt in such venues as the 1167:, while conducting intensive research on the situation for LGBT people in Iran, maintained the evidence in the 924:

Under Long's leadership, Human Rights Watch also documented discrimination and violence against LGBT people in

799: 636: 4418:"Metropolitan Community Church Honors Human Rights Watch: Award Recognizes Groundbreaking Work on LGBT Rights" 3183: 2535: 2212:"It's Still A Crime To Be Gay In Romania: It Is One Of The Last Countries In Europe That Imprison Homosexuals" 4277: 1475: 981:

stories of lethal violence, and – in a unique project – to help as many men as possible escape. According to

3768: 2634: 2611: 2237: 254:. There, together with a few underground Romanian activists, he became deeply involved in campaigning for 4472: 1322:

In 2007, Long and Human Rights Watch received the Global Justice Award of the Worldwide Fellowship of the

1219: 1215: 1177: 913: 511: 255: 3003:

These Everyday Humiliations: Violence Against Lesbians, Bisexual Women, and Transgender Men in Kyrgyzstan

2842:"Letter from Human Rights Watch to Ugandan President Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Regarding Homophobia and HIV" 2664: 2469:"Latvia: Promote Equality, Investigate Attacks on LGBT Pride Activists: HRW Letter to the Prime Minister" 543:

organization. Since 2001, Long had been deeply engaged in combating a crackdown on homosexual conduct in

3630: 3455: 1660: 957: 707:

Later in 2004, Long worked to launch a Human Rights Watch report on homophobic violence and HIV/AIDS in

471: 291: 279: 105: 2142:

Human Rights Watch's Advisory Committee to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Program.

599:, the El Nadeem Center for Psychological Management and Rehabilitation of Victims of Violence, and the 506:-based attacks on women's organizing. He also wrote a widely used guide to grassroots advocacy at the 3721:"Out of Place, Out of Print: On the Censorship of the First Queerness/Raciality Collection in Britain" 4467: 1253: 373: 267: 2922:

Family, Unvalued: Discrimination , Denial, and the Fate of Binantional Same-Sex Couples Under US Law

170:

called Long "arguably the most knowledgeable person on the planet about international LGBT issues."

2694:

Criminalizing Identities: Rights Abuses in Cameroon Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

1664: 1204: 982: 745: 376: 3084:

They Hunt Us Down for Fun': Discrimination and Police Violence Against Transgender Women in Kuwait

2308: 1195:, on Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni which sharply criticized the accuracy of claims Tatchell and 420:. IGLHRC was invited to address the session, then blocked by conservative Islamic states and the 3586: 2260: 1417: 1211: 1164: 874: 718: 592: 395: 343: 227: 203: 199: 160: 156: 91: 87: 2005: 1501: 1266: 4133: 4064: 3668: 3578: 3411: 3206: 2159: 1925: 1787:, ed. Byrnes, Timothy A., and Katzenstein, Peter J. (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p.168. 1755: 1723: 1696: 1172: 295: 191: 128: 61: 3645: 484:, a 300-page investigation of the roots of homophobia that Long had researched and authored. 3570: 3521: 2252: 2112:

In a Time of Torture: The Assault on Justice in the Crackdown on Homosexual Conduct in Egypt

1160: 788: 135:) is a US-born activist for international human rights, primarily focusing on the rights of 2185: 4156: 3407: 3400: 2976:

We Are a Buried Generation': Discrimination and Violence Against Sexual Minorities in Iran

2416: 1014: 944:

and the Gulf states, and their human rights consequences. In 2010, Susana T. Fried of the

855: 632: 503: 476: 399: 347: 4087: 2109: 1207:

issued an apology in 2012 declaring there were "substantial innaccuracies" in the essay.

298:

to strengthen its stand on lesbian and gay issues, and to demand that Romania repeal its

270:

dictatorship that criminalized consensual homosexual acts with five years' imprisonment.

3720: 3432: 2946: 2442: 1935:. Human Rights Watch and the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 1998 1799:"UN: Sexual Minorities and the Work of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture" 1641:. Human Rights Watch and the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 1998 1579: 684:

influential 2005 essay on "Sexuality and the 'Cultural' War on Human Rights," he wrote:

321: 4065:"الشرطة المصرية تلاحق المجتمع المثلي / Internet entrapment in Egypt: Protect yourself!" 3822: 3030:

We Need a Law for Liberation': Gender, Sexuality, and Human Rights in a Changing Turkey

2512: 2282: 1140: 792: 773: 754: 507: 410: 4461: 3590: 3138:"'They Want us Exterminated': Murder, Torture, Sexual Orientation and Gender in Iraq" 2586: 2056: 2009: 1369: 1302: 1132: 860: 724: 77: 65: 17: 3946: 3253:"'A war against me, inside and outside': Security forces, denials, and emos in Iraq" 1984: 1928:

More Than A Name: State-Sponsored Homophobia and Its Consequences in Southern Africa

1876: 482:

More than a Name: State-Sponsored Homophobia and its Consequences in Southern Africa

4088:"Meet the Businessmen Who Want Egypt's Internet Users Jailed, Tortured, and Killed" 3992: 2445:

Together, Apart. Organizing around Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Worldwide

1827: 1805: 1200: 1156: 1061: 828: 611: 540: 539:

In 2002, Long left IGLHRC to join Human Rights Watch (HRW), the largest U.S.-based

383: 171: 155:) people. He founded the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Program at 101: 3646:"Transnational Homo-Assemblages: Reading 'Gender' in Counter-terrorism Discourses" 2897:"Uganda: 'Anti-Homosexuality' Bill Threatens Liberties and Human Rights Defenders" 1450:"Interview with Scott Long, director of Human Rights Watch's LGBT Rights Division" 839:'s sodomy law. Long cooperated closely with activists in Nigeria in opposing the " 3574: 3112:"The Hunted: How A Few New Yorkers Are Trying to Save the Hunted Gay Men of Iraq" 2034: 1296:

In April 2015, Long made a rare comment on the level of personal danger he felt:

510:. While at IGLHRC, Long was responsible for one of the first broad statements on 3825:. Gspottt•T&T's Triggersite for Sogi Passion & Advocacy. August 24, 2010 1976: 1634: 1184:. Some, including Tatchell, questioned whether his work reflected covertly pro- 1171:

case was inconclusive, and also questioned assigning the youths a Western "gay"

909: 816: 564: 515: 496: 259: 247: 167: 148: 3612: 1608: 4395: 4252:"Transgender People Are At the Center of a Brutal Crackdown on LGBT Egyptians" 3525: 3057:

Not Worth a Penny': Human Rights Abuses Against Transgender People in Honduras

2144:"Statement on the resignation of Scott Long, founding director of the program" 2082: 1199:

had made about Iran. Peter Tatchell wrote to Human Rights Watch in 2010, and

1018: 961: 929: 918: 580: 556: 467: 310: 299: 263: 3582: 4179: 3510:"Unbearable Witness: How Western Activists (Mis)Recognize Sexuality in Iran" 3299:"Death and life in Iraq: Obama death cabs, vampires, Ministries, and murder" 2871: 1067: 965: 796: 712: 560: 514:

ever issued by any international human rights organization, affirming that "

499: 355:

have sex with another woman. Long later testified to the U.S. Congress that

243: 2721:

Fear for Life: Violence against Gay Men and Men Perceived as Gay in Senegal

1850: 750: 736: 435:'s first-ever LGBT rights march on Human Rights Day, December 10, 1998, in 4041: 2513:"Official Homophobia in Poland Threatens Human Rights – Scott Long of HRW" 877:... Uganda has gone through 25 or 30 years of civil war. You can stand in 431:

Queer activists joined by Scott Long (center, behind flag) participate in

330:

Returning to the United States in 1996, Long accepted a position with the

174:

called him "one of the unsung heroes of the LGBT community." Long's blog,

4347:"Western Governments Should Demand Egypt Stop Its 'Murderous Repression'" 4111:"Egypt: Tweet and blog against homophobic brutality, September 24 and 25" 3921:"Egypt: Police Arrest 14 at Health Centre for 'Practising Homosexuality'" 2283:"Anatomy of a Backlash: Sexuality and the 'Cultural' War on Human Rights" 1196: 1181: 969: 937: 883: 832: 740:

Scott Long outside Tverskoia police station, central Moscow, May 27, 2007

666:

campaigns. It may not have made headlines, but it seemed to make history.

588: 584: 577: 451: 432: 421: 417: 215: 195: 144: 132: 3111: 2797:"Letter to Congressional Caucus about US support for Ugandan homophobia" 2363: 1719:

Governing Sexuality: The Changing Politics of Citizenship and Law Reform

912:

law, amid a fierce religious and social backlash against recognition of

427: 3692:"Academics and activists condemn 'bully' Peter Tatchell in open letter" 3322:"Threats and Killings Striking Fear Among Young Iraqis, Including Gays" 2264: 1957:. International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission. August 1, 1999 1804:. International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission. Archived from 1185: 1168: 1148: 878: 836: 769: 708: 492: 306: 251: 219: 207: 136: 2949:

This Alien Legacy: The Origins of "Sodomy" Laws in British Colonialism

531: 34: 4446: 4042:"ما لا تعرفه عن "بلو كوت" "وسي إيجيبت" .. قصة مراقبة الإنترنت في مصر" 3745: 2311:

Hated to Death: Homophobia, Violence, and Jamaica's HIV/AIDS Epidemic

1830:. International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission. June 5, 2001 941: 933: 847: 784: 777: 765: 758: 711:. The report stimulated an intense debate in Jamaica and across the 463: 455: 447: 436: 406: 335: 287: 4278:"Of Moral Panics and State Security: Nationalist Fervor and Gay Men" 2256: 1191:

In 2009, Long wrote an article, published in the Routledge journal

2238:"When Doctors Torture: The Anus and the State in Egypt and Beyond" 1391: 863:. Long helped coordinate international responses to the draconian 772:. Human Rights Watch opposed the homophobic policies of President 735: 607: 548: 544: 530: 426: 320: 3970:"Brutal gender crackdown in Egypt: The tomorrows that never came" 1609:"Two Novembers: Movements, Rights, and the Yogyakarta Principles" 3947:"Why the crackdown in Egypt isn't over, and what to do about it" 3898:"Military manhood: More arrests for homosexual conduct in Egypt" 1152: 925: 854:

policies in the U.S., arguing in 2007 that "When the U.S. funds

807: 552: 391: 367:

Public Scandals: Sexual Orientation and Criminal Law in Romania,

152: 1637:

Public Scandals: Sexual Orientation and Criminal Law in Romania

1059:. Long has also written on Iraq for publications including the 230:. He organized the first course on sexuality and gender at the 1078: 1052: 846:

Long also campaigned for years against homophobic policies in

488: 351: 223: 140: 3769:"On Defending Raw Nerve Books: Or, The Stuff of Good Feeling" 1955:"Bangladesh: IGLHRC mobilizes to defend sex industry workers" 996:

elsewhere in the region, and eventually perhaps to the West.

850:. He traced connections between discrimination in Uganda and 246:

professorship teaching American studies at the University of

3707:

I never made any 'legal threats' against Human Rights Watch.

3348:"Massacre of Emos in Iraq Goes to Core of a Damaged Society" 3230:"The Emo killings in Iraq: The police and their smoking gun" 2819:"Uganda: State Homophobia Threatens Health and Human Rights" 972:" way to expand international protections for LGBT people. 4157:"Dozens arrested for "perversion" in a huge raid in Cairo" 3794:"Open Letter on Peter Tatchell, Censorship, and Criticism" 1528:"What Does Solidarity Look Like? The 2014 Winter Olympics" 859:

Ugandan government but of notoriously homophobic preacher

202:

at the age of 18, and received a Ph.D. in literature from

4451: 3746:"On the censorship of 'Gay Imperialism' and Out of Place" 2918:

Long, Scott; Stern, Jessica; Francoeur, Adam (May 2006).

2562:"Polish Plan to Ban Gay Material From Schools Under Fire" 1695:(Cambridge University Press, 2012 ed.). p. 97. 4373:"Op-Ed: John Kerry Needs to Do the Right Thing in Egypt" 3276:"'You are killing the nation, not emos': more from Iraq" 3161:"Graphic pictures from Iraq's anti-Emo killing campaign" 559:, arresting dozens of men and staging a show trial for " 535:

The Queen Boat floating discotheque in the Nile in Cairo

116: 4441: 3669:"Help, I'm being persecuted: Hypocrisy and free speech" 3406:(University of Chicago Press, 2007 ed.). pp. 1665:"Report on the Symposium Homosexuality: A Human Right?" 2085:

Egypt: Security Forces Abuse of Anti-War Demonstrators

932:; violence and discrimination against LGBT people in 764:

Long campaigned against attacks on pride marches from

610:, together with Human Rights Watch executive director 4447:

International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission

4229:"LGBT Egyptians Go Into Hiding As Regime Cracks Down" 2748:"Nigeria: Anti-Gay Bill Threatens Democratic Reforms" 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 1692:

The Global Right Wing and the Clash of World Politics

332:

International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission

3433:"Gay hanging in Iran: Atrocities and impersonations" 626:

praised the strategic way Long framed his advocacy:

3605:"Peter Tatchell receives apology from UK publisher" 2926:. Human Rights Watch and Immigration Equality, 2006 2276: 2274: 928:; violence against lesbians and transgender men in 112: 97: 83: 73: 44: 25: 16:For the professor of statistics and sociology, see 3399: 2742: 2740: 2491:"Moldova: Reverse Ban on Gay Rights Demonstration" 1628: 1626: 817:International Lesbian and Gay Association - Europe 294:. His documentation was crucial in persuading the 3540:"Human Rights Watch apologises to Peter Tatchell" 3184:"'Gay killings,' emos, and Iraq: What's going on" 2770:"HRW: US should halt funds for homophobic Uganda" 487:Long also co-authored or edited major reports on 305:In 1993 Long conducted the first-ever mission to 3026:Cano Nieto, Juliana; Long, Scott (21 May 2008). 1602: 1600: 787:in 2006 to support Russian activists, including 4134:"Tweet for Egypt on IDAHOT: Why it's important" 2605: 2603: 1722:(Hart Publishing, 2003 ed.). p. 118. 1026: 989: 936:; killings and abuses of transgender people in 695: 686: 226:movement in Hungary as it developed during the 180:International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran 3817: 3815: 2999:Stern, Jessica; Long, Scott (6 October 2008). 2891: 2889: 2391:"Human Rights Group Condemns Jamaica Violence" 2364:"AIDS in Jamaica: The Fear that Spreads Death" 1981:"groundbreaking step by major UN working body" 206:in 1989 at the age of 25. In 1990 he moved to 4371:Long, Scott; Youssef, Ramy (March 11, 2015). 3561:"Peter Tatchell: an apology and correction". 2945:Gupta, Alok; Long, Scott (17 December 2008). 1155:went viral on the web. Tatchell, gay writer 8: 2164:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 394:human rights officials to work on issues of 4203:"Cairo Men Cleared of Bathhouse Debauchery" 3458:. The Guide (archived at williamapercy.com) 2612:"Moskou Pride – verslag van Scott Long HRW" 2436: 2434: 1900:"Africa's gays persecuted as cause of ills" 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 442:From 1998, when he led a delegation to the 4398:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 4182:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 4159:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 4136:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 4113:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 4090:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 4067:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3995:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3972:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3949:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3900:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3877:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3875:"New arrests for 'homosexuality' in Egypt" 3842: 3840: 3671:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3479:"Scott Long's Troubling Style of Advocacy" 3435:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3301:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3278:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3255:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3232:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3209:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3186:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 3163:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 1879:. A Paper Bird: Sex, Rights, and the World 1392:"Human Rights Watch website, LGBT Section" 1244:In late 2012, Long moved to Cairo, Egypt. 897:President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief 33: 22: 4324:"ماذا يعني أن تكون متحولًا جنسيًا في مصر" 3919:Mezzofiore, Gianluca (October 14, 2013). 1500:Langlois, Anthony J. (November 9, 2014). 1203:and Long issued an apology in June 2010. 956:Long played a key role in developing the 388:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 3627:"Routledge apologises to Peter Tatchell" 3374:"ISIS Kills Gays: A History of Violence" 3105: 3103: 2179: 2177: 2175: 1098:: vague phrasing that often accompanies 4227:Feder, J. Lester (September 23, 2014). 2750:. Human Rights Watch. February 28, 2007 2690:Cano Nieto, Juliana (4 November 2010). 2536:"Warsaw Gay Activists March With Pride" 2338:"Editorial: Who Murdered Steve Harvey?" 1346: 671:arguing that they constituted torture. 597:Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights 409:'s lobbying at the groundbreaking 2001 218:. He became involved with the emerging 4201:Kingsley, Patrick (January 12, 2015). 2868:"Homosexuality is against our culture" 2288:. Human Rights Watch World Report 2005 2157: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1611:. Human Rights Watch World Report 2008 1580:"Scott Long leaves Human Rights Watch" 1476:"Human Rights Watch: Our Quiet Heroes" 386:to speak and advocate before the then 3110:McAllester, Matt (October 12, 2009). 2870:. New Vision (Uganda). Archived from 2821:. Human Rights Watch. August 22, 2007 2210:Demick, Barbara (December 30, 1993). 2146:. Human Rights Watch, August 23, 2010 1554:"TGM: Kurta válasz Felcsuti Péternek" 1552:Tamás, Gáspár Miklós (July 8, 2015). 1210:The article had been widely praised; 190:Scott Long was born June 5, 1963, in 7: 3993:"اسئلة قانونية بخصوص المثلية في مصر" 3847:Londono, Ernesto (October 6, 2014). 2866:Ssempa, Martin (September 4, 2007). 1526:Currah, Paisley (November 5, 2013). 1131:The Middle East expert and academic 946:United Nations Development Programme 372:In Bucharest in 1998, Long met with 4420:. Human Rights Watch. June 28, 2007 3849:"The Crackdown on Gay Men in Egypt" 3719:Rothe, Johanna (October 15, 2009). 3053:Cano Nieto, Juliana (29 May 2009). 2471:. Human Rights Watch. July 25, 2006 2089:. Human Rights Watch, November 2003 1474:Mixner, David (February 26, 2010). 1336:LGBT rights by country or territory 841:Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 474:programs. In an interview with the 4109:Long, Scott (September 22, 2014). 4086:Long, Scott (September 25, 2014). 4040:Long, Scott (September 28, 2014). 4014:Morgan, Marwa (October 30, 2014). 3611:. 27 November 2012. Archived from 3477:Schindler, Paul (March 27, 2008). 3080:Moumneh, Rasha (15 January 2012). 2493:. Human Rights Watch. May 18, 2006 2415:Fontaine, Smokey (July 20, 2009). 2245:Journal of Health and Human Rights 2057:"Egypt jails men in gay sex trial" 2010:"Egypt jails men in gay sex trial" 1578:Wockner, Rex (September 2, 2010). 940:; and moral panics over gender in 14: 4299:Magid, Pesha (November 4, 2014). 4276:Carr, Sarah (November 25, 2013). 3896:Long, Scott (November 11, 2013). 3767:Douglas, Stacy (September 2009). 3748:. XTalk Project. October 17, 2009 3667:Long, Scott (February 19, 2015). 3372:Long, Scott (February 11, 2015). 2972:Sanei, Faraz (15 December 2010). 2717:Nath, Dipika (30 November 2010). 2184:Azimi, Negar (December 3, 2006). 1448:Wockner, Rex (January 15, 2010). 342:combating rights abuses based on 4178:Long, Scott (January 12, 2015). 4155:Long, Scott (December 8, 2014). 3991:Long, Scott (October 17, 2014). 3945:Long, Scott (January 19, 2015). 3873:Long, Scott (October 14, 2013). 3454:Andriette, Bill (October 2005). 2795:Long, Scott (October 11, 2007). 2663:Nath, Dipika (5 December 2011). 2560:Scally, Derek (March 20, 2007). 2534:Shoffman, Mark (June 12, 2006). 2515:. UK Gay News. February 16, 2006 1898:Goering, Laurie (June 9, 2004). 1851:"U.N. commits to AIDS reduction" 1849:Lindsey, Daryl (June 28, 2011). 1083: 976:"Underground railroad" from Iraq 39:Human rights activist Scott Long 4483:American human rights activists 4478:American LGBTQ rights activists 2840:Long, Scott (August 23, 2007). 2389:Grew, Tony (February 4, 2008). 1784:Religion in an Expanding Europe 1324:Metropolitan Community Churches 242:In 1992 Long accepted a senior 210:, and taught literature at the 4394:Long, Scott (April 18, 2015). 4345:Long, Scott (March 11, 2015). 3346:Long, Scott (March 18, 2012). 3320:Healy, Jack (March 11, 2012). 3297:Long, Scott (March 16, 2012). 3274:Long, Scott (March 21, 2012). 3251:Long, Scott (March 25, 2012). 3136:Scott, Long (17 August 2009). 2417:"Gays In Jamaica Live In Fear" 2081:Stork, Joe (6 November 2003). 258:, including campaigns against 1: 4528:People from Radford, Virginia 4322:Magid, Pesha (June 4, 2015). 4250:Dean, Laura (June 14, 2015). 3546:. 2 July 2010. Archived from 3431:Long, Scott (July 20, 2015). 3228:Long, Scott (March 9, 2012). 3205:Long, Scott (March 8, 2012). 3182:Long, Scott (March 8, 2012). 3159:Long, Scott (March 9, 2012). 4442:Human Rights Watch Main Page 4132:Long, Scott (May 17, 2015). 4063:Long, Scott (12 June 2015). 3968:Long, Scott (May 16, 2014). 3925:International Business Times 3575:10.1080/13569775.2012.704201 2610:Long, Scott (May 29, 2006). 2441:Long, Scott (11 June 2009). 2419:. News One for Black America 1875:Long, Scott (July 6, 2014). 1145:the hanging of two teenagers 831:; arrests of LGBT people in 776:'s right-wing government in 3690:Duffy, Nick (22 Feb 2016). 3207:"Iraq and the Emo killings" 2035:"Sex and Security in Egypt" 2033:Long, Scott (Spring 2004). 238:Early human rights activism 4549: 3508:Long, Scott (March 2009). 3456:"Pictures At An Execution" 3140:. Human Rights Watch, 2009 3088:. Human Rights Watch, 2012 3061:. Human Rights Watch, 2009 3034:. Human Rights Watch, 2008 3007:. Human Rights Watch, 2008 2980:. Human Rights Watch, 2010 2953:. Human Rights Watch, 2008 2725:. Human Rights Watch, 2010 2698:. Human Rights Watch, 2010 2671:. Human Rights Watch, 2011 2449:. Human Rights Watch, 2009 2318:. Human Rights Watch, 2004 2116:. Human Rights Watch, 2004 1110:Such statements should be 547:. In May 2001, police in 15: 4523:Harvard University alumni 4518:Radford University alumni 4488:Human Rights Watch people 3526:10.1080/13569770802698054 2216:The Philadelphia Inquirer 1716:Stychin, Carl F. (2003). 890:Long added, though, that 601:Hisham Mubarak Law Center 444:World Council of Churches 32: 3650:Jindal Global Law Review 1480:Live from Hell's Kitchen 266:, a law dating from the 232:Eötvös Loránd University 212:Eötvös Loránd University 4533:Activists from Virginia 4508:LGBTQ rights in Romania 3398:Massad, Joseph (2012). 2774:The Mail & Guardian 1413:"Past Visiting Fellows" 865:Anti-Homosexuality Bill 852:Bush administration-era 555:discothèque called the 446:'s world conference in 127:(born June 5, 1963, in 4513:LGBTQ rights in Russia 4503:LGBTQ rights in Africa 4498:LGBTQ rights in Uganda 4454:, Long's personal blog 1689:Bob, Clifford (2012). 1506:The Disorder of Things 1307: 1238: 1216:English defamation law 1178:social constructionist 1048: 1039: 1011: 1002: 914:same-sex relationships 901: 888: 813: 741: 700: 691: 668: 655: 641: 621: 574: 536: 439: 362: 327: 256:LGBT rights in Romania 4493:LGBTQ rights in Egypt 3644:Otto, Dianne (2013). 3563:Contemporary Politics 3514:Contemporary Politics 3489:on September 21, 2008 2008:(November 14, 2001). 1298: 1252:that brought General 1233: 1193:Contemporary Politics 1043: 1006: 958:Yogyakarta Principles 952:Yogyakarta Principles 892: 870: 804: 739: 663: 650: 628: 616: 569: 567:." Long later wrote: 534: 472:structural adjustment 430: 357: 324: 280:Amnesty International 228:democratic transition 198:. He graduated from 117:http://paper-bird.net 3633:on 25 February 2016. 3615:on 12 December 2015. 2847:. Human Rights Watch 2799:. Human Rights Watch 2307:Schleifer, Rebecca. 2281:Long, Scott (2005). 2236:Long, Scott (2004). 1797:Long, Scott (2001). 1748:Congressional Record 1607:Long, Scott (2008). 1254:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 1220:England's libel laws 1205:Taylor & Francis 1159:, and U.S. activist 1112:clarified or removed 835:; and the impact of 806:All of a sudden the 637:History of Sexuality 591:, and the political 3800:. February 22, 2016 3550:on 15 January 2016. 2370:. November 25, 2004 2344:. December 13, 2005 1979:(August 19, 2002). 1808:on October 21, 2013 1754:(13): 19239. 1998. 1661:Tanaka, Jennifer K. 1502:"Pinkwashing Apple" 512:sex workers' rights 416:Special Session on 377:Emil Constantinescu 163:from 2011 to 2012. 3853:The New York Times 3326:The New York Times 2776:. October 12, 2007 2342:The New York Times 2190:The New York Times 2186:"Prisoners of Sex" 1877:"Sodomy in Zambia" 1418:Harvard University 1271:The New York Times 1246:The New York Times 1165:Human Rights Watch 1057:The New York Times 921:around the world. 875:James Nsaba Buturo 823:Sub-Saharan Africa 742: 719:The New York Times 624:The New York Times 551:raided a floating 537: 522:Human Rights Watch 440: 396:sexual orientation 374:Romanian president 344:sexual orientation 328: 204:Harvard University 200:Radford University 161:Harvard Law School 157:Human Rights Watch 92:Harvard University 88:Radford University 3116:New York Magazine 2874:on March 19, 2015 2587:"MoscowPride '06" 1532:The Feminist Wire 1180:approach to LGBT 1129: 1128: 462:movements across 296:Council of Europe 122: 121: 62:Radford, Virginia 4540: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4020:Daily News Egypt 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3629:. 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1987:on 2006-09-25 1986: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1931: 1929: 1924:Long, Scott. 1920: 1917: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1891: 1878: 1871: 1868: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1842: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1807: 1800: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1763: 1761:9780160515873 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1731: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1712: 1709: 1704: 1702:9780521145442 1698: 1694: 1693: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1640: 1638: 1633:Long, Scott. 1629: 1627: 1623: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1585: 1581: 1574: 1571: 1559: 1555: 1548: 1545: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1519: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1467: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1371: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1303:Freedom House 1297: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1250:military coup 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1225: 1223: 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