308:
still be provided, which remained the preferred choice of most parishes. The model poorhouse design reflected this difference as rooms near the entrance were allocated for the distribution of clothing and food to those in need of outdoor relief. Neither did
Scottish poorhouses rely on the earnings of inmates to contribute towards their expenditure, as was the case in England. The number of poorhouses constructed increased significantly during the period from 1850 when there were twenty-one poorhouses; this number had swelled to fifty by 1868. The majority of these were in or around Glasgow and Edinburgh. The Board required consistency in the management and operation of poorhouses, and provided a framework to be adhered to.
317:
miles from the poorhouse, in which case the limit was extended to six days. All new admissions were segregated into a probationary area until they had been examined and declared free from diseases affecting the mind and body by a medical officer. They would be thoroughly searched and their clothing removed before they were bathed and supplied with a standard-issue uniform. Their own clothing was steam cleaned and held in storage until they left. If a pauper wished to leave they could do so by giving the House
Governor twenty-four hours notice; the simplicity of this led to the discharge system often being exploited but official authorisation was again required before re-admittance was permitted.
292:
existing
Edinburgh poorhouse and Town's Hospital, the Glasgow workhouse that was established in 1731. A design guideline for the building of new poorhouses was drawn up in 1847 and the construction of eight new poorhouses was endorsed in 1848. The architectural firm of Mackenzie & Matthews had drawn up plans for a proposed poorhouse to serve the joint parishes of St Nicholas and Old Machar in Aberdeen, the city in which their practice was primarily based, and with only slight modifications formed the basis of the ideal. It is likely the design was inspired by the work of
22:
161:, politician and lawyer, shared the opinion that no purpose-built correction houses were ever constructed. Outdoor relief remained the main type of assistance, but poorhouses or their equivalent were sometimes funded by local merchants. In Aberdeen during the 1630s an institution had been established by wealthy cloth merchants; Canongate Charity Workhouse in Edinburgh was managed by several trade associations after being opened in 1761; and Glasgow had the
219:
114:
be able to work or those who were not considered able-bodied. Legislation in
Scotland concerning poor relief differed in a number of respects to that enacted in England and Wales. Parishes in England were required to supply work to be undertaken by paupers capable of employment whereas in Scotland this was not a stipulation. Vagrants refused poor relief in Scotland were entitled to appeal, unlike those in England and Wales. A Scottish
1522:
284:
275:
poorhouses jointly, the so-called combination poorhouses. About three-quarters of
Scotland's seventy or so poorhouses were run as combinations, although the majority of paupers continued to be in receipt of outdoor relief. By the 1890s there was accommodation for more than 15,000 paupers in Scottish poorhouses, but the average occupancy rate barely exceeded half of that.
321:
long-term care were more often fostered, or boarded out as it was known at the time. The rooms to the right of the entrance block provided the facilities for the paupers to be searched, bathed and held in a sequential course through the building, an arrangement that when compared to the buildings in
England was "more sophisticated and functionally appropriate".
307:
Decisions concerning poor relief remained predominantly with individual parishes at local levels, and
Inspectors of the Poor were appointed locally to assess requests for relief. In contrast to the regulations in England and Wales the establishment of poorhouses was optional, and outdoor relief could
237:
between
Scotland and England had allowed Scotland to retain its existing legal system, so consequently the reforms to the Poor Law enacted in England and Wales in 1834 did not apply to Scotland. Nevertheless, the Scottish system of poor relief suffered from the same strains of demand exceeding supply
113:
had been available since medieval times with procedures attempting to deal with paupers dating back to the 15th century. The first steps taken by the
Scottish Parliament regarding arrangements for poor relief were enacted in a 1424 statute segregating vagrants into two categories: those fit enough to
53:
in the 15th century when a 1424 statute categorised vagrants into those deemed fit for work or those who were not able-bodied; several other ineffective statutes followed until the
Scottish Poor Law Act of 1579 was put in place. The Act prevented paupers who were fit to work from receiving assistance
340:
The number of those accommodated in poorhouses reached its peak in 1906, but represented less than 14 per cent of those in receipt of poor relief, compared with 37 per cent in England. Nevertheless, by 1938 more was being spent on administering the Poor Law in real terms than had been spent in 1890.
181:
in which most parishes gave information on the poor; Anderson described the statutory system in England as "groaning under the influence of a system of laws" whereas he considered the poor in Scotland were "abundantly supplied with all that their wants require". Just over twenty-five years later, in
88:
The facilities housed up to 400 occupants in cities and a slightly scaled down version was able to accommodate up to 300 paupers in rural areas. By 1868 there were fifty poorhouses in Scotland; strict regulations applied to admissions and were overseen by a local Inspector of the Poor. The number of
316:
Strict regulations were enforced before paupers were admitted to the poorhouse, and written permission had to be produced to the gatekeeper. Generally signed by the local Inspector of the Poor, the authorisation had to be dated no more than three days earlier unless the holder stayed more than five
126:
in rural districts and burgh magistrates in urban areas. Poor and destitute people who were fit enough to work were legally barred from receiving any assistance so the monies raised by collections at churches were usually enough to cover the needs of the poor without having to utilise the provision
118:
dating back to 1425 allowed sheriffs to apprehend beggars fit enough to work; if they did not find employment within forty days after their release they could be imprisoned. Ineffective statutes continued to be constituted: in 1427 magistrates failing to enforce previous legislation could be fined;
58:, and although thirty-two main burghs were instructed to provide correction houses under the threat of being fined, it is doubtful any were built. In the 18th century, cities like Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Glasgow had poorhouses or similar which were funded by wealthy merchants or trade associations.
139:
and landowners; by 1752 greater influence was given to landowners, as the main ratepayers, to undertake decisions. Until the early 19th century, the arrangements worked quite well in rural districts; but, as slum areas increased in towns of a more industrial nature, the system began to fall short.
291:
The reforms incorporated into the 1845 Poor Law in Scotland were not as extreme as those in the earlier English legislation of 1834 and changes were only slowly enacted. Three years after the inception of the Board of Supervision its annual report indicated the approval of proposals to expand the
274:
and three crown appointees were also included. The central board acted in an advisory capacity to the 880 parishes but its approval was required for any alterations to established poorhouses and plans for any new ones also had to be approved. The new law allowed parishes to combine to operate
320:
Officially there were five groupings applied to inmates: children less than two years of age; girls under fifteen years old; boys under fifteen years old; male adults over fifteen years old; and female adults over fifteen years old. Most children, around 80–90 per cent, who may have required
45:
was almost invariably used to describe the institutions in that country, as unlike the regime in their workhouse counterparts in neighbouring England and Wales residents were not usually required to labour in return for their upkeep.
148:
every three months against any burghs not completing the construction of correction houses within required time scales. But the threat of fines failed to encourage the building of these establishments, and doubt has been recorded by
143:
The Act passed in 1672 required the thirty-two main burghs to build correction houses, in which vagabonds were to be detained and forced to work. The Commissioners of Excise were empowered to issue fines of five hundred
1778:
250:
was set up to address the impact this series of events had on the poor. The commission collated information received from almost every parish and its recommendations were published in 1844 forming the basis of the 1845
77:, resulted in demand outstripping supply. Expansions to existing facilities in Edinburgh and Glasgow and design guidelines for constructing new poorhouses were drawn up by the Board of Supervision which advised the
168:
Towards the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, the system of poor relief in Scotland was considered to be superior to that of its counterpart in England by political economists like
73:
and landowners but did not suffice in the slum areas of towns. By the middle of the century though Scotland faced severe economic depression and this, coupled with the ecclesiastic upset of the
329:
The Board of Supervision continued to have overall responsibility for the administration of the Poor Law in Scotland until it was replaced by the Local Government Board under the terms of the
1652:
191:
198:
and had declared the laws in Scotland and the way it was administered as "admirable". Inadequacies in the Scottish arrangements began to garner more attention within a few years; in 1840
246:. The ecclesiastical upset followed a severe economic depression in Scotland between 1839 and 1842 and, as the poor relief system in the country was heavily dependent on the clergy, a
1793:
391:
Discussing the 1672 Act, historian Rosalind Mitchison observed that it demonstrated "the continuation of the sixteenth-century practice of passing Acts which were totally ignored".
333:. In 1919 the newly formed Scottish Board of Health assumed responsibility for administering poor relief, mirroring a similar move in England and Wales that same year, where the
262:
were established and given the power to allocate and raise local funding. The parochial boards came under the jurisdiction of a Board of Supervision based in Edinburgh. Sir
119:
beggars could be expelled from the area or jailed from 1449; and in further legislation passed during 1455 and 1477 beggars could be classified as thieves and executed.
919:
202:, a social reformer, published his thoughts on the administration of poor relief and its effects on disease. Around that time Scotland was spending about one
1765:
1636:
183:
158:
304:. The designs for facilities in cities were able to house up to 400 occupants with a smaller scale version for up to 300 inmates for rural poorhouses.
345:
was felt much more keenly by the working-class in Scotland than in England, and the bitterness it engendered led directly to the introduction of the
243:
1826:
1404:
Mitchison, Rosalind (2005), "North and South: The Development of the Gulf in Poor Law Practice", in Houston, Robert Allen; Whyte, Ian D. (eds.),
1722:
862:
505:
786:
1413:
1357:
1339:
1321:
1294:
1276:
1225:
1193:
1175:
1147:
334:
330:
1702:
1836:
1475:
418:
210:
per head of population on poor relief; in France the figure was ten shillings, which was similar to the English costs in around 1832.
1305:
Modern Methods of Charity: An Account of the Systems of Relief, Public and Private, in the Principal Countries Having Modern Methods
1202:
1042:
1841:
1692:
178:
1821:
1815:
1750:
1540:
271:
154:
1846:
1872:
1867:
1798:
1755:
1662:
1511:
346:
252:
90:
82:
1657:
1575:
1565:
195:
170:
915:
463:
1788:
1783:
259:
78:
719:
1745:
1687:
297:
1521:
353:. c. 29), which finally abolished the last vestiges of the Poor Law system across the entire United Kingdom.
131:, providing clothing, food, goods or money. A later Act in 1672 transferred responsibility in rural areas to
1773:
263:
226:
203:
132:
66:
1434:
1423:
1877:
1740:
1468:
270:
from Edinburgh and Glasgow, together with sheriffs representing Perth, Renfrew and Ross and Cromarty. The
150:
50:
934:
362:
177:, a weekly publication mainly compiled by Anderson, in 1792 he reviewed the early volumes of the first
1585:
1570:
1560:
1555:
1550:
501:
293:
207:
136:
123:
70:
858:
1730:
1621:
1580:
782:
127:
of the compulsory rate that was allowed for in the Act. The type of assistance given was generally
242:, which resulted in 40 per cent of the clergy of the Church of Scotland leaving to form the rival
1682:
1501:
1383:
367:
301:
239:
234:
74:
1167:
1158:
1156:
Gordon, Michèle; Grűndler, Jens (2006), Gestricht, Andreas; King, Steven; Raphael, Lutz (eds.),
162:
26:
218:
1496:
1461:
1409:
1395:
1353:
1335:
1317:
1290:
1272:
1255:
1221:
1189:
1171:
1143:
350:
283:
94:
1266:
1235:
1215:
1128:
1667:
1631:
1375:
1268:
Poverty and Poor Law Reform in Nineteenth-Century Britain, 1834–1914: From Chadwick to Booth
1241:
342:
247:
21:
414:
1831:
1545:
1506:
947:
738:
736:
1038:
1735:
1707:
1697:
1677:
1616:
287:
Plan for Aberdeen Poorhouse drawn up by the architects Mackenzie & Matthews in 1847
229:
in 1948 and operated as Maud Hospital until about 2008, providing care for the elderly.
199:
128:
55:
1861:
300:, who played a role in the design of later English workhouses, rather than those of
1600:
1246:
267:
194:
spent time in Scotland prior to making recommendations which resulted in the 1834
1453:
1366:
MacDonald, Helen J. (1996), "Boarding-Out and the Scottish Poor Law, 1845-1914",
1626:
1595:
1425:
Proposed Alteration of the Scottish Poor Laws, And of the Administration Thereof
145:
110:
62:
1436:
A History of the Scotch Poor Law: In Connexion With the Condition of the People
1379:
1672:
1590:
54:
and was reasonably successful. Any help provided generally took the form of
38:
97:. c. 29), the Poor Law system was abolished throughout the United Kingdom.
61:
The system was adequate until the early 19th century in rural areas where
41:, provided accommodation for the destitute and poor in Scotland. The term
1159:"Migration, Survival Strategies and Networks of Irish Paupers in Glasgow"
502:"British History in depth: Beneath the Surface: A Country of Two Nations"
459:
1387:
225:
Combination poorhouse was constructed in 1867. It was taken over by the
715:
115:
222:
282:
217:
20:
1446:
Utilitarianism, Reform, and Architecture – Edinburgh as Exemplar
1214:
Dennison, E. Patricia; Ditchburn, David; Lynch, Michael (2002),
186:
also praised the methods adopted when giving its opinion in the
1457:
1164:
Being Poor in Modern Europe: Historical Perspectives 1800–1940
16:
Scottish facility to support and provide housing for the needy
238:
as did the English. An additional factor in Scotland was the
817:
815:
716:"Buchan Parishes and the Buchan Combination, Aberdeenshire"
765:
763:
646:
644:
685:
683:
631:
629:
258:
Following the passage into law of the 1845 Poor Law Act,
89:
inmates peaked in 1906 and after the introduction of the
1009:
1007:
1005:
568:
566:
541:
539:
537:
524:
522:
1237:
A Treatise on the Law of Scotland Relative to the Poor
898:
896:
894:
881:
879:
620:
122:
The Scottish Poor Law Act of 1579 was implemented by
984:
845:
1807:
1764:
1721:
1645:
1609:
1533:
1489:
188:
Select Committee's Report on the English Poor Laws.
49:Systems to deal with paupers were initiated by the
1157:
1074:
1408:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 199–225,
1098:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
1469:
266:was Chairman of the committee made up of the
8:
1374:(200), Edinburgh University Press: 197–220,
1086:
742:
1184:Checkland, Olive; Checkland, S. G. (1989),
1637:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
1476:
1462:
1454:
1332:Poverty and Welfare in Scotland, 1890–1948
1287:The Evolution of the British Welfare State
1130:The Bee,: Or Literary Weekly Intelligencer
409:
407:
184:General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
1245:
1209:, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press
1062:
1025:
960:
833:
821:
769:
754:
674:
608:
483:
1140:An Economic History of the British Isles
650:
584:
1827:Timeline of the English Poor Law system
1186:Industry and Ethos: Scotland, 1832–1914
972:
689:
662:
635:
572:
528:
403:
384:
25:An engraving of the Glasgow poorhouse,
1257:The Law of Scotland Regarding the Poor
1110:
1013:
996:
943:
932:
806:
789:from the original on 24 September 2015
701:
621:Dennison, Ditchburn & Lynch (2002)
596:
557:
545:
421:from the original on 24 September 2015
1394:McNeill, John; Commissioners (1848),
1207:An Economic History of Modern Britain
1045:from the original on 21 February 2015
922:from the original on 11 February 2015
916:"Caring for the poor, sick and needy"
865:from the original on 26 February 2015
861:, Dictionary of Scottish Architects,
508:from the original on 27 December 2014
496:
494:
492:
466:from the original on 17 February 2015
157:as to whether any at all were built.
7:
1303:Henderson, Charles Richmond (1904),
1289:(4th ed.), Palgrave Macmillan,
902:
885:
722:from the original on 25 January 2015
331:Local Government (Scotland) Act 1894
1217:Aberdeen Before 1800: A New History
1837:List of poor law unions in England
985:McNeill & Commissioners (1848)
846:McNeill & Commissioners (1848)
81:set up after the enactment of the
14:
1842:List of poor law unions in Wales
1693:Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order
1520:
1075:Checkland & Checkland (1989)
745:, The 1845 Scottish Poor Law Act
325:Later developments and abolition
179:Statistical Accounts of Scotland
37:, occasionally referred to as a
1822:Historiography of the Poor Laws
106:Medieval to Early Modern period
1816:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1751:Huddersfield workhouse scandal
1541:Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494
1484:Poor laws of the British Isles
1368:The Scottish Historical Review
1334:, Edinburgh University Press,
1188:, Edinburgh University Press,
1:
1847:List of Irish poor law unions
1799:National Assistance Act 1948
1663:Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845
1316:(eBook), The History Press,
1312:Higginbotham, Peter (2012),
1099:Gordon & Grűndler (2006)
918:, Aberdeen City Council: 7,
785:, Scottish Archive Network,
417:, Scottish Archive Network,
347:National Assistance Act 1948
91:National Assistance Act 1948
83:Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845
1658:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
1576:Relief of the Poor Act 1782
1566:Relief of the Poor Act 1696
1406:Scottish Society, 1500–1800
460:"The Workhouse in Scotland"
101:Legal and social background
1894:
1779:Royal Commission (1905–09)
1397:Reports from Commissioners
1314:The Workhouse Encyclopedia
1254:Dunlop, Alexander (1854),
1240:, Blackwood & Cadell,
1234:Dunlop, Alexander (1825),
1039:"Scottish Poorhouse rules"
859:"Mackenzie & Matthews"
279:Early Victorian poorhouses
1746:Andover workhouse scandal
1688:Outdoor Labour Test Order
1518:
1448:, University of Edinburgh
1433:Nicholls, George (1856),
1422:Monypenny, David (1840),
1380:10.3366/shr.1996.75.2.197
1265:Englander, David (2013),
1127:Anderson, James (1792),
1774:Liberal welfare reforms
1756:Union Chargeability Act
1653:Royal commission (1832)
1247:2027/mdp.39015034780950
1166:, Peter Lang, pp.
1138:Birnie, Arthur (2005),
312:Admission and discharge
244:Free Church of Scotland
227:National Health Service
190:Representatives of the
1741:Local Government Board
1490:Poor laws by territory
1348:Lindsay, Jean (1975),
1285:Fraser, Derek (2009),
942:Cite journal requires
288:
230:
196:Poor Law Amendment Act
151:Poor Law Commissioners
51:Parliament of Scotland
30:
1766:Decline and abolition
1350:The Scottish Poor Law
714:Higginbotham, Peter,
458:Higginbotham, Peter,
363:Old Scottish Poor Law
286:
221:
192:English Commissioners
124:Justices of the peace
24:
1586:Overseer of the poor
1571:Poor Relief Act 1722
1561:Poor Relief Act 1662
1556:Poor Relief Act 1601
1551:Poor Relief Act 1597
1330:Levitt, Ian (1988),
1089:, Ministry of Health
1041:, workhouse.org.uk,
718:, workhouse.org.uk,
462:, workhouse.org.uk,
343:inter-war depression
1873:Poverty in Scotland
1868:Scottish poorhouses
1731:Poor Law Commission
1581:House of correction
1444:Qing, Feng (2008),
1087:Higginbotham (2012)
743:Higginbotham (2012)
1723:Changes after 1834
1713:Scottish poorhouse
1683:Board of guardians
1527:Nantwich workhouse
368:Scottish poor laws
351:11 & 12 Geo. 6
335:Ministry of Health
302:Sampson Kempthorne
289:
240:Disruption of 1843
231:
165:, opened in 1731.
95:11 & 12 Geo. 6
75:Disruption of 1843
35:Scottish poorhouse
31:
1855:
1854:
1528:
1497:England and Wales
1415:978-0-521-89167-7
1359:978-0-722-30760-1
1341:978-0-85224-558-3
1323:978-0-7524-7719-0
1296:978-0-230-22466-7
1278:978-1-317-88322-7
1227:978-1-86232-114-4
1195:978-0-7486-0102-8
1177:978-3-03910-256-3
1149:978-0-415-37872-7
272:Solicitor General
214:Poor Law Act 1845
65:was the remit of
1885:
1794:Interwar poverty
1668:Less eligibility
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1066:
1063:MacDonald (1996)
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1054:
1053:
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1035:
1029:
1026:Henderson (1904)
1023:
1017:
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976:
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964:
961:Englander (2013)
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834:Englander (2013)
831:
825:
822:Henderson (1904)
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804:
798:
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794:
779:
773:
770:Englander (2013)
767:
758:
757:, pp. 48–49
755:Englander (2013)
752:
746:
740:
731:
730:
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727:
711:
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693:
687:
678:
675:Monypenny (1840)
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609:Mitchison (2005)
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484:Henderson (1904)
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455:
430:
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411:
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389:
260:parochial boards
248:Royal Commission
159:Alexander Dunlop
79:parochial boards
29:, from the 1830s
1893:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1832:Poor Relief Act
1803:
1789:Minority Report
1784:Majority Report
1760:
1717:
1698:Poor law unions
1641:
1605:
1546:Tudor poor laws
1529:
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651:Anderson (1792)
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585:Nicholls (1856)
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163:Town's Hospital
155:George Nicholls
108:
103:
27:Town's Hospital
17:
12:
11:
5:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Poor Law Board
1733:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1708:Book of Murder
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:Workhouse test
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1617:Outdoor relief
1613:
1611:
1610:Relief systems
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1430:
1419:
1414:
1401:
1391:
1363:
1358:
1345:
1340:
1327:
1322:
1309:
1300:
1295:
1282:
1277:
1262:
1251:
1231:
1226:
1211:
1199:
1194:
1181:
1176:
1153:
1148:
1135:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1113:, pp. 1–6
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1030:
1018:
1001:
989:
987:, p. viii
977:
973:Clapham (2008)
965:
953:
944:|journal=
907:
890:
875:
850:
838:
826:
811:
799:
774:
759:
747:
732:
706:
694:
690:Lindsay (1975)
679:
667:
663:Lindsay (1975)
655:
640:
636:Lindsay (1975)
625:
613:
601:
589:
577:
573:Lindsay (1975)
562:
550:
533:
529:Lindsay (1975)
518:
488:
476:
431:
402:
400:
397:
394:
393:
383:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
365:
358:
355:
326:
323:
313:
310:
280:
277:
215:
212:
200:William Alison
171:James Anderson
129:outdoor relief
107:
104:
102:
99:
56:outdoor relief
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1890:
1879:
1878:Scottish laws
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:, Stockwell,
1351:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:, Routledge,
1270:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:Clapham, John
1200:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:, Routledge,
1141:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1111:Levitt (1988)
1107:
1104:
1101:, p. 131
1100:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1077:, p. 103
1076:
1071:
1068:
1065:, p. 198
1064:
1059:
1056:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1028:, p. 257
1027:
1022:
1019:
1016:, p. 248
1015:
1014:Dunlop (1854)
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:, p. 247
998:
997:Dunlop (1854)
993:
990:
986:
981:
978:
975:, p. 437
974:
969:
966:
962:
957:
954:
949:
936:
921:
917:
911:
908:
905:, p. 202
904:
899:
897:
895:
891:
888:, p. 199
887:
882:
880:
876:
864:
860:
854:
851:
848:, p. vii
847:
842:
839:
835:
830:
827:
824:, p. 256
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
807:Levitt (1988)
803:
800:
788:
784:
783:"Poor Relief"
778:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
751:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
721:
717:
710:
707:
703:
702:Fraser (2009)
698:
695:
692:, p. 206
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
668:
665:, p. 202
664:
659:
656:
653:, p. 118
652:
647:
645:
641:
638:, p. 200
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
614:
611:, p. 207
610:
605:
602:
598:
597:Dunlop (1825)
593:
590:
586:
581:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
560:, p. 342
559:
558:Birnie (2005)
554:
551:
548:, p. 341
547:
546:Birnie (2005)
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
507:
503:
497:
495:
493:
489:
486:, p. 236
485:
480:
477:
465:
461:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
432:
420:
416:
410:
408:
404:
398:
388:
385:
378:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
338:
336:
332:
324:
322:
318:
311:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
285:
278:
276:
273:
269:
268:Lord Provosts
265:
261:
256:
254:
249:
245:
241:
236:
228:
224:
220:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
176:
173:. Writing in
172:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
141:
138:
134:
130:
125:
120:
117:
112:
105:
100:
98:
96:
92:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
28:
23:
19:
1814:
1712:
1646:New Poor Law
1622:Speenhamland
1601:Buttock mail
1534:Old Poor Law
1445:
1435:
1424:
1405:
1396:
1371:
1367:
1349:
1331:
1313:
1304:
1286:
1267:
1256:
1236:
1216:
1206:
1185:
1163:
1139:
1129:
1120:Bibliography
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1047:, retrieved
1033:
1021:
992:
980:
968:
963:, p. 53
956:
935:cite journal
924:, retrieved
910:
867:, retrieved
853:
841:
836:, p. 54
829:
802:
791:, retrieved
777:
772:, p. 49
750:
724:, retrieved
709:
704:, p. 50
697:
677:, p. 15
670:
658:
623:, p. 64
616:
604:
599:, p. 19
592:
587:, p. 85
580:
575:, p. 16
553:
531:, p. 12
510:, retrieved
479:
468:, retrieved
423:, retrieved
387:
339:
328:
319:
315:
306:
290:
264:John McNeill
257:
253:Poor Law Act
235:Act of Union
232:
187:
174:
167:
153:such as Sir
142:
121:
109:
87:
60:
48:
42:
34:
32:
18:
1627:Labour Rate
1596:Poor relief
1512:Isle of Man
1307:, Macmillan
1260:, Blackwood
1220:, Dundurn,
1049:14 February
926:11 February
903:Qing (2008)
886:Qing (2008)
869:26 February
809:, p. 8
337:took over.
111:Poor relief
63:poor relief
1862:Categories
1703:Opposition
793:20 January
726:5 February
512:21 January
470:31 January
425:21 January
415:"Poor law"
374:References
206:and three
182:1818, the
1673:Workhouse
1632:Roundsman
1591:Poor rate
1205:(2008) ,
1133:, Mundell
399:Citations
233:The 1707
135:, church
133:Ministers
69:, church
67:Ministers
43:poorhouse
39:workhouse
1502:Scotland
1439:, Murray
1388:42745566
1043:archived
920:archived
863:archived
787:archived
720:archived
506:archived
464:archived
419:archived
357:See also
204:shilling
1507:Ireland
1428:, Whyte
1168:113–134
504:, BBC,
298:Moffatt
175:The Bee
116:statute
1412:
1386:
1356:
1338:
1320:
1293:
1275:
1224:
1192:
1174:
1146:
223:Buchan
137:elders
71:elders
1808:Other
1384:JSTOR
379:Notes
294:Scott
208:pence
146:merks
1410:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1291:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1051:2015
948:help
928:2015
871:2015
795:2015
728:2015
514:2015
472:2015
427:2015
341:The
296:and
33:The
1376:doi
1242:hdl
1864::
1382:,
1372:75
1370:,
1170:,
1162:,
1004:^
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937:}}
933:{{
893:^
878:^
814:^
762:^
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628:^
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536:^
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434:^
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255:.
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1378::
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