264:
advancement for the talented. Chairs of medicine were founded at all the university towns. By the 1740s
Edinburgh medical school was the major centre of medicine in Europe and was a leading centre in the Atlantic world. Access to Scottish universities was probably more open than in contemporary England, Germany or France. Attendance was less expensive and the student body more representative of society as a whole. The system was flexible and the curriculum became a modern philosophical and scientific one, in keeping with contemporary needs for improvement and progress. Scotland reaped the intellectual benefits of this system in its contribution to the
336:
law and there was a concerted attempt to modernise the curriculum, particularly by introducing degrees in the physical sciences and the need to reform the system to meet the needs of the emerging middle classes and the professions. The result of these reforms was a revitalisation of the
Scottish university system, which expanded to 6,254 students by the end of the century and produced leading figures in both the arts and sciences. In the first half of the twentieth century Scottish universities fell behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment. After the
325:
30:
394:
249:
3308:
108:
left without qualifications. There was a concerted attempt to modernise the curriculum to meet the needs of the emerging middle classes and the professions. The result of these reforms was a revitalisation of the
Scottish university system and growth in the number of students. In the first half of the twentieth century Scottish universities fell behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment. After the
3531:
1103:(6% from the European Union). Of all these, approximately 204,465 were studying at undergraduate level, 83,065 for a taught postgraduate degree (primarily a master's degree) and 13,705 for a postgraduate research degree (primarily PhD). The three largest universities by enrolment were the Universities of Glasgow (42,980 students), Edinburgh (41,250 students) and Strathclyde (25,715 students).
1091:
152:
484:£298.5 million was received from tuition fees of Home-domiciled students, defined as Scotland-domiciled students and European Union-domiciled students who began their studies prior to 2021-22. The table below is a record of each Scottish university's financial data for the 2020–21 financial year as recorded by the
1111:
The
Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics (SUSSP) was established in 1960 by the four ancient Scottish Universities (Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and St. Andrews) to contribute to the dissemination of advanced knowledge in physics and the formation of contacts among scientists from different
1560:
universities together with 17 other old universities, including
Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Heriot-Watt, St Andrews, Stirling and Strathclyde; a third cluster containing 13 old universities and 54 new universities including the remaining Scottish universities; and a fourth cluster contains
107:
were university professors, who developed their ideas in university lectures. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Scotland's five university colleges had no entrance exams. Students typically entered at ages of 15 or 16, attended for as little as two years, chose which lectures to attend and
335:
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Scotland's five university colleges had no entrance exam, students typically entered at ages of 15 or 16, attended for as little as two years, chose which lectures to attend and left without qualifications. The curriculum was dominated by divinity and the
1098:
In the 2021–22 academic year, 301,230 students studied at universities or institutes of higher education in
Scotland, 232,080 of which were full-time, 59.1% were female and 40.9% male. 61% of students were domiciled in Scotland, 12% from the rest of the United Kingdom, and the remaining 27% being
1573:
undertaken in 2021 (the next REF is scheduled for 2028) by the four UK higher education funding bodies. The quality of research was rated 4* (world leading), 3* (internationally excellent), 2* (recognised internationally), 1* (recognised nationally) and unclassified. GPA measures the quality of
483:
The total consolidated annual income for the fifteen
Scottish universities for 2020–21 was £4.38 billion of which £847 million was from research grants and contracts, with an operating surplus of £290.4 million (6.63%). £1.36 billion was received from the Scottish Funding Council via grants and
471:
for their first undergraduate degree, but tuition fees are charged for those from the rest of the United
Kingdom. All students are required to pay tuition fees for postgraduate education (e.g. MSc, PhD), except in certain priority areas funded by the Scottish Government, or if another source of
263:
In the eighteenth century the universities went from being small and parochial institutions, largely for the training of clergy and lawyers, to major intellectual centres at the forefront of
Scottish identity and life, seen as fundamental to democratic principles and the opportunity for social
102:
In the eighteenth century the universities went from being small and parochial institutions, largely for the training of clergy and lawyers, to major intellectual centres at the forefront of
Scottish identity and life, seen as fundamental to democratic principles and the opportunity for social
98:
there was a purge of Presbyterians from the universities, but most of the intellectual advances of the preceding period were preserved. The Scottish university colleges recovered from the disruption of the civil war years and Restoration with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace
239:
there was a purge of Presbyterians from the universities, but most of the intellectual advances of the preceding period were preserved. The colleges at Aberdeen were de-merged. The five Scottish university colleges recovered from the disruption of the civil war years and Restoration with a
183:
in 1495. Initially, these institutions were designed for the training of clerics, but they would increasingly be used by laymen. International contacts helped integrate Scotland into a wider European scholarly world and would be one of the most important ways in which the new ideas of
89:
in 1538, as a Humanist academy for the training of clerics. Public lectures that were established in Edinburgh in the 1540s, would eventually become the University of Edinburgh in 1582. After the Reformation, Scotland's universities underwent a series of reforms associated with
112:
of 1963 there was a rapid expansion in higher education in Scotland. By the end of the decade the number of Scottish universities had doubled. In 1992 the distinction between universities and colleges was removed, creating a series of new universities.
1112:
countries through the setting up of a series of annual summer schools of the highest international standard. As of 2014 it had increased to include Dundee, Glasgow Caledonian, Heriot-Watt, Paisley, and Strathclyde.
1574:
research and Research Power is calculated by the GPA score of a university multiplied by the full-time equivalent number of researchers submitted. The rankings are out of 129 institutions as measured by output:
356:. From the 1970s the government preferred to expand higher education in the non-university sector and by the late 1980s roughly half of students in higher education were in colleges. In 1992, under the
3169:
412:(UHI) gained full university status in 2011, having been created through the federation of 13 colleges and research institutions across the Highlands and Islands, a process that began in 2001.
2897:
340:
of 1963 there was a rapid expansion in higher education in Scotland. By the end of the decade the number of Scottish Universities had doubled. New universities included the
3248:
227:. In 1617 King James VI decreed that the town college of Edinburgh should be known as King James's College. In 1641, the two colleges at Aberdeen were united by decree of
196:
82:
1192:
415:
All Scottish universities have the power to award degrees at all levels: undergraduate, taught postgraduate, and doctoral. Education in Scotland is controlled by the
163:
Until the fifteenth century, Scots who wished to attend university had to travel to England or to the Continent. This situation was transformed by the founding of
3297:
3164:
3102:
3030:
2050:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1121:
436:
2653:
440:
3292:
3287:
3025:
3020:
2975:
1100:
129:
268:. Many of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment were university professors, who developed their ideas in university lectures. Key figures included
240:
lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, offering a high-quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry.
2045:
424:
3087:
2817:
2617:
3441:
2414:
1977:
1010:
409:
1134:
were Scottish universities. In the 2024 global rankings, three Scottish universities featured in the world's top 200 universities in both of the
3241:
1176:
3097:
3051:
357:
2544:
2592:
252:
172:
70:
128:). In 2021–22, approximately 301,000 students studied at universities or institutes of higher education in Scotland, 82,440 of which are
3267:
3174:
3138:
3005:
2167:
J. Durkan, "Universities: to 1720", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
141:
3506:
3431:
3282:
3117:
3015:
2055:
1526:
485:
464:
45:
3559:
3535:
3234:
3112:
2531:
2510:
2489:
2447:
2423:
2397:
2355:
2327:
2306:
2198:
2172:
2134:
3316:
3307:
3184:
3000:
2968:
2040:
204:
164:
86:
62:
41:
3480:
269:
232:
404:
There are fifteen universities in Scotland and three other institutions of higher education which have the authority to award
3277:
3092:
3061:
3010:
2468:
2376:
2285:
2264:
2240:
2219:
2155:
2005:
1047:
2570:
2522:
R. Shaw, "Institutional and curricular structures in the universities of Scotland" in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,
3416:
3205:
3159:
1781:
1570:
1351:
751:
365:
297:
1184:
285:
2255:
D. Ditchburn, "Educating the Elite: Aberdeen and Its Universities”, in E. P. Dennison, D. Ditchburn and M. Lynch, eds,
3421:
3210:
3179:
2961:
1725:
1301:
677:
305:
3485:
180:
78:
324:
3436:
3391:
3056:
1949:
1837:
1501:
1401:
973:
825:
398:
345:
293:
29:
3501:
3411:
3326:
3143:
3107:
2390:
Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800
1893:
1865:
1451:
1426:
899:
862:
460:
377:
125:
393:
3341:
1697:
1552:
In terms of rankings there are four distinctive clusters of higher and lower status universities in the UK:
1276:
640:
432:
236:
216:
95:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3336:
2146:
P. Daileader, "Local experiences of the Great Western Schism", in J. Rollo-Koster and T. M. Izbicki, eds,
1921:
1809:
1613:
1476:
1376:
1201:
936:
788:
529:
353:
349:
329:
265:
104:
2675:
2079:
99:
economics and science, offering a high-quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry.
3511:
3475:
3331:
3122:
2984:
2624:
1753:
1326:
714:
477:
248:
176:
74:
2795:
219:
in 1582. After the Reformation, Scotland's universities underwent a series of reforms associated with
3361:
3351:
3200:
2919:
2718:
1669:
1251:
603:
341:
228:
58:
and three other institutions of higher education that have the authority to award academic degrees.
3457:
2596:
2438:
R. Anderson, "The history of Scottish education pre-1980", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,
2318:
R. Anderson, "The history of Scottish Education pre-1980", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,
456:
452:
416:
121:
3426:
3215:
3082:
2548:
1641:
1226:
566:
373:
361:
132:. The sector employs, directly and indirectly, six per cent of all jobs in the Scottish economy.
2936:
2527:
2506:
2485:
2464:
2443:
2419:
2393:
2372:
2351:
2323:
2302:
2281:
2260:
2236:
2215:
2194:
2168:
2151:
2130:
2105:
480:
works to promote Scotland's universities, as well as six other higher education institutions.
420:
369:
360:, the distinction between universities and colleges was removed, creating new universities at
117:
33:
3401:
2883:
2649:
2409:
473:
435:. University status in Scotland and throughout the United Kingdom today is conferred by the
405:
2747:
3516:
220:
91:
337:
301:
109:
3553:
2869:
1557:
428:
289:
168:
156:
66:
17:
2843:
3046:
2920:"Are there distinctive clusters of higher and lower status universities in the UK?"
468:
313:
309:
224:
51:
2719:"EU Residence Guide - Tuition Fee Status of Students Starting Studies in 2021-22"
256:
175:
was added to St. Andrews in 1450. The other great bishoprics followed, with the
1090:
1126:
In the 2025 national league table rankings, five of the top twenty in both of
281:
277:
273:
211:
academy for the training of clerics. Public lectures that were established in
200:
212:
3226:
463:) and financial support is provided for Scottish-domiciled students by the
235:(1652–60), the universities saw an improvement in their funding. After the
231:(r. 1625–49), to form the "King Charles University of Aberdeen." Under the
151:
2697:
85:
was founded in St Andrews in 1511 and St John's College was re-founded as
1553:
208:
185:
55:
2953:
188:
were brought into Scottish intellectual life in the sixteenth century.
2367:
P. Wood, "Science in the Scottish Enlightenment", in A. Broadie, ed.,
1556:
comprising cluster one; a second cluster containing the remaining 22
1089:
392:
323:
247:
150:
28:
2501:
L. Paterson, "Universities: 3. post-Robbins", in M. Lynch, ed.,
2346:
R. D. Anderson, "Universities: 2. 1720–1960", in M. Lynch, ed.,
3230:
2957:
2926:, 41 (5), 2015, pp. 608–27, DOI 10.1080/03054985.2015.1082905.
2623:. The Privy Council. 5 July 2005. pp. 5–6. Archived from
103:
advancement for the talented. Many of the key figures of the
2482:
No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Twentieth-Century Scotland
2774:
2526:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003),
2484:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 3rd edn., 1998),
2442:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003),
2322:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003),
61:
The first university college in Scotland was founded at
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
423:. The minister responsible for higher education is the
2251:
2249:
2080:"Where do HE students study?: Students by HE provider"
467:. Students ordinarily resident in Scotland do not pay
2369:
The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment
476:
studentship for a PhD). A representative body called
2185:
2183:
2181:
2106:"Ten things to know about Scottish Higher Education"
3494:
3466:
3450:
3400:
3370:
3350:
3315:
3266:
3193:
3152:
3131:
3075:
3039:
2993:
2434:
2432:
2148:
A Companion to the Great Western Schism (1378–1417)
1561:19 new universities but no Scottish universities.
2775:"Scottish Universities Summer Schools in Physics"
2121:
2119:
1140:Times Higher Education World University Rankings
203:in 1511 and St John's College was re-founded as
2872:. Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 15 August 2023.
2463:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989),
2392:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002),
2371:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003),
2235:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991),
2233:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625
2214:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007),
2193:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991),
2191:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625
1107:Scottish Universities Summer Schools in Physics
2618:"The Privy Council, Standard Note: SN/PC/3708"
2571:"UHI is awarded taught degree awarding powers"
2051:Student wings of political parties in Scotland
1122:Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom
500:Funding Body income as % of total income
223:, who was influenced by the anti-Aristotelian
3242:
2969:
2870:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2023"
2654:Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education
2650:"Degree-awarding powers and university title"
441:Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education
8:
2798:. The Complete University Guide. 14 May 2024
2593:"Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills"
2127:Medieval Scotland: the Making of an Identity
1132:The Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide
3103:Scottish Children's Reporter Administration
2900:. Times Higher Education. 28 September 2023
3249:
3235:
3227:
2976:
2962:
2954:
2046:List of universities in the United Kingdom
1576:
1569:The below lists the outcome of the latest
1144:
1094:St Andrews students in undergraduate gowns
515:Research income as % of total income
509:Teaching income as % of total income
490:
425:Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills
328:The purpose-built modern buildings of the
2505:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
2350:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
215:in the 1540s would eventually become the
2886:. Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. 4 June 2024.
2503:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
2418:(London: Crown Publishing Group, 2001),
2348:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
3442:University of the Highlands and Islands
3088:Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education
2547:. Universities Scotland. Archived from
2461:Industry and Ethos: Scotland, 1832–1914
2415:How the Scots Invented the Modern World
2276:J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker,
2066:
1978:University of the Highlands and Islands
1011:University of the Highlands and Islands
410:University of the Highlands and Islands
259:and completed in the nineteenth century
2086:. HE student enrolments by HE provider
2074:
2072:
2070:
3098:General Teaching Council for Scotland
2748:"What is the income of HE providers?"
1579:
358:Further and Higher Education Act 1992
73:was added to St Andrews in 1450. The
7:
2898:"THE World University Rankings 2024"
2754:. Higher Education Statistics Agency
503:Home-Domiciled Teaching income (£m)
497:Government funding body grants (£m)
253:Old College, University of Edinburgh
2884:"QS World University Rankings 2025"
2524:Scottish Education: Post-Devolution
2440:Scottish Education: Post-Devolution
2320:Scottish Education: Post-Devolution
2257:Aberdeen Before 1800: A New History
159:, founder of St. Andrews University
142:History of universities in Scotland
3507:Student Awards Agency for Scotland
3432:University of the West of Scotland
3118:Student Awards Agency for Scotland
2459:O. Checkland and S. G. Checkland,
2056:Universities in the United Kingdom
1527:University of the West of Scotland
524:Surplus as % of total income
486:Higher Education Statistics Agency
465:Student Awards Agency for Scotland
46:Universities in the United Kingdom
25:
3113:Scottish Qualifications Authority
3530:
3529:
3306:
2818:"Guardian University Guide 2025"
2796:"Complete University Guide 2025"
2728:. Student Awards Agency Scotland
2573:. Highland Council. 26 June 2008
2041:List of universities in Scotland
42:List of universities in Scotland
3481:Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
3458:The Open University in Scotland
3093:Learning and Teaching Scotland
2773:Walker, Alan (19 March 2014).
2006:University of West of Scotland
1048:University of West of Scotland
451:All Scottish universities are
116:All Scottish universities are
1:
3417:Glasgow Caledonian University
3175:Private (independent) schools
2212:Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587
1782:Glasgow Caledonian University
1571:Research Excellence Framework
1565:Research Excellence Framework
1352:Glasgow Caledonian University
1128:The Guardian University Guide
752:Glasgow Caledonian University
506:Overall Teaching income (£m)
205:St Mary's College, St Andrews
165:St John's College, St Andrews
87:St Mary's College, St Andrews
63:St John's College, St Andrews
2844:"Good University Guide 2025"
2129:(St. Martin's Press, 1997),
439:which takes advice from the
3422:Edinburgh Napier University
2110:universities-scotland.ac.uk
1726:Edinburgh Napier University
1302:Edinburgh Napier University
1147:
678:Edinburgh Napier University
472:funding can be found (e.g.
3576:
3165:Further education colleges
2924:Oxford Review of Education
1119:
179:being founded in 1451 and
139:
120:and funded in part by the
39:
3525:
3437:Queen Margaret University
3392:University of Strathclyde
3304:
2678:. The Scottish Government
2280:(London: Penguin, 1991),
1950:University of Strathclyde
1838:Queen Margaret University
1581:
1502:University of Strathclyde
1402:Queen Margaret University
974:University of Strathclyde
826:Queen Margaret University
399:Queen Margaret University
171:, bishop of St. Andrews.
3560:Universities in Scotland
3502:Scottish Funding Council
3486:Scotland's Rural College
3412:Robert Gordon University
3327:University of St Andrews
3259:Universities in Scotland
3108:Scottish Funding Council
2939:. Times Higher Education
2112:. Universities Scotland.
1894:University of St Andrews
1866:Robert Gordon University
1452:University of St Andrews
1427:Robert Gordon University
900:University of St Andrews
863:Robert Gordon University
461:Scottish Funding Council
181:King's College, Aberdeen
126:Scottish Funding Council
79:King's College, Aberdeen
77:was founded in 1451 and
69:, bishop of St Andrews.
3342:University of Edinburgh
2698:"Universities Scotland"
2656:(QAA). 29 November 2012
2299:Scotland: A New History
1698:University of Edinburgh
1608:Research Power ranking
1582:Quality profile %
1277:University of Edinburgh
1169:Times/Sunday Times 2025
641:University of Edinburgh
521:Operating surplus (£m)
455:and part funded by the
433:Scottish National Party
419:under the terms of the
217:University of Edinburgh
3387:University of Stirling
3382:Heriot-Watt University
3337:University of Aberdeen
2301:(Random House, 2011),
1922:University of Stirling
1810:Heriot-Watt University
1614:University of Aberdeen
1477:University of Stirling
1377:Heriot-Watt University
1202:University of Aberdeen
1101:international students
1095:
937:University of Stirling
789:Heriot-Watt University
530:University of Aberdeen
401:
332:
330:University of Stirling
266:European Enlightenment
260:
160:
130:international students
105:Scottish Enlightenment
37:
3512:Universities Scotland
3476:Glasgow School of Art
3332:University of Glasgow
3170:Gaelic-medium schools
3123:Universities Scotland
2986:Education in Scotland
2278:A History of Scotland
1754:University of Glasgow
1327:University of Glasgow
1093:
715:University of Glasgow
512:Research income (£m)
478:Universities Scotland
397:The Main Building of
396:
327:
251:
177:University of Glasgow
173:St Salvator's College
154:
75:University of Glasgow
71:St Salvator's College
40:Further information:
32:
18:Scottish universities
3362:University of Dundee
3353:Red brick (pre-1890)
1670:University of Dundee
1252:University of Dundee
604:University of Dundee
447:Funding and finances
342:University of Dundee
197:St Leonard's College
83:St Leonard's College
3469:of higher education
3373:Plate-glass (1960s)
2850:. 20 September 2024
2630:on 27 December 2011
2597:Scottish Government
457:Scottish Government
453:public universities
417:Scottish Government
122:Scottish Government
3467:Other institutions
3427:Abertay University
3318:Ancient (pre-1600)
3293:Nineteenth century
3288:Eighteenth century
3083:Education Scotland
3026:Nineteenth century
3021:Eighteenth century
2937:"REF 2021 Outputs"
2824:. 7 September 2024
2676:"Higher Education"
1642:Abertay University
1227:Abertay University
1096:
567:Abertay University
518:Total income (£m)
402:
366:Glasgow Caledonian
333:
261:
244:Eighteenth century
161:
50:There are fifteen
38:
3547:
3546:
3451:Distance learning
3298:Twentieth century
3224:
3223:
3031:Twentieth century
2259:(Dundurn, 2002),
2210:J. E. A. Dawson,
2032:
2031:
1550:
1549:
1083:
1082:
421:Scotland Act 1998
298:William Robertson
270:Francis Hutcheson
34:Marischal College
16:(Redirected from
3567:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3404:
3403:Modern (1992 on)
3374:
3354:
3319:
3310:
3270:
3260:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3228:
3206:Northern Ireland
3194:Related articles
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2310:
2295:
2289:
2274:
2268:
2253:
2244:
2229:
2223:
2208:
2202:
2187:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2076:
1577:
1145:
491:
474:research council
406:academic degrees
192:Early modern era
21:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3521:
3517:Universities UK
3490:
3468:
3462:
3446:
3402:
3396:
3372:
3366:
3352:
3346:
3317:
3311:
3302:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3225:
3220:
3189:
3148:
3132:Language medium
3127:
3071:
3035:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2551:on 23 July 2011
2543:
2542:
2538:
2521:
2517:
2500:
2496:
2479:
2475:
2458:
2454:
2437:
2430:
2408:
2404:
2388:R. A. Houston,
2387:
2383:
2366:
2362:
2345:
2334:
2317:
2313:
2296:
2292:
2275:
2271:
2254:
2247:
2230:
2226:
2209:
2205:
2188:
2179:
2166:
2162:
2150:(BRILL, 2009),
2145:
2141:
2124:
2117:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2037:
1567:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1088:
449:
391:
386:
322:
246:
221:Andrew Melville
199:was founded in
194:
155:Bust of Bishop
149:
144:
138:
92:Andrew Melville
48:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3495:Related bodies
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
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3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3348:
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3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3254:
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3246:
3239:
3231:
3222:
3221:
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3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
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3177:
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3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
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3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
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3085:
3079:
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3073:
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3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3037:
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3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2950:
2928:
2911:
2889:
2875:
2861:
2835:
2809:
2787:
2765:
2739:
2710:
2689:
2667:
2641:
2609:
2584:
2562:
2536:
2515:
2494:
2473:
2452:
2428:
2402:
2381:
2360:
2332:
2311:
2290:
2269:
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2224:
2203:
2177:
2160:
2139:
2115:
2097:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1918:
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1911:
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1862:
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1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
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1774:
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1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
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1597:
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1580:
1566:
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1523:
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1519:
1516:
1513:
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1498:
1497:
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1491:
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1482:
1479:
1473:
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1469:
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1460:
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1441:
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1432:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
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1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
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1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1298:
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1294:
1291:
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1285:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
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1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
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1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1117:
1114:
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1105:
1087:
1084:
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1077:
1074:
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1043:
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1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
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969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
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929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
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895:
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877:
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871:
868:
865:
859:
858:
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849:
846:
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840:
837:
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815:
812:
809:
806:
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797:
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785:
784:
781:
778:
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772:
769:
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763:
760:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
711:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
600:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
526:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
448:
445:
390:
387:
385:
382:
338:Robbins Report
321:
318:
306:James Anderson
302:William Cullen
245:
242:
207:in 1538, as a
193:
190:
148:
145:
140:Main article:
137:
134:
110:Robbins Report
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3572:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3540:
3539:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:State schools
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2532:0-7486-1625-X
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2511:0-19-211696-7
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2490:0-7486-0999-7
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2471:, pp. 147–50.
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:0-7486-1625-X
2445:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:0-609-80999-7
2421:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:0-521-89088-8
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2358:, pp. 612–14.
2357:
2356:0-19-211696-7
2353:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:, pp. 219–28.
2329:
2328:0-7486-1625-X
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2307:1-4464-7563-8
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2199:0-7486-0276-3
2196:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2175:, pp. 610–12.
2174:
2173:0-19-211696-7
2170:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:0-333-56761-7
2132:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:Unclassified
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:Russell Group
1555:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1190:
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459:(through its
458:
454:
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437:Privy Council
434:
430:
429:Jenny Gilruth
426:
422:
418:
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395:
388:
383:
381:
379:
378:Robert Gordon
375:
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331:
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311:
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299:
295:
291:
290:Adam Ferguson
287:
286:James Burnett
283:
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258:
255:, planned by
254:
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170:
169:Henry Wardlaw
166:
158:
157:Henry Wardlaw
153:
146:
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135:
133:
131:
127:
124:(through its
123:
119:
114:
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106:
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97:
93:
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84:
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72:
68:
67:Henry Wardlaw
64:
59:
57:
53:
47:
43:
35:
31:
27:
19:
3534:
3283:Early modern
3257:
3185:Universities
3160:Art colleges
3067:Universities
3066:
3040:Institutions
3016:Early modern
3006:Universities
2941:. Retrieved
2931:
2923:
2914:
2904:28 September
2902:. Retrieved
2892:
2878:
2864:
2854:20 September
2852:. Retrieved
2847:
2838:
2828:11 September
2826:. Retrieved
2822:The Guardian
2821:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2751:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2725:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2625:the original
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:the original
2539:
2534:, pp. 664–5.
2523:
2518:
2513:, pp. 614–5.
2502:
2497:
2481:
2476:
2460:
2455:
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2413:
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2389:
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2368:
2363:
2347:
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2314:
2298:
2293:
2288:, pp. 227–8.
2277:
2272:
2256:
2232:
2231:J. Wormald,
2227:
2211:
2206:
2201:, pp. 68–72.
2190:
2189:J. Wormald,
2163:
2147:
2142:
2137:, pp. 124–5.
2126:
2125:B. Webster,
2109:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2083:
1605:GPA ranking
1568:
1551:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1110:
1097:
482:
469:tuition fees
450:
427:, currently
414:
403:
389:Organisation
334:
314:James Hutton
310:Joseph Black
262:
233:Commonwealth
225:Petrus Ramus
195:
162:
115:
101:
94:. After the
60:
52:universities
49:
26:
2780:13 November
2758:22 February
2732:22 February
2726:saas.gov.uk
2703:7 September
2492:, pp. 78–9.
2480:C. Harvie,
1587:University
1172:(National)
1164:(National)
1156:(National)
1148:University
494:University
350:Heriot-Watt
346:Strathclyde
294:John Millar
257:Robert Adam
237:Restoration
167:in 1418 by
147:Middle Ages
96:Restoration
65:in 1418 by
2752:hesa.ac.uk
2545:"Briefing"
2469:0748601023
2377:0521003237
2297:M. Lynch,
2286:0140136495
2265:1862321140
2241:0748602763
2220:0748614559
2156:9004162771
2090:8 February
1368:1001–1200
1120:See also:
320:Modern era
282:Adam Smith
278:David Hume
274:Hugh Blair
201:St Andrews
36:, Aberdeen
2848:The Times
2450:, p. 224.
2410:A. Herman
2400:, p. 245.
2379:, p. 100.
2309:, p. 262.
2267:, p. 332.
2243:, p. 185.
2222:, p. 187.
2158:, p. 119.
1446:801–1000
1418:951–1000
1390:901–1000
1196:(Global)
1188:(Global)
1180:(Global)
1177:ARWU 2023
229:Charles I
213:Edinburgh
81:in 1495.
3554:Category
3537:Category
3278:Medieval
3076:Agencies
3011:Medieval
3001:Overview
2035:See also
1554:Oxbridge
1546:601–800
1521:301–350
1515:501–600
1496:401–500
1490:701–800
1465:301–400
1443:901–950
1396:351–400
1371:601–800
1340:101–150
1321:501–600
1318:801–850
1271:301–350
1265:401–500
1221:201–250
1215:201–300
1193:THE 2024
1138:and the
1116:Rankings
1086:Students
666:1,187.4
354:Stirling
209:Humanist
186:Humanism
56:Scotland
3269:History
3201:England
3144:English
3062:Schools
2994:History
2660:26 July
2602:24 June
2577:29 June
2555:1 April
1185:QS 2025
1130:and in
1042:—2.72%
1005:—2.75%
931:13.95%
894:—2.45%
746:14.42%
709:—2.05%
672:10.72%
598:—2.49%
431:of the
384:Present
374:Paisley
362:Abertay
136:History
3139:Gaelic
2802:14 May
2682:6 July
2634:6 July
2530:
2509:
2488:
2467:
2446:
2422:
2396:
2375:
2354:
2326:
2305:
2284:
2263:
2239:
2218:
2197:
2171:
2154:
2133:
1079:1.27%
1073:128.5
1064:33.5%
1055:60.2%
1036:148.9
1018:74.0%
1015:110.2
999:347.4
996:25.3%
990:29.7%
987:103.3
981:32.9%
978:114.3
968:9.28%
962:124.5
959:10.7%
953:34.9%
944:43.1%
925:290.4
922:15.0%
916:42.0%
913:121.9
907:16.6%
888:103.2
879:39.0%
870:50.3%
857:—4.2%
842:34.2%
833:47.0%
820:0.94%
814:235.1
811:14.0%
805:54.5%
802:128.1
796:21.1%
783:—1.59
777:134.6
768:34.9%
759:54.9%
743:117.3
740:813.1
737:21.3%
734:173.3
731:36.0%
728:292.8
722:24.4%
719:198.4
703:131.1
694:39.5%
685:50.6%
669:127.3
663:27.3%
660:324.0
657:36.6%
654:435.0
648:19.9%
645:236.3
635:2.42%
629:276.2
626:26.9%
620:26.8%
611:33.8%
583:28.0%
574:58.0%
561:2.96%
555:235.9
552:19.5%
546:31.5%
537:37.1%
408:. The
370:Napier
352:, and
118:public
3216:Wales
3153:Lists
3057:Music
2943:2 May
2722:(PDF)
2628:(PDF)
2621:(PDF)
2062:Notes
1518:281=
1493:452=
1471:193=
1412:105=
1393:256=
1268:418=
1218:236=
1070:3.7%
1061:43.1
1058:20.3
1052:77.3
1039:—4.1
1033:9.7%
1030:14.5
1027:8.1%
1024:12.0
1021:10.2
1002:—9.6
993:88.0
984:37.2
965:11.6
956:13.3
950:43.5
947:15.7
941:53.7
928:40.5
919:43.7
904:48.2
891:—2.5
885:2.9%
876:40.3
873:18.5
867:51.9
854:—1.9
851:44.0
848:6.8%
839:15.1
830:20.7
808:32.9
799:17.6
793:50.0
780:—2.1
774:4.0%
765:47.0
762:26.3
756:73.8
725:42.5
706:—2.7
700:2.8%
691:51.8
688:14.7
682:66.3
651:41.4
623:74.4
617:73.9
614:17.9
608:93.4
595:—0.9
592:37.2
589:7.7%
580:10.4
571:21.6
549:45.9
543:74.4
540:16.6
534:87.6
2945:2022
2906:2023
2856:2024
2830:2024
2804:2024
2782:2014
2760:2023
2734:2023
2705:2010
2684:2010
2662:2014
2636:2010
2604:2020
2579:2014
2557:2011
2528:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2261:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2092:2023
2084:HESA
2000:106
1888:113
1860:116
1664:108
1537:121
1534:121
1531:128
1468:104
1381:40=
1346:87=
1296:30=
1287:17=
1206:40=
1076:1.6
1067:4.8
910:7.0
882:3.0
845:3.0
836:6.6
817:2.2
771:5.4
697:3.7
632:6.7
586:2.9
577:6.1
558:7.0
376:and
312:and
296:and
44:and
3052:Law
3047:Art
2028:85
2025:114
1972:32
1944:53
1916:36
1857:116
1832:51
1804:91
1776:13
1748:83
1692:49
1636:37
1599:1*
1596:2*
1593:3*
1590:4*
1512:20
1509:17
1506:33
1487:63
1484:94
1481:54
1437:61
1434:95
1431:94
1409:91
1406:87
1387:51
1384:66
1362:44
1359:46
1356:74
1343:78
1337:16
1334:14
1331:29
1312:59
1309:96
1306:86
1293:27
1290:38
1284:15
1281:15
1262:36
1259:52
1256:52
1237:74
1234:79
1231:99
1212:15
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54:in
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2750:.
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2180:^
2118:^
2108:.
2082:.
2069:^
2016:32
2013:46
2010:12
1997:77
1988:27
1985:42
1982:26
1969:47
1960:13
1957:56
1954:31
1941:58
1932:21
1929:51
1926:27
1913:17
1904:12
1901:46
1898:41
1885:87
1876:28
1873:57
1870:12
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1829:33
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2581:.
2559:.
2426:.
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2022:1
2019:9
1994:0
1991:5
1966:0
1963:1
1938:0
1935:1
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1879:3
1854:2
1851:8
1826:0
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1773:6
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1739:2
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1630:0
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