324:
have been about 12 feet broad and 3 or 4 feet high; however, it is variable e.g. at one point the Dike takes the form of a narrow strip and then becomes a double ditch with a space of about 30 ft separating them. There is little evidence that the dike has ever been used as a footpath. It may be that two teams built the dike, possibly one from each kingdom, with one starting from the west and another from the east. When the teams came close enough to each other they seem to have been about 21 feet out of their bearings and a correction in the line of the Dike became necessary. However, the more prosaic version is that marshy land was avoided, necessitating a curved approach.
29:
525:
115:. The physical border constructed came to be known as the "Scots' Dike", the "March Dike" or more recently the "Scotsdike plantation", a political border rather than a fortification. The terminal points of the dike were said to be marked by square stones bearing the royal arms of England and Scotland; however, these markers have disappeared, were broken up for building nearby cottages or they never existed in the first place. Spaced along the centre of the bank are a number of small unmarked boundary stones of uncertain date, some of which have fallen.
181:
516:(1914 – 1918) the section within the Scotsdike Plantation was largely intact, but tree felling operations, such as the laying down of temporary railway lines on top of the dike and the hauling of cut tree trunks, caused considerable damage or even complete destruction in places. The period between 1916 and 1926 seems to have been the worst, despite complaints having been lodged regarding the wholesale destruction of a national monument.
337:
345:
628:, a second, much slighter bank and ditch lies to the south of the main earthwork but may be nothing more than later drainage. The course of the dike between the western end of Scotsdike Plantation and the River Sark could not be traced on the ground but it was thought that it followed the extant field boundary to the south of Craw's Knowe farm.
553:, consisted mainly of flat-topped bank flanked by a ditch on either side. The form and preservation of these features varied considerably along the length of the dike and it was concluded that little of the monument survived in its original form, but its course is preserved in later boundaries and drainage ditches.
636:
The site is marked as an ancient monument on some tourist maps and 'Solway
Heritage' unveiled a new access point to the dike in 1999. No interpretation or formal access to the dike itself exists at present (2006). The easiest point of informal access is via the minor road at the Sark end of the dike.
352:
The various sources state that the terminal stones were square stones bearing the royal arms of
England and Scotland. However, the Commissioners stated that they should bear "...a cross pattée at each end and styled 'this is the least and fynal lyne of the particion concluded xxiiij Septembris 1552.'
327:
Although not a fortification the fields nearby had double hedges planted with thorns and the ditches were wide enough to discourage crossings. The tracks between fields were designed to be "narrow and somewhat crooked so that the enemy or thief might be met at corners and annoyed by crossbow or other
118:
It has been suggested that the name came from the archaic word "Batable" meaning land which was rich and fertile upon which stock animals were fattened or "battended". This is far from certain, however, and the word appears in 1449 in the expression 'The landez called batable landez or threpe landez
1230:
4. RCAHMS (1981 a) The Royal
Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Ewesdale and Lower Eskdale, Annandale and Eskdale District, Dumfries and Galloway Region. The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 13, Edinburgh,
540:
field investigators visited as part of a
National survey pilot project. They describe the monument as lying at the centre of a belt of woodland, comprising spruce plantation to the north of the dike and deciduous woodland to its south. Parts of the plantation had been felled recently, but the dense
412:
The name "Scots' Dike" was in use by Roy's time, that is the mid 18th-century, but previously "March Dike" seems to have been favoured. It is not clear why the name "Scots" stuck, as the Scots might just as well have called it the "English Dyke": there has been an "Englishtown farm" marked since at
323:
The method adopted to dig the Scots' Dike was to dig two parallel ditches, and throw the material excavated therefrom into the intervening space, thus forming an earthen mound of varying height. There is no evidence of stone having been used. East of
Crawsknow Farm, the Dike appears originally to
532:
The dike is only traceable within the Scots Dike
Plantation, consisting of a bank, with slight ditches on either side, which varies in width from 5.8 m at the west end to 3.3 m at the east end, standing to a maximum height of 0.8 m. The east and west ends cannot be traced, and in
251:
and Bells were too powerful, and the
Wardens largely left them alone. These four families raided equally in both England and Scotland, claiming allegiance to neither country; it actually suited both governments to have such a "buffer" zone, so the district became a sort of
679:, and closed on 2 May 1949. It was a two-platform station with a level crossing to its north. Today (2006) the former station retains its building and platforms. The canopy of the building has a script reading "Speed and comfort by rail" with its 'British Railways' logo."
603:
Beck crosses the course of the dike, there are no traces of the earthwork; whether it has simply not survived or whether the dyke was ever constructed across the slack was not apparent. At a number of points along the length of the dike - most notably at approximately
200:
699:
is a much reduced bank, 0.2 m high and 2 m wide, running for less than 20 m, virtually along the line of the border in a north-west direction. Its true nature remains to be confirmed as this will require more than just field observation.
580:
Long sections of the ditches, especially the northern ditch, have been re-cut to provide drainage for the conifer plantation, although in places the modern drainage appears to have been cut through the centre of the dike. Elsewhere, for example at
654:
The Scot's Dike is recorded in the
English National Archaeological Record as ancient monument NY37SE 14, and in Scotland it is likewise recorded by the RCAHMS as NMRS number: NY37SE 6. It is a scheduled monument under the terms of the
399:(1654) refers to the Dike as the "March (dyik) Dike" and indicates a dwelling named "March-dike (dyik)-foot". Herman Moll's (died 1732) map gives the name "March Dyck", but oddly he does not show the "March Dike" as being the borderline.
365:). There are several variants of the cross pattée, but it is not known whether these were ever actually made for installation at the dike's terminal points. What fate befell the stones that were made is not recorded. The 19th-century
462:
The 1901 OS marks a dwelling named 'Roamyrigg' at the Sark end of the dike, lying within part of what had been woodland with a boundary marker nearby (now fallen). This dwelling is not shown on the 1952 OS or at any later date.
1226:
3. RCAHMS (1920) The Royal
Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions of Scotland. Seventh report with inventory of monuments and constructions in the county of Dumfries. Edinburgh, xviii-xix, 30, no.
172:
to delineate between the
English and Scottish West Marches. In practice, however, this region was controlled by wardens of the marches who usually held the land in their own right and met at designated sites, such as the
288:
likewise nominated and appointed from Scotland. The commissioners agreed to a compromise demarcation line suggested by the French ambassador, and issued a final declaration that the borderline would run from the
616:– there is a disjointure in the earthwork which is suggestive of a shift in the line of the original boundary, perhaps due to later land use. At the extreme western end of the dike, between approximately
259:
Eventually the general lawlessness spilled over and both wardens demanded that the Debatable Land be eradicated. So in 1552 the French ambassador was appointed to finalise the border line, together with
299:
Ridpath in 1776 records that "...after some scruples and delays, commissioners appointed by each of the powers , met on the spot, and agreed on a line to be marked by a ditch and march stones."
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389:
of 1595 shows the Scots' Dike but does not name it. Robert Gordon's manuscript map of 1636-52 clearly marks the dike but does not name it or indicate any farms etc. associated with it. The
144:
In 1222 a commission of six representatives from each kingdom attempted to fix the border line, and one proposed by the English commissioners more or less equates to that which is shown on
361:
that has arms which are narrow at the centre, and broader at the perimeter. The name comes from the fact that the shape of each arm of the cross was thought to resemble a paw (French
315:. England received the main western road into Scotland, while Scotland received little else but moorland; however, the Scots portion was the larger when the dike came to be built.
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The Debatable Land was physically divided into two halves by a man-made ditch called the 'Scots' Dike', giving the western half (Grahams and Bells) to England under
409:, undertaken from 1747 to 1752, clearly marks the "Scots Dyke" by that name for the first time, shown as a set of parallel lines running from the Sark to the Esk.
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opposite the house of Fergus Greme; a cross pattee at each end and styled 'this is the least and fynal lyne of the particion concluded xxiiij Septembris 1552.'
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vegetation rendered detailed survey impossible and investigation was limited to surface examination of the dike. The remains of the linear earthwork, between
449:
undertaken from 1747 – 1752, indicates both "Craws Know", "English town" and "Scots Dyke"; however, March-dike-foot is not shown by that name.
100:, and on the south by the estuary of the Esk. The area was about ten miles from north to south and three and a half from east to west at its widest part.
587:, the feature have been almost plough-levelled, the ditches having disappeared and the bank surviving as little more than a rise in the ground. Between
646:) and up the bank to the rear. On entering the wood there is a bridge across a ditch with a modern marker post showing the location of the boundary.
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was a marshy bogland which was difficult to police, with the Scottish jurisdiction having difficulty policing their side from Gretna to
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The Blaeu Atlas of Scotland (1654) is the first to indicates a named dwelling, this being "March-dike (dyik)-foot". General Roy's
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455:'s map of 1804 shows a dwelling called Scots dyke and another called Crossdyke which is no longer marked as such by the 1920s.
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These lands were finally divided between the English and Scottish crowns by an agreement supposedly arbitrated by the
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maps mark a number of boundary stones which are very unlikely to be contemporary with the terminal stones.
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The Border History of England and Scotland Deduced from the Earliest Times to the Union of the Two Crowns
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The Border History of England and Scotland Deduced from the Earliest Times to the Union of the Two Crowns
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Access from the eastern end is from a large lay-by on the A7. A path runs round the back of a house (at
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It is clear from OS maps that since at least 1862 the majority of the length of the Scots' Dike has been
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means "argument, controversy, dispute" this is perhaps a more likely explanation of "Batable".
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is a ditch. In the Cumbrian dialect of English a Dike is the name given to a banked hedgerow.
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on 24 November 1542. It was described as a rout in which the Scots lost and shortly after
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1154:. Trans. Dumfriesshire & Galloway Nat. Hist. Soc. LXXIII. ISSN 0141-1292. P. 78.
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as 'Scotsdyke' and later renamed 'Scotch Dyke'. It was on the English side of the
1216:, Trans. Cumberland Westmorland Antiq Archaeol Soc, New, 12, 1911–12, P. 47 - 48,
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The Old Scots Dike: its construction, A.D. 1552, and its destruction, 1917-1920
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in Scots is a rook, carrion or hooded crow. A 'Knowe' is a knoll or low hill.
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81:
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195:, Scotland. The Tower contains the Clan Armstrong Centre, open to the public.
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The County maps of old England. Thomas Moule. 1990. Pub. Studio Editions.
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maps today. The western Anglo-Scottish Border was more formally agreed in
600:
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places the ditches have silted up while elsewhere they have been re-cut.
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Philip's big driver's atlas of Britain. 2007. Octopus Publishing. P. 42.
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The term 'lands Debatable' was still being used as late as 1604 by the
77:
1152:
The Linear Earthworks of Southern Scotland; survey and classification
776:
459:'s map of 1830 shows a 'Dykestown' which is also shown in Roy's map.
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and forms the border between England and Scotland for that length.
256:, where neither country could or would enforce their jurisdiction.
187:, also known as Hollows, lies within the old Debatable Lands, near
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Warrack, Alexander (1982)."Chambers Scots Dictionary". Chambers.
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died, although he had not been present at the battle in person.
311:
and the eastern half (Armstrongs and Elliots) to Scotland under
97:
104:
was the main population centre within the debatable lands.
439:
seems a particularly accurate description of this site. '
1095:
1245:. London : T. Cadell, Edinburgh : J. Balfour.
1276:
Video on the 'Monition of Cursing' stone, Carlisle.
657:
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979
1236:Eastern Dumfriesshire: an archaeological landscape
56:and thereby settle the exact boundary between the
16:Cross dyke built as a Scotland-England border mark
1301:Buildings and structures in Dumfries and Galloway
1266:A Researcher's Guide to Local History terminology
1185:A Researcher's Guide to Local History terminology
966:, p573. London: T. Cadell; Edinburgh: J. Balfour
227:, and in England the region was controlled from
40:is a three and a half mile / 5.25 km long
716:. It is of most likely late Iron Age in date.
223:secured the Scottish West March to Gretna and
1223:, Trans. Hawick Archaeol Soc, 1923, P. 3 - 5.
1175:Sunday Herald (Glasgow) (11 April 1999) P. 4.
8:
1261:An aerial view of the Scotsdike plantation
1146:
1144:
1096:General Roy's Military Survey of Scotland
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1020:
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935:. Pub. Sunday Mail V.1., Part 6., P. 153.
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855:
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1271:Video and commentary on the Scots' Dike.
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1064:
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818:
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156:in 1330, to run along the course of the
113:the last and fynal Lyne of thr particion
64:. The kingdoms were conjoined in 1707.
32:The Western terminus of the Scots' Dyke.
812:
239:. The Debatable Land arose because the
1091:
1089:
746:took place in the Debatable land near
490:British national grid reference system
272:nominated and appointed from England;
207:with the Scots' Dike across the middle
671:was opened on 25 October 1861 by the
574:is therefore the 'Hill of the Crow.'
111:ambassador although his line was not
7:
417:Place-names associated with the dike
52:in 1552 to mark the division of the
839:. Stroud : The History Press.
1238:, Edinburgh, 47, P. 327, no. 1940.
775:separating the English kingdom of
735:is a stone wall, but in England a
92:, on the north by the Bruntshiell
14:
1199:, p.91, note 3. Oliver & Boyd
127:seem to be near-synonyms, and as
712:, where it runs up to the river
703:
683:Other national border earthworks
177:to discuss and settle disputes.
1291:History of the Scottish Borders
1071:Blaeu's Map and the March Dike.
1026:Historic Environment Scotland.
931:Donaldson, Gordon edit.(1988).
303:Division of the Debatable Lands
1173:Dike becomes the Border again.
467:Scots Dike in the 20th century
1:
835:Wickham-Jones, C. R. (2009),
708:A Scot's Dyke also exists at
528:A Scots' Dyke boundary stone.
80:, bounded on the west by the
1346:Military history of Scotland
992:, p.94-95. Oliver & Boyd
119:in the west marchez', where
1296:Military history of England
1241:6. Ridpath, George (1776).
663:Scotch Dike railway station
447:Military Survey of Scotland
407:Military Survey of Scotland
1367:
1195:Mack, James Logan (1926).
1134:Mack, James Logan (1926).
1046:Mercator's map of Scotland
988:Mack, James Logan (1926).
975:Mack, James Logan (1926).
949:Mack, James Logan (1926).
878:Mack, James Logan (1926).
822:Mack, James Logan (1926).
18:
1138:, p.97. Oliver & Boyd
979:, p.90. Oliver & Boyd
953:, p.89. Oliver & Boyd
882:, p.85. Oliver & Boyd
837:The Landscape of Scotland
826:, p.94. Oliver & Boyd
779:and the Welsh kingdom of
726:Supreme Courts of Justice
710:Richmond, North Yorkshire
1212:1. Graham, T H B (1912)
962:Ridpath, George (1776).
667:A railway station named
19:Not to be confused with
704:Scot's Dyke at Richmond
392:Blaeu Atlas of Scotland
348:A Cross pattée arrondie
1107:William Crawford's map
731:In Scotland a dyke or
625:NY 3390 7392
619:NY 3346 7396
613:NY 3635 7355
607:NY 3445 7390
596:NY 3570 7370
590:NY 3544 7375
584:NY 3490 7385
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479:NY 3307 7367
373:Evidence from old maps
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1311:Anglo-Scottish border
1001:Robb, Graham (2018).
933:The Story of Scotland
911:Robb, Graham (2018).
891:Robb, Graham (2018).
764:Anglo-Scottish border
744:Battle of Solway Moss
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492:) between the rivers
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266:Battle of Solway Moss
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84:, to the east by the
44:, constructed by the
31:
1234:5. RCAHMS (1997 a).
1219:2. Mack, J L (1923)
1150:Barber, John (1999).
673:Border Union Railway
154:David II of Scotland
1256:The Debatable lands
1057:Robert Gordon's map
1028:Scots' dike (67548)
752:James V of Scotland
476:The dike runs from
293:to a point on Esk,
270:Sir Thomas Chaloner
231:. The Esk basin at
58:Kingdom of Scotland
38:Scots' Dike or dyke
1214:The Debatable Land
1003:The Debatable Land
913:The Debatable Land
893:The Debatable Land
796:Berwick-upon-Tweed
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1351:Linear earthworks
1341:1550s in Scotland
1326:Walls in Scotland
1005:, p.141. Picador
895:, p.138. Picador
845:978-0-7524-1484-3
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355:cross pattée
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262:Lord Wharton
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170:Kershopefoot
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90:Liddel Water
71:
68:Introduction
37:
35:
25:
1231:16, no. 76.
1082:Moll's map.
769:Offa's Dyke
669:Scotch Dyke
403:General Roy
96:and Tarras
21:Scot's Dyke
1306:1552 works
1285:Categories
807:References
773:Wat's Dyke
720:Miscellany
510:afforested
397:Joan Blaeu
313:Queen Mary
286:Lethington
278:Drumlanrig
268:fame) and
245:Armstrongs
140:Borderline
82:River Sark
572:Crawknowe
560:Etymology
437:Roamyrigg
425:Etymology
309:Edward VI
217:Johnstons
150:Edward II
86:River Esk
1125:. P. 35.
758:See also
601:Glenzier
472:Location
383:Mercator
328:means."
264:(of the
237:Canonbie
233:Arthuret
229:Carlisle
225:Langholm
213:Maxwells
189:Canonbie
102:Canonbie
60:and the
48:and the
1033:Canmore
249:Elliots
241:Grahams
121:batable
78:Marches
46:English
1121:
1009:
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843:
777:Mercia
748:Gretna
650:Status
643:387733
632:Access
504:Damage
221:Scotts
166:Gretna
162:Liddel
129:threpe
125:threpe
109:French
781:Powys
714:Swale
363:patte
359:cross
164:from
50:Scots
1119:ISBN
1007:ISBN
917:ISBN
897:ISBN
863:ISBN
841:ISBN
771:and
742:The
737:dyke
733:dike
687:The
622:and
610:and
593:and
568:Craw
547:and
496:and
494:Sark
433:Roan
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291:Sark
280:and
219:and
203:The
160:and
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98:Moss
94:Moor
88:and
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36:The
1227:48.
693:at
498:Esk
482:to
405:'s
395:by
385:'s
284:of
276:of
191:in
168:to
158:Esk
1287::
1143:^
1088:^
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566:A
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247:,
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488:(
23:.
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