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elastic. However, most ruptures involve objects moving at some velocity. The cushion of orbital fat protects the sclera from head-on blunt forces, but damage from oblique forces striking the eye from the side is not prevented by this cushion. Hemorrhaging and a dramatic drop in intraocular pressure are common, along with a reduction in visual perception to only broad hand movements and the presence or absence of light. However, a low-velocity injury which does not puncture and penetrate the sclera requires only superficial treatment and the removal of the object. Sufficiently small objects which become embedded and which are subsequently left untreated may eventually become surrounded by a benign
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damaged. Even relatively low-temperature molten metals when splashed against an open eye have been shown to cause very little damage to the sclera, even while creating detailed casts of the surrounding eyelashes. Prolonged exposure, however—on the order of 30 seconds—at temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F) will begin to cause scarring, and above 55 °C (131 °F) will cause extreme changes in the sclera and surrounding tissue. Such long exposures even in industrial settings are virtually nonexistent.
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1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and
642:. A visibly white sclera is perceived as a sign of good health and youthfullness, this could have been a criterion of selection when looking for a mate. In this case, humans' ability to communicate with their eyes (glancing, cluing at others) would only be a consequence of a very visible sclera.
590:
The cornea, unlike the sclera, has six layers. The middle (third in number; provided the first layer being the anterior and outermost and the sixth layer being the posterior and the inner most), thickest layer is also called the stroma. The sclera, like the cornea, contains a basal endothelium,
631:. Animal researchers have also found that, in the course of their domestication, dogs have also developed the ability to pick up visual cues from the eyes of humans. Dogs do not seem to use this form of communication with one another and only look for visual information from the eyes of humans.
672:
The sclera is highly resistant to injury from brief exposure to toxic chemicals. The reflexive production of tears at the onset of chemical exposure tends to quickly wash away such irritants, preventing further harm. Acids with a pH below 2.5 are the source of greatest acidic burn risk, with
663:
The sclera is rarely damaged by brief exposure to heat: the eyelids provide exceptional protection, and the fact that the sclera is covered in layers of moist tissue means that these tissues are able to cause much of the offending heat to become dissipated as steam before the sclera itself is
650:
The bony area that makes up the human eye socket provides exceptional protection to the sclera. However, if the sclera is ruptured by a blunt force or is penetrated by a sharp object, the recovery of full former vision is usually rare. If pressure is applied slowly, the eye is actually very
316:. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. People with dark skin can have naturally darkened sclerae, the result of
1516:
Asanad, S., Bayomi, M., Brown, D., Buzzard, J., Lai, E., Ling, C., Miglani, T., Mohammed, T., Tsai, J., Uddin, O., & Singman, E. (2022). Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and their manifestations in the visual system. Frontiers in
Medicine, 9.
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veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina
606:
kingdom in that the sclera is very plainly visible whenever the eye is open. This is not just due to the white color of the human sclera, which many other species share, but also to the fact that the human
583:
The sclera is opaque due to the irregularity of the Type I collagen fibers, as opposed to the near-uniform thickness and parallel arrangement of the corneal collagen. Moreover, the cornea bears more
1242:
623:. It is believed that the exposed sclera of the human eye makes it easier for one individual to identify where another individual is looking, increasing the efficacy of this particular form of
677:, the kind present in car batteries and therefore commonly available, being among the most dangerous in this regard. However, acid burns, even severe ones, seldom result in loss of the eye.
534:
have been thought to be dark with small, barely visible sclera, but recent research has suggested that white sclera are not uncommon in chimpanzees, and are also present in other mammals.
611:
is relatively small and comprises a significantly smaller portion of the exposed eye surface compared to other animals. It is theorized that this adaptation evolved because of humans’
1403:
Michael
Tomasello, Brian Hare, Hagen Lehmann, Josep Call. "Reliance on head versus eyes in the gaze following of great apes and human infants: the cooperative eye hypothesis"
1978:
43:
450:, the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some
1718:
801:, the sclera may appear to have a blue tint, more pronounced than the slight blue tint seen in children. The blue tint is caused by the showing of the underlying
257:
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1715:
1716:
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1721:
1444:
Russell, R., Sweda, J. R., Porcheron, A., & Mauger, E. (2014). Sclera color changes with age and is a cue for perceiving age, health, and beauty.
1280:
Clark, Isabella R.; Lee, Kevin C.; Poux, Tucker; Langergraber, Kevin E.; Mitani, John C.; Watts, David; Reed, James; Sandel, Aaron A. (March 2023).
1164:
Clark, Isabelle R.; Lee, Kevin C.; Poux, Tucker; Langergraber, Kevin E.; Mitani, John C.; Watts, David; Reed, James; Sandel, Aaron A. (2023-03-01).
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insertions. The sclera is perforated by many nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the
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that makes it easier for one individual to identify where another individual is looking. Other mammals with white or pale sclera include
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438:, and maintains the shape of the eyeball, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the
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Sometimes, very small gray-blue spots can appear on the sclera, a harmless condition called scleral melanocytosis.
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Keeley, FW; Morin, JD; Vesely, S (November 1984). "Characterization of collagen from normal human sclera".
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is a serious inflammatory disease of the sclera causing redness of the sclera often progressing to purple.
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587:(a carbohydrate that has among its repeating units a nitrogenous sugar, hexosamine) to embed the fibrils.
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Ocular pigmentation in humans, great apes, and gibbons is not suggestive of communicative functions.
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499:. In primitive fish, this ring consists of four plates, but the number is lower in many living
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470:. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface. Along with the vessels of the
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or other chemicals with a pH above 11.5, will cause cellular tissue in the sclera to
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Another hypothesis states that the distinctiveness of the human's sclera is due to
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at the
University of Michigan Health System—"Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball"
1416:
Director and
Producer: Dan Child, Executive Producer: Andrew Kohen (2010-01-06).
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above which there is the lamina fusca, containing a high count of pigment cells.
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1998:
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820:, the sclera may be tinted blue due to the lack of proper connective tissue.
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2019:
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http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/eyes-cooperation.pdf
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and should be considered medical emergencies requiring immediate treatment.
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458:) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (
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Alkali burns, on the other hand, such as those resulting from exposure to
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739: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1108:"New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai - New York City - NYEE"
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Yellowing or a light green color of the sclera is a visual symptom of
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331:, the whole sclera is white or pale, contrasting with the coloured
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1259:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 461.
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558:. From outer to innermost, the four layers of the sclera are:
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73:
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462:) pass. The thickness of the sclera varies from 1 mm at the
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519:. The ring has disappeared in many groups, including living
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988:
955:
926:
1282:"White sclera is present in chimpanzees and other mammals"
1166:"White sclera is present in chimpanzees and other mammals"
474:(which is a thin layer covering the sclera), those in the
1243:
Encyclopædia
Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
293:, is the opaque, fibrous, protective outer layer of the
700:"Red sclera" redirects here. For more information, see
98:
39:
1536: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
1057:(4th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. 1994. p. 1402.
1055:
Mosby's
Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary
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1005:
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946:
943:
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suggests that the pale sclera evolved as a method of
1337:
Pradeep, Tejus; Mehra, Divy; Le, Patrick H. (2023),
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920:
381:
eye with relatively dark sclera and horizontal pupil
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1255:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
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493:, together forming a circular structure called the
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
1082:(2nd ed.). Gainesville, Fla.: Triad Pub. Co.
422:The sclera forms the posterior five-sixths of the
542:Histologically speaking, it is characterized as
1701:
1345:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1078:Cassin, Barbara; Solomon, Sheila A.B. (1990).
2657:
2281:
1572:
1483:
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767:Redness of the sclera is typically caused by
8:
771:causing blood vessels to expand, such as in
466:to 0.3 mm just behind the insertions of the
1460:Caspar, K.R., Biggemann, M., Geissmann, T.
1140:"Why Are the Whites of My Eyes Discolored?"
602:Human eyes are somewhat distinctive in the
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1859:
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1470:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92348-z
1241:"eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica from
485:, the sclera is reinforced with plates of
1313:
1207:
1189:
755:Learn how and when to remove this message
655:, causing no other damage or discomfort.
112:Learn how and when to remove this message
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
46:, without removing the technical details.
1519:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.996458
1046:
894:
779:is a generally benign condition of the
268:
123:
554:of the sclera is continuous with the
44:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
1237:
1235:
737:adding citations to reliable sources
478:render the inflamed eye bright red.
2790:Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
615:nature as the eye became a useful
523:, some reptiles and fish, and all
138:The sclera, as separated from the
99:improve coverage for other species
14:
1494:The Sclera and Systemic Disorders
1144:American Academy of Ophthalmology
823:In very rare but severe cases of
312:, the sclera is derived from the
2539:
1488:Peter G Watson (11 April 2012).
1450:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036142
998:
969:
936:
907:
713:
405:
388:
371:
289:or, in older literature, as the
193:short posterior ciliary arteries
132:
78:
23:
1496:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 293.
1138:Mukamal, Reena (30 July 2020).
724:needs additional citations for
189:long posterior ciliary arteries
2955:Suspensory ligament of eyeball
101:and discuss this issue on the
1:
1080:Dictionary of Eye Terminology
831:, the sclera may turn black.
2765:Trochlea of superior oblique
2225:Optical coherence tomography
1979:Photosensitive ganglion cell
1418:"The Secret Life of the Dog"
1383:10.1016/0014-4835(84)90053-8
1306:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103322
1191:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103322
430:. It is continuous with the
1975:Giant retina ganglion cells
1764:Capillary lamina of choroid
963:; both are common), plural
3002:
1919:Retinal pigment epithelium
1909:External limiting membrane
1286:Journal of Human Evolution
1170:Journal of Human Evolution
811:retinal pigment epithelium
699:
629:cooperative eye hypothesis
530:The eyes of all non-human
337:cooperative eye hypothesis
308:In the development of the
2868:Accessory lacrimal glands
2800:Medial palpebral ligament
2537:
1695:
1534:Histology image: 08008loa
1371:Experimental Eye Research
263:
185:Anterior ciliary arteries
131:
93:excessively human-centric
2577:Ascending and Descending
1547:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1446:Psychology and Aging, 29
454:tissue to form a plate (
16:White part of an eyeball
2772:Inferior oblique muscle
2760:Superior oblique muscle
1914:Layer of rods and cones
1870:Inner limiting membrane
799:osteogenesis imperfecta
625:nonverbal communication
544:dense connective tissue
414:western lowland gorilla
341:nonverbal communication
2745:Inferior rectus muscle
2740:Superior rectus muscle
1736:
869:Superior rectus muscle
854:Inferior rectus muscle
818:Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
619:tool in addition to a
548:type 1 collagen fibers
291:tunica albuginea oculi
265:Anatomical terminology
2750:Lateral rectus muscle
2230:Eye care professional
2035:Foveal avascular zone
1897:Outer plexiform layer
1885:Inner plexiform layer
1840:Iris sphincter muscle
1733:
1102:Hermann D. Schubert.
859:Lateral rectus muscle
783:causing eye redness.
503:, and much higher in
2755:Medial rectus muscle
2611:Accidental viewpoint
2250:Physiological Optics
2220:Ocular immune system
1959:Retina ganglion cell
1104:Anatomy of the Orbit
1029:, is from the Greek
864:Medial rectus muscle
733:improve this article
398:eye with dark sclera
285:, also known as the
2853:Lacrimal canaliculi
2516:Vertical–horizontal
2074:Anatomical regions
1935:Photoreceptor cells
1902:Outer nuclear layer
1890:Inner nuclear layer
1880:Ganglion cell layer
1835:Iris dilator muscle
1630:Trabecular meshwork
1298:2023JHumE.17603322C
1257:The Vertebrate Body
1182:2023JHumE.17603322C
846:Extraocular muscles
841:Extraocular implant
468:four rectus muscles
87:This article about
2845:Lacrimal apparatus
2616:Auditory illusions
2411:Impossible trident
1737:
1540:Atlas image: eye_1
1468:11, 12994 (2021).
702:Red eye (medicine)
682:ammonium hydroxide
585:mucopolysaccharide
546:made primarily of
505:lobe-finned fishes
440:extraocular muscle
297:containing mainly
2986:Human eye anatomy
2968:
2967:
2938:Plica semilunaris
2905:Nasolacrimal duct
2858:Lacrimal caruncle
2825:Palpebral fissure
2639:
2638:
2631:Temporal illusion
2626:Tactile illusions
2596:(2015 photograph)
2297:Optical illusions
2263:
2262:
2255:Visual perception
2203:
2202:
2170:Posterior segment
2138:Posterior chamber
2069:
2068:
1971:Bistratified cell
1875:Nerve fiber layer
1848:
1847:
1792:Ciliary processes
1693:
1692:
1503:978-1-907816-07-9
1266:978-0-03-910284-5
878:Scleral tattooing
765:
764:
757:
696:Abnormal coloring
686:ammonium chloride
501:ray-finned fishes
424:connective tissue
412:Rare whites in a
327:, and some other
301:and some crucial
279:
278:
274:
122:
121:
114:
72:
71:
64:
2993:
2895:Lacrimal punctum
2890:Lacrimal papilla
2878:Ciaccio's glands
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2659:
2652:
2643:
2543:
2496:Schroeder stairs
2471:Peripheral drift
2466:Penrose triangle
2290:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2240:Refractive error
2178:Vitreous chamber
2123:Anterior chamber
2084:Anterior segment
2080:
1860:
1769:Bruch's membrane
1752:
1744:Uvea / vascular
1700:
1620:Episcleral layer
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1339:"Histology, Eye"
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1113:. Archived from
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850:Rectus muscles:
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640:sexual selection
409:
392:
375:
287:white of the eye
271:edit on Wikidata
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2960:Tenon's capsule
2909:
2873:Krause's glands
2839:
2810:Meibomian gland
2805:Epicanthic fold
2776:
2726:
2680:
2670:
2640:
2635:
2599:
2549:Popular culture
2544:
2535:
2506:Spinning dancer
2326:Ambiguous image
2304:
2294:
2264:
2259:
2199:
2164:
2153:Capsule of lens
2108:Lacrimal system
2075:
2065:
2025:Parafoveal area
2020:Perifoveal area
2003:
1947:Horizontal cell
1923:
1844:
1811:
1778:
1774:Sattler's layer
1745:
1738:
1732:
1689:
1634:
1625:Schlemm's canal
1603:
1595:
1587:Anatomy of the
1585:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1459:
1455:
1443:
1439:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1233:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1033:, meaning hard.
1001:
997:
972:
968:
939:
935:
910:
906:
900:
896:
891:
837:
761:
750:
744:
741:
730:
718:
705:
698:
670:
668:Chemical injury
661:
648:
600:
540:
456:lamina cribrosa
420:
419:
418:
417:
416:
410:
401:
400:
399:
393:
384:
383:
382:
376:
365:
275:
147:
118:
107:
96:
83:
79:
68:
57:
51:
48:
40:help improve it
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2945:Orbital septum
2942:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2863:Lacrimal gland
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2815:Ciliary glands
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Maxillary bone
2699:
2697:Zygomatic bone
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2588:(1961 drawing)
2581:
2580:(1960 drawing)
2573:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Shepard tables
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2461:Penrose stairs
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2356:Checker shadow
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2336:Autostereogram
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2158:Zonule of Zinn
2155:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:Aqueous humour
2125:
2120:
2115:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1797:Ciliary muscle
1794:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1528:External links
1526:
1523:
1522:
1509:
1502:
1473:
1453:
1448:(3), 626–635.
1437:
1408:
1396:
1361:
1329:
1272:
1265:
1247:
1231:
1156:
1130:
1095:
1089:978-0937404331
1088:
1070:
1064:978-0815161134
1063:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
893:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
874:
873:
872:
871:
866:
861:
856:
843:
836:
833:
825:kidney failure
816:In those with
775:("pink eye").
773:conjunctivitis
769:eye irritation
763:
762:
721:
719:
712:
697:
694:
669:
666:
660:
659:Thermal trauma
657:
647:
644:
599:
596:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
539:
536:
496:sclerotic ring
464:posterior pole
411:
404:
403:
402:
394:
387:
386:
385:
377:
370:
369:
368:
367:
366:
364:
361:
320:pigmentation.
277:
276:
267:
261:
260:
255:
249:
248:
243:
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
219:
213:
212:
207:
201:
200:
196:
195:
182:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
149:
148:
144:corneal limbus
137:
129:
128:
120:
119:
86:
84:
77:
70:
69:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2998:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:Lacrimal lake
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2835:Gland of Zeis
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2722:Lacrimal bone
2720:
2718:
2717:Palatine bone
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Sphenoid bone
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Fraser spiral
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Accommodation
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:Vitreous body
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Fibrous tunic
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:Amacrine cell
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:Fibrous tunic
1598:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:(5): 533–42.
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1120:on 2008-10-08
1116:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1022:
993:
966:
960:
931:
904:
898:
895:
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
849:
848:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
834:
832:
830:
829:liver failure
826:
821:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
759:
756:
748:
738:
734:
728:
727:
722:This section
720:
716:
711:
710:
707:
703:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
675:sulfuric acid
667:
665:
658:
656:
654:
645:
643:
641:
637:
636:genetic drift
632:
630:
626:
622:
621:sensory organ
618:
617:communication
614:
610:
605:
597:
595:
592:
588:
586:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
537:
535:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:human eyeball
425:
415:
408:
397:
391:
380:
374:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
303:elastic fiber
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
272:
266:
262:
259:
256:
254:
250:
247:
244:
242:
238:
235:
232:
230:
226:
223:
220:
218:
214:
211:
208:
206:
202:
197:
194:
190:
186:
183:
181:
177:
174:
173:Visual system
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
150:
145:
141:
135:
130:
125:
116:
113:
104:
100:
94:
90:
85:
76:
75:
66:
63:
55:
52:February 2020
45:
41:
35:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2900:Lacrimal sac
2712:Ethmoid bone
2692:Frontal bone
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2562:Trompe-l'œil
2560:
2426:Lilac chaser
2396:Gravity hill
2249:
2143:Ciliary body
1983:Diencephalon
1982:
1967:Parasol cell
1951:Bipolar cell
1802:Pars plicata
1784:Ciliary body
1652:
1611:
1545:
1512:
1493:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1445:
1440:
1422:
1411:
1399:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1354:, retrieved
1342:
1332:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1256:
1250:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1115:the original
1103:
1098:
1079:
1073:
1054:
1049:
1030:
1026:
964:
902:
897:
822:
815:
797:In cases of
796:
789:
777:Episcleritis
766:
751:
742:
731:Please help
726:verification
723:
706:
679:
671:
662:
649:
633:
601:
593:
589:
582:
573:lamina fusca
541:
529:
509:crocodilians
494:
480:
426:coat of the
421:
322:
314:neural crest
307:
290:
286:
282:
280:
234:A15.2.02.002
209:
108:
92:
58:
49:
33:
2933:Conjunctiva
2572:(1864 book)
2476:Poggendorff
2451:Oppel-Kundt
2446:Necker cube
2441:Müller-Lyer
2416:Irradiation
2235:Eye disease
2215:Keratocytes
2104:Conjunctiva
2061:Ora serrata
1999:Muller glia
1963:Midget cell
1683:Endothelium
1673:Dua's layer
1490:"Chapter 9"
1149:11 December
803:uveal tract
578:endothelium
483:vertebrates
472:conjunctiva
444:optic nerve
345:chimpanzees
329:vertebrates
199:Identifiers
2975:Categories
2950:Periorbita
2569:Spectropia
2486:Rubin vase
2436:McCollough
2431:Mach bands
2381:Ehrenstein
2376:Ebbinghaus
2341:Barberpole
2316:Afterimage
2076:of the eye
2049:Optic disc
1807:Pars plana
1678:Descemet's
1658:Epithelium
1356:2023-11-11
1343:StatPearls
1176:: 103322.
1124:2008-05-19
1041:References
883:Sclerotomy
521:amphibians
511:, various
448:optic disc
432:dura mater
349:orangutans
2621:Illusions
2593:The dress
2585:Waterfall
2386:Flash lag
2366:Cornsweet
2351:Café wall
2331:Ames room
2309:Illusions
2054:Optic cup
1939:Cone cell
1593:human eye
1226:256314941
1200:0047-2484
901:The word
785:Scleritis
781:episclera
627:, called
563:episclera
538:Histology
487:cartilage
476:episclera
460:fasciculi
452:choroidal
446:. At the
363:Structure
103:talk page
2371:Delboeuf
2321:Ambigram
1943:Rod cell
1748:(middle)
1663:Bowman's
1351:31335063
1324:36706647
1218:36706647
835:See also
792:jaundice
745:May 2024
690:saponify
598:Function
552:collagen
532:primates
513:reptiles
481:In many
434:and the
353:gorillas
299:collagen
2926:Unibrow
2921:Eyebrow
2830:Canthus
2820:Eyelash
2732:Muscles
2676:of the
2604:Related
2531:Zöllner
2521:White's
2456:Orbison
2421:Jastrow
2195:Choroid
2096:Eyebrow
2040:Foveola
1856:(inner)
1756:Choroid
1604:(outer)
1591:of the
1466:Sci Rep
1423:Horizon
1391:6519194
1315:9998187
1294:Bibcode
1209:9998187
1178:Bibcode
1031:skleros
1027:scleras
965:sclerae
807:choroid
525:mammals
357:bonobos
351:, some
347:, many
318:melanin
222:D012590
157:Part of
152:Details
142:by the
97:Please
91:may be
89:biology
38:Please
2795:Tarsus
2782:Eyelid
2556:Op art
2511:Ternus
2491:Sander
2406:Hering
2346:Bezold
2190:Retina
2100:Eyelid
2092:Adnexa
2015:Macula
1995:K cell
1991:M cell
1987:P cell
1863:Layers
1854:Retina
1825:Stroma
1668:Stroma
1653:layers
1648:Limbus
1640:Cornea
1612:Sclera
1552:002295
1500:
1462:et al.
1389:
1349:
1322:
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1263:
1224:
1216:
1206:
1198:
1086:
1061:
903:sclera
646:Trauma
613:social
604:animal
568:stroma
556:cornea
550:. The
515:, and
436:cornea
355:, and
335:. The
325:humans
310:embryo
283:sclera
210:sclera
180:Artery
168:System
140:cornea
127:Sclera
2914:Other
2685:Bones
2674:orbit
2526:Wundt
2481:Ponzo
2361:Chubb
2208:Other
2112:Orbit
2030:Fovea
2008:Other
1945:) → (
1928:Cells
1830:Pupil
1746:tunic
1589:globe
1222:S2CID
1118:(PDF)
1111:(PDF)
1025:) or
889:Notes
517:birds
269:[
258:58269
205:Latin
2672:The
2401:Grid
2301:list
2148:Lens
2133:Iris
1981:) →
1957:) →
1949:) →
1817:Iris
1498:ISBN
1432:BBC2
1387:PMID
1347:PMID
1320:PMID
1261:ISBN
1245:2009
1214:PMID
1196:ISSN
1151:2020
1084:ISBN
1059:ISBN
827:and
809:and
653:cyst
638:and
609:iris
491:bone
379:Goat
333:iris
281:The
246:6750
229:TA98
217:MeSH
2981:Eye
2678:eye
1953:→ (
1428:BBC
1379:doi
1310:PMC
1302:doi
1290:176
1204:PMC
1186:doi
1174:176
1015:ɪər
996:or
986:ɛər
953:ɪər
934:or
924:ɛər
813:).
735:by
684:or
489:or
396:Cow
323:In
305:.
295:eye
253:FMA
241:TA2
161:Eye
42:to
2977::
2110:,
2106:,
2102:,
2098:,
1997:,
1993:,
1989:,
1985::
1977:,
1973:,
1969:,
1965:,
1941:,
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1492:.
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1430:.
1426:.
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967:(
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956:ə
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704:.
273:]
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