306:
51:
670:
290:
694:
103:
718:
78:
682:
706:
298:
282:
42:
603:
and elephants all browse on the marula tree, with elephants in particular being a major consumer. Elephants eat the bark, branches and fruits of the marula, which may limit the spread of the trees. The damaged bark, due to browsing, can be used to identify marula trees as elephants preferentially
586:
On an industrial level the fruit of the marula tree is collected from the wild by members of rural communities on whose land the trees grow. This harvest and sale of fruit only occur over two to three months, but is an important source of income to poor rural people, especially women. The fruit is
394:
The tree is a single-stemmed species with a broad, spreading crown. It is distinguished by its grey mottled bark and can grow up to 18 meters tall, primarily in low altitudes and open woodlands. The distribution of this species throughout Africa and
Madagascar has followed the
637:
from eating fermented marula fruit, as do reports in the popular press. While the fruit is commonly eaten by elephants, the animals would need a huge amount of fermented marulas to have any effect on them, and other animals prefer the ripe fruit.
426:
with a single seed encased within their endocarp, although up to four seeds can be present. The seeds have a delicate nutty flavour and are much sought-after, especially by small rodents who know to gnaw exactly where the plugs are located.
818:
Leakey, Roger; Shackleton, Sheona; Du
Plessis, Pierre (2005). "Domestication potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 1. Phenotypic variation in fruit traits".
554:
The fruit is traditionally used for food in Africa, and has considerable socioeconomic importance. The fruit juice and pulp are mixed with water and stored in a container over 1–3 days of
1311:
1245:
Mansourian, Suzan; Enjin, Anders V.; Jirle, Erling; Ramesh, Vedika; Rehermann, Guillermo; Becher, Paul G.; Pool, John E.; Stensmyr, Marcus C. (December 6, 2018).
1533:
1791:
1224:
743:
957:
669:
240:
1841:
1698:
1455:
1711:
1507:
1468:
981:
399:
in their migrations. There is some evidence of human domestication of marula trees, as trees found on farm lands tend to have larger fruit size.
717:
1871:
1585:
1826:
1007:
587:
delivered to processing plants where fruit pulp, pips, kernels and kernel oil are extracted and stored for processing throughout the year.
500:
is derived from the
Ancient Greek words 'skleros' meaning 'hard' and 'karyon' meaning 'nut'. This refers to the hard pit of the fruit. The
1134:"Livelihood benefits from the local level commercialization of savanna resources: a case study of the new and expanding trade in marula (
305:
1876:
1801:
889:
881:
863:
410:). They fall to the ground when unripe and green in colour, and then ripen to a yellow colour on the ground. They are succulent and
1861:
1851:
634:
1866:
1724:
1494:
1836:
1821:
1811:
1512:
562:. The alcoholic distilled beverage (morula) made from the fruit is referenced in the stories of the South African writer
1831:
1806:
1133:
630:
606:
422:). These stones, when dry, expose the seeds by shedding 2 (sometimes 3) small circular plugs at one end. The fruits are
1403:
1390:
1058:
Engelter & Wehmeyer; Wehmeyer, A.S. (1970). "Fatty acid composition of oils of some edible seeds of wild plants".
641:
The marula fruit has been suggested to be the food of choice for the ancestral forest-dwelling form of the fruit fly
102:
1163:
1737:
1598:
1538:
797:
792:
681:
1856:
1846:
693:
999:
1742:
1603:
964:
783:
643:
50:
1371:
454:. The leaves are alternate, compound, and imparipinnately divided. The leaflet shapes range from round to
1816:
1333:
329:
1408:
270:
563:
289:
219:
1716:
1473:
1164:"Myth, Marula, and Elephant: An Assessment of Voluntary Ethanol Intoxication of the African Elephant (
1796:
1429:
1264:
828:
1559:
67:
928:
1763:
1634:
1590:
1198:
1106:
985:
844:
648:
571:
559:
537:
Common names include jelly plum, cat thorn, morula, cider tree, marula, maroola nut/plum, and in
248:
97:
1564:
1037:
963:. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. 3 May 2013. Archived from
1525:
1685:
1546:
1416:
1290:
1190:
1075:
1013:
1003:
895:
885:
655:
1626:
1551:
1280:
1272:
1182:
1067:
995:
836:
447:
316:
1118:
747:
647:, which was much more selective about which fruit they preferred than the flies that have
367:
236:
140:
705:
1577:
1268:
832:
1572:
1285:
1255:
1246:
501:
127:
1785:
1520:
756:
509:
396:
186:
87:
82:
1322:
1202:
989:
848:
1768:
1690:
1639:
1421:
555:
348:, "nut", in reference to the stone inside the fleshy fruit), commonly known as the
310:
1395:
1382:
17:
1677:
1666:
604:
target them. Elephants distribute marula seeds in their dung. In the documentary
1481:
1365:
871:
867:
379:
371:
196:
1317:
1276:
840:
600:
575:
567:
481:
These subspecies are differentiated by changes in leaf shape and size. Subsp.
414:
with a strong and distinctive flavour. Inside is a walnut-sized, thick-walled
402:
The fruits, which ripen between
December and March, have a light yellow skin (
383:
313:
176:
1356:
1442:
1017:
899:
611:
538:
530:
521:
451:
443:
431:
353:
1755:
1294:
1194:
1616:
1079:
1750:
1660:
1611:
1350:
1168:) Following Feeding on the Fruit of the Marula Tree (Sclerocarya birrea)"
615:
419:
407:
153:
1071:
1703:
1460:
651:
to live near to humans. The ancestral fruit flies are triggered by the
623:
619:
596:
505:
455:
403:
375:
1486:
1099:
with emphasis on its importance as a NTFP in South and
Southern Africa
1225:"Elephants drunk on native fruit at South Africa's Singita Sabi Sand"
627:
517:
504:'birrea' comes from the common name 'birr', for this type of tree in
446:, turning it bisexual. Female flowers grow individually on their own
439:
435:
363:
166:
1327:
297:
281:
41:
1186:
1447:
652:
595:
The marula fruit is eaten by various animals in
Southern Africa.
578:
in
Southern Africa. The marula tree is protected in South Africa.
525:
513:
423:
356:
304:
296:
288:
280:
114:
1729:
1499:
877:
723:
Marula oil for sale at
Ongwediva Annual Trade Fair 2016, Namibia
415:
411:
359:
1434:
1331:
340:
574:
to moisturise the skin, and as an edible oil in the diet of
319:
with toothed margins, features not present in adult plants
442:
per flower. On rare occasion a male flower can produce a
434:. Male trees produce multiple male flowers on a terminal
1162:
Morris, Steve; Humphreys, David; Reynolds, Dan (2006).
1650:
1340:
438:. These have red sepals and petals, and about 20
8:
742:IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group &
1328:
1060:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
744:Botanic Gardens Conservation International
76:
49:
40:
31:
1284:
1251:Are Seasonal Specialists on Marula Fruit"
1157:
1155:
876:. Non-Wood Forest Products. Vol. 5.
508:. The marula belongs to the same family,
469:is divided into three subspecies: subsp.
991:Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits
614:, released in 1974, some scenes portray
489:is found in southern Africa, and subsp.
1038:"The marvellous brewers of marula beer"
734:
665:
1138:) beer in Bushbuckridge, South Africa"
1114:
1104:
1093:Shackleton, S.E.; et al. (2002).
952:
950:
675:Marula windfalls in Ongwediva, Namibia
528:, and is closely related to the genus
1323:Swazisecrets.com: Marula African oils
1175:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
7:
1318:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
485:is found in northern Africa, subsp.
1792:IUCN Red List least concern species
757:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
558:to make marula beer, a traditional
1148:(11): 651–657 – via ingenta.
25:
882:Food and Agriculture Organization
864:Food and Agriculture Organization
1142:South African Journal of Science
716:
704:
692:
687:Marula cider, Ongwediva, Namibia
680:
668:
101:
1842:Protected trees of South Africa
1743:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:71444-1
1604:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:71162-1
370:, the Sudano-Sahelian range of
1223:Couper, Ross (24 April 2014).
1:
1872:Taxa named by Achille Richard
1827:Fruits originating in Africa
607:Animals Are Beautiful People
1132:Sheona, Shackleton (2004).
493:is only found in Tanzania.
1893:
1095:A summary of knowledge on
1040:. Eco products. 2016-03-14
798:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
793:Plants of the World Online
341:
333:
1277:10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.033
982:National Research Council
841:10.1007/s10457-005-2419-z
254:
247:
225:
218:
98:Scientific classification
96:
74:
65:
61:with and without foliage
57:
48:
39:
34:
1877:Plants described in 1831
1802:Flora of Southern Africa
1000:National Academies Press
764:: e.T208166817A208357864
1862:Drought-tolerant plants
1852:Garden plants of Africa
1249:Drosophila melanogaster
868:"Potential Edible Nuts"
644:Drosophila melanogaster
337:⟨sklērós⟩
1867:Drought-tolerant trees
462:Taxonomy and etymology
346:⟨káryon⟩
339:, meaning "hard", and
320:
302:
294:
286:
1837:Trees of South Africa
1822:Edible nuts and seeds
1812:Flora of South Africa
658:in the marula fruit.
591:Uses by other species
564:Herman Charles Bosman
406:), with white flesh (
308:
300:
292:
284:
1263:(24): 3960–3968.e3.
821:Agroforestry Systems
362:, indigenous to the
352:, is a medium-sized
1832:Trees of Madagascar
1807:Flora of Madagascar
1269:2018CBio...28E3960M
1072:10.1021/jf60167a025
833:2005AgrSy..64...25L
68:Conservation status
1565:Sclerocarya birrea
1372:Sclerocarya birrea
1342:Sclerocarya birrea
1313:Sclerocarya birrea
1166:Loxodonta africana
1136:Sclerocarya birrea
1097:Sclerocarya birrea
931:Sclerocarya birrea
786:Sclerocarya birrea
750:Sclerocarya birrea
560:alcoholic beverage
467:Sclerocarya birrea
325:Sclerocarya birrea
321:
303:
301:Green marula fruit
295:
287:
229:Sclerocarya birrea
18:Sclerocarya caffra
1779:
1778:
1547:Open Tree of Life
1334:Taxon identifiers
1009:978-0-309-10596-5
958:"Protected Trees"
788:(A.Rich.) Hochst"
656:ethyl isovalerate
649:self-domesticated
534:from Madagascar.
496:The generic name
279:
278:
273:
262:
91:
16:(Redirected from
1884:
1857:Ornamental trees
1847:Dioecious plants
1772:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1745:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1706:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1643:
1642:
1630:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1528:
1516:
1515:
1503:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1476:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1329:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1172:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
996:Washington, D.C.
978:
972:
971:
969:
962:
954:
945:
944:
942:
940:
925:
910:
909:
907:
906:
862:Wickens, G. E.;
859:
853:
852:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
739:
720:
708:
696:
684:
672:
550:Traditional uses
502:specific epithet
347:
344:
343:
338:
335:
268:
266:Poupartia birrea
260:
231:
106:
105:
85:
80:
79:
53:
44:
32:
21:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1652:Spondias birrea
1646:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1336:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1113:
1103:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1010:
994:. Vol. 3.
980:
979:
975:
970:on 5 July 2010.
967:
960:
956:
955:
948:
938:
936:
927:
926:
913:
904:
902:
892:
861:
860:
856:
817:
816:
812:
802:
800:
782:
781:
777:
767:
765:
746:(BGCI) (2024).
741:
740:
736:
731:
724:
721:
712:
709:
700:
697:
688:
685:
676:
673:
664:
593:
584:
582:Commercial uses
552:
547:
479:multifoliolata.
464:
392:
368:Southern Africa
345:
336:
258:Spondias birrea
243:
233:
227:
214:
100:
92:
81:
77:
70:
28:
27:Species of tree
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:wfo-0000435345
1760:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1672:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:wfo-0000434908
1631:
1621:
1608:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1543:
1530:
1517:
1504:
1491:
1478:
1465:
1452:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1377:
1362:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1307:
1306:External links
1304:
1301:
1300:
1247:"Wild African
1237:
1215:
1187:10.1086/499983
1181:(2): 363–369.
1151:
1124:
1085:
1050:
1029:
1008:
984:(2008-01-25).
973:
946:
911:
890:
854:
810:
775:
733:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
715:
713:
710:
703:
701:
698:
691:
689:
686:
679:
677:
674:
667:
663:
660:
592:
589:
583:
580:
551:
548:
546:
543:
491:multifoliolata
463:
460:
430:The trees are
391:
388:
293:Female flowers
277:
276:
275:
274:
263:
252:
251:
245:
244:
234:
223:
222:
216:
215:
211:S. birrea
208:
206:
202:
201:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
157:
156:
151:
144:
143:
138:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
93:
75:
72:
71:
66:
63:
62:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1889:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Desert fruits
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1241:
1238:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
987:
983:
977:
974:
966:
959:
953:
951:
947:
935:. 15 May 2018
934:
932:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
912:
901:
897:
893:
891:92-5-103748-5
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:
869:
865:
858:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
811:
799:
795:
794:
789:
787:
779:
776:
763:
759:
758:
753:
751:
745:
738:
735:
728:
719:
714:
707:
702:
699:Marula stones
695:
690:
683:
678:
671:
666:
661:
659:
657:
654:
650:
646:
645:
639:
636:
632:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:
602:
598:
590:
588:
581:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
549:
544:
542:
540:
535:
533:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:Anacardiaceae
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
389:
387:
385:
381:
378:woodlands of
377:
373:
369:
366:woodlands of
365:
361:
358:
357:fruit-bearing
355:
351:
331:
330:Ancient Greek
327:
326:
318:
315:
312:
309:Sapling with
307:
299:
291:
283:
272:
267:
264:
259:
256:
255:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
232:
230:
224:
221:
220:Binomial name
217:
213:
212:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:Anacardiaceae
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:Tracheophytes
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
95:
89:
84:
83:Least Concern
73:
69:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1651:
1341:
1312:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1178:
1174:
1165:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1066:(1): 25–26.
1063:
1059:
1053:
1042:. Retrieved
1032:
1021:. Retrieved
990:
976:
965:the original
937:. Retrieved
930:
903:. Retrieved
872:
857:
827:(1): 25–35.
824:
820:
813:
801:. Retrieved
791:
785:
778:
766:. Retrieved
761:
755:
749:
737:
711:Marula seeds
642:
640:
605:
601:rhinoceroses
594:
585:
556:fermentation
553:
536:
529:
497:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
429:
401:
393:
349:
324:
323:
322:
285:Marula trunk
265:
257:
228:
226:
210:
209:
197:
160:
147:
134:
121:
58:
29:
1797:Sclerocarya
1578:kew-2479830
1482:iNaturalist
1366:Wikispecies
1115:|work=
873:Edible Nuts
635:intoxicated
541:, maroela.
498:Sclerocarya
477:and subsp.
390:Description
380:East Africa
372:West Africa
311:distinctive
269:(A. Rich.)
198:Sclerocarya
141:Angiosperms
1786:Categories
1573:Plant List
1208:26 October
1044:2019-02-14
1023:2008-07-17
905:2008-11-10
729:References
576:San people
568:Marula oil
456:elliptical
452:staminodes
384:Madagascar
314:emarginate
261:(A. Rich.)
177:Sapindales
1667:Q38423597
1526:208166817
1117:ignored (
1107:cite book
633:becoming
631:allegedly
620:ostriches
616:elephants
612:Jamie Uys
572:topically
539:Afrikaans
531:Poupartia
522:pistachio
512:, as the
473:, subsp.
450:and have
444:gynoecium
432:dioecious
354:deciduous
205:Species:
111:Kingdom:
59:S. birrea
1756:50091089
1751:Tropicos
1661:Wikidata
1612:Tropicos
1351:Wikidata
1295:30528579
1230:25 April
1203:36629801
1195:16555195
1018:34344933
986:"Marula"
939:19 April
900:34529770
866:(1995).
849:21601141
624:warthogs
597:Giraffes
570:is used
420:endocarp
408:mesocarp
317:leaflets
249:Synonyms
183:Family:
154:Eudicots
88:IUCN 3.1
1730:71444-1
1704:3661572
1627:5854675
1617:1300356
1500:71162-1
1461:7160810
1357:Q675778
1286:7065024
1265:Bibcode
1080:5524461
829:Bibcode
803:27 July
768:27 July
662:Gallery
628:baboons
506:Senegal
448:pedicel
440:stamens
404:exocarp
376:savanna
334:σκληρός
271:Aubrév.
241:Hochst.
237:A.Rich.
193:Genus:
173:Order:
115:Plantae
86: (
35:Marula
1675:APDB:
1624:uBio:
1586:PLANTS
1552:456294
1539:289766
1513:895125
1487:340245
1435:483490
1409:416922
1396:222419
1383:174216
1380:APDB:
1293:
1283:
1201:
1193:
1078:
1016:
1006:
898:
888:
847:
518:cashew
483:birrea
471:birrea
436:raceme
424:drupes
374:, the
364:miombo
350:marula
342:κάρυον
167:Rosids
1717:35329
1691:6ZCNL
1678:30812
1591:SCBI3
1474:33385
1448:SLCBB
1422:4VP9L
1199:S2CID
1171:(PDF)
968:(PDF)
961:(PDF)
845:S2CID
653:ester
526:sumac
514:mango
416:stone
397:Bantu
161:Clade
148:Clade
135:Clade
122:Clade
1738:POWO
1725:IPNI
1712:GRIN
1699:GBIF
1599:POWO
1560:PfaF
1534:NCBI
1521:IUCN
1508:ITIS
1495:IPNI
1469:GRIN
1456:GBIF
1443:EPPO
1404:BOLD
1391:APNI
1291:PMID
1256:Cell
1232:2014
1210:2015
1191:PMID
1119:help
1076:PMID
1014:OCLC
1004:ISBN
941:2019
896:OCLC
886:ISBN
878:Rome
805:2024
770:2024
762:2024
626:and
545:Uses
524:and
487:afra
475:afra
412:tart
382:and
360:tree
1764:WFO
1686:CoL
1635:WFO
1430:EoL
1417:CoL
1316:in
1281:PMC
1273:doi
1183:doi
1146:100
1068:doi
837:doi
610:by
1788::
1766::
1753::
1740::
1727::
1714::
1701::
1688::
1663::
1637::
1614::
1601::
1588::
1575::
1562::
1549::
1536::
1523::
1510::
1497::
1484::
1471::
1458::
1445::
1432::
1419::
1406::
1393::
1368::
1353::
1289:.
1279:.
1271:.
1261:28
1259:.
1253:.
1197:.
1189:.
1179:79
1177:.
1173:.
1154:^
1144:.
1140:.
1111::
1109:}}
1105:{{
1074:.
1064:18
1062:.
1012:.
1002:.
998::
988:.
949:^
914:^
894:.
884:.
880::
870:.
843:.
835:.
825:64
823:.
796:.
790:.
760:.
754:.
622:,
618:,
599:,
566:.
520:,
516:,
458:.
386:.
332::
239:)
163::
150::
137::
124::
1297:.
1275::
1267::
1234:.
1212:.
1185::
1121:)
1101:.
1082:.
1070::
1047:.
1026:.
943:.
933:"
929:"
908:.
851:.
839::
831::
807:.
784:"
772:.
752:"
748:"
418:(
328:(
235:(
90:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
