1140:
1116:
229:
85:
127:
216:
2096:
1109:. The chaetetid skeleton has now been shown to be of polyphyletic origin and with little systematic value. Extant chaetetids are also described. This skeleton is now known from three demosponge orders (Hadromerida, Poecilosclerida, and Agelasida). Fossil chaetetid hyper-calcified demosponges can only be classified with information on their spicule forms and the original mineralogy of their skeletons (West, 2011).
642:
297:
1156:
246:
1208:. They are produced in the mesohyl as clumps of archeocytes, are surrounded with a hard layer secreted by other amoebocytes. Gemmules are released when the parent body breaks down, and are capable of surviving harsh conditions. In a favorable situation, an opening called the micropyle appears and releases amoebocytes, which differentiate into cells of all the other types.
503:, the largest revision of this group (from genera, subfamilies, families, suborders, orders and class) since the start of spongiology in the mid-19th century. In this large revision, the extant Demospongiae were organized into 14 orders that encompassed 88 families and 500 genera. Hooper and van Soest (2002) gave the following classification of demosponges into orders:
1891:
Koutsouveli V, Cárdenas P, Santodomingo N, Marina A, Morato E, Rapp HT, Riesgo A. The
Molecular Machinery of Gametogenesis in Geodia Demosponges (Porifera): Evolutionary Origins of a Conserved Toolkit across Animals. Mol Biol Evol. 2020 Dec 16;37(12):3485-3506. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msaa183. PMID
1448:
Riesgo, Ana; Taboada, Sergi; Kenny, Nathan J.; Santodomingo, Nadia; Moles, Juan; Leiva, Carlos; Cox, Eileen; Avila, Conxita; Cardona, Luis; Maldonado, Manuel (2021). "Recycling resources: silica of diatom frustules as a source for spicule building in
Antarctic siliceous demosponges".
263:
280:
390:
split from the marine sponges, and is the only sponges to live in freshwater environments. Some species are brightly colored, with great variety in body shape; the largest species are over 1 m (3.3 ft) across. They reproduce both sexually and
1487:
Brocks, J. J.; Jarrett, A. J. M.; Sirantoine, E.; Kenig, F.; Moczydłowska, M.; Porter, S.; Hope, J. (2016-03-01). "Early sponges and toxic protists: possible sources of cryostane, an age diagnostic biomarker antedating
Sturtian Snowball Earth".
1139:
499:(2002) book (2 volumes) was the result of a collaboration of 45 researchers from 17 countries led by editors J. N. A. Hooper and R. W. M. van Soest. This milestone publication provided an updated comprehensive overview of sponge
417:, and other variables farther into the past than has been previously possible. Their dense skeletons are deposited in an organized chronological manner, in concentric layers or bands. The layered skeletons look similar to
1115:
1918:
C. Borchiellini; C. Chombard; M. Manuel; E. Alivon; J. Vacelet; N. Boury-Esnault (September 2004). "Molecular phylogeny of
Demospongiae: implications for classification and scenarios of character evolution".
666:
Morrow & Cárdenas (2015) propose a revision of the
Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on molecular data of the last ten years. Some demosponge subclasses and orders are actually
1991:
Kelly-Borges M.; Pomponi S. A. (1994). "Phylogeny and classification of lithistid sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae): a preliminary assessment using ribosomal DNA sequence comparisons".
1531:
Love, Gordon D.; Grosjean, Emmanuelle; Stalvies, Charlotte; Fike, David A.; Grotzinger, John P.; Bradley, Alexander S.; Kelly, Amy E.; Bhatia, Maya; Meredith, William (2009).
1204:. In budding, aggregates of cells differentiate into small sponges that are released superficially or expelled through the oscula. Gemmules are found in the freshwater family
1253:. Since porifera are the earliest divergent animals, these findings indicate that the basic toolkit of meiosis and recombination were present early in eukaryote evolution.
799:) make a total of 22 orders in the revised classification. These changes are now implemented in the World Porifera Database part of the World Register of Marine Species.
2014:
West, R. R. 2011. Part E, Revised, Volume 4, Chapter 2A: "Introduction to the fossil hypercalcified chaetetid-type
Porifera (Demospongiae)". Treatise Online 20: 1–79.
448:, hydrocarbon markers characteristic of the cell membranes of the sponges, rather than from direct fossils of the sponges themselves. They represent a continuous
1532:
3587:
1069:
that independently developed the ability to fly, different sponges developed the ability to build a calcareous skeleton independently and at different times in
1332:
Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Boury-Esnault, Nicole; Vacelet, Jean; Dohrmann, Martin; Erpenbeck, Dirk; De Voogd, Nicole J.; Santodomingo, Nadiezhda; Vanhoorne, Bart;
1653:
Riding Robert; Andrey Yu. Zhuravlev (1995). "Structure and 5 thousand years diversity of oldest sponge-microbe reefs: Lower
Cambrian, Aldan River, Siberia".
3548:
3574:
1825:. Stable Isotope Laboratory, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. Miami, FL: University of Miami. 21–23 March 1998. Archived from
3692:
1432:
476:
date to the Early
Cambrian (they are the earliest known reef structure built by animals), exemplified by a small bioherm constructed by
2127:
2039:
671:
or should be included in other orders, so that Morrow and Cárdenas (2015) officially propose to abandon certain names: these are the
1963:
1333:
1308:* Vacelet, J. (2006). "New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific".
1286:
Love, Gordon; et al. (5 February 2009). "Fossil steroids record the appearance of
Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period".
3659:
2164:
2011:
Reitner, J. and D. Mehl. 1996. Monophyly of the
Porifera. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg. 36: 5–32.
2159:
1818:
3579:
2243:
2233:
2216:
1053:, in 1970 by Hartman and Goreau. However, it was later found by Vacelet that sclerosponges occur in different classes of
371:. Some species, in particular from the Antarctic, obtain the silica for spicule building from the ingestion of siliceous
2095:
126:
3470:
3457:
1579:
1070:
402:
at the 26-position, a fact used to identify the presence of demosponges before their first known unambiguous fossils.
1197:
cells. The resulting swimming larva enters a canal of the central cavity and is expelled with the exhalant current.
228:
3527:
1700:
1806:
Hartman, W.D.; Goreau, T.F. (1970). "Jamaican coralline sponges: Their morphology, ecology and fossil relatives".
3592:
3540:
367:, or both. Where spicules of silica are present, they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar
1666:
1061:) group of sponges and are considered to be a polyphyletic grouping and contained within the Demospongiae. Like
638:
was therefore officially taken out of the Demospongiae in 2012, and became the fourth class of phylum Porifera.
84:
1085:
Chaetetids, more formally called "chaetetid hyper-calcified demosponges" (West, 2011), are common calcareous
2248:
405:
Because of many species' long life span (500–1,000 years) it is thought that analysis of the aragonite
383:
267:
3397:
2120:
2032:
173:
106:
3687:
3623:
3475:
2211:
1265:. These are harvested by divers and can also be grown commercially. They are bleached and marketed; the
1250:
1122:
3641:
496:
3664:
3602:
3496:
3444:
1547:
1349:
392:
233:
444:"Snowball Earth" period. Their presence has been indirectly detected by fossilized steroids, called
1262:
1126:
301:
284:
94:
1868:
Reitner, J. (1992). "Coralline Spongien. der Versuch einer phylogenetisch-taxonomischen Analyse".
1699:
Gazave E.; Lapébie P.; Ereskovsky A.; Vacelet J.; Renard E.; Cárdenas P.; Borchiellini C. (2012).
739:) of the 13 orders from Systema Porifera. They recommend to resurrect or upgrade six order names (
646:
2676:
2228:
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2194:
2169:
1723:
1571:
1058:
805:
708:
469:
189:
121:
100:
3628:
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3610:
3483:
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3018:
2368:
2238:
2201:
2189:
2179:
2113:
2069:
2025:
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1959:
1936:
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1563:
1513:
1505:
1428:
1377:
1241:
1161:
516:
410:
336:
215:
3651:
1680:
Finks, R.M. (1970). "The evolution and ecologic history of sponges during Palaeozoic times".
436:
The Demospongiae have an ancient history. The first demosponges may have appeared during the
2153:
2085:
1928:
1764:
1754:
1715:
1662:
1633:
1555:
1497:
1458:
1367:
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676:
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635:
631:
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509:
465:
356:
3615:
3379:
3285:
3136:
3039:
2896:
2429:
1701:"No longer Demospongiae: Homoscleromorpha formal nomination as a fourth class of Porifera"
1224:
1166:
950:
887:
760:
732:
672:
609:
566:
449:
379:
317:
255:
250:
238:
205:
1606:, "Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period",
1551:
1475:
1353:
1145:
Cross-section of a fossil chaetetid (Bird Spring Formation, Upper Carboniferous, Nevada.
262:
3535:
3522:
3044:
2840:
2752:
2730:
2693:
2184:
1769:
1742:
1622:"A crown-group demosponge from the early Cambrian Sirius Passet Biota, North Greenland"
1372:
1337:
1033:
1024:
914:
752:
724:
720:
684:
621:
585:
579:
477:
453:
368:
289:
1231:) shows great similarity to other metazoa. Most of the genes from the classic set of
3681:
3449:
3189:
3093:
2592:
2061:
1320:
1228:
1190:
1106:
974:
959:
869:
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728:
700:
692:
603:
591:
461:
221:
199:
3462:
1727:
1533:"Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period"
382:
in this class include all of the large sponges. About 311 million years ago, in the
3488:
3295:
3290:
3178:
3034:
2920:
2806:
2709:
2688:
2558:
2509:
2465:
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1205:
993:
984:
896:
860:
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772:
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716:
668:
641:
556:
532:
296:
279:
272:
112:
1905:
J. N. A. Hooper and R. W. M. van Soest (2002). "Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885".
1826:
484:
about 530 Ma, found in southeast Siberia. A major radiation occurred in the Lower
1909:. New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
1462:
1362:
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306:
56:
49:
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573:
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396:
352:
340:
138:
17:
1940:
1849:
Vacelet, J. (1985). "Coralline sponges and the evolution of the Porifera".
1778:
1567:
1517:
1381:
1193:
larva with a mass of larger internal cells surrounded by small, externally
2017:
2004:
1200:
Methods of asexual reproduction include both budding and the formation of
3414:
3343:
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324:
194:
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1261:
The most economically important group of demospongians to human are the
331:
with nearly 8,800 species worldwide (World Porifera Database). They are
3303:
3279:
3271:
3208:
3122:
2942:
2929:
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2853:
2798:
2723:
1638:
1621:
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1232:
1201:
1186:
1178:
1086:
445:
372:
360:
344:
328:
63:
2105:
1987:. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders College Publishing; 1990. pp. 74–91.
1973:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1978. pp. 86–103.
1743:"Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera)"
1501:
1089:
composed of fused tubules. They were previously classified as extinct
3566:
3348:
3082:
2372:
2282:
2269:
2140:
2137:
2049:
1217:
1130:
1090:
659:
399:
364:
348:
332:
321:
158:
148:
70:
3391:
335:
with a soft body that covers a hard, often massive skeleton made of
3553:
3514:
1427:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 105–106.
3636:
1870:
Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Reihe e (Paläobiologie)
1154:
1098:
640:
421:
295:
278:
261:
244:
227:
214:
1066:
473:
418:
3395:
2401:
2109:
2021:
456:. The earliest Demospongiae fossil was discovered in the lower
1062:
3501:
630:
However, molecular and morphological evidence show that the
1667:
10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0649:SADOOS>2.3.CO;2
1057:. That means that sclerosponges are not a closely related (
1907:
Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges
1185:. Repeated cleavage of the zygote egg takes place in the
1049:
Sclerosponges were first proposed as a class of sponges,
699:. Instead, they recommend the use of three subclasses:
1620:
Botting J.P.; Cárdenas P.; Peel J.S. (January 2015).
464:
Biota of North Greenland: this single specimen had a
1476:
Divergence times in demosponges (Porifera) - bioRxiv
3404:
3072:
2953:
2928:
2919:
2895:
2873:
2838:
2797:
2772:
2765:
2750:
2702:
2675:
2660:
2613:
2591:
2571:
2542:
2535:
2508:
2493:
2482:
2445:
2414:
2337:
2298:
2267:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1073:. Fossil sclerosponges are already known from the
327:. They include greater than 90% of all species of
1173:Spermatocytes develop from the transformation of
468:assemblage similar to that found in the subclass
460:(Series 2, Stage 3; approximately 515 Ma) of the
791:). These added to the recently created orders (
2121:
2033:
1682:Symposium of the Zoological Society of London
452:record of demosponges through the end of the
409:of these sponges could extend data regarding
8:
1980:. Saint Louis, MO: C. V. Mosely Publishing.
480:and calcified microbes at the start of the
3392:
3069:
2925:
2901:
2877:
2846:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2597:
2575:
2568:
2539:
2505:
2501:
2490:
2479:
2451:
2422:
2411:
2398:
2310:
2275:
2264:
2128:
2114:
2106:
2040:
2026:
2018:
1993:Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology
763:). Finally, they create seven new orders (
395:. They are the only extant organisms that
83:
31:
1768:
1758:
1637:
1451:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1371:
1361:
1310:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
424:. Therefore, demosponges are also called
2466:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
1741:Morrow Christine; Cárdenas Paco (2015).
1338:"Global Diversity of Sponges (Porifera)"
1278:
1111:
219:The carnivorous ping-pong tree sponge,
2460:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
2430:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
92:Included are the yellow tube sponge,
7:
3642:03D287B6-914B-3B1D-FF7E-FA86FC68FA02
3603:5a6b114d-1f21-4c22-af36-9d61e616293c
3541:a7572652-8717-417a-975f-60889c41b67e
2731:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
1418:
1416:
810:Cárdenas, Pérez, Boury-Esnault, 2012
488:and further major radiations in the
359:consisting of fibers of the protein
316:(Demospongiae) are the most diverse
492:possibly from the middle Cambrian.
2328:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
936:Chombard & Boury-Esnault, 1999
25:
967:Heteroscleromorpha incertae sedis
634:do not belong in this class. The
3372:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
2094:
1954:Barnes, R. S. K. et al. (2001).
1321:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00234.x
1138:
1114:
125:
1269:gives the sponge its softness.
1239:are upregulated in the sponges
1216:The cytological progression of
2559:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
1956:The Invertebrates: A Synthesis
541:Boury-Esnault & Lopès 1985
472:. The earliest sponge-bearing
432:Classification and systematics
1:
1958:. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
1336:; Hooper, John N. A. (2012).
104:, the red encrusting sponge,
3693:Cryogenian first appearances
3171:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
1978:Biology of the Invertebrates
1363:10.1371/journal.pone.0035105
997:Boury-Esnault et Lopès, 1985
927:Manconi & Pronzato, 2002
110:, and the gray rope sponge,
3228:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
2968:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
2783:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
2694:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
2583:Loricifera (corset animals)
1933:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.021
1892:32929503; PMCID: PMC7743902
963:Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
945:Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
909:Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
900:Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
864:Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
855:Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
846:Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015
440:deposits at the end of the
222:Chondrocladia lampadiglobus
3709:
3118:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
2864:Annelida (segmented worms)
2689:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
2605:Onychophora (velvet worms)
1463:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa058
1423:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1121:Fossil chaetetid from the
654:demosponge from the early
624:Termier & Termier 1977
98:, the purple vase sponge,
3368:
3166:Asterozoans inc. starfish
3068:
3061:
3012:
2963:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
2944:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
2904:
2880:
2849:
2789:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
2761:
2684:
2671:
2600:
2578:
2567:
2518:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
2504:
2478:
2454:
2425:
2410:
2397:
2362:
2313:
2290:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
2278:
2263:
2147:
2092:
2057:
1793:"World Porifera Database"
1760:10.1186/s12983-015-0099-8
1720:10.1007/s10750-011-0842-x
1396:"World Porifera Database"
1212:Meiosis and recombination
559:Bergquist & Hogg 1969
347:. They are predominantly
186:
181:
122:Scientific classification
120:
91:
82:
34:
2724:Rotifera (wheel animals)
2523:Priapulida (penis worms)
1249:including genes for DNA
2938:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
2910:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
2631:Tardigrada (waterbears)
2624:Arthropoda (arthropods)
3113:Anthozoans inc. corals
2812:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
1315:: 553–584. Figure 17.
1170:
979:Erpenbeck et al., 2012
663:
310:
293:
276:
259:
242:
225:
3624:Paleobiology Database
3243:Hexapods inc. insects
2553:Nematoda (roundworms)
1921:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol
1821:Sclerosponge Workshop
1808:Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond
1158:
1123:Bird Spring Formation
711:. They retain seven (
644:
351:in structure. Their "
299:
282:
268:Chondrosia reniformis
265:
248:
231:
218:
3536:Fauna Europaea (new)
2436:Chordata (chordates)
2072:(calcareous sponges)
1747:Frontiers in Zoology
1425:Invertebrate Zoology
1159:Red volcano sponge (
988:Redmond et al., 2013
234:Monanchora arbuscula
107:Spiratrella coccinea
2886:Mollusca (molluscs)
2371:of the animal root
1851:System. Assoc. Spec
1560:10.1038/nature07673
1552:2009Natur.457..718L
1354:2012PLoSO...735105V
1296:10.1038/nature07673
1257:Economic importance
1235:genes conserved in
1127:Upper Carboniferous
837:Morrow et al., 2013
647:Nevadacoelia wistae
302:Spongilla lacustris
285:Spongia officinalis
95:Aplysina fistularis
3099:Calcareous sponges
2284:Porifera (sponges)
1949:General references
1639:10.1111/pala.12133
1171:
806:Heteroscleromorpha
709:Heteroscleromorpha
664:
470:Heteroscleromorpha
384:Late Carboniferous
311:
294:
277:
260:
243:
226:
190:Heteroscleromorpha
101:Niphates digitalis
3675:
3674:
3611:Open Tree of Life
3398:Taxon identifiers
3389:
3388:
3364:
3363:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
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2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2531:
2530:
2474:
2473:
2393:
2392:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2103:
2102:
1969:Bergquist, P. R.
1829:on 18 August 2018
1546:(7230): 718–721.
1502:10.1111/gbi.12165
1434:978-0-03-056747-6
1400:marinespecies.org
1242:Geodia hentscheli
1162:Acarnus erithacus
1038:
1029:
1020:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
964:
955:
946:
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
517:Homosclerophorida
426:coralline sponges
411:ocean temperature
378:The many diverse
337:calcium carbonate
213:
212:
177:
16:(Redirected from
3700:
3668:
3667:
3655:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3606:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3583:
3582:
3570:
3569:
3557:
3556:
3544:
3543:
3531:
3530:
3518:
3517:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3491:
3479:
3478:
3466:
3465:
3453:
3452:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3393:
3070:
3026:
2926:
2902:
2878:
2847:
2843:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2682:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2598:
2576:
2569:
2540:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2452:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2399:
2376:
2311:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2176:
2156:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2086:Homoscleromorpha
2081:
2073:
2065:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2008:
1944:
1916:
1910:
1903:
1893:
1889:
1878:
1877:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1815:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1617:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1578:. Archived from
1537:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1329:
1323:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1283:
1247:Geodia phlegraei
1142:
1118:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
962:
953:
944:
935:
926:
917:
908:
899:
890:
881:
872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
677:Tetractinomorpha
636:Homoscleromorpha
632:Homoscleromorpha
527:Tetractinomorpha
510:Homoscleromorpha
497:Systema Porifera
172:
130:
129:
87:
77:
73:
66:
59:
52:
46:
38:Temporal range:
32:
27:Class of sponges
21:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3648:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3601:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3578:
3573:
3565:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3526:
3521:
3513:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3469:
3461:
3456:
3448:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3400:
3390:
3385:
3360:
3286:Phylactolaemata
3074:
3064:
3063:
3049:
3040:Xenambulacraria
3016:
2972:
2949:
2915:
2897:Kryptotrochozoa
2891:
2869:
2839:
2826:
2817:Monoblastozoa (
2793:
2751:
2738:
2710:Micrognathozoa
2698:
2661:
2636:
2609:
2587:
2563:
2527:
2494:
2483:
2470:
2441:
2415:
2406:
2389:
2366:
2350:
2333:
2302:
2294:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2174:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2104:
2099:
2090:
2079:
2071:
2064:(glass sponges)
2063:
2062:Hexactinellida
2053:
2046:
1990:
1983:Kozloff, E. N.
1976:Hickman, C. P.
1951:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1832:
1830:
1817:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1602:Gordon D, Love
1601:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1334:Kelly, Michelle
1331:
1330:
1326:
1307:
1303:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1259:
1225:spermatogenesis
1214:
1167:Poecilosclerida
1153:
1146:
1143:
1134:
1119:
1103:stromatoporoids
1083:
1071:Earth's history
1047:
1006:Bergquist, 1978
951:Tetractinellida
918:Schrammen, 1924
888:Poecilosclerida
761:Tetractinellida
733:Poecilosclerida
673:Ceractinomorpha
610:Poecilosclerida
567:Ceractinomorpha
513:Bergquist 1978
482:Tommotian stage
478:archaeocyathids
450:chemical fossil
434:
256:Tetractinellida
251:Geodia barretti
239:Poecilosclerida
206:Protomonaxonida
171:
124:
78:
76:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
50:
44:
43:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3706:
3704:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3656:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3607:
3597:
3584:
3571:
3558:
3545:
3532:
3523:Fauna Europaea
3519:
3506:
3493:
3480:
3467:
3454:
3441:
3426:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3251:Platyhelminths
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3078:
3076:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3045:Centroneuralia
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2850:
2844:
2841:Lophotrochozoa
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2756:
2753:Platytrochozoa
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2715:
2712:(Limnognathia)
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2499:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2341:(Triploblasts)
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2322:and relatives)
2314:
2308:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:Mesomycetozoea
2246:
2241:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2185:Diaphoretickes
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1911:
1895:
1894:
1879:
1860:
1841:
1819:"Notes of the
1798:
1784:
1733:
1691:
1672:
1645:
1612:
1595:
1523:
1496:(2): 129–149.
1479:
1468:
1457:(2): 259–276.
1440:
1433:
1412:
1387:
1324:
1301:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1258:
1255:
1213:
1210:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1129:) of southern
1120:
1113:
1082:
1079:
1051:Sclerospongiae
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:Dictyoceratida
1030:
1025:Dendroceratida
1010:
1009:
1008:
999:
990:
970:
969:
968:
965:
956:
954:Marshall, 1876
947:
938:
929:
920:
915:Sphaerocladina
911:
902:
893:
884:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
753:Sphaerocladina
725:Dictyoceratida
721:Dendroceratida
685:Verticillitida
652:anthaspidellid
628:
627:
626:
625:
622:Verticillitida
619:
618:Bergquist 1978
613:
607:
601:
600:Bergquist 1996
595:
589:
586:Dictyoceratida
583:
580:Dendroceratida
577:
562:
561:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
522:
521:
520:
454:Neoproterozoic
433:
430:
363:, the mineral
355:" are made of
290:Dictyoceratida
211:
210:
209:
208:
202:
197:
192:
184:
183:
179:
178:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
118:
117:
89:
88:
80:
79:
69:
62:
55:
48:
47:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3705:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3381:
3380:dubious phyla
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3179:Hemichordates
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Glass sponges
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Deuterostomia
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:of Bilateria
3020:
3015:
3014:
3011:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2854:Cycliophora (
2852:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Panarthropoda
2590:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Stramenopiles
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2175:(major groups
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2097:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2080:(demosponges)
2078:Demospongiae
2076:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:(2): 87–103.
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1985:Invertebrates
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:0-632-04761-5
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:(3): 823–37.
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1875:
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1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:Hydrobiologia
1702:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1661:(7): 649–52.
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:Palaeontology
1623:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1585:on 2018-07-24
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
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1534:
1527:
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1456:
1452:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:(4): e35105.
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
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1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1251:recombination
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:gametogenesis
1226:
1222:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:parenchymella
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1107:sclerosponges
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:Sclerosponges
1044:
1037:Minchin, 1900
1035:
1031:
1028:Minchin, 1900
1026:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
982:
981:
977:
976:
975:Verongimorpha
971:
966:
961:
960:Trachycladida
957:
952:
948:
943:
939:
934:
930:
925:
921:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
894:
891:Topsent, 1928
889:
885:
882:Vacelet, 1979
880:
876:
873:Topsent, 1928
871:
870:Haplosclerida
867:
862:
858:
853:
849:
844:
840:
835:
831:
826:
822:
819:Verrill, 1907
817:
813:
812:
808:
807:
802:
801:
800:
798:
794:
790:
789:Trachycladida
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:Haplosclerida
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:Verongimorpha
698:
694:
693:Halichondrida
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
643:
639:
637:
633:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
604:Haplosclerida
602:
599:
596:
593:
592:Halichondrida
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
569:
568:
563:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
529:
528:
523:
518:
515:
514:
512:
511:
506:
505:
504:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:Sirius Passet
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
429:
427:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
369:glass sponges
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
308:
304:
303:
298:
291:
287:
286:
281:
274:
270:
269:
264:
257:
253:
252:
247:
240:
236:
235:
230:
224:
223:
217:
207:
203:
201:
200:Verongimorpha
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
185:
180:
175:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
128:
123:
119:
115:
114:
109:
108:
103:
102:
97:
96:
90:
86:
81:
74:
67:
60:
53:
45:650–0 Ma
41:
33:
30:
19:
3688:Demospongiae
3463:Demospongiae
3450:Demospongiae
3436:Demospongiae
3406:Demospongiae
3405:
3378:Potentially
3373:
3326:
3302:
3296:Gymnolaemata
3291:Stenolaemata
3280:Ectoproctans
3278:
3249:
3220:
3196:
3190:Pterobranchs
3177:
3153:
3129:
3105:
3088:
3081:
3075:within phyla
3073:Major groups
2943:
2930:Bryozoa s.l.
2921:Lophophorata
2909:
2885:
2863:
2855:
2818:
2807:Orthonectida
2782:
2729:
2722:
2711:
2630:
2623:
2552:
2510:Scalidophora
2459:
2447:Ambulacraria
2434:
2347:(see below↓)
2327:
2319:
2283:
2234:Opisthokonta
2077:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1955:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1820:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1787:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1711:
1707:
1694:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1632:(1): 35–43.
1629:
1625:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1587:. Retrieved
1580:the original
1543:
1539:
1526:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1471:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1424:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1390:
1345:
1341:
1327:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1287:
1281:
1263:bath sponges
1260:
1246:
1240:
1215:
1206:Spongillidae
1199:
1189:and forms a
1172:
1160:
1151:Reproduction
1084:
1050:
1048:
1013:
994:Chondrosiida
985:Chondrillida
973:
897:Polymastiida
861:Desmacellida
804:
797:Chondrillida
773:Polymastiida
769:Desmacellida
717:Chondrosiida
669:polyphyletic
665:
645:
629:
612:Topsent 1928
606:Topsent 1928
588:Minchin 1900
582:Minchin 1900
576:Verrill 1907
565:
557:Spirophorida
547:Topsent 1894
533:Astrophorida
525:
508:
494:
435:
425:
404:
386:, the order
377:
313:
312:
300:
283:
273:Chondrosiida
266:
249:
232:
220:
169:Demospongiae
168:
113:Callyspongia
111:
105:
99:
93:
29:
18:Sclerosponge
3562:iNaturalist
3430:Wikispecies
3354:Tusk shells
3339:Cephalopods
3310:Polychaetes
3257:Turbellaria
3238:Crustaceans
3214:Secernentea
3204:Chromadorea
3185:Acorn worms
3155:Echinoderms
3147:Vertebrates
3089:Demosponges
3023:is disputed
2485:Protostomia
2373:is disputed
2300:ParaHoxozoa
1833:19 December
1195:flagellated
1183:archeocytes
1181:arise from
1175:choanocytes
1019:Grant, 1861
924:Spongillida
906:Scopalinida
777:Scopalinida
749:Spongillida
697:Hadromerida
681:Halisarcida
650:, a fossil
598:Halisarcida
553:Sollas 1888
545:Hadromerida
539:Chondrosida
535:Sollas 1888
501:systematics
438:Precambrian
388:Spongillida
314:Demosponges
307:Spongillida
182:Subclasses
58:Proterozoic
42:– present,
3682:Categories
3334:Gastropods
3315:Clitellata
3222:Arthropods
3161:Sea lilies
3107:Cnidarians
3025:; see also
2955:Brachiozoa
2718:Syndermata
2677:Gnathifera
2375:; see also
2320:Trichoplax
2318:Placozoa (
2305:Planulozoa
1816:(Cited by
1814:: 205–243.
1589:2019-01-27
1490:Geobiology
1405:21 October
1237:eukaryotes
1081:Chaetetids
1003:Verongiida
933:Suberitida
828:LĂ©vi, 1953
825:Axinellida
757:Suberitida
741:Axinellida
737:Verongiida
689:Lithistida
656:Ordovician
616:Verongiida
570:LĂ©vi 1953
551:Lithistida
519:Dendy 1905
490:Ordovician
442:Cryogenian
40:Cryogenian
35:Demosponge
3320:Sipuncula
3267:Monogenea
3262:Trematoda
3233:Myriapods
3198:Nematodes
3142:Tunicates
3137:Lancelets
3131:Chordates
3123:Myxozoans
3030:Nephrozoa
3019:phylogeny
2819:Salinella
2774:Rouphozoa
2615:Tactopoda
2544:Nematoida
2496:Ecdysozoa
2417:Bilateria
2404:Bilateria
2385:Benthozoa
2380:Eumetazoa
2369:phylogeny
2339:Bilateria
2229:Amoebozoa
2207:Alveolata
2195:Cryptista
2170:Eukaryota
2070:Calcarea
1510:1472-4669
1273:Citations
1221:oogenesis
1095:bryozoans
1059:taxonomic
1012:Subclass
972:Subclass
852:Clionaida
816:Agelasida
803:Subclass
781:Clionaida
713:Agelasida
594:Gray 1867
574:Agelasida
564:Subclass
524:Subclass
507:Subclass
407:skeletons
397:methylate
393:asexually
353:skeletons
349:leuconoid
341:aragonite
339:, either
145:Kingdom:
139:Eukaryota
3415:Wikidata
3344:Bivalves
3328:Molluscs
3304:Annelids
2663:Spiralia
2270:Animalia
2224:Amorphea
2202:Rhizaria
2190:Hacrobia
2180:Excavata
2165:Bacteria
2050:Porifera
1941:15288059
1876:: 1–352.
1779:25901176
1753:: 1–27.
1728:14468684
1714:: 3–10.
1568:19194449
1518:26507690
1382:22558119
1342:PLOS ONE
1218:porifera
1202:gemmules
1077:period.
1075:Cambrian
1055:Porifera
1015:Keratosa
942:Tethyida
879:Merliida
843:Bubarida
834:Biemnida
793:Biemnida
785:Tethyida
765:Bubarida
745:Merliida
705:Keratosa
486:Cambrian
458:Cambrian
446:steranes
415:salinity
357:spicules
325:Porifera
195:Keratosa
159:Porifera
155:Phylum:
149:Animalia
135:Domain:
3652:4775031
3421:Q248530
3349:Chitons
3272:Cestoda
3209:Enoplea
3083:Sponges
2856:Symbion
2799:Mesozoa
2239:Animals
2160:Archaea
2136:Extant
2052:classes
2048:Extant
2005:8087187
1971:Sponges
1857:: 1–13.
1770:4404696
1688:: 3–22.
1655:Geology
1576:4314662
1548:Bibcode
1373:3338747
1350:Bibcode
1267:spongin
1233:meiotic
1187:mesohyl
1179:oocytes
1087:fossils
466:spicule
400:sterols
373:diatoms
361:spongin
345:calcite
333:sponges
329:sponges
320:in the
204:Order â€
165:Class:
65:Archean
3665:164811
3649:uBio:
3600:NZOR:
3515:1DEMOC
3374:bolded
2217:Plants
2154:Domain
2138:animal
2003:
1962:
1939:
1777:
1767:
1726:
1610:, 2009
1608:Nature
1604:et al.
1574:
1566:
1540:Nature
1516:
1508:
1431:
1380:
1370:
1288:Nature
1131:Nevada
1091:corals
1032:order
1023:order
1001:order
992:order
983:order
958:order
949:order
940:order
931:order
922:order
913:order
904:order
895:order
886:order
877:order
868:order
859:order
850:order
841:order
832:order
823:order
814:order
660:Nevada
422:corals
380:orders
365:silica
322:phylum
176:, 1885
174:Sollas
3660:WoRMS
3637:Plazi
3629:70146
3616:67816
3580:47528
3567:57736
3528:15404
3489:8ZXFX
3476:24819
2536:N+L+P
2244:Fungi
2141:phyla
1724:S2CID
1704:(PDF)
1583:(PDF)
1572:S2CID
1536:(PDF)
1099:algae
1067:birds
474:reefs
318:class
3593:6042
3588:NCBI
3575:ITIS
3549:GBIF
3510:EPPO
3502:3143
3471:BOLD
3017:The
2367:The
2001:PMID
1960:ISBN
1937:PMID
1835:2018
1775:PMID
1564:PMID
1514:PMID
1506:ISSN
1429:ISBN
1407:2015
1378:PMID
1245:and
1223:and
1177:and
1105:and
1065:and
1063:bats
795:and
707:and
695:and
495:The
419:reef
116:sp.
72:Had.
51:Pha.
3554:199
3497:EoL
3484:CoL
3458:AFD
3445:ADW
2874:M+K
2766:R+M
2703:M+S
2572:L+P
1929:doi
1765:PMC
1755:doi
1716:doi
1712:687
1663:doi
1634:doi
1556:doi
1544:457
1498:doi
1459:doi
1455:192
1368:PMC
1358:doi
1317:doi
1313:148
1292:doi
658:of
343:or
3684::
3662::
3639::
3626::
3613::
3590::
3577::
3564::
3551::
3538::
3525::
3512::
3499::
3486::
3473::
3460::
3447::
3432::
3417::
1995:.
1935:.
1925:32
1923:.
1882:^
1872:.
1855:28
1853:.
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1810:.
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1763:.
1751:12
1749:.
1745:.
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1706:.
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1684:.
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1415:^
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1376:.
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751:,
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